Elementary Hand Book of The Burmese Language PDF

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ASIA
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ELEMENTARY HAND-BOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN KO, M.R.A.S., f.a t., f.s.a.,
GOVEENMENT TKANSLATOR AND HONOKAIl¥ AHCHJJOLOQK'AI, OFFICEK, Bri:MA.
RANGOON:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, HURMA.
1898. J^
-rc^->
•^•1!?^
[ Price,— Rs. 2-8-0. ]
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CORNELL
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
DATE DUE
AUG-iHb ig?O^H
"IS Burmese lana

^'*'iiMliimiXii«»™°°'' °*
3 1924 022 058 931

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022058931
ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN KO, M.E.A.S., f.a.i., f.s.a.,
GOVEENMENT TEANSLATOB AND HONOEAKY AECHaJOLOGlCAIi OFFICER, BUEMA.
RANGOON:
printed by the superintendent, government printing, burma.
i8q8.
PEEFACE.
Ars longa, vita hrevis. This book is divided into two parts
the first deals with the colloquial form of the Burmese lan-
guage, and the second with the literary form. Both are in-
tended for hard- worked officials and busy men engaged in

mercantile and other professions, to whom an elementary
knowledge of Burmese may be essential ; and it is for this
reason that an attempt is made to make the compilation as
practical as possible. There is, however, no royal road to
learning : a certain amount of drudgery must be faced and

undergone if it is desired to acquire any kind ot knowledge ;
and an acquaintance with the Burmese language does not

form an exception to the universal rule.
The compilation of this work is due to a suggestion made
by Mr. St. John, Burmese Lecturer, Oxford University, who

represented to the Local Government the need of a practi-
cal colloquial course in Burmese for the Indian Civil Service
candidates undergoing their probationary training in Eng-

land. The original scope has, however, been extended to
meet the gro-wing requirements of foreign residents in Burma.

In the preparation of this volume, my acknowledgments
are due to Maung Tun Nyein, Extra Assistant Commissioner,
who has often acted as Government Translator during my

absence on leave or deputation, for the valuable assistance
given by him.
Burma Secretariat: 7 TAW SEIN KO.
1st October 1898. )
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
Pages,
Introduction ... ... ... ... ,.. ... i vi
Part I — Colloquial— ... ... ... ... ... 1 —56

Key to the pronunciation ... ... ... ... 1 —
Numerical Notation ... ... ... ... ... 4
Time ... ... ... ... ... ... 5
Days week
of the ... ... ... ... ... 6
Names of the months ... ... ... ... ... ibid.
The Heavens ... ... ... ... ... 6 —
Points of the Compass ... ... ... ... ... 7
Earth ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 —
Sea ... ... ... ... ... ... 9
Seasons, weather, &e. ... ... .., ... ... 9 — ^10
Persons, relationships, &e. ... ... ... ... 10 — 12
Members of the body ... ... ... .., ... 12 — 14
Movements of the body ... ... ... ... 14 — 16
Ailments ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 — 17
Wearing apparel ... ... ... ... ... 17 — 18
Professions, Trades, &c. ... ... ... ... 18 — 19
Servants ... ... ... ... ... ... 19
Animals ... ... ... ... ... ... 19—20
Beptiles ... ... ... ... ... ... 21
Fishes ... ... ... ... ... ... ibid.
Birds ... ... ... ... ... ... 21—22

Insects ... ... ... ... ... ... 22—23
Articles of Commerce ... ... ... ... ... 23 —24
Metals ... ... ... ... ... ... 24—25
Food ... ... ... ... ... ... 25—26
Fruits ... ... ... ... ... ... 26—27
Vegetables ... ... ... ... ... ... 27
Drink . ... - ... •• .• •• ... 27—28
Furniture ... ... ... ... ... ... 28—29
Nationalities ... ... ... ... ... 29
Colours ,., ... ... ... ... ... 30
Money ... ... ... .•• ... ... 80—31
Precious stones ... ... ... ... ... 31
Weights and measures ... ... ... ... ... 31 —32
Army and Navy ... ... ... ... ... 32
Weapons ... ... ... ... .• ... 33
Eoad ... ... ... ... ... ... 33—34
Games, amusements, &o. ... ... ... ... 34 —35
Words and phrases in constant use ,,. ... ... 35—36
ii
( )
Pages.
Miscellaneous questions and answers ... ... „. 37—38
Weather ... ... ... ... ... ... 38
Time of day... ... ... ... ... ... 39 —40
Salutations, &c. ... ... ... ... ... 40 —42
Dining-room ... ... ... ... ... 42 — 43
Bed-room ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 — 44
Boat ... ... ... ... ... ... 44—46
Office ... ... ... ... ... ... 46—49
Health and sickness ... ... ... ... ... 49 —50
Miscellaneous phrases ... ... ... ... ... 50 — 56
Part 11— Literary— ... ... ... ... ... 57—121
Chapter I. The Alphabet ... ... ... ... 57—60
Chapter II. Homonyms ... ... ... ... 60 — 62
Chapter III. The Noun ... ... ... ... 62—67
Chapter IV. The Pronoun ... ... ... ... 68—71
Chapter V. The Adjective ... ... ... ... 71—74
Chapter VI. The Verb ... ... ... ... 74—78
Chapter VII. The Adverb ... ... ... ... 78—79
Chapter VIII. The Preposition ... ... ... ... 79—80
Chapter IX. The Conjunction ... ... ... ... 80
Chapter X. The Interjection ... ... ... ... ibid.
Chapter XI. Syntax ... ... ... ... 81
Appendices :
I. Extracts from J4takas ... ... ... ... 83 — 95

II. Petitions ... ... ... ... ... 97 — 107
III. Extracts from the " Selections from the Records of the Hhitdaw" 109 — 121
INTRODUCTION.
It is generally admitted that the Burmese language is difficult
to study, and when there are few suitahle text-books and very few
competent teachers, the difficulty to be encountered and overcome
appears to be considerably enhanced. The method of teaching
Burmese has yet to be systematised, and Burmese literature lâs
yet to be worked up with that critical spirit which has been suc-
cessfully applied to some of the classical and vernacular languages
of India. But before this consummation is brought about, one
must try his best to study Burmese according to his own lights.
The Burmese language can be made interesting by studying it
from a philological stand- point. Philology means, of course, the
science which traces the origin and development of a language,
and indicates its relationship to others. Burmese is a Turanian
language as contradistinguished from an Aryan language, and

belongs to that family of languages which has been described as
Thibeto-Burman. A language, like an organism, grows, and dur-
ing its long career of development many accretions cling to it.
Some of these accretions are thoroughly assimilated and become

part and parcel of the organic growth, while others still retain
their nature of foreign excrescences. The following examples
will illustrate this remark. The expression gjal^s is made up of
two words, gj = (Chinese lu) to give, and alh = (PMi or Sanskrit
3]^) giving or a gift. The expression means to give as a charitable
offering or to exercise charity. Now the word al^s will ever re-
main a foreign excrescence and refuse to get assimilated. Then

take the common word 8|gQii This occurs as 8a5o in an old lithic
inscription of the twelfth century A.P, It is made up of two

( ii
)
words 8$? = 8cS (Shan g§) a wife, + q = (Thibetaa o) a mother.

Thus, woman in Burmese is conceived first in her capacity as wife
and then in her capacity as mother. Both the constituent parts
composing the word 8$ so are Turanian in their naturfe and they
get thoroughly assimilated. It may be said that these are tauto-
logical, as each of the component parts generally expresses the
one and the same idea. But in a state of society composed of
difPerent tribes, such a stratification of language was inevitable.
Each section or tribe must have its peculiar dialect, and their
living together must have the same tendency as the formation of
well defined strata in geology. Other instances, namely, a^cooaS

(a Tavoy localism) to bring, ^=S£ to look, godSo to assist, oo@g3
fate, 33Gogcj>ig,D(yoco^D a question, all tend to cori'oborate the above
view.
Allusion has been made above to the existence of San skrit and
Pali derivatives in the Burmose language. It is a moot qu estion
whether priority should be accorded to one or the other. There
is, however, reason to infer from the evidence available that San-
skrit derivatives were introduced into the Burmese language long
before Pali was known in Burma. This evidence also shows that
the form of Buddhism first introduced into this country was that
of the Northern School, which was subsequently absorbed and

assimilated by the Southern School.
Like the Chinese, Thibetan, and other languages, Burmese is a

monosyllabic language, i.e., to say, every word in it is a root, and
every root is a word, each word consisting of a single syllable or
monosyllable to which a particle, and not an independent word

may be prefixed as in oools a door oo^^s power or glory sood
;
;
food. A sentence is but an allocation of words whose grammati-
cal relationship is determined by their respective positions.

iii
( )
The grammatical apparatus being thus deficient, the vocabulary

of the Burmese language may be divided into three groups. The
first group would include nouns and pronouns ; the second, verbs ;
and the remaining parts of speech, including particles, would be

placed in the third group. The words in the first two groups are
like brick or stone, and those in the third are like mortar which
cements the building materials together. It is apparent that
most of the words in the third group were independent words at
one time, and that they have been ground down to their present
form through years of attrition. An instance may be cited,
namely, that of goo 5, a Burmese honorific affix. This should be
transcribed as tS. Owing to Bengali influence, the vowel a was
changed to o, and thus this td was originally ta. In Chinese ta
means great, and the affix may be taken to mean that any action
done by a great. personage is necessaxily a great action,
In studying Burmese, one of the best ways is to adopt the ana-

lytical method. Each expression should be analysed into its com-
ponent parts; the relationship between these words, whether that
of allocation or agglutination, should be determined, and the ori-
gin o£ each word should be traced as far back as possible ; and its
phonetic changes and gradual development should also be noted.

If this method is followed, we can make some of the words tell us
i,'tteresting tales. Max Miiller has proved conclusively that the
English word daughter assumes in Sanskrit the form duliitCi, a
milkmaid. When this word came into use, the people who used
it must have been in a pastoral condition. They had large herds
of cows or goats, which it was the duty of the daughter of each
family to milk every morning. Similarly the derivation of the
word " Mranmd," the national appellation of the Burmese race,
can be made to tell an interesting tale, Burma is known to the

( iv )
people of Bengal as Brahmodesh, which is th^" Bengali form of

the Pali designation " Brahmadesa " or the region or country of
Brahma, the Creator of the Hindu Triad. Now 6 and m are
interchangeable in the Indo-Chinese languages, and Brahm&,

became Mrahma and the ; letter h being, by assimilation, changed
into m the word Mrahma assumed the form Mramma. Now, r
and y are interchangeable, so we get the form Myammi. In the

system of Chinese transliteration each word is cut up into mono-
syllables to suit the genius of the language ; so we get the form
Mien (= Myam) or myan + ma. In Burmese poetry Burma is
always spoken of as (g|c^Ss = the couatry of the Myan, the
national appellation by which the Burmese are known to their
neighbours, the Chinese ; and in Burmese prose we get the fo rm

gôD = Mran-ma, while in works written in Pali the form @g
C3CO = Mramma-desa invariably occurs. The derivation of the
word g?oj is intimately connected with that of the word JProrne.
This word should be spelt Prohm, because it is another form of
the Talaing name Brohn. Again, Brohm is another form of

Brahm {a and o being interchangeable). Therefore, Frome means
the city of Brahma. The Burmese call it Pyi = g^ = pran =
brail = Brahm. Both the Talaing and Burmese forms of the
word are traceable to the same source ; and Burmese history tells
VIS that at Prome a tribe called the Mranmds arose and attained
political eminence. Prom the derivation of the above two words
we may infer that Burma is the meeting-point of two civilizations,
namely, that of India and of China ; that the Mongoloid tribes
which were eventually amalgamated into a political society, Avere
first brought under the influence of Hindu colonists who wor-

shipped Brahma ; and that the centre of Brahmanical influence in
Burma was Prome.

( V )
In stiidyinn,' a language, tlie system of translating it into an-
other is a very good practice. It makes ns think in two languages,

and as the results obtained have had to he achieved by much la-
bour and racking of brains, words, phrases, idioms, and the nice-
ties of language are retained in otir memory. The great thing,
however, to be borne in mind in translation is that one should try
and place himself as much as possible in the same position as the
writer of the original. In this way, the spirit and energy of
expression of the original would be retained in the translation.
Most students do not, however, try to do so, and generally en-

deavour to make the required rendering as literally as possible;
and the result is that the translation is not only tame, but hardly
conveys the thoughts and ideas of the writer in an intelligible
and felicitous manner.
At the present time, there are two kinds of Burmese. One may
be called Lower- Burma Burmese, and the other Upper-Burma Bur-
mese. The Burmese of Lower Burma, in some places, would be
something like the Prenoh patois in Jersey and the Channel
Islands : it is corrupt, and is almost a jargon. The pure Bur-
mese, however, is still preserved in Upper Burma in the larger
towns. The chief characteristics of Upper-Burmese style are its
conciseness, the absence of dispensable particles and affixes, and

its comprehensive expressiveness, grace, energy, and elegance.
The Lower- Burmese style is very diffuse : it abounds in useless
particles, and differs from the other style in its laboured simplicity
and want of brevity. Any one with a tolerably good knowledge
of Burmese can readily distinguish the marked difference be-
tween the two styles.
The popular impression amongst foreigners is that the Burmese

language is devoid of literature. This is not true. It has an ex-
( vi )
icnsivc literature, and its poetry is exceedingly beautiful, and

may be compared favourably with that of other nations. The
cheerfulness of the people, their healthy and peaceful enjoyment
of life, their loyalty to sovereign authority, their devotion to their
religion and institutions, and the beautiful influence which Bud-

dlii,sm has exercised over their mind and character, are faithfully
pourtrayed in their literature, and especially in their poetry. And
it is to be hoped that more prominence may' be given to Burmese
literature in the curriculum of studies iii the province.
To become a Burmese scholar, a knowledge of Pali is essential,
for the connection between the literatures of these two languages

is an intimate one. Burmese literature is to a large extent based
on Pali literature, and, without an acquaintance with Pali, Bur-
mese studies would not be of much interest. In fact, to study

Burmese classics without a knowledge of Pali, wou.ld be like
attempting to read and appreciate Milton without knowing much
about the Bible and the mythology of Greece and Pome.
PART I.-COLLOQUIAL.
KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.

( 2 )
Consonants.
oo k Tinaspirated.
£> 'k aspirated.
o -)
tard.
^ J
g
c ng as in Za??^, English.
o s unaspirated as in spirit.
so 's aspirated as in saw, sea.
) z as m zenith.
go n as in semr, Corunha.
[ t unaspirated.
00
[ 't aspirated.
00
'd as in dawn.
OD
(• n as in napkin.
o p unaspirated.
o 'p aspirated.
> b as m SmZ^.
o m as in mamma.
oa y as in yes.
Gi r as in rural.
^1 as m lovely.
o w as in weather.
OD th as in thaw.
oo ^/i as in thee.
CO h as in heaven.
( 3 )
—
Note. There are no English equivalents for certain combinations in Burmese, They
mayj however, be transliterated as follows
:
—
rmesG.
( 4 )
NUMERICAL NOTATION.
(
s )
Time.
English.
( 7 )
The Heavens — concluded.

English.
( 8 )
Earth— concluded
English.
( 9 )
Sea.
English.
( 11 )
Persons, Relationships,
( 12 )
Persons, Eelationships, &c
English. Burmese.
Bridegroom
( 13 )
Members op the Body — continued.

English.
( 14 )
Members op the Bodt -concluded.

English.
( 15 )
Movements of the Body — continued.

English. Burmese. Transliteration.
Swim ... GqojsoD^ ... Ye-ku:^M

Moat ... o^cSgoIod^ ... Ko-'paw-^M
To shoulder ... oo§so3^ ... 'Tan:^M
To carry in the arms ô5oo^ or côOd^ ... Paik-thi or pwe-#M
To carry on the head gioSco^ ... Ywet-thi
To carry on the back §ioo^ or ocj^g^soo^ ... Po:^M or g6n:po:^M
Ride ... §soo^ ... Si:^M
Drive ... godSsoo^ ... Maung:^M

To strike with the ogoSoo^ ... Twet-thi
elbows sideways.
To strike with the goodSsco^ .. 'Taung:fM
elbows downwards.
To strike (with the o^soo^ ... 'To:^
fist).
Slap
( 16 )
Movements of the Body — concluded.

English.
( 17 )
Ailments —concluded.
English.
( 18 )
Weaking Apparel — concluded.

Eii<;lish.
( 19 )
Professions, Trades, &c.-

( 21 )
( 22 )
Birds — concluded.
English.
( 23 )
( 24 )
Articles ov Commerce — concluded.

English.
( 26 )
Food — concluded.
English.
( 27 )
Fetjit —concluded
Jinghsh.
( 28 )
Drink —concluded.
English.
( 30 )
( 31 )
Monet — concluded.
English.
( 32 )
Weights and Mbasdiies — concluded.

English. Burmese.
( 35 )
Games, Amusements, &c concluded.
Lottery ... 08 'Ti

Dice ... 33^03 ... An-za
Dominoes ... O^SCÔO ... Th6n:b6n-bfe:
Cards CO ... T6:
Play at cards ... 'Pfe:yaik-thi
Squares CtJ|DS ... Kya:
Chess ... Sit-da-yin
Checkmate ... 'Kwe-thi
Capture a piece .. ... Sa:thi
Pootball (Burmese) ... Chin:16n:
Play football ... Chin:16n:'kat-thi
Cycling ooScSsSs ... Set-bein:zi:
Hunting 33^Cô5 ... A-m5:laik
Shooting Goo§o5oS ... Thin-nat-pyit
Picnic ... Byaw-bwfe:za:
Words and Phrases in constant use.
Yes ... ocjoSra or oôSoooS* ... Kok-ke or hok-te
No . Ma-hok-'pu:
Very well GOD3Ss(§ . Kaung:byi
This ^03Gp;iCX>^ *<XlOll3l . 1-a-ya, or thi-ha, or da
That ,. 'To-a-y4 or hb-ha
Come here . TM-go-la-ge
Go there . Ho-go-thwa:
Go away OgoSogDJGOOO * . 'Twet-thwa:daw
Come along cod5 or cô5ooDb La-ge or Laik-la-ge
Be quick . Myan-myan-lok
Take care OOc80OD8 . Tha-di-'ta:
Take away . Yii-thwa:
* Many words are but

colloquial naodifications, generally in pronunciation, of
the writ-
ten terms. Thus 00c5 := 00^ ;
: 00^ orS=z^; ^= C^;39S=:88-§1 =
(^ ; cxiDS = GC03 ; oocîi odg^-i = co^^g ; goooii gc[3 = GOOD ; ODD =°cocS
33Gp ; on ocS = 0^; c^ = c^ ; ô = J.S ; ODD or ol = ooôacp q5 =
= c^SgssdS c^ = cx>îi
j
Gg|S ; goddS ;
( 36 )
Words and Pheases in constant tse — concluded.

English. Burmese.
( 37 )
Miscellaneous Questions and Answers.

