Hymes

The ability to interpret messages and negotiate

meaning within specific contexts.

Savignon
An interpersonal construct examined by means
of overt performance of two or more people
in the process of communication.
 Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency
CALP Context
•Surface features of language Reduced
•Focus on form
•Used for classroom exercises

•Communicative capacity of language

•Focus on meaning
Context •Used for daily interpersonal exchanges
Embedded BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
 Grammatical
Competence
•Lexical items
•Morphology
•Syntax
•Semantics •Sociocultural rules
•Phonology •Understanding social context

Strategic Competence 4 Sociolinguistic Competence

Verbal/nonverbal strategies to
compensate for breakdowns
Competence

•Ability of connecting
Discourse

due to performance variables

or insufficient competence sentences
•Intersentential Relationships
 REMEMBER
Sociolinguistic
Locutionary act: Performance of an utterance
Grammatical Competence
“It’s cold in here.”
Competence

Competence
Illocutionary act: Intended meaning

Language
[The windows is open. So I should close it.]
Organizational Competence
Perlocutionary act: Consequences of thePragmatic
utteranceCompetence
(whether intended or not)
[Someone closes the window.]
Textual
Illocutionary
(Discourse)
Competence
Competence
Knowledge Structures Language
(of the world) Competence

Strategic
Competence

Psychophysiological
Mechanisms

Context of Situation
Purposes we accomplish with language:
 Certain events happen
1- Instrumental Go out!
Particular conditions change
Control of events
2- Regulatory Setting rules
If it’s not cold, stay outside.

Conveying facts and knowledge

3- Representational Yoghurt is white!
Representing reality as it is
To establish & maintain contact
4- Interactional Knowledge of slang, jargon, jokes…
What’s up dude?!!

5- Personal To express feelings and emtions Oh dear! I feel so blue today! 

6- Heuristic Seeking answers (usually in the form Where do babies come from?!!!
of questions)
To create ideas and imaginations
7- Imaginative “Love is metaphysical gravity.”
Going beyond the real world
  Notional-Functional syllabuses

Notion is referred both to abstract Functions correspond to what we

concepts such as existence, space, already
time, quantity and quality talked about Language Functions i.e.
instrumental, representational, etc.
Attention Getting It’s the first rule that children learn.

Topic Nomination Speakers do it after securing hearer’s attention.

Topic Development Speakers do it after securing hearer’s attention.

Turn Taking Set of culturally oriented rules to communicate properly.

Clarification Is usually manifested in forms of Heuristic functions.

Repair From indirect signals to outright corrections (strategic competence)

Shifting and Avoidance They are effected through verbal and nonverbal signals.

Interruptions They are a form of attention getting.

Topic Termination It’s an art of finishing the conversation which is hard even for
native speakers!
Say only as much as necessary. Say only what is true.

Say only what is relevant. Be clear!

Naturally occuring discourses, usually
written, across different language and
cultures.
 Sociopragmatics Pragmalinguistics

The interface between The intersection of

pragmatics and social pragmatics and linguistic
organization. forms.

e.g. e.g.
American: What an unusual Tu and vous in French. In
necklace. It’s beautiful. English there’s only “you” for
Samoan: Please take it! both formal and informal. But
in French they use plural
“you” to address an individual
politely.
 Language and Gender

- Girls produce more “standard” language than

boys.
- Men Interrupt more than women.
- Men and women use different syntactic and
phonological variants.
 Sets of conventions for selecting
words, phrases discourse, and nonverbal
language in specified contexts.
 The language of speaking for a large
ORATORICAL Style audience. There may be some
interactions sometimes.
The language of speaking for a larger
audience in which the magnitude of the DELIBERATIVE Style
crowed doesn’t let interaction.

A formal dialog with careful choice of

CONSULTATIVE Style words, such as a doctor-patient
conversation.

Language of friends, colleagues, and

family members. CASUAL Style

Complete absence of social inhibitions

INTIMATE Style usually between very close friends.
Kinesics
Artifacts

Eye
Kinesthetics Contact

Proxemics

Olfactory
Thanks a lot for your attention.

MortezaYazdani
mortezayazdani@gmail.com