English. Burruese. Transliteration.
Can (you) speak @?od ooods ooo5 cxdcq^s Mya-ma-sa-gaitat-t ha-

Burmese ? or cxjodc^ cgDODcScx) la: or Ba-ma-lo-pyaw:
coDsii dat-tha-la:
Yes, a little ... ^'ôocSooc^ ... N5:nfe:tat-te
What did he say ?... ajooDGgDcoco ... Thu-ha-pyaw:;(â-lfe:
(He) said (he) would cgDsac^db ... Thwa:me-de
go.
Do you understand ? ^dsooôdcods ... Na:lfe-tha-la:
(I) do, partly ... coôoooS^dsodôocS Ta-cho-ta-wet-na:-l^-d6
Did you not hear?... og^sOi^scoDg ... Ma-kya:hu:la:
No, sir, (I) did not ogDsoô5oloSc}|Di ... Ma-kya:laik-pa-'kin-
bya:
What can (I) do for ooc^ôog|ôcx) ... Bfe-p6n-ma-za-y a - m a-
(you) ? Ife:
(I) wish to serve the Gs^sqM^^GooSooSsgS A-so:ya-a-hmu-daw-

Government. olcx)o6ii 'tan:gyin-ba-d5
To whom does (this) cooSo^^Soocb .... Bfe-thu-paing-f/â-lfe:
belong ?
Where are you go- oocôgDsoc^cx) ... B^-thwa:ma-lo-lfe:

ing?
(I) am going home gSSc^c^dsgoooocS ... Ein-go-thwaidaw-me
now.
How many times ooc^j>8£)lG(y3G|ocb ... Be-hna-'ka-pyaw:ya-ma
must (I)tell (you)? \h:
Don't be angry, sir, 8cSos^gol^ô6<5|Ds go Seik-ma-'so:-ba-ne-'kin-

for I am forgetful. ooc^côlii bya:-me-dat-lo-ba
How far is he ojcooSaacS ogDso eg Thii-be-a-'ti-thwa:ma-
going ? CO" \q-\h:
As far as Mandalay o^gcos Gspo5 gs^dS Man:da-le:-yauk-aung-

ogDsocgii thwa:ma-lo
When did he arrive? cxjoooSccooGcpoSoDco Thu-be-daw-yauk-tha-
1^:
(He) arrived just âSoocxjcspoScooS ... Gu-din-ga-bfe:yauk-t^

now.
Who says so ? ... acôoajcgsoora ... Da-lo-ba-lu-pyaw:Âa-
( 38 )
Miscellaneous Questions and Answers— concluded.

They all say so aj{c^33:)8oqs3C^G(yD[^ Tliu-do-a:16n:-da-lo-

ODDCXJII pyaw:gya-da-b^:
How deep is it ? ... C30GOODo5^ dScOCO Ba-lauk-net-tha-le:
Eour fathoms GCOgCQôSoDcS Le:lan-net-te
Whose pony is this ? Da-ba-lu-myin:le:
My pony, sir c^^gcodQSsoIoScjIds ,, Kyun-daw-m y i n b a :
-
'kin-bya:
Weather.
(It) is very warm.., Te-aik-te
(It) is very close .. coc6gcx)c8o5odo5 Te-le-teik-te
(It) is very windy... cooSgcocô5cooS Te-ie-taik-te
(It) is very rainy .. cooS^sg^DODc6 Te-mo:ywa-de
(It) is cloudy Mo:-6n-de
(It) is raining hea- i^SCO^gG^COoS Mo:the:ue-de
vily.
(It) is drizzling ^s Gg3o5 GôrS 2.0Q^ Mo:'pyauk-'pyauk-ywa-

oooSii ne-dh
(It) has stopped rain- ^sc8o5g or ^sbg Mo:teik-pi o)' mo: si:
bi
(It) is cold qSsoooS Chan:de
A cold breeze is GODg33SCô5g^00cS Le-e:taik-ne-de
blowing.
(It) is beginning to Îo:ywa-za-pyu-bi
rain.
The rains have com- Mo:kya-bi

menced.
The rainy weather is Mo:u-du-k6n-bi
over.
(It) is hot today ... OG^„C|JO0cS Ga-ne-pu-dfe
(It) thunders Mo:ch6n:d5
(It) hails ^goSs;(c200oS Mo:tl)i:kyv,e-de
(It) is foggy j>SgGOO0c5 IIuin:we-de
(It) was fair yester- Q G ^„OD G ^ CODCOt5 Ma-ne-ga-ne-tha-de
day.
( 39 )
Time oe Day.
English. Bui'mese. Transliteration.
The day is breaking ^scoSsogg Mo:lin:za-pyu-bi

Just at sunrise Ne-'twet-sa-ga
Early in the morning Ma-net-saw:zaw:
What time was it ? O0oS33^$CXIcb Bfe-a-chein-ga-lfe:
What o'clock is it ? coo5j>S^D^ôra Be-hna-na-yi-shi-ba-le:
It is eight o'clock ... Shit-na-yi-shi-bi
It is half -past six ... G@0o5^D^§^@ Chauk-na-yi-gwfe:shi-bi
It is early GODOOCS Saw:-d&
It is late (forenoon) G^gSg Ne-myin-bi
It is late (afternoon) G^?.^g§ 'Ne-nh-.hi
It is late (night) ... ;în-net-pi

It is noon Mun:te-bi
It is about midnight cx)5sg315gcodo5^§ ,,, Tha-gaung-lauk-shi-bi
It is past midnight oo^SGolScoqjSg Tha-gaung-kyaw-bi
Come in the fore- Mun:ma-te-gin-la
noon.
Is it in the forenoon ? Mun:-ma-te-gin-la:
It was only in the g^gc^g §8cooS or ^G$ Mun:lw5:hma-'pyit-te
afternoon. GODSsyjgScooS or §$s or na-ne-saung:hma-
c8§gg^Socio5ii 'pyit-t5 or mun:tein:
hma-'pyit-te
It has struck nine... c^sô^c^sg Ko:na-yi-'to:bi
It is nearly four ... Gco8->:D^c^soq(§ Le:na-yi-'to:lu-bi
It is already dark,,, g^dSQ Hmaung-bi
It will take half a côooo^gDcSSooS .. Ne-ta-wet-kya-lein-me
day.
(I) will stay here the ooc^ôqsS^DGô^ Ta-ne- 16n:di-ma-ne-m&
whole day.
He will be back at o?.o5coqS?o3s^ô;j@$ Ma-net-'ta-min: sa:
breakfast time. G^poScSSocSn gyei n-thu-pyan-
yauk-lein-m5
He is coming in time qod^g33d8 oijcoocSS ]â-za-hmi-aun g - 1 h u-
for dinner. ocoii la-lein-m5
He was up at dawn aa^coS odoSoo oj cxjg^ A-yon-det-ka-t h ti - 'ta-
cooSii ne-d5
( 40 )
Time of Day— concluded.

He came before dawn 33âS ococSaSzqoDD A-yon-ma-tet-'kin-tM-

oocSii Irt-de
Will he come again sj^g^cxjcod^socods ... Gu-iia-ne-th u - 1 a - 6 n :
this evening ? ma-la:

Did he say he was £;gG.?,a;[coDo6bco3s ... Gu-fia-ne-thu -la -ma
coming this even- de-la:
ing ?
He said he was com- gôS^^ oodocSc^ ajj Ne-win-gyein-la-mfe-lo-

ing at sunset. cgDcocîi thu-pyaw: de
Age.
What is (your) age ? 33odoSodoS GcoDo5ôdb A-tliet-ba-lauk-shi-ba-
le:
When were you oooSo^sooGgsoora ... Be-don: ga-mwe: tha-

born ? Ih:
(I) shallbe twenty G^g)$co oq)S|S33ooo5 She - zun-la-kya-yin-a-
next June. j>5coo5gôoSii thet-hna-'se-pye-mfe

He is now but in the cxjsjgoag^cSGooDSso^s ... Thu gu -ma- a-ywe-
-
prime of life. kaung: d6n:

How old is (your) ooDsoocSGcaDoSgsoc^ Tha:ba-lauk-kyi: ba-le:
son ? ,
(He) is only ten ... ooc6|iScoDgcxiD ^gods 'Se-linit-tha:iM-shi-the:

cooSii dh
He appears young oj^co^cxxtS cc£(^ g[ Thii-//ii-det-n g fe-b 6 n-
for his age. cooSii ya-dfe
He has a very youth- cxjcooSa^gôScoSoooS... Thu-te-a-ywe-tin-de

ful appearance.
Is your father very oSscracoos^cgooDDs ... Min-a-'pe-o-hla-ba-la:
a2;ed ?
(He ) is about seventy q^SaooSicoDnS^g ... 'Kun-hna-s5-lauk-s h i-

bi
The old man is still aac^slc^sooDcqi^soî^soD A-'po:gyi:ha-kyan:gyan:

very hale and odcSo^gcosoocîi ma-ma-b5:shi-i/ie:dfe
strong.
Salutations, &o.
Are you well? od&^co^s ... Ma-ye-la:

Are you quite well sjgoodSs goodSs odo G u-ka ung:gaung:m4-
now ? 02^211 ba-la:
( 41 )
Salutation, &o. — continued.

How is your family ? oDD8aooDsaD§[co3s Tha:ma-ya:ma-ye-la:

(They) are all well 333soqsoD@ol|^ A:16n:ma-gya-ba-ye
Has your younger oSg^cqjDrôcooi Min-ni-pyauk -pa-la:
brother recovered ?
(He) is improving... c»nSoDDo1g Thet-tha-ba-bi

What ailment is it ? oooScepolcS B6-yaw:ga-lfe:
(He) had fever after cSicîjiasoooS L5:lo-'pya:dfe
a fall.
(He) is suffe ring pGoicpSsd^s @8g$ Hna-zi:chaung:zo:'pyit-

from cold and cooSn ne-d^
cough.
It isa long time since oGcgqoobgDcgg Ma-twe-ya-da-kya-hla-
I have seen (you). bi
I saw (him) in good oDODgjDqDocgboocî .. Ma-ma-cha-gyk-t w e-
health. ge-de
Sit down ... o^Sol 'Taing-ba
My compliments to aSsScoi^Dgc^ ^cBso::^ M i n - m i - b a-mya:go-
your parents. cô5o| ii hn6k-'set-laik-pa
Have you breakfast- oô5odods§8oco3s Ma-net- sa-sa:pi:ba-la:
ed?
Not yet ... ooDsqGcxDgoqs Ma-sa:ya-ifê:bu:
(You) have arrived ôdcds^^j-SosgooSc^ ]!? a - z a-s a: gyein-ne-a-
just in time for GGpoSoDDcocSn taw-b^: yauk-la-d^"
dinner.
What will (you) cododsoco Ba-sa:ma-15:
take ?
Have a cigar .... gso%S8goooc56\ 'Se:leik-thauk-pa

Will you take tea ? coo5ooo5q^GcoDo5oo3D! La-'pet-ye-thauk-ma-la:
Have some more oogDsoôl^gooDS ... Tha-gya:yu-ba-6n:la:

sugar.
I don't like my tea oooSoooS g^^^ ^4 "®^ I'a-'pet-ye-cho-gyo-ma-
sweet. =q° kyaik-'pu:
This tea is very SodcS ooo5 g^^ cocS cq Di-la-'pet-ye-te-kya-de
strong. cooS
It is late (forenoon), G^gScgguogDjcia^socS Ne-myin-hla-bi-tliwa:

I must take leave ya-6n:me
of you.
6
( 42 )
Salutation, &c. — concluded.

Go (as a polite reply ogDSola^sGooo Thwa:ba-6n:daw

to foregoing).
P lease send for a car- Gfo:> oa g oI^ S s cô5o 8 Ya - 't a: a -'iaw-kaing:
riage. oln laik-san:ba
(I) wish daily for qjSscxo oIgoc^g^c^Si Chan: tha-ba-ze-lo-ne-
(your) prosperity. go^dôIoocSii daing: myit-ta-po-ba-
de
(I) shall come again G^DoSooolcoDsfjsQcS .. Nauk-ta-'ka-la-6n:me
DiNING-BOOM.
Set the table

( 43 )
Dining -eoom — concluded

English, Burmese. Transliteration,
Pour (me) a cup of cooSoooSq^cogoSoo^ La-'pet-ye-ta-'kwet-'t§

tea côSoSsii laik-san:
Bring me a boiled egg goSggoSooo^soqb ... Kyet-u-by6k-ta-16n:yu-
Take this egg away SgoSgojogDs ... Di-kyet-u-yu-thwa:

Where is the salt- ooosgoSoooSara ... 'Sa:gwet-b5-ma-16:
cellar ?
Change this plate ... 8o§8co?(g3scScô5 ... Di-pa-gan-bya:le:laik
Bring another plate olgoa^gDsooqSooSoflb Pa-gan-bya: t a - c hat -
'tat-yu-ge
Bring a fork and oG[S§).ooD8o;;[b 'Ka-yin:ne-da:yu-ge
knife
This cup is not clean So?8od|o^;cx3dooSo38,.. Di-pa-gan-16n:ha-ma-
sin-bu:
Wash it properly ... gcodSsgcodSsgooscôS Kaung:gaung:'se:laik
This table-cloth is SoosôSsgoSg ... Di-sa-bw&:gin:nit-pi
soiled
Take out that bottle c^câsSsojoScQoS Ho-pa-lin:'t6k-laik
Bring (me) a cigar G3osc8Sooc8Sa;|b 'Se:leik-ta-leik-yu-ge
Where is the match- ^§8q]ScxioSocx) Ml:gyit-b5-ma-15:
box ?
Strike a match , .. SsqSoôSoSs Mi:chit-laik-san:
Bed- ROOM.
Where is the blanket? godSodcSscS Saung-be-ma-16:

This bedroom is not S^Ss^soojioScgojs Di-eik-' kan:ma-kyfe-hla
very roomy bu:
Take off (my shoes) c84,5gjo5cô5o'Ss 'Pa-nat-chut-laik-san:
Put the footstool G@cx35qc§oo5cô5 Chi-din-gon-go-'pfe-laik

aside
Hang up tjiis coat... Ssaf^c^^coDscôS Di-in:gyi-go- 'sw^:'ta:
laik
Put it in the drawer tsagdb^D og5scoDsc§o5 An-zwe: d5:ma-thwin:

'ta:laik
Take out a clean ^joSj-DoqcSoolsaccScxjcS Myet-hna-thok-pa-wa-

towel a-thit-'tok
U
( )
Bed-room — con eluded.

Hang it out to dry aô5cg5scQr>5 'T6k-hlan:laik

Open the door coolgcgSoôS Ta-ga:'pwin-laik
Shut the door c6o1s8oScô5 Ta-ga:peik-laik
Leave (it) a jar ... ODooosoôS Ha-'ta:laik
Open the window ... (yooSgcoloScgS Pa-din:bauk-'pwin
Keep the Venetians CD^5oo58o5oODS Ta-yok-kat-peik-'ta:
shut
Light the candle . . ooGooD6sc^6cg$8oô5... 'Pa-yaung:daing-'tun:
laik
Light the lamps ... Mi:ein-mya:go-'tun:laik
Trim the wick Mi:za-hnyat-laik
Turn up the light... Mi:hmyin-laik
Turn the light down Mi:ne:n6:hmein-laik
a little.
Where is the chim- GQo5scx)o5oro Pvaun£;:be-ma-le:

ney ?
The chimney is :;(yDSsoo8g^gcgo5G|,cooS PYaung:ga-mi:go:'twet

smoking ue-de
Extinguish the light §s§58c§o5 or SsgoScôS Mi: nein: laik or mi:
hmok-laik
Put down the mos- gScooDSqcôS ... Chin-daung-cha-laik
quito curtain
am going to bed
(I) aSScpoScoooQcS ... Eik-ya-win-daw-me
Wake (me) early to- 4>o5cs^cilGO3G0D003|sra. Net-'pan-gH" saw:zaw:la
morrow. hno:hle
Where do (you)sleep? cx3oSyD335oDcb ... Pe-ma-eik-tha-lfe:
Are you a light oSso85coo5c^coDg ... Min:eik-'sat-ke-la:
sleeper ?
Do you snore ? eSsGcoDoScocScocoDS .. Min:hauk-tat-tha-la:

Let (him) come in... oScODoGCOGO Win-la-ba-le-zi
Boat.
Let us go by boat... Gcg^.CgD|(^§ H]e-ue-thAva:gya-zo

Get the oar-boat soSccyc^gScôS 'Kat-]ile-go-pyin-laik
ready
( 45 )
Boat — continued
English. . Burmese. Transliteration.
Where is the paddle- GC^SgoJCO oSgDtX) Hlaw-hle-b5-ma-lo:

boat ?
Have (you) brought OcSoOo5(^ DSOÔjjSloCODS 'Kat-tet-mya:go-yu-ge

the oars ? ba-la:
Can (you) sail the Gojc^ §ô5cô5ooc8cocoDS Hle-go -ywet-taik-

boat? tat-tha-la:
Bring the steering oooo5a^5> Pe-det-yu-ge
paddle
Have you brought a O3o5»olc300DDS • Tet- mSb-fa-tha-lk:
rudder ?
Let us start ogoSgg 'Twet-kya-zo

Get on the bow ... SsGoTcôooS C:baw-go-tet
Put it on the stern OGoTyOODDSCôS Pe-baw-ma-'ta:laik
Go up the river . . Myit-ko-'san-thwa:
Go down the river... Myit-ko-s6n-laik
Cross to the other Ho-bet-kan:go-ku:
bank
Stop at this landing Di-'seik-ma-'saik
Row hard Kyat-kyat-'kat
Paddle fast g^g^GogS Myan-myan-hlaw
Enter this creek ... Sg^dSscôS Di- chaung go- win
:
There is a sandbank Gg^^DGOODSgSoOSJÔOoS Sbe-ma-thaung- b y i n -
ahead ta-'ku-shi-dS
Is the tide running §GQODo5 GÔOCOOSII CqjG^ Di-ye-te fc-ne-^fe-la :kya-

up or down ? ODCOD8II ne-Âa-la: -
Get alongside the Kan:na:kat

bank
Is this boat steady ? Di-hle-nein-ye-M
(It) is leaky GG^C^CXlcS Ye-yo-d6
What wood is this SccgcoscoDScx) Di-hle-ba-tha:le:
boat made of ?
Can you go out to Pin-lfe-go-'twet-hnaing

sea? tha-la:
Will it not sink? ... GC[og5o:||?CX)D8 Ye-ma-my6k-'pu:la:

Can you sv\rira ? ... GC|«jsooo5o:coDS Ye-ku:dat-tha-la:
( 46 )
B OAT— concluded
English. Burmese. Transliteration,
Unfurl tlie sail ... §|o5g|cô5 ... Ywet-'pyan-laik

Sail along midstream g:;ioooScô2Scô5 ... Te-le-go-'pwin-taik
Have yoti brought ccgDoSajsols^ccDs ... Kyauk-'su:pa-ye-la:
an anchor ?
I have brought two, j^SraoSololaoSaScjjDs... Hna-let-pa-ba-de-'kin-

sir by a:
Is that rope strong c^(^scod^Sooo3ds ... Ho-kyo: ha-'kaing-ba-
enough ? ma-la:
When shall we get §i3c^ oooSgcoo GcpoSoo Ywa-go-b^-daw-yauk
to the village ? con pa-ma-lfe:
Ophce.
Bring a lead pencil S)c6ajS> ... 'Kfe:dan-yii-ge
Sharpen this quill... §go5GoDD5g|^cô5 ... Di-hnget-taung-chun-
laik
Where is my pen- c1odgcod5c6ooc5qco ... Nga-ka-laung-dan- b fe-
holder ? ma-le:
Bring a pen also ... oDGODDSoo^sc^b ... Ka-laung-lfe:yu-ge
This pen is too blunt, §oDGoo36o^scg?gcooSg)$ Di-ka-laung-t6n:lun:de
change it for a sharp gi$oDsj33oDsa^&ii Chun-gyun-ta-'ku-asa:
pointed one yu-ge
Sharpen the desk- ^soo^sooGcosGogscôS Y6n:da:ga-le:thwe:laik
knife
rill these ink bottles 8o£ qooSs <^ otc^ «S@f^ Di-hmin-ba-lintmya-.o-o-
•-^-"j5!i
hmin-'pye-laik
Put ink in both the oSo^s fh oqs ooqic^ oS I[min-o:-hna-16n: za-
pots coîi 16n:go-hmin-'te
Is thereno red ink ? oS?aô:;j2coDs ... Hmin-ni-ma-shi-buda:
The black ink is bad o6ô5o3Doô5oqs ... H mi n-n e t- h a - a-m
net-'pu:
Bring a sheet of blot- o6|oo^[[OD9]5a^S> ... Hmin-hneik-set-ku-ta-
ting paper chat-yu-ge
Wash this inkpot §q63^so^ oS gssdS goos Di-hmin-o:go-sin-aunff-
clean cô5 'se:laik
Take out the ruler ... tjjgsooa^cxcôS ... Myin:dan-'t6k-laik

( 4.7 )
Ofpicb —continued.
Who has taken (it) Ba-lu-yu-thwa:Âa-lfe:

away ?
Go and search for (it) Thwa:sha-gyi
Put (it) near that Ho-sa-6k-na:hma-'ta:
book laik
Take it away now..j» Yu-thwa:daw
Put it down on the Kyan:baw-hma-cha-'ta:
floor laik
Copy this letter ... Di-sa-go-kii:laik
Give him a copy of ododoSdoogodSocJoO^gos Sa-let-'kan-ta- z a u n g-
the letter thu-go-pe:laik
Did he apply for it ? ajGcgDoSc OOOS S0DC03 s Thu-shauk-taung: tha-
la:
"Where is the appli- QcgpcSi^DcocSocx) Shauk-hlwa-bfe-ma'l^:

cation ?
Draft a reply f^§OD33(^5sGG1^80ô5 ... Pyan-za-a-kyan:ye:laik

ileject this applica- §GC^Do5c5DOÔCÔô5 Di-shauk-hlwa-go - pfe
tion laik
Who is the appli- Gc^Do5a;jooojci) Shauk-thu-ba-lu-le:
cant?
Did he ever apply Thu-a-yin-ga- s hauk -
before ? CODS 'pu:Âa-la:
Would he be suit- O^GOoScJOOODS Thu-taw-ba-ma-la:

able?
Does he know the Di-a-16k-ko-thu- na : 1
work ? CODS ^7?a-la:
Where did he serve 33oocSco oooSyaJogooSs A-'tet-ka-be-m&-a-hmu-

previously ? 'tan:Âa-lfe:
Why did he leave ? ooD(^Scôgo5oora Ba-'pyit-lo-'twet-tha-15:

What pay did (he) O0OO0GOD0o5£|O0d& La-ga-ba-lauk-y a - # Aa
get? le:
Post this letter §oocôoôô5cbgD °°^ Dl-sa-go- sa-bo-daik-'t6-

hma-'te-laik
Put a stamp on it... oosBSgoISsooScôS ... Ta-zeik-gaung:kat-laik
Go and buy two re- GQoDooaSScol&SjtScjcgos Pye-za-ta-zeik-gaung:
ceipt stamps OC^GÎI hna-'ku-thwa:w6-gyi
( ^8 )
Oppicb —continued
English. Burmese. TraDsliteration.
Buy six lialf-anna ^•SJ5dsoo?od§c6q85gs)16s Hna-pya:dan-s;i-b o - ta

postage stamps GgooSsjoo^sooSîi zeik-gaung:cliauk-'ku
also lc:\vc-ge
Has the mail arriv- Gq]ooDKgDgGGpc6coDocx3D§ Chaw :za-mya:yauk-la-
ed? ba-la:
Go to the post office oD§cô5c^:^Ds ... Sa-bo-daik-ko-thwa:
Don't be away long (^DBG^Goô ... Kya-ma-ne-zi-ne
AVait for an answer gÔDGODSc* ... Pyan-za-saung-ne
When does the mail- oD§x)Gc5Doo'^Gcooago5 Sa-bo-thin:baw:be-daw-
steamer leave ? ocxiii 'twet-ma-le:
Go and enquire ogDSGosG^ ... Th\va:me:gyi
Go to the telegraph cgs^^s^c^c^Ds ... Kyi:rian:y6n-go-tliwa:
office
Read that telegram c^gQs^^sodcôdoSoSs Ho-kyi:nan:za-go-'pat

san:
Has the Deputy 33GG|gL^So68(g§ao6sogDSo A-ye: baing-min: yon:
Commissioner left coD% 'sin:thwa:ba-la:
office?
When is (he) com- ooc5Goo?g§coDocb ... Be-daw-pyan-l^-ma-le:
ing back ?
Why are you so slow ? ODD G[cgDS QGODDoS GODS Ba-gyauug-da-lauk - le:
ODÔDCÎI gan-ya-^/?a-le:
Go to the treasury §Ggogg|[c^G5cô5gDDgDs Di-uwge- s e t - k u - g 0-
and cash this note cSîi ngwe-daik-hma-thwa:
le:ge
Put this money into Scgc^^Sc^c&gDca^côS Di-ngwe-go - e i k- 't e:
the bag ma-'te-laik
Count it before do- oc»^35gg|oô5.3^? ... Ma-'te-giu-yi-laik-6n:
ing so
How much is it ? ... o3GooDo5cx) ... Ba-lauk-le:
How many bad ru- Gg33coo5GcoD^ôlcoco Ng we-a-ba-lauk-pa-^/(a
pees are there ? le:
What do you want ? CODC^9)ScOCb Ba-lo-gyin-^7«a-le:

(I) am very busy ... OD o5 33 0:^5 1^ D S OD c6 T5-a-16k-mya:de
(I) have no leisure 033D8aj?. Ma-a:bu:
Who is there ? Ba-lu-16:
( 49 )
Oppice —concluded,
,
Sign here ... SG^spoacooS^cSo^s ... Di-no-ya-ma-let-hmat-

'to:
Don't come and SoG^kclnôoDQcpScgoS Di-ga-ne-nga-go-la-ma-
botlier me to-day >. Imaung-shet-ne
Bring the office-box ^8GcoggD9oâ;{5 ... Y6n:tit-t'a-di-go-yn-ge
here
Is there no empty ccogRDcôSy^cxjjscoDs... Tit-ta-lut-ma-shi-bu:la:
box ?
Gather up these pa- §ojg|[4jDscô8S8cô5 ... Dl-set -ku- my a -.g o
pers thein:laik
Bring an envelope... od33o5coc8c5oC|}^ ... Sa-eik-ta-eik-yii-ge
Let (him) come to- ôSoôIcxjdogcogos^s Net-'pan-ga-la-ba-le-zi-
morrow on:
(I) shall reply in due 33^^cq]GC!oooI oDg^côS A-chein-kya-da w -
ga -
course ocS sa-pyan-laik-mfe
Health and Sickness.
I am not very well... cq\8 gx-dSsgcodSs obd Kya-n6k-kaung:gaung:

cqs raa-ma-bu:
Go and call a doctor gsos socp oogoddc5 ogDs 'Se:'sa-ya- 1 a -
yauk -
GoTS> thwa:'kaw-ge
Take this letter to §oD3ospo$o8câ;[ogDs... Di-sa-'sa-ya--wun-'si-go-
the Civil Surgeon yii-thwa:
What did the Assist- aoGpo$ cogcoico ol g^d 'Sa-ya-wun-ga-le:ga-ba-

ant Surgeon say ? c§o5c»co pyaw:laik-tha-lfe:
Did you get to the oj$Doo|so^G3po55i|[coDs Lu-na-dan:go-yauk-'ke

hospital? ye-la:
Show (me) the pre- caosoDgoSs ... 'Se:za-pya-zan:

scription
Where is the com- goosgooSosodsoocôc^ 'Se;'paw-tha-ma:bfe-ma-
pounder ? Ih:
Ask for a renewal of §G308Gi^t|soo5GOODSs^ Di-'se: ye - myo : 't a t-
this mixture ta.ung:ge

You are very pale .. . oSascoosaaQGi^cooSGcjio Min-a -tha: a -y e-tfe-
oooS 'pyaw-d6
What is the matter ? ooD@5ood& ... Ba-'pyit-tha-16:
7
( 50 )
Health and Sickness —concluded.

English, Burmese. Transliteration.
Are (you) taking any goosodsgôoodds ... 'Se:sa:ne-tha-la:

medicine ?
Are (you) all right sjGqiDo5ooD3s ... Gu-pyauk-pa-la:

now ?
«
I am a little better og^, gooSgcoS oooSodd Ga-ne-taw-da w - thet
to-day oooSii tlia-de
Is your house well oSsSSood GcooSccccgoS Min-ein-ha-le-win-le-

ventilated ? Goo^SsS^coDgu dwet-kaung:ye-la:
Is (it) in a sanitary oo^ôoljiSs^Ss^s^coos... Than-^/iari-shin:shin:
condition ? shi-ye-la:
Is this quarter §30G^5^fDGcpolooSs|[raDs Di-a-yat-ma-yaw: - ga -
healthy ? kin:ye-la:
I am suffering from g.->5q|Ds cjjosg^cocS ... B[nget-'pya:'pya:ne-de
an attack of jun-
gle fever
Is it intermittent ? 33Qoo533cq]^cx)coDs ... A-tet-a-kya-shi-^â-la:
Take this febrifuge §33(j|3§go5Gôsc^Gcx)Do5 Di-a-'pya:byat-'se:go-
thauk
Is your appetite im- oogSsqioSoooDDs or 33 'Ka-dwin:pyet-tha-la:
paired ? oD?q|o5cooDDg or a-sa:pyet-tha-la:
Try this tonic ... 8 oaDsc^s goos c^ goodoS Di-a:do:ze:go-thauk-
(ggSoSs kyi-zan:
These do not
pills SGaosoqs^.ocoô^s ... Di-'se:-16n:ne-ma-te-bu:
agree with (me)
(I) am troubled with goc^Ssc^:^ ciSgS^D 00 â-daing:lo-b5:yin-
asthma almost odoS gyat-na-'ta-de
every night
Why don't (you) go oddg^dS godg@d6s gco Ba-gyaung-le-byaung:
somewhere for a c^GaciSoDoliaog^sraii
le-hlwfe:a-yat-ta-ba:
cliange. ma-thwa:15:
MlCELLANEOTJS PhEASES.
What is the market oolsccys oogcodoS go1o5 Sa-ba:ze:ba-lauk-pauk-

paddy ?
price of oocou tha-15:
The prices run very Sj.SoooSG'qjSGooDSsoooS Di-hnit-t5-ze:kaung:d5
high this year
He trades in paddy ojoolsajsoooS ... Thu-sa-b4:ku:d6
( 51 )
MiscELLAKBOus Phrasbs —Continued.

English. Burmesfi. Transliteration.
I
Is that man a tim- c^côodooSgsISscods ... Ho-lti-ha-thit-gaung:

ber-trader ? te:
(I) do not know for oaoooSocSo^s ... A-tat-ma-thi-bii:

a certainty
(I) am not sure ... og@ococ5o:;^s ... Ma-pyaw:dat-'pu:
(I) cannot say ... os^^Sojs ... . Ma-'so-hnaing-bti:
Looks like an as- GcoSsoGpôjjoocS .., Be-din-'sa-y4-ne-tu-d^
trologer
Have you a horo- oSôcaoood^sôdds ... Min-ma-za-da-sbi-ye-
scope ? la:
Wby don't (you) cx3Dg8cÔ)DcoD«ôoc2) Ba-'pyit-lo-za-da-ma-

bave one cast ? 'pwe-Âa-16:
'
Tbis fruit is poison- Ssa c8s cod goodoS odcjS Di-a-tbi:lia-tauk-tat-t5
ous oocS
Tbis is not poison ... GloasBcSaocfcSoqs ... Da-a-'seik-ma-bok-'pti:
Durians are cbeap Sj.6g2G|£s^sGoloooS ... Di-bnit-du:yin:!^î: paw:

tbis year de
He bad (it) cheap... cxjjgoIgoIsiscS ... Tb1i-paw:baw:ya-de
He arrived while odg[o5o8§ c§6o^so:jGGpo5 Tba-yet-tlii:blaing-d6n:

mangoes were ab- cooS thu-yauk-t5
undant
Mangosteens are oSgcgoSoSs^^Dsooc^ ... Min:gut-tbi:sba:d5
scarce and dear
Bring that water- c^^sooDssfiâjjb ... Ho-mo:ga-in:gyi-yu-ge
proof coat
Does it rain daily ? G?.c§Ssq8aDa>oDDs ... Ne-daing:mo:ywa-Âa-
la:
When will they start oogSgooooI oocôog^^ Be-daw-ga-15-sa-'tun-

ploughing ? «^ gya-ma-le:
ajg^ ccoSog^DS ooo5j.5 Thu-ma-16-dun-nwa:
How many pairs of
oxen has cggsôora be-hna-shm:sbi-if/â-
plough
' ^^'
be ?
.ôds^dsq oogodoS ^looSs No-za:na-ma-ta-gaung-
Look out for a milch
ol sba-zan:ba
co^
very Sg5§c»oSco5ooo5 ... Di-myin:t^-nge-d5
This pony is
small
( 52 )
Miscellaneous Phrases — continued.

Englisb, Burmese. Trausliteratiou.
Does he trot well ? gcos odoS gcodSs goddSs Le:bet-kaung:gaung:

ogDsli^coDg thwa:ye-la:
(His) head is mean go16s as cocS ... Ga\ing:a-d5
The ears are inclined ôscgD^^GoqjooocS ... Na-gya\v:ne:nfe:yaw-de
to droop
The eyes are fairly 4]o5o^sgco5gc»5^|[
° .., Myet-16n:taw-da\v-shi-
good ye
Does he shy ? ... cogcocSoocoD; ... Thwe-dat-tha-la:
His quarters are cc&cqGcooB%aD(£ ... Tin-gya-kaung-.de
good
He is also thick-set ocjoocSco^sgcwoSsodgS Du-de-le:kaung:de
Has he been raced ? [^Soj^sodcods ... Pyaing-bd:^/ta-la:
He doesn't look a (§5gSs^,oa|jcz^s ... Pyaing-myin:ne-ma-tu-
racer bu:
What paces does he oooSsacgDs^scooBoDoi Ee-a-th\va:myo:tat-tha-
know ? le:
Swinging walk, trot, |co§sq^3ii gcososoSii cqt Hnwc: Ian: do:, le: bet,
canter, ambling, Gq]DSsGooDo5ii33 0Doq|ii thon: gyaung: dauk,
gallop ccj^gii a-tha-gya, don:
What will you sell coGcoDo5^.GGp68ocx) ... Ba-lauk-ne-yaung:ma-
(him) for ? 1^:
Has he a high action? coo5good6sg|otds ... Let-kaung:ye-la:

Of what breed is this olooDGgstHsco ... Da-ba-'k\ve:myo:16:
dog?
^He) is a cross be- GgscSojs^. 5^s osocôS 'Kwe:ba-lu:ne-pa-go:-a-
tweeu ahull and GgsoSoqiooDobii me:laik- k we s a t-
' :
a Pegu hound kya-d-i-be

Kill that pariah dog c^ GgsoS odsc^ odo5 66 Ho-'kwe: win - z a :
go -
cô5 that-pyit-laik
Are (you) a dog- Ggsoloo^D^cocoDt ... 'Kwe:wa-t]ia-na-slii-^/?a

fancier ? la:
You can liave that c^GgsooGcosoj^Gcoo ... Ho-'kwe: ga-le yu-daw :
pup
It has good points... cgsoGoooSscooS ... 'K\ve:za-kaung:de
A.re big game abnud- §GcoDgD33&@8Gc"| snoods Di-taw: ma-a-me: gyi:
ant in this jungle ? paw:ye-la:
( 63 )

English. Burmese. Translitevation.
How many beaters 33£> g^doSoood? cooSjjiS A-mfe: cliauk- tha-ma:

are there ? gc»do5§c»cSii bfe-hna-yauk-slii-Âa-
Let the men on the ooo5$dsto oj ^ds goodSs Let-na ga : -lu-mya:

outskirts beat well GooaSssqiDoScpGon kaung: gaung: chauk
pe-zi
Are you not tired oSsoGODcc»so:;j?coDg ... Min: nia-maw: the: bu:
yet ? la:
He is tired and pant- cxjGODc§cô5G^g ... Thu-maw: lo-haik-ne-bi

mg
(I) am feeling very GcicoSogg ... Ye-ngat-hla-bi
thirsty.
Let us rest a little oaD^Ds|§i o^,cocôd ods 'Ka-na-na: pi: n^-15-z&,-
and take tiffin (33^°§ sa: gya-6n: zo
Is'nt there a well SsoIsos^ds^d Gq<^Sso^ Di-a-ni: a-na: ma-ye-

somewhere near ? ccjjsco^g dwin: ma-shi-bu: la:
This is a very shady §odSo5 ooo53o^5goodSs D 1 h it-pin-te-a-yeik-
i -
tree oocS kaung: dh

Are there any jungle 8yDGooD(a9o5^|[coDS ... Di-ma-taw: gyet-shi-ye-
fowl here ? la:
What foot-print is alcoDcgspcS ... Da-ba-chi-ya-lfe:

this?
To whom does this ScgcgoSc^cxioj^ScDora Di-mye-gwet-ko-ba-lu-
piece of land be- paing-Âa-15:
Ions'?
ô
Can (you) show (me) Gg^c£?3o5ci]3Sc^ g^6| Mye-ne-na-meik-mya:
its boundaries ? ooos go-pya-hnaing-ye-la:
Is the landholder a Ggj^SoDDoocSooaDscoDs Mye-shin-ba-l^-^/jd-ma:

cultivator? 1^-
Has he sublet it ? cgc^cMsoSgl sodsodoods My e-go-ta-'sin - h n g a:

sa: fha-la,:
What is the outturn ScooSoo ool? ca gcodoS Di-lfe-ga-sa-ba: ba-lauk-
of this paddy field ? cgoSoocg) 'twet-tha-le:
What is (its) sowing i^sools odo5j^5cq5s gc^ Myo: sa-ba: be-hna-tin:

capacity ? ^d^ kyi: ya-i^â-lfe:
Go and call the gSscS^scôgDscoTt" ... Myin: dein: go-thwa:

groom 'kaw-ge
( 54 )
Miscellaneous Phrases— continued.
Get the carriage G[CODS[y8cô5 la-'ta: pyin-laik

ready
Is tliere room in the Myin:zaung: ma-ne-ya-
stable ? CODS shi-the:ye-la:
Has the pony been gSsC^330DG^s(§SOCODS Myin: go-a-sa-kywe:pi:
given his feed ? ba-la:
Do not water him yet GqOCô5ô3^S Ye-ma-taik-ne-6n:
Harness him now ... OD^gaD^SOODSoScOOO Ka-gyo: ta-za-sin-daw
Drive to the post odi^cSoSc^godSs Sa-bo-daik-ko-maung:
office
Turn to the right ... Let-ya-bet-ko-hle

Turn to the left ... OD o5 b 00 06 c^ c» 0^ Let-we: bet-ko-hle
Drive straight on ... oojôq^godSs Te-de-maung:
Put out the saddle in ocj§s|sc^G^cg§gcô5 ... Kou: hni: go-ne-hlan:
the sun laik
Bring the reins and 0)o5(c^so68ccSc^DSol (X^ Zet-kyo: wun: bat-mya:
girths also ba-yu-ge
Burnish the stirrups ^5s C^DSC^ gQdS G33d5 Nin: mya: go-pyaung-
aung- talk -laik
Where is the mart- gqsodoocSqcx) Me: dwa-be-ma-le:
ingale ?
The tail strap (crup- §sci^5sgcSogD8(§ Mi: ifAaing: pyat-thwa:

per) has snapped. bi
Put the bridle on ... 335oo5oo^ 6k-'ket-'te

B/emove the head- olsq8c^g)c^cô5 Pa-chat-ko-chut-laik
stall
Do not go to law 3lGCODo5ôg80COc5ô ... Da-lauk-ne-yon: ma-

merely for this / tet-ne
(I) shall sue him in cxjcO^cocpsgoc^ Thu-go-ta-ya: swe: me

court
(I) shall prosecute cxôO^sa^joqSooS or aj- T h u -go-a-hmu-lok-m^
him o8Gp(>iOcSooocS or thu-go-ya-za-wut-
hmu-sw6: me
What is the charge ? ^sjjoScxioSc^ CO S\Ye:gyet-be-lo-le:
Who is the complain- COGpJOÔOCCjJCX) Ta-ya-lo-ba-lu-le:

ant?
( 55 )

The accused has ab- coGpsSogoScgs^ ... Ta-ya-'kan-'twet-pye:

sconded M
Attach his property cxj.og^?côle|§soo5 ... Thu-pyit-si: go-wa-yan:
kat
Issue a warrant for oqoC§oo§scôlG[S8cxjcS Thu- go -
'pan: ho-wa-
his arrest yan: 'tok
Issue a summons for ^st^^cxjo cspoSsj^ oôooS Yon: go-la-yauk- y a n -
the attendance of coocôogDôDg ho-thet-the-go-tha'n -
that witness han,-za-cha

Is this man a revenue ScxjcoDsag^cooS ogôdS Di-lu-ha-a-'kun- d a w-
defaulter ? qjoSogcSojcoDg ma-'saung-pyet-kwet-
thu-la:
Show me the tax re- sag^cooScgoDc^goSg A-'kun-daw^-pye-za -go
ceipt pya-zan:
He has come to apply 33g|Gcx)S ogcS g&g qjSs A-'kun-daw-lut-n e i n
for a remission of coDgScajDoSc^ cxjood chan:tha-g win-
revenue cocS shauk-'po-thu-la-d5
On what grounds ooi^sagr^Syjasc^ 33G§g Be-a-c h e t-mya-go- a
does he apply ? Gcg]3o5cocd che-pyu-shauk-tha-lfe:
What evidence is c»c5côon5GOD^coc2) ... B6-lo-thet-the-shi-^ ^ a
there ? 16:
The evidence is in- oDo5GOD5q]o5 oo^goodoS Thet-the-'kan-gyet-ma-

sufficient oqs lon-lauk-'pti:
(He) will be brought (ôodsodoSgosq^^'ô sago Hmu-Âa-thet-the-'kan-

up for perjury e^cSSaoS hmu-ne-a-swe: 'k a n-
ya-lein-m6
Is not this dacoited alcxjDsgcôSGpol og^so Da-da-mya-taik-ya,-b a -
property ? otôSo^scods pyit-si: ma-hok-'pu:
la:
Were the dacoits ooDsgcôsgooooSôSoloo Da-mya-mya-m a - 1 et

armed ? °=>^' '
net-pa-Âa-la
This opium-eater is §c8|soDsooD^s£pologgS5 Di-bein: za: ha-'ko: jk-

coo55cx;}@8cooS ha-pyit-si: let-'kan-
a receiver of stolen
property thu-'pyit-t6
Is he a bad eharac-
cxjcxjs^scods ... Thu-lu-zo: la:
ter?
( 56 )
Miscellaneous Phrases —concluded.

Hand liim over to aj.c^c^cSS odoh^ds coo5 TLu-go-pa- lei k-th ii:
tbe police saSdôS raya: let-at-laik

Do you know the G§£p!, gooac^ ^dscoÎi Chi-ya-gan-u-pa-de- go-
track law ? CODS na: le-ye-la:
^V ho is the headman S§[Dcogi3ocjgsoDc(;{c& ... Di-ywa-â-ywa-tha-gyi:
of this village ? ba-lii-16:
PART II -LITERARY.
CHAPTER I.
The Alphabet.
The following are the letters in the Burmese alphabet
Vowels.
Short :
— 33 a g^ * g u
^
c e 33 e:
. ^ or gi^d
^ _ aw:
Long : — 333 6t ^ I g zt g[^5 aw (long) 3^
iV.5. — 33DS (with the heavy accent) but a modified form of is
33D ; and 33, being a niggaliita or nasal breathing is, strictly speak-
ing, not a vowel. The symbols of the vowels are-
'
Short I
Long .. .3 or ...y
G....3
Gutturals : — 00 o o
Palatals
( 68 )
ception of 3 in gcolSsii which has superseded o in

a peacock, of od
most o. in ooicS {cassia floridci) and of

eases, of used in g«^s * a «jj
bazaar, as well as the cerehral letters and the liquid g are not —
used in words of purely Burmese origin. The pronunciation of
the classified consonants needs some explanation. When a word
is preceded hy another which ends with the first letter of any of
the classes of classified consonants, that word retains its normal
pronunciation, f
Examples.
( (go5ooos kyet tha {normal.)
(. 33£)CX)Ds ame : thk : [abnormal.)
rj^Ss} shit 'ku [normal.)
(c^ss{ ko : gu [abnormal.
r oooBoof^ tat thi (normal.)
( oSoD^ 'kin thi [abnormal).
rs^Bq^B 6k chok [normal.)
l^qiS myo gyok [abnormal.)
The following tables show the combination of consonants with
vowels, and of consonants with consonants

:
Consonant with Vowel.
Consonant.
( 69 )
The combinations with 36 and coot are formed as follows :
00 + 33 = GO kan
00 + 33Dg = cooi ka:
The forms oo 08 cxj good may take consonantal finals :
oDo5 ket c85 keik ocj5 k6k goo^S kaung

When 3^ is combined with any consonant it is pronounced ai.
3ô5 = aik.
3^5 = aing.
Consonant with Consonant.
Consonant.
( 60 )
ciation to them, the difficulty in understanding Burmese or-

thography is greatly enhanced. The words, whose spelling is con-
sidered doubtful, are those having for their final consonants oo 4. o o.
An intelligible differentiation can, however, be made by bearing in
mind that the idea of contact or contiguity runs through all Bur-
mese verhs ending in 5 and S,* and that the rest of the verhs in
which this idea is not involved take the final o5 or ?.
CHAPTER II.
Homonyms.
The borrowed alphabet of Aryan origin is inadequate to repre-
sent phonetically the sounds of a tonal non- Aryan tongue and has
probably reduced the number of tones in the Burmese language.
This reduction mu.st have affected the homonyms which are com-
mon to the Indo-Chinese family.
ooSs =: A small unripe fruit.

ooSs = A scorpion.
coSs = To be free.
0%% = A flower.
o^s = To be fatigued.
Phonetic Changes.
The literary form of the Burmese language is slightly different

from the colloquial. Certain words are not pronounced as they
are written, and there are laws which regulate such phonetic
changes.
("aj When a final consonant is followed by a nasal it is nasal-

ized by assimilation
335qo5 = gBSooS ... To diêam.
G330pS(2a = G330SSGO .... To lOUO foV.
$S*3 = ^S^D ... To be aiigrkccd.
* o5 to join. OdSs or og6? to stretch out (so as to be in close contact).

( 61 )
(b) Somet-imes the inherent vowel u or u is elided—

c^G^ôS = oG[ô5 ...A native book.
o:jC[6 = ooG^S ...A king.
Scqcps = Scoqps ...A queen.

cjd^g = oc^s ...A pagoda,
cx^ = o3§i ...A soldier.
ajsc^ =: coc^ ...A ferry.
(c) The aspirate in g) sha is omitted and the letter is pronounced

as G| ya.
38SGg\oSg= ^ScsôSs ... A cr 01071 prince.

33Gp^ = s3GpS[ ... An official.
(d) The letters co ba ot o pa and o* ma are interchangeable

cncS = 008 (pronounced oo8§)... 4 sA;«'W.
ooDsg = QODsg ... ^ dacoit.
(e) The initial consonants are aspirated —

8 = § ... before.
^c6 = 3ô5 ...To draw.
^S = |5 ... To 6e able.
oB = 5S ... Ink.
(/) cg)(=cQ + oo + c»)is pronounced jis/ia.
Gcg|Do5 = GjjDoS ... To petition.
c^go5 =: ^go5 ... To conceal.

oac^Ss = 33^Ss ... ^< all.
(g) In words beginning with u or ii the initial vowel takes

for its final the initial consonant of the following syllable and u is
changed into u :
go8 — g^S = g^S ...A cave.
SsGSDoS = B<2|3o5 ... The brain.
gsGolSs = gGcgoSs t ... The head.
* In the dialect of the people of Tavoy and

Mersui O is invariably changed into e
^Bs =
igSi A pony. @5 @5 Tosee. =
gGCôSsil the final consonant of g is the unaspirated form of o i. e.,
t In the case of
0011
( 62 )
(h) The initial consonant is sometimes softened

08 = gS ... To throio.
Qcq<^% = Gc^g? ... To he thorough,
{i) The inherent nasal of an initial syllable is dropped—

0606 = aoo5 = sooS ... Hair.
cools = oddTs = cools ... A door.
o?sco$(g3s = ooo§@D8 =: oo>^(§?s ... A plate.
{j ) Various phonetic values are assigned to ^.
^= / as Gi^ yi ... To allude to.
^= ^>^ as q^pyiii •• A plank.

^= e as 30^ se ... A weir.
Punctuation.
Three marks are used in Burmese punctuation, namely,
I , II and II II .
The first corresponds to the English comma, the second to the

period at the end of a sentence, and the third to the period at the
end of a paragraph. A paragraph may also begin with 11 " . The
first mark is falling out of use, the seccnd being substituted for it.
In separating the constituent elements of a compound, however,

the mark 1 is still used.
CHAPTER III.
The Noun.
Nouns may be divided and concrete, according to
into abstract
their meauing, or into simple and compound, according to their

form. Abstract nouns are formed by prefixing aa or affixing q|o5 or
gSs to a verb :
g to do, becomes sag or (3§Ss or §ô5 deed, action, e.g., —

o:S(^33gj.533Gg30DgSo^ = His dccd and word do not
correspond.
=»^^=§§@Ss oôgSsaa^js = If there were no such action,
ôôojoSu there would be no results.
d°§§^"^^^'^^§" — Such an action is improper.

( 63 )
The prefix 3d does not always convey an abstract idea, as for

instance : 33god833(^5 = a watchman.
Nouns are simple, ascqa man, oSS a house. Compound nouns
may he formed
(a) by uniting t-wo nouns :
§[D a village -\- oods = A villager.

a son
O0D3 a sword + aSS a house = A scabbard, e.g., —
g]^Dap^§I^DooDgc^cô5coD@coîi= The villagers came out.
oDDSsSSgoS^cqioDîi = The scabbard slipped down.
(6) by uniting a noun and a verb :
od6s a road -j- (q to show = A guide.

[§ a debt + ods to eat = A debtor.
G^ the sun + oS to enter = Sunset, e.g., —
coSsgooGcaDoSglgGjoîi = (You) must engage a
guide.
(§5y6j>S(§oDgc:ôoG(x>Dooj = The creditor and the
|5îi debtor cannot come to
an agreement.
GôS^ôcjGGpoSoDDooîi = He arrived at sunset.
(<?) by uniting a verb and a noun :
G^ to dwell + sSS a house = A dwelling-house.

c^5 to sit + '^ a place = A seat, e.g., —
c^cjc^G^cSSoqSôoDgcoîi = That cave has been con-
verted into a dwelling-
house.
G^Do5cqigoq3Gpo5oo3îic8S = Hc Came late and had to
GpoG|§[G$ooîi go without a seat.
(d) by uniting a noun, a verb, and a noun or a word signifying

an agent or doer :
gSs a horse + §8 to ride + oq^ a soldier = A cavalry

man
3^s a pot + o8|§ ^0 watch + ^^ signifying an agent
or doer = A potter, e.g., —
(gSs8saj5l jooj.833qo5odS = (He) came opportunely
GGpoScoDODîi with 200 cavalrymen.
cxjjc^GaoqSsao^Sgoa^scS^s = He is a potter by profes-
cjopSgSooîi sion.
( 64 )
Number.
The plural is formed by adding iôsii or c§ii many, to the sin-
gular. 4iDsi: is generally used in connection with inanimate things,

and cîi in connection with persons or animate things. Tlie com-
bination of the two affixes as in c^^jdscîi men is admissible in the
colloquial form of the language.
Singular.
( 65 )
In the case of rational beings different words may be used, to

express the masculine and feminiae genders, or the afl&x o may
be joined to the masculine form in order to denote the feminiae
gender.
Masculine.
( 66 )
affix of the nominative case : godSgodSoo^codoo^h Maung Maung

comes.
The affix may he omitted : god6god6cooooîi

OD is also one of the affixes of the Ablative Case. It denotes
that an action issues from an agent and also indicates narration.
aj(X)S§DODf5ii ... Se speahs.

ojcocoDolccjiGoTcoîi ... He calls : "please come."
^D is generally used in an explanatory sense, and should he dis-
tinguished from the Locative affix yon
cxjjgDogDSGôîi As regards him, he must go.
cogD HOODS II (ôoD 811 dcuotc contradistlnction.
{OD^DII ")
COD8II > CODCÔû

(j^CODSII J
As regards Maung Maimg, he must come.

The Accusative Case.
c^ needs no explanation :
c]c§Gosolii ... Give (it) to me.
The natural tone of a noun or pronoixn which takes this affix is
always changed to an abrupt one.

The Genitive Case.
(^ the affix of the Genitive Case may sometimes be dispensed

with, and the noun or pronoun standing in that case is always pro-
nounced with an abrupt tone :
oSscogt^Dii ... Hoy al property,

clog^sii ... My property,
ajj.0D3;j5ii ... Sis book.
The Dative Case.
Of the affixes of the Dative Case 332? is generally used to express

the Pali dative.
ajo33DSG08olii ... Give (it) to him.
The natural tone of a nounpronoun which takes the affixes

or
of the genitive case is always changed to an abrupt one. But this

( 67 )
change as well as the other in the case of the accusative affix c^
is not generally indicated in the literary form of the language.
o§ signifies motion towards a place ;
@^§^c^DsoogSii ... [Se) goes to Prome.

CO signifies motion towards si, person :
33GG[S^5Q0335qoîi ... Must be delivered to the Deputy

Commissioner.
The Ablative Case.
0011 5 indicate motion from a place, person or object

G|$a:|$ôoooDooîi ... (Se) comes from Rangoon.
^33G|5gogDSG[oîi ... Must go from here.
The Instrumentative Case.
j>S or §8 denotes an instrument with which an action is per-

formed :
CXDDS 1 pc [•
ODOSOOÎI
(Se) kills ivith a sword.

39D8gSii g(§35 denote the cause of an effect
Maung Pyu dies on account of him.
The tone of a noun or pronoun which takes gQdS as its affix is
changed to an abrupt one in the colloquial form of the language :
ocjJoG^dS ... By him.
The Locative Case. "t
Strictly speaking, the affixes of the Locative Case are Prepositions

of place.
-ojS
j^S -l ° I' in a house.

( 68 )
CHAPTER IV.
The Pronoun.
Personal Pronouns.
The Burmese language is prolific iu Personal Pronouns ; but
they are generally dispensed with in polite speech and official writ-
ings. In writing or conversation they vary according to the social

or official status of the addressee.
Personal Pronouns of the First Person.

cl is the primitive foi'm. It is used by superiors to inferiors.
It frequently occurs in royal orders and religious works.
means a little slave. This form may be con-

og]|^5 or o^ll^
tracted into The modern tendency being to hide the origin

cq]^5ii
of the word, Upper Burmans now write cq]^5 (masculine) and

cq)o (feminine) for ogj|5 and ogjio respectively.
og$Gco5 means the slave of a Mgh personage, not necessarily

royal ; and ogj^cooSt^s means of the family of such slates.
oqcpsii * the word used in addressing a high personage may be

prefixed to o^jfccoS or cg?GooSi^sii
cg§Gco5c^3s in the singular is intermediate between ogj^cxS and
og]^Gco5<^8ii 33og]^ J, both in the masculine and feminine, is in use
inArakan and some of the rural parts of Burma Proper. c^cSn
meaning " self," is used for " 7 " in both genders, cîi a contrac-
tion of clc§ we, is sometimes used both in tlio colloquial and
literary forms of the language.
Personal Pronouns of the Second Person.

odS is the general form in use. ^5 is used to children or to
inferiors who are low in the social scale. o5s or godSoSs is a
polite form of ^Sii n g^§ and acâSs are the feminine forms of
* This is a degeneratecl form of q|oi top, pinnacle. A Buddha (oqepg) is the highe.st
of all sentient beings; a

king (oaj^ScqGps) and queen (osj^SSoCjGps) are the
highest male and female personages rtspeetively in a kingdom oSo^Gpgll which is tlie;
shortened form of CXDoSoqGpSU (written oS(yos and pron.mnced oScjjDs) is UM/d to

an addressee, placed in a higher position I'.y the rui|uiremeuts of etiquette and convention-
ality.
( 69 )
oSs and god6o6s respectively. In the colloquial form of the

language côSii with the plural ogoScîi (also pronounced ro^J, and
cocSii with its plural c»c6c§ii (also pronounced osô), are used in
both genders : the first to denote familiarity with, and the second
inferiority of, the addressee.
côSii with its plural côScg or cô5,§oii is used colloquially mostly
among women.
5[5 a novice, with the prefix god6 or cîi according to the senior-
ity or otherwise of the speaker, is used by women in addressing
men. (^f^S (pronounced '^<^) is used colloquially among men
without any distinction as to the age of the speakers.
5^8 or godS'I * a lord, master, owner, is used as a polite form of
address by women to men as well as among themselves, while gS
a is used only by husbands to wives. gooS is, however, now con-
sidered to be inferior to <^W "cljiSii is used as a literary form of
address among monks.
oocoDii contracted from qIodcod a giver, with its feminine form
oocoDoii is used by p6ngyis in addressing the laity.
In addressing superiors or equals oS(yDs=:oSciqqps (masculine),

and 5^5 (feminine), f are used. c^gSgcoSsdîSii côScooSssj^SgoSii os
5^So::^spsii 335|5gcSoqGpsii are reserved for pongyis, members of royal

families, and officials of high rank.
Personal Pronouns of the Third Person.
(xi is used either in the masculine or feminine. Eor ocjc^ they,
qSscg and ooSsc^ may be when a deprecatory meaning is in-
used
tended to be conveyed. The enemy in the field is always spoken
of as 88 is used in the Possessive Case Eor ccjcîi There
ooSscgii
isno Pronoun in Burmese to express the Neuter Pronoun it,

which is always indicated by the repetition of the noun with the
word qSsii prefixed to it.
Pronouns op Cotjiitest.
Burmans
address people of oflBcial or social standing by the name
of the trade or profession followed by them. They seldom use
* A Burmese kiog would sign himself as GCoS or GOoS^SII
t 335[S4]DSll in the singular, is higher than SSj^Sll A minister of high standing
is
always addressed as GCq|8<J)S5^Soqspjll
( 70 )
oSgDSii or but say sacqs^SoSs in addressing a Deputy

5[Sii sir,
Commissioner, cosp in speaking to a teacher, doctor, or master

mechanic. In speaking to monks they describe themselves as ooo^
GooS or ooo^godSq your disviple. It is polite to call a respect-
able elderly man a cxjcpsooooD tlie builder of a pagoda, gojidSsododd
the builder of a lajanng or monastery, oqScoooo the builder of a
zayat, cogoodSscocxjd the builder of a tazaung ; and to use the corre-
sponding feminine forms oqspssaaii Gaj]D£s33oii os|5330ii oDGaoDSssaon
in speaking to a respectable elderly lady. Besides these, terms

signifying blood relationship are used to express intimacy, endear-
ment, or politeness; as oao^s grandfather; ssaôi grandmother
33QCO father ; 33go mother ; osSc^ elder brother ; ssSo elder sister ;
^ younger brother ; ^q younger sister ; odds son; od§s daughter

gQs grandchild, Sfc, Sfc.
The Relative Pronoun.

The Relative Pronoun is expressed by godd and coîi which are,
strictly speaking, adjectival and verbal affixes respectively, as,
( GOOD ^
odod5 < ê ^ aj ... He who teaches.
The Reelexive Pronoun.

c^cSc^S or simply o^c^ self, is the sign of the Reflexive Pronoun
c1>-:ôS myself ; s^.c^cS himself.
The Interrogative Pronoun.

oocô^jii oô^ wliO ; oocS or oôd^ which or what.
The following pailicles are used in connection with Interro-
gative Pronouns as well as Verbs :
GODD or ODGODDii ...In written language.

ODDS or ojoDDSii ... In spoken, language.
^^s or oD^^sii ...In written language.
CO or oDC&ii
„^ i ... 2n spoken language.
o^s or oDo^s
The use of ccds or ododdsn and cb or oocoii may be differentiated

thus : the former is used when the reply is a simple affirmation or
negation, and the latter when it is otherwise :
( 71 )-
OD^33G(^DS8y$ODCOD8 ... Is tMs tvue?

cxio5ooco3cx)OT ... Where do you come from ?
The Demonstrative Pbonoun.

The Demonstrative Pronouns are —
oDîiîiqSs this, and o^ (Coll. c^)ii odSs that.
The Compound Relative Peonoun.

Compound Relative Pronouns are formed by preiixing o^ to a
Pronoun and adding «3^ not say, to the combination thus farmed :
B^cxôs^ ... whosoever.

oôD^33Gpo3^ ... whatsoever.
The Distribtitive Pronoun.
The Distributive Pronouns are

cf^Ss every, cô5§iicôScii33o8s3oo8s each.
The Indeeinitb Pronoun.

The Indefinite Pronouns are
dSoSSsH OoSsiI 330qgll 330^8^ H pOOÛ 333618sil ODOODII OOC^DS all; 33^
some ; 33(93511 co§dsii oo61§ h odojs other ; 3d(^S whatever
cô^GcDD this, such ; g^fc^cooD of this sort ; o^cx^good of
that sort ; o^c^goodii ssc^goodii 33cx)c^c§goo3ii oooSo^good of
what sort; co^^w coi^coQ^ anything ; odi^cogoddoSii cogoo3o5
GCJODoSlI cogsgsil OoJlSoTsil 03gs03GC»3o5ll 33[gScCj^ ally OUC.
CHAPTER V.
The Adjective.
The sign of the Adjective is co^ or gcodh as goddSs godo good.
Comparison denotes the gradation of increase or decrease to be
observed in the employment of the Adjective. The degrees of
comparison are expressed by
Comparative — o:>o§ surpassing or excelling, as, ood^'goodSsgood
better
Superlative — aqs extremity, as sogc^dSss^s best.
Sometimes to denote the comparative degree, 33ooo5 over, above,

or 933?o5 below, m&j be used according as the standard of com-
( 72 )
parison is lesser or greater in quantity or quality tlian the thing

eompared with : aDo5qn5ooo5t^GO(ô^ shall be more than ten days
ooc6g[o5g330o5go5]ogog[q^ shall he less than ten days.
The suffix isli in English, as in yellowish or reddish, is ex-
pressed in Burmese by the particle oo oo Avhose vocalic component

is assimilated to that of the word to which it is attached :
ol -|- coco ^ olcoDooD ... Yellowish.
^ + coco =: |c8cB ... Reddish.

^ + coco = |5|o:jcq ... Whitish.
& + coco = iobcb ... SlacTiish.
The particle o5ii is of the same signification ; but its mode of

coalescence with a word is different. When o5 is prefixed to a
word the latter is reduplicated as ^5^^ sweetish. These two
particles are used in the colloquial form of the language only.
Quantitative Adjectives.
The Quantitatives Adjectives are
33cqs tohole, all; ss^^snsa^^scoSii S^so^Jn feio, little; ssq^dsh
many ; oa^ssooSii some.
Ntjmeeatives.
In the use Numeral Adjectives one peculiarity is to
of Cardinal
be noticed. When number expresses twenty or more the
the
Adjective is preceded by the noun, and the ])article 33 is inserted
before the numerative of the class to which the noun belongs.
qco$s3Dolsj.Ssoc6 ... Tioenty pongyis.
Sometimes the particle sd is omitted and the word gg| inimber,

is placed after the numerative :
cjgsGG[ JO or 5.80^5* ... Tioenty men.

gSs 8sGS| JO ... Twenty ponies.
Sometimes goISs or {^'E^go'ISs is used to denote the aggregate
number
ojcolSg |.8cooS ... Twenty men.
c(jjgsGC|{j«^Gol5s JO ... Total number of men : 20.
* ODO^S = Ten.
( 73 )
In expressing Ordinal Numbers, Pali words are generally used,

as
og» ... First.
qc8oo ... Second.
ooc8oo ... Third, 8fG.,8i-c.
Sometimes cgDoS may be used to express an Ordinal Number

^8s{G(gDo5 ... Second.
In connection with Numeral Adjectives the nature of what has
been conveniently termed numeratives may be explained. These
numeratives are a peculiar feature of the Chinese and Indo-Chinese
languages. They express the nature of the object denoted and
connote its The following numeratives are in
physical attributes.
common use :
§8 head : cxjcgsooSs... A rich man.

GooDoSu in speaking of human beings—
GooDoSoqjos jGooDoS ... Two men.
8^so 9 Gcx)Do5 ... Three women.
olsii In speaking of rulers, pongyis, and persons of high social
or official rank, this particle is used

oSsoools ...A ruler.
G|co^soools ... A pongyi.
aospoools ...A teacher.
^ is used in speaking of inaaimate objects which, have no other

numerative
oDs^clssj ... Five tables.
§s to ride. Vehicles and riding animals take this numerative

GôoDSj§s ... Two carriages.
gSscnSs ... One pony.
3CJI1 Buddhas, pagodas, images, and parahaihs (native books)
take tbis numerative :
ajsps 9acj ... Four Buddhas, pagodas, or images.

c{G|ô5jaj ... Two parahaihs
Numeratives explain the physical attributes of the objects they
qualify
10
( 74 )
a
i§oi flat ; ô5a6oD(yDg one pice.
q^flrit and thin; tjgcoqS one plank ; o^\[coqS one sheet

of p)cip)er.
o^s round or cylindrical; t^s^'H' five pots ; ^%c\icxi% five
]}ipes.
o5§ elongated ; coyoooSs a hoat-
cjoDScooSs » sword ; côdoSs a spear.

g^dSs long and stiff; afGSoocqDSs « s^^'c^.
g30d8 building; gSSoogcodS a house; gojidSsoogoodS a
oS ft ^rê or any tiling long, as thread, hair, &c.
co^sdsoS five palmyra trees; cooS')oE: five hairs;
qi^ goS ^»e threads.

In the absence of specific numeratives the noun itself is used
as such
gjDo^sQD ... Three villages.
[go^sg . . . Three towns.
CHAPTER VI.
The Verb.
The Verb is modified by mood, tense, and voice.
There are two moods : the Indicative and the Imperative ; and
three tenses : the Present, the Past, and the Future.
THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.
cqj^SogDSco^ ... I go. cgs^Scgc^DggoD^ ... TFe go.
ooSogDjoo^. ... You go. coScgogDsgoD^ ... You go.
cQDg^soo^ ... Se goes. ^^W°®^^ ...They go.
Note.— C^ is the plural affix of the Pronoun, and g is that of the Verb.
( 75 )
The Past tense is expressed by §ii* îif o^sii and the Future by
oîi oSSaîi 3311 G033II or 8Sll COgg.ll
The bare Verb without any affix is used to indicate the Imper-
ative Mood, as coSogDs you go ; or godo (Coll. godo) maybe affixed
to the Verb, as coSogDsccoo or ooSogDSGooon
The other moods are expressed by affixes signifying power,
permission, conditionality, &c.
The Potential Mood is expressed by |8 denoting power or
and the Conditional by cgjS if.
ability,
There is no difference between a Substantive and a Substantive

Infinitive.
Bathing (or to bathe) is good ... GG|^s(gSsGoo3S8ooîi
Voice.
Strictly speaking, there no Passive Voice in the Burmese
is
language. The particles 5ii og^h however, express passivity and

cîi
may be construed as signs of the Passive Voice. he absence of 'J
this Voice is compensated by the peculiar way of forming Active

Verbs from Passive and vice versa. The Active form of a Verb
is expressed by the aspirated initial consonant; and this form
may be modified into a Passive one by dropping the aspirate

thus, q| to let fall (Active) ; og to he fallen (Passive).
This rule
holds good throughout the whole range of the Burmese languao'e,
except in the single instance of ^cS to draw out, which retains the
same form both in the Active and Passive. There are two other
words in which usage has permitted some deviation from the
general rule, in that the conjunct consonant ya {oo) in the Active
form is changed into ra (g[) in the Passive.
cqooS I cgooS
To frighten. To be frightened.
To crush or pulverise. To be crushed or pulverised.
* The Past tense is sometimes expressed by CX)^ and (^ which may l,e called the
signs of the " aorist " or-" historical teuse."
t Or speaking, 2) and cq% express the Pluperfect Tense and ^sf§
strictly
the
Perfect tense.These lenses, however, are not recognized by the Bvirmese
These two Verbs are pronounced by the Arakanese with the sound of Gl (ra).
( 76 )
Verbal Appixes.
§s (pronounced 3^s in the colloquial) signifies repetition :
cqj |5ogDsgsoîi I shall go again ; otherwise, it is a/orm of entreaty :
ooDol§sii please come.

Gp
ooS ' Signify suitability or expediency.
GOOoSs
Cp
ooo c^ oo5 Should not be killed.
GcooBs J
oq?n (^11 «j5(îi cocogSgii oq?cx!co^sii goii gocîi oo^ are all assertive
afl&xes denoting the conclusion of a sentence.

Gqjii GC0911 gsGoooii Gcoii Gcooii coS signify a command
Gq) ^
GODO
BsGCXJO
jScô _, o
GCO
You go.
GODO
coS
L
j>S signifies prohibition or priority :
oaps^S ... Do not go.

ooBapt^B... J)o you go before.
oil) 08 signify an entreaty or command couched in polite lan-

guage :
Gos < ^ [
Give or please give.
GO is the sign of causation, and is used in official orders :
GoiGoii Give, or l6t (him) be given.
bii côSii GODO or GG|o are used colloquially in an imperative

sense ; as
oDob ... Come.
cqcS^cS ... Take.
;ôsGco3 or GS|o ... Go,
( 77 )
ttjjoJii Gôaîi ogii 'o^sii (Coll.) abu cod signify the continuance of
an act, and are the signs of the Progressive tense :
r CCJjoS
OgDS ^ Going.
3b
003 J
G[ signifies obligation : ogosqo^ must go.
cx) is always used in a negative sense
o3S5a)ogD2oDgS ... {Se) goes without sleeping.
8 signifies that a fault or offence is admitted or implied
o3oS8c»^ ... (J) killed.
§1D denotes commiseration,

oâjo3GoogGco^3(§ ... That poor boy is dead.
@8 denotes ^â^ a /ac^ âs passed from a state of contingency

to that of reality :
cgDsgSoo^ ... (2) did go.
coc6 or oojoSii signifies ^^/Jess, suitability :
oDsogoS ... datable.

oDs^SocgoS ... Tempting food.
ro)5ii godSî GpDGooSii coo5god5 are gerundial affixes : as
r,
GCX)5ll
o5s@sô5(y^6Goo5ijj gcogodSii
or
C53o5gOd5|1
After the king had died.

|5 can: c^ds^Scoû (iZe) Congo.
oooS (1) habit: odsodoSco^ ... (Se) eats.
(2) natural propensity

goSqjcocSoD^ (A) bird flies.
(3) ndtural qûality
8§GCODo5<X>o5cX)^ ... Arsenic is poisonous.
( 78 )
GOGODD or oIgogodd (also written gcsodS or gocdddSh to indicate

prolonged articulation) olcocoos and goxicd^sh are imprecative
affixes expressing a desire for an event to happen, and are used at
the end of oaths, introductions, prefaces, &c.
goooIgogodd or gcxioIgocxjds .., May (i) die !
Vehbs op Courtsey.
The polite nature of the Burmese language admits of the use of
a variety of expressions to denote the same act done by persons
of different social or ofQcial rank, as
ODSOD^ ... To eat.
^6oqG^5-^Gcx3Soo^GooSijji-oo^ ... A Mng eats.
qaD$s-o:j[^sGosGoo5«i^-cx)^ ... A pongyi eats.
Gcocx)^ ... To die —
5|Sa:^cS-^cSgiDCGoo5i^-oD^... A king dies : (literally enjoys —
the pleasures of the nat
country.)
G[oD$s-cjj*Gco5(^-OD^ ... A 2)d'iigi/i dies : (literally flies
away.)
gc6gDorjGp8-o^§gD|oa:j ...A BtiddJia dies (enters nir-
GcoSi^-oDîi Hâna.)
cgDScx)^ ... Togo —

5[6o:^si6-s§,oo5Goo5g^^^Gco5(;j^- A king goes (moves tlie
oDîi golden feet.)
qcx)^s-(§Gco5i^-0D^ ... A pdiui'ji goes.
gcSgôqeps-GaoDODlJcxji^cog ,4 BiiddJia goes (on. a mis-
GcoS^-oDîi sionary tour.)
aSSoo^ ... To sleep —
...A Icliig sleeps.
5[6QrjG[8-or£GcoBGoT-oo^
g^cx)$s-c8$§god5i^-co^... Apxjngyi sleeps.
When the three classes of personages, namely, the king or anv

member of his family, the monk and the Buddlia are spoken of,
the honorific affix qco%<^ must be invariably used.
CHAPTEll VII.
The Adverb.
§3 is the Adverbial Sometimes an Adjective or a Verb
affix.
may be changed into an Adverb by reduplication

* ^^.iw -enerally wiiltbi. tu return.
[q|
( 79 )
Adjectiv
( 80 )
Those of place are

ogSii |ii ^311 ooS at, in, on; 33%i\\ sa^Ds about, near ; 3o*"5 or
ogS among, out of
coGogôoS along before; g^doS behind; sacooSn fxsGuT over,
; g§[
above; g33do5 below; aaogSsn cgS among, loitUn ; ooSoo^

around ; aagDSii o5g3g betioeen, betwixt ; sacg? beyond
33@S or 330 without ; obc§ into ; oocooS amidst ; cScod
across.
CHAPTER IX.
The Conjunction.
Copulative : j-Sii^ and ; ocdooo not only — but also.
Disjunctive : yoaolsii qSsgSn @S besides; gSoo eithe) — or, neither
—nor ;
côojcS or.
Adversative: GooSoo^siic^GooSoogSgii ::§opo2Sii od8ooo3s * but, al'
though,
lUatire : cggS^n c^g^dS therefore.
Telic : liSsaîi co^Shod^ssc^Ssii g(c^dSiigoddgQd8ii gôdds * Because.
CHAPTEU X.
The Interjection.
Interjections express sudden emotions which may find utterance
in expressions differing according as tlie feeling is one of admir-

ation, delight, pity, dislike, astonishment, or desire.
0DCO38 Indeed! ^ Oh! aac^coDsn sacooSii @S3iGOo§Sg Alas!

ssooSg^s Oh mother! gsoogoos Oh father ! oodiîiWell
done ! Good
g denotes a sudden feeling of delight

^SsoDDg ... Oh happiness!
Interjections are used more frequently in the colloquial than in
the literary form of the Burmese language.
* Are archaic forma.
( 81 )
CHAPTER XI.
Syntax.
In a Burmese sentence the subject is followed by the object,
and the predicate is placed last. For the sake of emphasis, the
object may precede the subject.
cyoo^cgc^§o5coîi or cgc^c&oo§o5oo^ ... Nga Me heats Nga
Fyu.
Either of these sentences may be expanded by adding an at-
tribute or adjunct to each of the nouns and to the verb, thus
GooD5sGcoDc6cx>gSscxD^g3ô5oo^ ... The good Nga Me beats

the bad Nga Fyu severely.
Adverbial clauses may be further added :
Cl^C^3^(§S0g)Sll GCX)3SsG00DC&a>â^gGCX)DC^0^ CoS8COoSog5o^SG|>O^QSs

oolgoôSooîi After having said so, the good Nga Me
beats the bad Nga Pyu severely, while seated in the
middle of the road.
The following rales of Syntax may be deduced from the above
arrangement of words
(i) The adverbial clause of time is placed at the head of a
sentence,
(ii) The subject or object (as stated above) precedes the
predicate,
(iii) The nominal or verbal adjunct immediately precedes
the noun or verb to which it relates,
(iv) The adverb precedes the verb or another adverb,
(v) The verb or predicate comes last.
Additional examples :
oôo^saolgi c^c(j j.Sgoodo5 (^DgSgD §§ ^gogSoGîi '
Ever that man two long apart this town in

not live.
Those two men never reside long apart in this town.

,
G$Do5oOG%OD3^ GCOdSsS^^ OjjocBSsgSs J
GCOdS Cq) ^5g^G08Cô5oDÎI
Subsequent ask only bim riding pony my presence give.
day come two
It was only on a subsequent day that, at his request, two riding
ponies were given him in my presence.
11
APPENDIX I.
The grammatical principles explained in the foregoing chapters

will be best illustrated by the analyses of passages taken from some
of the o=3c5 (Jatakas) which are widely read by the Burmese peo-
ple.
I.
G5|8Cg|GCo(§8GOOD333lllODGpCtDo8g^^li [g0g3c8oSsODgSoSs§00O3o5ll C^tOjTIll
O0DSGCo533@§33DS33§G^33GpO^GOSGO0S(jj^ll 0^£;8SGg[oSs(^33g33IÔ^§8591§8
OOD QlylsOO^Cîl qSs^J (g8&OD5<^C5)Sll o8s^§l(^ 33^^GpoSo^ ^§^§GCo5 (jJGODD
GQD6i:q|SoO?SIIOoSoO^(y^50go5^ j>5oOo5Gp3SG[5§G^GCOGOOOIlclog^4J|i33'^8<^
ggDII cl(^^33Gg§SGODDCg|o8sG§)^|sC^ ^sg^SG^ScXJ Q38|GCo5^cgSlloSs0038CO^g
as8^,Gco5gc5c^g8c8S goSîi (y^yoDGcxjDoSoo^sogoSGCOGOoSiisaoâac^Ssiioosj

^D[3ScDOl^gGpc8<^3S)COoSil ODSJGO03GCODS(^D8|llG^GpO05§88G[6^llG^G0Li33m6@6
GC03CX)&d8§ooScjcâ^GcoD5aja^8G£D3Sajjo5 G^GCocû ii(ajj^3o5 aocSGOoSî
1. Ggs = Old, ancient.

2. cg^Gcoggn cg^ = To pass ; ccogs = sign of the past tense.
(Cp. Pali: 33cgGoo).
3. Goooii Sign of the Adjective.
4. 3so\ = Time ; used also as the sign of the Adverb. Op.
ODD CO II
In times past.
5. oDGpcoDcS = Baranasi, Benares.
6. §^ = The capital of a kingdom. Isia.i

7 ill Sio'n of the Locative Case.
8. (gcgaoB = Brahmadat (Pali: Brahmadatta.)
9. oSs = A ruler, king.

10. oD^ = Sign of the Nominative Case.
11. 6 = To make ;
o6«g" to rule. Cp. Pali :
G[^ oddgg^cSh
12. oDODoSii This form is obsolete. It is the equivalent of

oooD^sii which is the same as cS" an assertive affix denoting
the conclusion of a sentence,

( 84 )
King Brahmadat ruled the kingdom of Benares.

13. c^ = Demonstrative Pronoun that.
14. 33ol =: Time. See 4.
15. CODS = A child, son.

16. GooSii An honorific afl&x used in speaking of Buddhas, saints,
royal, and other personages of high rank. oddsgcoB =A
king's son.
17. 3s(§8 — ao is the nominal particle, by prefixing which, an
adjective is changed into a noun.
33 + @8 (good) = Big, great, eldest. Op. 33goodSs = sa
+ goodSs (good) good.

18. 33Di:i Sign of the Dative Case.
19. 33§G^=literally means the " house -front ; " an heir-appa-
rent, erown prince, stib-king.
20. 33Gp ^= An appointment.
21. cîi Sign of the Accusative Case.
22. Gos = To give.
23. Goo5(j{i; An honorific afiix always affixed to verbs denoting
the action of those described in 16.
24. ^11 An abbreviation of q,^\ a connective particle corre-
sponding to the Copulative Conjunction «kc? in English.
Sometimes it has an illative force.
At that time, (he) conferred tlie appointment of heir-apparent
on his eldest son.
25. cîi See 13.
26. ^Sg^:i See 19.
27. oSs = See 9. aSScgj and aSs are to be construed as one
word meaning an heir-apparent. q6s implies the exer-
cise of delegated sovereign authority.
28. (^ji Sign of the Genitive Case.
29. 33@t33G^ = 33g + 33G|ii Hcre 33 excrclses a function simi-
lar to that descrbed in 17, i.e., to say,by its being pre-
fixed to a verb, that verb is changed into a noun. @
cx)^ or GôD^ means to surround ; s3@33G| means a retinue,
following.
30. o^s8S = Enjoyment,
( 85 )
31. qSsoDD = Happiness ; o^sSSqSsooo means, in the present

story, the prosperity derived from one's position.
32. §^.gl3 is made up of two vevhal roots :

(y^„ = to be scatter-
ed, and yls = to increase. QIgTs means, therefore; an

increase of a pervading nature.
33. ooîi A verbal sign denoting the present or the past tense.
34. See 21.
0^11
35. oSsgs =
The king. See 9 and 17. (Pali: ocoDGpO)D).
36. @6 = To see, notice, observe.
37. GooSîi See 23.
38. cgjSii The gerundial sign, having an adverbial force ; it
should be distinguished from ogiSii a sign of condition-

ality.
When the king observed the increasing influence and prosperity

enjoyed by the heir-apparent.
39. c6s$?gii literally o8§ =
an umbrella, Sf%% = a throne; S%Sf%%
= kingship. A white umbrella is here referred to. It
is one of the regalia of Burmese royalty.
40. c^ji See 28.

41. cra^cpoS = danger (Pali: aa^cpco).
42. dîi See 21.
43. ^8S|5 — to be apprehensive of.

44. See
GQoSijîi 23.
45. GooDGg^S = a Telic Conjunction denoting a cause.

He became anxious about the security of his kingship.
46. qSooDs = î8 (to
love) -f odds (a child, son) : Beloved son !
Note that besides 3^ there is no special sign of the Vocative
Case. The bare form of the noun, if it is in the singular,

or with the plural sign, c^n if it is in the plural, is used
to express this Case.
47. 035 = Thou, you.

48. ooîi See 10.
49. gîi See 6.
50. 9" Sign of the Ablative Case.

51. ooo5 =
To go out of, leave, depart from,
( 86 )
52. |ii See 24.

53. j.8coo5 = To be pleased.
54. Gp =A place; here used in the sense of a E,elative Pro-
noun : ^5ooo5Gp33G^5 = j>8cco5oDgS33G[5ii Gp has the force of
indefiniteness.
55. 33G|5 = A place.
56. §11 See 7.
57. G^ = To live, reside, remain.

58. GcoGODo — GOD + GODoii Either of these particles has the
force of an order or command.
My beloved son ! do you leave the kingdom and reside at any
place with which you may be pleased.
59. c\ = First Personal Pronoun I.
60. cglii See 2. cg$ also means to die, i.e., to pass from one
form of existence to another ; to pass away.
61. 911 This particle has the same force as cgSn coôodco or
oD^saol when ; but it is more intensive than either of
these.
62. 33^ J = Pamily, race.
63. ^\ See 28.
64. ggo = Property.
65. chi See 59.
66. (^ji See 28.
67. 33Gg = Patrimony, inheritance.

68. @S = The verb to be ; is.
69. GODDii See 3.
70. ^c8s^,v?§ — Ggi means gold. See 39. Cp. ^pocScocB dur-
ing the reign of a king.
71. cîi See 21,
72. %(g^§ = To govern, rule. The root g?3 occurs also in

c8S§@?sii and conveys the idea of permanency.
73. G^Sii This particle denotes that an action is to be per-
formed in the absence of the speaker.
When I am dead, take possession of the kingship, which is the
patrimony (left to you) by me and your ancestors.
( 87 )
74. cq denotes the conclusion of a direct narration, and cor-
responds to the last set of inverted commas in English.

75. 338| = order 1
76. GooSa See 16 j

A royal order or rescript.
77. ^ = To exist. 338|goo5ôo^ = (a king) speaks.

78. cgiSii See 38.
79. oSsoDDs =A prince. See 9 and 15. Note the absence of
the Genitive sign in oSsoodsh the son of a king.
80. oD^s = The Copulative Conjunction and. This word
is used after the second of the two persons mentioned
especially in judicial writings.
81. 338|god5ii See 75 and 76.
82. (gc5 = excellent. This word is always used to qualify an
sn8|Goo5ii
83. 0^11 See 21.

84. gsc85gô5 — §2 the head; o85 the top; gô5 to carry on the
head. To bear a royal mandate on the head means to
obey it. The modern form of the expression is gso85
00 o53o6§\o5c»^:i
"When (the king) spoke thus, the prince bearing the royal
mandate on his head.
85. §1! See 24.
86. gggii See 49 and 50.
87. coGcxiDoS — 00 is equivalent to ooS one ; goodoS is the numer-

ative always used when human beings are spoken of.
88. oo^s = alone, solitary.

89. ogcSii See 51.
90. GODGooSii The gerundial sign used in an Adverbial sense.
Departed from the kingdom alone.

91. 33og33C^5sii See 29 for the force of the particle saii
ogoD^ = To arrange, to put in order; c^Ssoo^ = to

measure.
33o5'33c^5sii in due course. Pali; sa^c^Ggîiaaamgoî
92. ootj^D = The river Jamna (Pali.)
93. @S = A river.
( 88 )
94. oD(^g£p=rAn ocean, sea, river ; Pali : oDt^gu Sanskrit : oot^gii
Tlie Burmese form of the word is derived directly from

the Sanskrit.
95. cîi Sign of the Plural number.
96. <^ji See 28.
97. 33cocS= middle. The sign of the Locative Case |ii ogSii ^dh
or ooS is omitted after sacocSii
98. oDii See 87.

99. sjii A numerative used when no specific attribute is indi-
cated.
100. Gcoou See 3.
101. gcod6(^ds- gcodS motmtain or hill ;

^:)S space between :
gcx)d6(^di a valley. ogccpoSJ' (after reaching) is omit-

ted after goddS^dsii
102. §11 See 7.
103. G$sp2o55s — G^Gp a place ; od&Ss a dwelling.

104. 8g^8=To prepare, make, form, construct.
105. f II See 24.
In due course, (he arrived) at a valley surrounded by the Jam-
na and other rivers, and having prepared a dwelling-place.
106. cjGOD=A hermit, anchorite, rishi. Pali: moSii Sanskrit:
qcîi
107. 33og5 = Appearance, condition, estate.

108. §6ii Sign of the Instrumentative Case.
109. GooD=A forest; here used in an adjectival sense.
110. co8o8s=: A fruit : co8 a tree ; o8s a fruit.
111. cd6cj — c^ means a swelling ;

odSi^ denotes the tuberous roots
of certain herbs.
112. cî" See 95-
118. cîi See 21.
114. gsodSc^^To carry; procure. goodSo^ is a phonetic coup-

let in which gsodS is an obsolete member. gsodShow-
ever, in the sense of to bring is still used in Arakan,
Tavoy, and Mergui.
115. a^sG30DS=to eat; to subsist, dî to use; goddS to carry.
116. cqjoSii Sign of the Progressive Tense.
( 89 )
117. G§" See 57.

118. Goo(îi (i and ccoci are assertive affixes denoting the con-
clusion of a sentence as well as the past tense.
Eemained there as a hermit, procuring forest fruit and herbs
and subsisting on them.
{Translation of the above passage.)
In times past, King Brahmadat ruled the kingdom of Benares.

At the time, (he) conferred the appointment of heir-apparent on
his eldest son. When the king observed the increasing influence
and prosperity enjoyed by the heir -apparent, he became anxious
about the security of his kingship, and said :
" My beloved son
do you leave the kingdom and reside wherever you please ; but,
when have passed away, take possession of the kingship, which
I
is the patrimony (left to you) by me and your ancestors." When
the king had spoken thus, the prince, in obedience to the royal
behest, departed from the kingdom alone. In due course, (he
arrived) at a valley surrounded by the Jamna and other rivers
and having prepared a dwelling-place remained there as a, hermit,
procuring forest fruit and herbs and subsisting on them.
II.
dôcoDscîi o3oc8G38oSsco8s@DscgSii gJoSgooDSGcooc^DsgcSc^t^ j.oqscgSs

(g5s^SgîqGC(^c^(§oqio5ii cocc§c^q5ssj|SscôSii GoTcsnggc^GocôSglcîi ^c§
(SOOD^^SfSSlI cqgj^§C^5G33D8G0îl OCODOo5gCo5«ô53COOSI1 330g|c)q|s^GODO
GCOdo5|DJGOOQ^81I clcSÔjJOcSSsil 0:joS6gyclolGlG;j]OÔOCX)DSa^330C|{^GOO(illO:j
GpSGCODSg OCX)DC3)ÔDq6sCX)îI ^SQo5o£|aODo5c^^S OOODSG(yDGCX33^§8G„gGCoSi^

G(X)D33oloil33c8GO0533GCq]3o5ll[3o0GCOGCODO2Dg(gSs(gSl|£^CJ0c8oScODGa3DQGoSo
ySsra:^" coo5(^^s|G[6gSs5>6(^^gDii Gccjj3SsGco5§sgii o5soo§s^gp$§iqgsodS

C§CX)o5(§G00Sl^G O0(^ll
(OO0DO)^C»O)Dc5gCo5QsO^[)
1. o^=that. See I, 13.
2. oco3s=a word ; also used in the plural number.

3. 0^11 See I, 21.
4. ;ôc8g98 = Sivalidevi.
5. Gcs=A ruler, king. See I, 79.
12
( 90 )
6. co8s = A daughter; also written c§siioSsc»as a Princess.

See
1,79.
7. @Dg=To hear.
8. cgiSii See I, 38.
When Princess Sivalidevi heard those words.

9. ^11 Demonstrative Pronoun this. See I, 85.
10. oSsii See I, 5.
11. ODDS — coDSii oDôDDgii i^coDSii co^p are all contradistmctive
affixes.
12. GCX)DO§)DS=:GODDo5cq|DSII a UiaU.

13. go5=Superior, excellent. See I, 82.
14. cû Sign of the Nominative Plural.

15. i See I, 118.
16. 5.cqgog6?gSs = ^.oqs (the heart) + ogSs (to put inside) +
§6gii (sign of the Verbal substantive) ; character, dis-
position.
17. 5.5= Sign of the Instrumentative loith.
18. %^\ — (gG§ (to ^6 filled) + ({ (to be in pair, complete) ; re-
plete with, endowed with, possessed of.
19. Goii Affix denoting the admission of, or the acquiescence in,
a statement.
20. 411 See I, 118.
21. ojii See I, 74. This affix also denotes the self- communing
of a person as in this case. (Pali : gJcBii)
"This king is endowed with the disposition of excellent men."

22. (^=To intend ; to bear in mind.
23. ccjjoSii See I, 116.
Bearing (this) in mind.
24. oooo§= Again.
25. c^=that. See I, 13.
26. oSsqjSs= An attendant on a royal personage ; a page.

27. 0^11 Sign of the Accusative Case. See I, 21.
28. o5=Even, very, same. côSscgSsoSu that very page.

29. GoT=To call. The object of the verb is understood.
30. cqgs— GqiiiGcoDiiggu are signs of order or command ; §s in
this instance signifies repetition.
( 91 )
31. aji. See I, 24.
32. Go=:To send, commission, depute.

33. an action whose object is projected as it
oô5u Signifies
were, from the actor. Cp. odgos côSooîi to send a

letter.
84. (q§ii When used as a verb means to return ; and when used
as an affix means to repeat.
35. (^ji See I, 118.
The same attendant was again sent (with the order) " call him
agam.
36. ^c§GooD —^ this ; o§ like ; godd adjectival sign ; like this,
such.
37. *^s=:Means, way, manner.
38. g8» See 1, 108.
89. oDs= three )
Ar\ roc i.- t three times. Three is a sacred number.
40. (cgS=time )
41. c^6G33DS=:till (Preposition).

42. Goii See II, 32.
43. §11 See I, 24.
44. o=Sign of negation or prohibition. Op. Pali : odii
45. coD=To come.

46. cooSgodS.) same as ôoSn godgod5ii See I, 90.
When he did not come, though sent for, in this manner, for the
third time.
47. î: See II, 36.
48. oSs,! See II, 5.
49. ooDsii See II, 11.
50. sscgl — 3311 a particle ; og^ to pass,, exceed, surpass : very,

exceedingly.
51. a^§s— Glory, power.
52. ^11 See I, 77.
53. GC30DII See II, 3.
54. GcoDo^^sii See II, 12.

55. Goii See II, 19.
56. oD^sii This particle is assertive and denotes the conclusion

of a sentence. It differs from (iiiGco^" ^<^, or gcocx^^c^h
( 92 )
in that the idea of a sudden emotion, wish, or acquies-

cence is involved in it.
57. cl = I.
58. cS = sg to draw.
59. ^11 See I, 24. The particle here has an illative force.
60. cq\\ Third Personal rronoun; may be used either in the

Masculine or Peminine gender.
61. oil See II, 44.
62. c8Ss = To incline.
63. a;{ii See II, 60.
64. o8Ss = To take possession of. Cp. c8s^5so8Ssg$sii
65. 5 = When. See I, 61. It has the force of contradis-
tinction also and may he construed as the adversative
conjunction hut.
66. cl = I.
67. "1 = To go with, to be drawn towards.
68. -G[ii Literally means to obtain ; sign of obligation, compul-
sion.
69. Gqjii Euphonic particle having the same force as goh See
II, 19.
70. oîi Sign of the Euture Tense.

71. coodds = Indeed.
72. aîi See 11, 21.
73. 330^ = 33 (nominal particle) -j- cx^j (to take) ; belief, view,
opinion.
74. ^11 See I, 77.
75. Goacîi See I, 118.

(The princess) was of opinion (and said to herself) :
" This
king is indeed possessed of great glory. When I (tried to) draw
him, he would not be drawn ; but if he takes possession of me, I
shall have to go -with (him)."
76. c^cpjGcoDSs = o^sps a Buddha; gcosSs an embryo : a Bo-
dhisatta.
Cp. oSsgcodSs =^ A pretender.
oSsocjjD =z A claimant to a throne.
4.§8cxj|D = An heir to a throne.
( 93 )
77. ooDDOiôo = Mahajanaka.

78. oSsii See II, 5.
79. 00^11 See I, 10.
80. j^8«c^ <î (as in gsoDîi j^sodî or gs^googS to control,

supervise) ; oo5 (from Pali : ?»»© or sawg a noble,
minister) ; a hybrid denoting a minister.
81. o£|c»Do5 = An assembly. Pali: o£|oodi Sanskrit: o^cgSii
As the word is derived directly from the Sanskrit its
etymological form should be oôoSii
82. cîi See II, 14.

83. ^-S — Copulative Conjunction with.
84. oooDSu See II, 2.
85. gQd = To speak, converse.
86. GcoD = To speak in a formal manner as in delivering a dis-
course, sermon, or lecture.
87. f " See I, 24.
88. (§SG§ = To be tired of or cloyed with.

89. GooS/jîi See I, 23.
90. GooDii See I, 3.
91. S3sl II See I, 4.
It was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had

tired of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of
people).
92. 03 c^ = Wish, desire, free-will.
93. GooSii See I, 16.
94. 33GC(5i3o5 = According to ; uninfluenced by any external

agency. Cp. sdgcxjjdoSoddoodii of one's own will or accord.
That he, according to his own will.
95. gcoGco = natural. Pali : ooo^n Sanskrit : goDîi The vo-

calic element in goo is an instance of gunation.
96. GODDii See I, 3.
97. ogDsgSs = apt (to go) +

§Ss (sign of the Verbal sub-
stantive) ;
gait, manner of walking.
98. gSn ;S'eeI, 108.
and, with his own natural gait.

99. Ggi = Gold. See II, 70.
( 94. )
100. 9 =a cave. The word is pronounced cq and

Pali : c^codh
is apparently of purely Burmese origin but in order ;
to impart to it a classic appearance this form has been

adopted by the Burmans. Cp. 33c^§ top, from QC9q;ii
cjs a gourd, from sscoDtjn
101. o = Entrance.
102. o§ = To, towards ; Preposition of direction.
103. o6 = To enter.
104. COD = To come.
105. GooDii Adjectival sign. See I, 3.
106. §Gc^= = A lion. Pali : oScxdii Sanskrit : Sinha.

107. oSs= A king. See II, 5.
108. cô§ = Like, as.

109. oo^(og^ =: Pirm, steadfast.
110. §iG|8 = Brave, courageous.
111. gSsii Sign of the Verbal substantive.
112. j>5ii Sign of the Instrumentative Case.
113. 4^§3 == 4 (^0 b® i^ pair, complete) +^ (to be even)
+ g3ii (adverbial sign) ; replete or endowed with ; pos-
sessed of.
114. Go^DSsGooSgs r= gccjjdSs (to rccline) + gcoS (honorific

affix) + §s (first, foremost) : an
the audience-hall in
oriental palace, which occupies the foremost and most
prominent position.
115. 911 Sign of the Ablative Case ; from.
116. o5soo8s = A princess.
117. ^ = To be, to exist, to be present. See II, 52.
118. Gp = A place. See I, 54.
119. ^^sogoodS = (a palace) + o (main, chief, central)
Sf^t
-f
gsodS (a building, apartment) ; the main or central
apartment of a palace.
120. c§ii See II, 103.
121. oooSg = ooo5 (to go up, ascend) + g (to lift up) ; to
ascend.
122. GcoSîi See II, 89.
123. ocDciii See I, 118.
( 95 )
Like a lion-king entering tlie entrance of its golden cave, he was

possessed of firmness and courage in going from the audience-
hall to the central apartment of the palace, where the Princess
was.
{Translation of above passage).
When Princess Sivalidevi heard those words, she surmised that

the king, was endowed with the disposition of an excellent man,
and again sent the same attendant for him. When he did not
come, though sent for three times in this manner, the Princess
said to herself " This king is, indeed, a prince of great might and
:
power. When I tried to draw him, he would not be drawn but ;
if he takes possession of me, I shall have to submit to him." It

was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had tired
of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of people) that
he, of his own free will, and with the firmness and courage of a
lion-king entering its golden cave, left the audience-hall and
went to the central apartment of the palace, where the Princess
was.
APPENDIX II.
PETITIONS.
Petition (i).
33GG|SGCo5^Soa3DO$5[SG(X)So6«§SOgc5GOo53300$Ds5ogD|lS
• coGpso c(y|ii
0qGpSC^|GCoBcOSpg3cQ$ODll0g)?GCX>5l^S33GoTc^SGp0-COo5c{59-9O0-33G[ll
G(gcb|§ ^c5^6o|g0ODo5oSs ^SGCoSoO g|GOSGCX5D 8G[6g[o5o^ OOGOODOOJÎI oSs
°tI°I1
o^j^SccoSoSs^t ^SGooSôSaoajjoGpii qSsOODOqolGCODG^DSlI G33Do5ol
33q|o5^DS33G[ll33(ySgq]§8O0DC|533O0$D3O05GGpo5dlcO^0:{GpSII
Oil l|Ogj$GODS(^SCOo5ooSG02^GCOD |D20O^|l CO^gll C^SCÔOIISSO^SGg 98
j;>6oo5o^G[Gcx)D |3s(g5dloDîi ^so^GcpSsoDSoD^ ooGpgc^^S g^DigSoo^ côo8
GODOG(^DSllgJDO;j(^SGgj^ll0ô5cD^GODD330^SjSooSa;[OloOÎI
J II n^saj^G^DSs oS^qjoSjiSii ogj|Gco5oo5aôDâjjîi cocpso^cwcxj^so

G^DoaS^Sdlii oo8ôo58^^|.Sii ODSjq]GOSGooDGcoDS 30600^11 gSscx)|cgolGOOD
G^DSliq]§8C03G^$33D3?iDSDoSGGpo5oloO^CCqi8(JiSGCo55[ScX)3So^€pSll
gôD = Burma.
|6c = A pronnce.
33gg[sgodS^Socodo$5)Sgco5oSs(^s = The Chief Commissioner; 33gg^s
= affairs (political) gtoSii an honorific affix QS = to possess,
; ;
to be empowered oood = Pali maha = great o§ = a bur-

; ;
den 5^5 =;
a possessor oSs = an administrator, a ruler,
;
a king; gs = great; o^ScooSoSsgi =; a Commissioner.,

(^(£god5 =: The Supreme Court.
33oo^D85ii — oo^Ds§5? = Pity, compassion ; hence sacxa^DsS = pray-
ing for clemency.
(^3 or aac^D = a paper, petition.
ooGpsc^ = a plaintiff, complainant ; oocps = justice, oQ = to de-
mand.
13
( 98 )
cDqDjS = A defendant cocpg = justice 5 = to suffer, to receive.

; ;
co3^ = Feminine of cooepS) (Pali ekaraja) = an empress.

oc^'^^Sa =z Feminine of = a queen. cxjsiS
c^cpj = An honorific a&x used in addressing high personages.

cg^ =z Name of a man.
fg? = A slave.
og^GcoS^s (<^) = My.
33GoTcg5 = On.
GpQjooc^ = The Penal Code.
c^So = A section (of the Code).
33G| = Under, according to. •
cgobii Name of a town in the Thayetmyo district.
^ = A town,
^cîi A territorial division.
Q5 = Having jurisdiction.
o$GCD3o5oSs = Assistant Commissioner ; o$ := a burden, gosdoS
= to support, to assist, oSs = an administrator.
ôS^So^GooDoSoSs 1= A Subdivisional Officer.
^s =A Court.
CO = From.
q]G08 = Given, passed g = down, go§ = to give. ;
GOOD = 00^ = The relative pronoun which.

Sg^SôS = A decision, judgment,
c^ = To (sign of the accusative case).
ooGODDocxj = To disagree, to disapprove, to be dissatisfied with
;
oDGooo = Wish, will, o = a negative prefix, = to be equal cxj
to.
^11 The causative as.

oSsoj^sii The headquarters of the Minbu district or division.
|d5 = In.
saojjo = To appeal.
Gp = When an adverb of place used
; as an adverb of time.
qSsooD = Happiness, redress.
(^= To obtain.
ol 11 An affix of courtesy or of polite request.
cc»oG(raD§ = Because.
( 99 )
633DoS = Below.
61 = To be mentioned, written, included.
309jo5 = Point.
cj]3Sii Plural affix.
oagSii Here stands for QSacoSu punishment.

9 = Prom.
ql = In order to.
oS = To enter.
GGpoS = To arriye.
oooS = The hand.
otS = In.
Gcg = To meet, to find.
^ = To exist.
§.D8= A bullock.
cG^siic^sii Names of men.
cîi Plural affix.
0011 A preposition of direction.

33o^s = Price, value.
eg = Silver.
Gg 98 = 40 rupees.
J.S = With.
oc5 = To buy-
a;}= To obtain.
ooScx^ = To buy.
Gi = To obtain (here by purchase).

§8 = To steal.
GcpSi = To sell.
CDS = To eat.
GGpSsoDg = To sell (and enjoy the proceeds of the sale).
08 = To know.
g^Docj^gs = Village headman a^ = village, oj = 03 = man,
:
= great.
Ggi = Before.
o^c5oo?GooD = Adequate.
m<^ = Denotes the termination of an oratio obliqua.
crjii
•
co^8 = Also.
( 100 )
cgDd^ = Say.
8 = A verbal affix implying inadvertence, misadventure, or the
admission of a fault or crime.
^g = Merely.
oDJ} = Now.
GOODSaoS = Prison punishment = imprisonment.
gSioo^ = Severe,
eg = Very.
Gaj]scj>iSGODS5i5 = JSenef actor.
oDoS = Lord.
Translation of Petition (i).
To
The Chief Commissioner or Burma.
The humble petition of Nga Pyan.
Being dissatisfied Tvith the judgment passed on him under sec-
tion 411 of the Indian Penal Code, by the Subdivisional Magistrate,
Myedfe, he preferred an appeal in the Court of the Commissioner
of Minbu, but failed to obtain any redress. Petitioner, therefore,
approaches the Chief Commissioner for clemency.
The bullock found in petitioner's possession was purchased by
him from Nga Po and Nga Mo for Rs. 40. Not knowing that it
was stolen property he bought the animal in the presence of the
village headman giving an adequate price for it.
The complainant could not say that, petitioner purchased the

animal with the knowledge that it was stolen property. Petitioner
submits that for merely buying it unwittingly the present sentence
of imprisonment passed on him is very severe. Petitioner, where-
fore, prays for clemency.
(Signed) Nga Pyan.

( 101 )
Petition (2).
GgD5g@g^c6^So§GOODo5GOo5«6s^8GOD5coglDo5c2Dll
OOgSs}ll iÔOOOGpi^|,olo5 gll
coGpsa co^sgodS cgoSsgl^ qSiii
OqÔ^SGg J908 C^G^C^JÎl
oqcpsogj^GODScjoSSj^G^cxj^cxj^co^SoqcS^^saaSi^SGooB
60I cx>â:jGpsii
on ii33ooo5330ôlooGpgo cc^sgodSodîi o jgSqu^cx^^cooo^g 2 '°l"^s%
Og8llOgj?GOQ5o6llc8llOgSsoSg||G008CXj5(^DSCÎIGg OOoSo^g Oo5aj^gsG$3o5ll^|sG[oS

cqjGGpoScxD^saoliiog ao8 GosGqii Gg 908 a5j.|lô|GQD5sii qSsG^DoS clsGJqDoS
clso^8sa^$4jDS|>5 qj[oo"lsm3Sc^Gg joo8 G^gooSoooSo^g^Gpii qSsCXJ^C^SGgODS
joo8^6« 330oo5oq?c^s cq^cg ;5o8ol(i j>SG|5Gg j?o8 côocolSsoo^s ôqSii
GCOdSsS^00^3331iI GOSGq)&^§ll OCJ^GGpSg g(§59o6 ODSJ[533GOO 33Sj)0 q^SsÔOoS

yoSGqgc^sSoôlGf^DSsu
Jll llCjSsG43o5G|o5o033GOD5(^3(gSll 023gGGpo5GODDSsG[5sGpllOG080Gq]c8§S
G^jdS 8gô1oO^J>S|I OOS^ OJÔKJll ola^CO CqjGGpCTSgil C33[^533CO^g O^DgGGpoS

G0035sq§gepliq5gOq$0^gGg(^DgCÔGOSOGg^£3^gjll33CX)£gÔGgDdôlG(^D6fll
c^(c^Solîi 330oo533sô1cc^sgod6cîi ooSGoToBcaog gcdSijjoI^n a^ôSgGg

J9o8(jjDgC^G|ôlG33D5ll 3o8^„9cO^ OOoSoCO^DSGOoSlôlo^ 33g(^dSs^^S338g|S
GooS 6oloogSoqep8ii
gbdSc^sojoSii
GgDSsgll
( 102 )
3d8(^SgO0Bo
( 103 )
po$ = To undertake.
33GooS = Considerable.
(33@S = Lapse of time.
GcosSsG^Ss = To demand.
c8§8G5^d8 = To shun, avoid.
j.6 = odQS = goodg^dS = As.
33(cg533ooî= Stringently.
saooSj = Wilfully, forcibly,
sjs) = To resist.
c§@8ol§ = Therefore.
sx)6goT = To summon.
oSgsos = To examine.
g33dS = In order to.
33% = Order.
§00^11 Transliteration of "decree."
oDoSo = To help, to assist.
oo^DS = To pity.
Translation of Petition (2);
IN THE COUET OP THE SUBDIVISIONAL OEEIOER,

MYAUNGMYA.
Civil R^bgtjlab No. 9 op 1896.

Nga Po Tok, trader, Bassein . . . Plaintiff.
Nga Po Maung, trader, Myaungmya ... Defendant.
Suit for the recovery of Es. 2,800, being the amount dae for the value of goods sold.
The humble petition of Nga Po T6kj trader, Bassein.
Respectptjllt showeth —
1. That on the 7th waxing of Nayon 1256, B.E., the above-
mentioned Nga Po Maung bought of petitioner oil, betel-nut, and
bundles of tobacco to the value of Rs. 1,000, but paid Ss. 700 only
on the day appointed for payment. Subsequently he further pur-
chased Rs. 2,000 worth of dried-fish, smoked-fish, and wheat, and
when petitioner demanded payment of this sum and the balance
( 104 )
of Es. 300 preyioTisly remaining, or a total of E-s. 2,300 in all, he

duly executed a promissory note undertaking to pay the amount
on demand.
2. After the lapse of a considerable time, payment was demand-
ed,when the said Nga Po Maung avoided meeting the demand,
and on making a stringent demand last Wazo, he stubbornly re-
fused to pay the money.
Petitioner, wherefore, humbly prays that Nga Po Maung may
be summoned and examined, and that a decree for the said Es.
2,300 may be passed in petitioner's favour.
(Signed) Maung Po T6k.
Petition (3).
g50D^ScGCo5c^3:j5^s8G[SG00S^GC0DOC0DO^5jSGCo5QSs@S
COoS(XjSpS^5GODSô5GCq|3o6aDD3Q^|l
r GQdB'TicS ^g50^SoDODo333G^c:^68G^ll
GCgJDoScXiJ ...jOCDoS CjSsil
{_co<Xj qSsii
0:jGpSC5J^GCo5 GOdScXDoSoI a;j-9-GCODo5cÔOII 3aC04,Dg£)GCQl3o5c2DGQSC03g
aoo5o2SsolooîiGcqig(;^SG(x>55^5coo8Q6g(go5[^ta:êpsii
='J33îl'S,^^Ssii t^ggo^Sii ooJ^SgÔG^ ocjoDDSa;;i=gg goToSodqoSooii c-o's
90011 33C§SC»S Gg 903 J.S GqsGg §11 Jf^Gg 908 C^ £)C^GgD6? J.61I COGpSC^ ^^Gp
GolSga^jSoSs^SGOoSogSoosps^Gpii qSscoGpsd|^qo533qii ooli ôoc^ gosgo8gjS

qjo6o:5oloDîi O9]gsG^3o502]?GC05c^SCOII 33o8c833g§g§§G|6q]c6cq) Oolsi^DEC^
GOS335GpllCDGp?C^COOaôll'qS'03Gpgcôa^C0^33Cô5i!|g3;^So88C^ jgSc^5c^8
rg^GcoSc^s GcgDoScoDSSpii q5?cocpg gc»;^ j>8yDu8ii ôq^ ODao^g 7 sjoSc^m
^ôcqcgjSii ogo§G|8qc6,o (§g[§SgG0G|Of£ii (â^SoSgoo 338?,GQS§gG^Do5ii 9 03
GCO0cS\^0<^\\ (§3q533Co8co|"ll qSg33^ci^33^Coijgo:j5coepS§a^g^Gpil GOgGO§£]8
gôlcx:^!! 8Gi8[§gG§Do5 cg$G00Sc^gaD0o|S§)ll Go5oDg8[§33GqS^8o6s^«„GOD5

O2833a;]G00S5Gpil (§3^8088 §£l8qo533C^SgGOgG0338|qG08GODDG(o}DSll 33m|
^S^DCgOD^gSol^ll 33518 C038@S OCJ^^pSCX)!! G33Da5^5Q8g 33^C^ ®?g|l'^St^DSC^
GCODSsOjg^glGCoSi^ggajjSli 00GpgC^yÔD^Qp§L,olGlG33DS C§SCôSGp33g)8c038
§5o'l§ll33X)^DSGCoS3GC51Do5qg3GGlSODDSCOo5og68olc0^llGoqig(fS5^SoOo8QSs(So5
(^SOqGpSlI
Sll
( 105 )
Translation of Petition (3).
To
The Chief Commissioner of Burma.
The humble petition of Maung Pet, Ma Thet, and
Nga San Hla, of Kamathi-ashe kioin village,
Martaban (Amherst district).
Respectftjllt showeth —
That in 1255 B.E., Goolam Mahomed, a native of India, resid-
ing in Kadaing village, Martaban, sued petitioners for the re-
covery of 300 baskets of paddy, valued at E.s. 405, and a debt of
E,s. 5, or a total of Rs, 410, in the Court of the Myook, Paung.
The Myook accordingly ordered the delivery of the 300 baskets,
and, in compliance therewith, petitioners repeatedly offered to
deliver the paddy in instalments.The plaintiff, however, refused
and petitioners twice represented his conduct to
to take delivery,
the Township Officer. The Township Officer thereupon passed
orders to the effect that, if the plaintiff failed to take delivery of
the paddy by the 7th waxing of Nayon
same year, the of the
decree should be deemed to have become null and void. About

four months after this, on the arrival of a new Township Officer,
the plaintiff sued petitioners de novo and obtained a similar
decree. Being thus aggrieved petitioners preferred an appeal in
the Court of the Deputy Commissioner, Moulmein, but the
Deputy Commissioner confirmed the Township Officer's judgment.
Petitioners, wherefore, pray that the proceedings of the lower
Courts may be called for and perused, and that justice may be
shown to them.
Petition (4).
33O^GD^gH5o|^800oSoqop8g?G0o5ll0GgSqil33g^G00ScOo5
GODG^DÎolcS gll
GC
33^0g5ll ||oSc^5sO$5^8G005o5s@S^grDII OOgSÎI GOD3^D5Jô1c6

9 J.Sq]
14
( 106 )
5CoSo8s^Sqyc8GODD338|j>8ll G33Do5^So5s338|8G[Sqo£ll ?.C^3Cô"l^llGO0DSgCXj)
^^£Oc5i5)o5QS3o5g|ÎI 33OD^3SQO060O05d1ODîl GGqjSlJSGOoS J^SoooSoSsgoS

j^gocjopsii
(g6?C^GOOD33qjo5ll
Oil llgJsa^JOgSlI 33gSsQ8 C^8sg[ÔD^ 33^SG[^£ y|oD^ 33C:^8glICn|bGODD
«) j,5gco3o5oOoîi oj5Gqj>8o^8ii c^^goo5<^s coo5^ cxjSc^Sii sag^coSs good8q
GOODG(gOD4)DSOo85JDS^ÎI CO^} j>830o5cOo5aq5c^5GCX)D OoScj]DSGolo5GCpo5glg8s
gilC|Ss33oS(^D8j.ScOCgll SsgoSOjJC^C^ GSaDoS^jSC^DSOOgGO ^c8o85sG02(g8s00^1l 33
g§GC05 9 |olc8 gCIG0C,i5o J 3 5.S1I 4,^SgOG3330^S Jll C^Sq 90 33G| OCôS 0$D
OD^3302o5ll^S$DOG|oloD^ll
jii ii33oooS^§GO Gosc^cr5oD^co8g8olcgi6ii oô5o(^8§oo8ajs^ OcS5[D8

ôScBSsgSsc^ cogSsogOTii ^8o§ coglGcoS cgcgGGaDS oo5sgô5cxjjcîi gjracg
a^8JjSG'33DSocq5cô5G(g3Ssg8l CôlcNqjoSll G33Do5^S38l(^ 03(^03 SJGODDôSsgS
G@d8sCX)^ 33Gqs0a;{gcO^3302O?ll OoSqioSoDSoloOÎI ogegoS G33Do5i^S33Q
(^(^D8C^G<X)D5sa^g^ £G00S(,^(§SC5lSll 3384§ei8q)o54jDgcôcSq)o^gSaoSGOD5i^
olQgSoSG(§D8sil^^S33CO^DSGCo5gcS5oloD^llGOq|S(jJ)S5^SoOsSoSjgo5gscqGp8ll
Translation of Petition (4).
IN THE COURT OF THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER,

RANGOON.
Revenue Appeal No. 9 op 1896.

Nga So, cultivator of Sinbut village, Appellant.
Subject .-—Praying that the orders of the Commissioner of Sagaing, in Bevenue Appeal
No. 3 of 1896, may either be cancelled or modified.
Appellant most humbly prays that the proceedings in his case

may be called for and perused, and that the orders of the Commis-
sioner of Sagaing passed on the 20th of January 1896, as well as
those of the lower Court, may either be cancelled or modified.
Geounds op Appeai/.
The kaing * land in dispute is State land. He has been
1.
cultivating it and paying revenue thereon for the last five years
and up to the year 1256 B.E., and holds receipts for the same.
* Alluvial land on which vegetables are generally cultivated.
( 107 )
*
Itwas only when the pea and bean crops he has sown this year,
had grown and matured, that the lower Courts withdrew and
allotted the land with the standing crops to others. This is con-
trary to the provisions of section 25 of the (Upper Burma Land
and Revenue) Regulation No. Ill, and of Rule 30, section (v) of
the rules thereunder. He is, therefore, aggrieved.
2. was considered proper to allot the land to others, he

If it
should have been ejected before he had sown his crops. He
represented to the lower Courts that a regular revenue -payer like
him did not deserve being put to such a But no notice was
loss.
taken of his representation. The orders passed by them should,

therefore, be cancelled.
Appellant, wherefore, prays that the proceedings of the lower

Courts may be called for and perused, and that their orders may
either be cancelled or modified.
(Signed) Mating So.

APPENDIX III.
Extracts from the " Selections from the Kecords of the

Hlutdaw."
(a)
qc8oDo|sii29c6iii;ô5j>D|olcS 9011
OOGp§GpO)Oc5^4]DSCôSQa088G[SoDÔIOc8c33Sp^C^
GODSo8^8GOq§g003ll
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ODÎI5flOo533Gp^C^33$o5lia3Gp8^|>Sd^5o0^33Sp^C^^D»oSGOs8Sj5GO<^^nQgD?8
^5s§:)SOD^gD^(^3sg8ll33gDSgDî^DSyDllô5;ooep8000DS(^D8Cô8GOs8G[8o^ll 33^
OO^Sg^GOOdSc^ OODGGpo5G(yD3^GCglDo5o038 CX)gSc^DS0^C0^8 O0o5oOGOG[ll GOoS
o8S8GOOÎI llGpO)OoS5^jS3^SoD^335p^C^g3lia^sgo58q5G[|ggD$8^5sg3SOO^
gD$(^Ds(ySin3(gDsg3^(ôs^Dii cpO)Oo5^c^8^5a^sQo5oîi GpaooB^gScc^saoSSsii
GC^3o5 0038^3^ OO^C^ CO o56^ll33^J|^58O0£8C^gDSG33D8o0§sd88oSGOSGOQÎI
qcSxiU iiC^cSgOoSi: ^8GODSl^3SOg8llgGcglDo5|Jo0^33ôQsoQo5§330g8sil330
C»^:^q8§0ÎI CXDSpSGpthOcS o6gX)s8g[8oD^ JJSaoSsaSp^C^ 33 0gD833GGpCÎI ou
33G033C2cSo8|IGOdSc8$8GOOîI
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33038330^0811003808^8000^11
oojû iiooGpsqpO)OcSî;jl3Sc§ a^sgcSSqS aoSaêioo^ j^socS 33Gp^c§53ii
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33GGpS8330o533Gq|S33gls0^llG038d8^8GOOÎl
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333^330033833 gô5a|^llG03So8§8GOOÎI
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53llô'8833Gajj3oSc(g8GgG003689G[| ÔD^(^32C^ll §g3|8^SsgDSOODSOO^ gOGs

( 110 )
(a)
CHAPTER II, 7, page 40.

Mules for the guidance of Ministers and other Officials acting as
Judges.
1. No Judge appointed for tlie administration of civil or
criminal justice shall take cognizance of, or deal with, any case
not belonging to the department under his control.
2. While a case is pending in the Hlutdaw or Yondaws, the
Judge shall not visit or send men to the houses of the parties.
3. The Judge shall not, during his incumbency, receive bribes
from litigants, in the shape of gold, silver, cloth, or other property
animate or inanimate.
4. The Judge shall have no business transactions with litigants
{lit. buy and sell, lend and borrow gold, silver, precious stones,
cloth, horses, cattle, and other property animate and inanimate).

5. Besides the duly licensed advocates, only such law-agents
shall be allowed to practise in the Courts as are conversant with
the Dhammathats, and are selected and appointed by the Heads of
departments.
6. The licensed advocates and law-agents shall not, when en-
gaged by one party, act for the other party.
7. The Judge shall see that the clerks and peons receive no
more than the fees prescribed in the table of costs. (Chap. II, 5.)
(b)
ocqggD$sii(oo) o ycSiiiô5j.D|,olo5 gjii
5?i§^'=l|s332S03G^D050Do5ll(yS0gG0l6sil8Ô?8llC0^8llGgsC»$
g^DGgsCcSs@SC^^^8o3GO0Sg§Co£c^D||
on iioqepsrg^GcxjS q^^^^g^^qssoS sogôcSoocSw @SogGol5sii8|o?siico?8ii
Ggsoo^goGgscoSsgs ccooSn cgcoGc^sn ca^SGOii coodgîi cqSog^SGaGolSsol

( 111 )
G(§SOD|§^Daj|^SC^GoTll CX;{GOODS8(^GC»B(ÔD^GOq]S(j^SCOgDGO05[^c8câC003o5n
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GGpSuÔgSlI O^J^SgOoS OOoSc^Ss^038 GOD^CjSo? oSs^SU GCODSgS^

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G^(q^G|^G33DSQS80§GOSqjr>5ll
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OODDoSsOD5o8§i^gg001iqc75ll G@scn?g^DGîi Gg8CoSs@Scgo5GG[gll COOCîlCsS?
GOIIC<X105[II 33GolSsolG^800S8@SCc£c§00IIGJ^8OQ|glDO:;jg8Cg5GoTcX)^ll GCqt

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ooSn
( 112 )
(b)
CHAPTER TVfaJ, 1, page 92.

Petition of Nga Myat Yo, Nga So Pe, Nga Ta Yb, and Nga
Chit Tun, Kyedangyis * of the Pyinzigaung, Seinban,
Kanzi, and Kyegan villages, respectively, of the Shwe-
pyiyanaung,t Anauklet township,
E,ESPECTPTJLLY SHOWliXH
That Nga Nyan Baw, the Kyegan Ywathugyi,* has abused his
position, and, in violation of his oath of allegiance to His IMajesty,
has mortgaged his thugyiship for a sum of Pts. 300 odd, levied over
Es. 1,000 in excess of the laAvful demands ; and that Xga. Than,
the mortgagee, who is an outsider, has oppressed the people.
Petitioners, therefore, pray that the said Nga- Nyan Baw and Nga
Than may be legally proceeded against.
Order recorded by the Moda Wundauk.

Institute an enquiry.
(Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGYI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Hlttdaw : A
The 7th loanl'tifj Wagaunrj 1345. >
(25th August 1883.) J
Deposition of Theikdi Ponnaka, the Shwepyiyanaung Myin-

wûn, dated 9th Avaning Tazaungni6n 1245 (25th Novem-
ber 1883).
With reference to the above petition, I sent for the Thugyi as

directed by the Hlutdaw. I find that he has absconded. Nga
Than, the mortgagee, who has taken the Thugyi's place, is not ap-
proved by the people. They are insubordinate to him and do not
perform their duties satisfactorily. The thathameda and other
matters connected with Kyega,n village ^vill, therefore, be placed
in the hands of the Kyedan^^yi and Ywathugyis. The village
elders recommend for the appointment one Nga Thaw, who is re-
* The Kyedangyi is the headman of a village. The Ywathugyi is the headman of an
important Tillage or a group. of villages.
f Name of a cavalry regiment.
( 113 )
presented as a true hereditary claimaBt and a Shwepyiyanaung

abmudan.
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( 115 )
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(c)
CHAPTER V, 3, page 153.
Petition of ahmudan Nga Yan Lin, of the Yweletya regiment,

and his sister-in-law Mi Ket.
States on oath that Nga Shwe Bein, of the said regiment, and
hushand of Mi Ket, served with the Monfe column under Nga Set,
ea-'-Myook oE Tantahin. While so serving the ea;-Myo6k seized
Nga Shwe Bein's property and murdered him. Petitioners, where-
fore, pray that the said e.i-Myook Nga Set may he legally pro-
ceeded against in the Hlutdaw.
Examination of accused, dated 11th waning 1st Wazo 1245

(20th June 1883).
I DO not know whether the man, Nga Shwe Bein, mentioned in

the petition of Nga Yan Lin and Mi Ket was a Yweletya ahmu-
dan or not. When I was ordered to serve with the Mone column,
( 116 )
I bought Mm for Rs. 70 as a personal slave under a bond and

took him away with me to Mone. Arrived there, Nga Yan,
a Natsuletwfe ahmudan, who Avas in charge of the transport bul-
locks, complained to me that Nga Shwe Bein had stolen some of
the animals. Nga Shwe Bein was accordingly sent for and ex-
amined. He admitted the complaint and added that he had sold
them. Over 10 bullocks were stolen and a few had already been
recovered, when, while demanding * the recovery of the re-
mainder, Nga Shwe Bein unfortunately succumbed. I did not

take any property belonging to him.
Okdbr eecobded by the Nyatjngwun Wtjndal'e:.
In order to ascertain whether the deceased Nga Shwe Bein met

his death at the hands of the e^-Myo6k while he was forcibly
demanding the recovery of the bullocks stolen from the hands
of Nga Yan, the Natsuletwe ahmudan, let Nga Yan and the
Thenat Saye, who was with the Mone column, be summoned and
examined, and resubmit with their depositions.
(Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGTI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Taingda Mingyi.
Hlutdaw : -N
Dated 4ih waning 1st Wazo 1345. >
C23rd June 1883.) J
Deposition of Nemyothurakyawthu, Natsuletwe Thenat Saye,

dated 12th waning 1st Wazo 1245 (1st July 1883).
The Shwehlan Bo, who was commanded to march against
the ex-îonh Sawbwa, ordered that each amhudan should be
supplied with three baskets of rice, and that each thwethauk
should have a bullock to carry the rice. The c.i--Myo6k of Tan-
tabin, who was the Tatbo, supplied the bullocks and gave them in
charge of Nga Yan. When the e^^-Myook's man Nga Bein sold
some of the animals, Nga Yan came and made a report to me
first, and, because Nga Bein was not an ahmudan, I directed Nga
* Accompanied of course with blows.

( 117 )
Yan to go and complain to the ex-Mjook, his master. I heard

from the ahmudans afterwards that when Nga Yan made his com-
plaint, the ex-Mjo6k punished his man with death.
Deposition of Nga Yan, Natsuletwfe ahmudan (same date).
I WAS entrusted by the Tatbo, Thenat Saye, Tathmu, and thwe-

thauks, with the keeping of 10 bullocks. Eight of these were taken
and sold by Nga Bein and I reported the matter to the Thenat
Saye. I was directed to complain to Nga Bein's master and I did
so.
Bond executed by Nga Bein and Mi Ket, produced by the

eo^-Myook of Tantabin.
On the 3rd waxing day of Tliadingyut 1244 (14th September
1882), Nga Bein and Mi Ket came and offered to become
his wife
the slaves of the Tantabin Myook and his wife for Us. 70, as they
wanted pay two debts of Es. 35 each, which they owed to Me
to
Unit, wife of the Theinni Sitkfe. The Tantabin Myook and his
wife accordingly paid Es. 70 and kept Nga Bein and his wife Mi
Ket as their personal slaves.
Witnesses — ^ Writer
(Sd.) Mating Saw. I Nga Po Thin.
(Sd.) Nga Shwe At. )
Judgment recorded by the Bind alb Wtjndatjk.

In this case, it is clear that the deceased died of the injuries he
received at the hands of the ex-M.jobk, who had occasion to punish
his slave while on duty with the Eoyal troops. Mi Ket, one of
the complainants, states that her husband, the deceased, served with
the troops of his own accord and that he was not the ea?-Myo6k's
slave. But the bond produced by the e^-Myo6k is sufficient
documentary evidence against her. We, however, consider that
no master has the right The ex-

to cause the death of a slave.
Myook shall forego the sum of Es. 70 mentioned in the said bond
which shall be cancelled, and he shall pay to the complainant,
( 118 )
Mi sum of
Ket, the Rs. 160 as compensation * for the death of her
husband, Nga Bein.
(Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGTI.
Taunggwin Mingyi.
Taingba Mingyi.
Hlutdaw :
~j
Bated 9th waning Wazo 1246. C
fl6th Julij 1884.J )
(d)
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( 119 )
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(d)
CHAPTER VII, 15, page 179.

From the Malunlemyo Wun, dated 1st waning Tazaungm6n
1246 (19th Octoher 1884), presented by Myogan Nga
Po Tu.
In compliance with the by Government, I
instructions issued
beg to report that I have issued orders to the myothugyis, ywa-
thugyis, and taikbmus within my wunship, direetinL,"- them to pre-
serve the peace vA'ithin their respecti^'e jurisdictions, to establish
patrols night and day along the trade routes, to prevent bribery
and corruption, and generally to see to the welfare and prosperity
of the people. My clerks and myself conform to the first 9 para-
graphs of the instructions, and do not receive any illegal gratifi-
cation from the people. We do not harbour bad characters and
have not appointed any thugyi other than those duly appointed
by Government. The clerks are not jiermitted to issue summons
at will. These documents are formally drawn up in open Court
( 120 )
and served. Court-fees are demanded according to the provisions

of paragraphs 16, 17, and 18. committed to jail
Prisoners are
always with the previous sanction of the Kayaing Wun. Under
paragraphs 10 to 25, the thugyis and taikhmus are always direct-
ed to execute their bonds at the Myoyon and copies of these are
always submitted. By virtue of His Majesty's power and glory,
there is peace and prosperity throughout my jurisdiction. The
price of paddy is Rs. 110 per hundred baskets, rice Rs. 250 per
hundred baskets, fegya beans Es. 130 per hundred baskets, oil
Rs. 70 per hundred viss, cutch Rs. 30 per hundred viss, crude cot-
ton Rs. 10 per hundred viss, prepared cotton Rs. 50 per hundred
viss,wheat Rs. 160 per hundi'ed baskets, pegyi beans Rs. 150 per
hundred baskets, sessamuta Rs. 280 per hundred baskets, gram
Rs. 130 per hundred baskets, jaggery Rs. 17 per hundred viss,
pounded ngapi (fish-paste) Rs. 13 per hundred viss, salt Rs. 6 per
hundred viss, and dried murrel or snakehead (fish) Rs. 60 per
hundred viss. A list of irrigation works within my jurisdiction
is being prepared and will be submitted when ready.
(e)
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(e)
CHAPTER VII, 21, page ISi.
Erom the Sagaing Kayaing Wun, Maingkaing Myoza, dated

10th waxing Thadingyut 1216 (29th September 1884),
submitted by Royal Messenger, Nga Kaing.
In order to properly assess and collect the thathameda-tax, I
went personally to Konbet village, Ye-u township, Tabayin district,
and, to avoid causing hardship, issued orders directing the people

to pay in the tax in two instalments. The people, however, pre-
ferred to pay it in full at once, and I acceded to their request. I
have accordingly been collecting the tax, and, to ensure the safe
arrival of remittances, have appointad a guard consisting of 30
armed men at the mango-grove, a mile south of my camp, another
of the same strength at Wettogyaw, a mile to the west of it, and
a third consisting of the same number of men at Natyegan-sakan
a mile north of it. The collections in camp are guarded by a body
of P6ndawdo ahmudans, and sentries are placed at each guard
night and day. Besides these, my subordinates have with them
40 armed men to act as guards and sentries. I have now collected
over a lakh of rupees and shall remit all collections in full within
the month of Thadingyut (October). There are no cases of da-
coity within the Tabayin district. The people enjoy peace, the
rainfall is good, and the agricultural operations are extensive.
G. B. C. P. O.— No. 3018, B. S., 29-9-98—2,000.

16
jm PARAGON
GALLERY
^
{"The Ofitntal Boehslon]
of Amtrica"
||14I) CAST 5»tli SmCETl
NEW YORK 23, H. V.
mfm
'^'
^^
ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK
OF THE
BURMESE LANGUAGE
BY
TAW SEIN KO, M.R.V.S., f.a.i., f.s.a.,
(iOVEBNMENT T]lANSLAT(jn A.;D HONOKAUY AKCHAJOLOGICAJ^ OFFICE!,, BURMA.
RANGOON:
PRINTKD BY THE SUPKRI JTENUENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA.
n^ 1898.
U- -a
I
Price,— Rs. 2-8-0.
]
>»&H.

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PL5933

TAW SEIN KO, M.R.A.S., f.a t., f.s.a.,

GOVEENMENT TKANSLATOR AND HONOKAIl¥ AHCHJJOLOQK'AI, OFFICEK, Bri:MA.

"IS Burmese lana

3 1924 022 058 931

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

TAW SEIN KO, M.E.A.S., f.a.i., f.s.a.,

GOVEENMENT TEANSLATOB AND HONOEAKY AECHaJOLOGlCAIi OFFICER, BUEMA.

tended for hard- worked officials and busy men engaged in

reason that an attempt is made to make the compilation as

practical as possible. There is, however, no royal road to

learning : a certain amount of drudgery must be faced and

and an acquaintance with the Burmese language does not

The compilation of this work is due to a suggestion made

by Mr. St. John, Burmese Lecturer, Oxford University, who

cal colloquial course in Burmese for the Indian Civil Service

candidates undergoing their probationary training in Eng-

meet the gro-wing requirements of foreign residents in Burma.

who has often acted as Government Translator during my

Part I — Colloquial— ... ... ... ... ... 1 —56

Birds ... ... ... ... ... ... 21—22

I. Extracts from J4takas ... ... ... ... 83 — 95

It is generally admitted that the Burmese language is difficult

Burmese has yet to be systematised, and Burmese literature l^as

The Burmese language can be made interesting by studying it

from a philological stand- point. Philology means, of course, the

science which traces the origin and development of a language,

and indicates its relationship to others. Burmese is a Turanian

language as contradistinguished from an Aryan language, and

ing its long career of development many accretions cling to it.

Some of these accretions are thoroughly assimilated and become

their nature of foreign excrescences. The following examples

will illustrate this remark. The expression gjal^s is made up of

two words, gj = (Chinese lu) to give, and alh = (PMi or Sanskrit

3]^) giving or a gift. The expression means to give as a charitable

main a foreign excrescence and refuse to get assimilated. Then

inscription of the twelfth century A.P, It is made up of two

words 8$? = 8cS (Shan g§) a wife, + q = (Thibetaa o) a mother.

living together must have the same tendency as the formation of

well defined strata in geology. Other instances, namely, a^cooaS

of the Northern School, which was subsequently absorbed and

Like the Chinese, Thibetan, and other languages, Burmese is a

every root is a word, each word consisting of a single syllable or

monosyllable to which a particle, and not an independent word

food. A sentence is but an allocation of words whose grammati-

cal relationship is determined by their respective positions.

The grammatical apparatus being thus deficient, the vocabulary

and the remaining parts of speech, including particles, would be

done by a great. personage is necessaxily a great action,

In studying Burmese, one of the best ways is to adopt the ana-

phonetic changes and gradual development should also be noted.

i,'tteresting tales. Max Miiller has proved conclusively that the

English word daughter assumes in Sanskrit the form duliitCi, a

family to milk every morning. Similarly the derivation of the

word " Mranmd," the national appellation of the Burmese race,

can be made to tell an interesting tale, Burma is known to the

people of Bengal as Brahmodesh, which is th^" Bengali form of

interchangeable in the Indo-Chinese languages, and Brahm&,

and y are interchangeable, so we get the form Myammi. In the

always spoken of as (g|c^Ss = the couatry of the Myan, the

national appellation by which the Burmese are known to their

neighbours, the Chinese ; and in Burmese prose we get the fo rm