UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script for sorting, searching, insertion, deletion and displaying of elements in a list.
Program
#!/bin/sh
clear
i=1
echo Enter the size of array :
read n
echo Enter $n elements :
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
read a[$i]
i=`expr $i + 1`
done

while true
do
i=1
j=1
clear

echo 1. Sort
echo 2. Search
echo 3. Insert
echo 4. Delete
echo 5. Display
echo 6. Exit
echo Enter your choice :
read ch

case $ch in
1)
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
j=1
while [ $j -le $n ]
do
if [ ${a[$i]} -lt ${a[$j]} ]
then
t=${a[$i]}
a[$i]=${a[$j]}
a[$j]=$t
fi
j=`expr $j + 1`
done
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
;;
2)
echo Enter the element to search :
flag=0
read e
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
if [ $e -eq ${a[$i]} ]
then
flag=1
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 1
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

break
else
flag=0
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
if [ $flag -eq 0 ]
then
echo The element not found
else
echo The element found
fi
;;

3)
echo Enter the element to insert
read e
echo Enter the position to insert
read pos
if [ $pos -gt `expr $n + 1` ]
then
echo Wrong Position
fi
if [ $pos -eq `expr $n + 1` ]
then
n=`expr $n + 1`
a[$n]=$e
else
n=`expr $n + 1`
p=`expr $n - $pos`
n1=$n
while [ $p -gt 0 ]
do
n2=`expr $n1 - 1`
a[$n1]=${a[$n2]}
n1=`expr $n1 - 1`
p=`expr $p - 1`
done
a[$pos]=$e
fi
;;
4)
echo Enter the position to be deleted
read pos
if [ $pos -gt $n ]
then
echo Wrong Position
else
p=`expr $n - $pos`
while [ $p -ge 0 ]
do
po=`expr $pos + 1`
a[$pos]=${a[$po]}
pos=`expr $pos + 1`
p=`expr $p - 1`
done
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 2
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

n=`expr $n - 1`
fi
;;
5)
i=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
echo ${a[$i]}
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
;;
6)
exit
;;
esac
read key
done

OUTPUT
Enter the size of array :
5
Enter 5 elements :
65
34
27
12
53

1.Sort
2.Search
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Display
6.Exit
Enter your choice : 1

1.Sort
2.Search
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Display
6.Exit
Enter your choice : 5

12
27
34
53
65

Write a program to display the 'Good Morning', 'Good After Noon', 'Good Evening' and 'Good Night' depending on the
users log on time

PROGRAM
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 3
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

#!/bin/sh
clear
t=`date | awk '{ print $4 }' | awk -F: '{ print $1 }'`
if [ $t -le 12 ]
then
echo Good Morning, Now the time is `date +%H:%M:%S`
elif [ $t -ge 12 -a $t -lt 15 ]
then
echo Good After Noon, Now the time is `date +%H:%M:%S`
elif [ $t -ge 15 -a $t -lt 19 ]
then
echo Good Evening, Now the time is `date +%H:%M:%S`
else
echo Good Night, Now the time is `date +%H:%M:%S`
fi
(or)
#!/bin/sh
Clear
T=`date + %k`
If[ $t –ge 0 –a $t –le 12 ]
echo “Good Morning, `logname`”
elif[ $t –ge 12 –a $t –le 14 ]
echo “Good Afternoon, `logname`”
elif[ $t –ge 14 –a $t –le 18 ]
echo “Good Evening, `logname`”
else
echo “Good night, `logname`”

Done

OUTPUT

Good Evening, Now the time is 16:00:21

Write a shell script which work similar to the 'WC' command. This script can receive the option -w, -c, -l to indicate
whether number of words / characters / lines.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
echo "Enter any Filename to count no of characters, words and lines"
read fname
while true
do
clear
echo " 1. Characters 2. Words 3. Lines 4. exit"
echo Enter your choice
read ch
if [ $ch -eq 1 ]
then
echo Total No of Characters ;wc -c $fname
elif [ $ch -eq 2 ]
then
echo Total No of Words ;wc -w $fname
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 4
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

elif [ $ch -eq 3 ]

then
echo Total No of Lines ;wc -l $fname
elif [ $ch -eq 4 ]
then
break
fi
sleep 5
done

OUTPUT
Enter any Filename to count no of characters, words and lines
sample
Menu
1. characters
2. words
3. lines
4. exit
Enter your choice 1

Total No of Characters 200

Write a program to print prime numbers between X and Y.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
echo "ENTER X AND Y"
read x
read y
echo Prime Numbers between $x and $y are
while [ $x -le $y ]
do
r=0
i=2
count=0
while [ $i -le `expr $x / 2` ]
do
r=`expr $x % $i`
if [ $r -eq 0 ]
then
count=1
break
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
if [ $count -eq 0 ]
then
echo $x
fi
x=`expr $x + 1`
done

OUTPUT

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 5

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

ENTER X AND Y
1
10

Prime Numbers between 1 and 10 are

1
2
3
5
7

Write a shell script which deletes all lines containing the word 'UNIX' in the files supplied as arguments to the shell script

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
for file
do
grep -v unix $file > temp
cp temp $file
rm temp
done

OUTPUT

First create the files with the name samp1 and samp2 at shell command prompt

$>cat > samp1

hello this is unix hello this is C
$> cat > samp2
C java unix .net

Now execute the shell script by typing sh shell script filename samp1 samp2 at shell command prompt. After executing
see the contents of the files samp1 and samp2. You will observe that the lines containing the word unix will be removed.

$>cat samp1
hello this is C
$> cat samp2
C java .net

Write a shell script which displays a list of all files in the current working directory to which we have read, write and
execute permissions

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
echo "The files which are having read, write and execute permissions are"
for i in *
do
if [ -r $i -a -w $i -a -x $i ]
then
echo $i
fi
done
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 6
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

OUTPUT

First give read, write and execute permissions for some files using chmod and then execute the shell script to get
the output

The files which are having read, write and execute permissions are
a
b

Write a menu driven program which has following options

Contents of /etc/passwd
List of users who have currently logged in
Present working directory
Exit etc...

PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
clear
while true
do
clear
echo "1. FILES IN /ETC/PASSWD"
echo "2. LIST OF USERS CURRENTLY LOGGEDIN"
echo "3. PRESENT WORKING DIRECTORY"
echo "4. EXIT"
echo "ENTER YOUR CHOICE"
read ch
if [ $ch -eq 1 ]
then
clear
cat /etc/passwd
echo "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE...."
read i
elif [ $ch -eq 2 ]
then
clear
who
echo "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE...."
read i
elif [ $ch -eq 3 ]
then
clear
pwd
echo "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE...."
read i
else
break
fi
done

OUTPUT

1. FILES IN /ETC/PASSWD
2. LIST OF USERS CURRENTLY LOGGEDIN
3. PRESENT WORKING DIRECTORY
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 7
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

4. EXIT
ENTER U R CHOICE 2

root :0 2006-11-17 10:36

root pts/2 2006-11-17 13:39 (:0.0)
PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE....

Write a shell script for renaming each file in the directory such that it will have current shell id as and extension. The shell
script should ensure that the directories do not get renamed.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
for i in *
do
if [ -f $i ]
then
echo ;mv $i $i.$$
fi
done

OUTPUT

First create some files with the name a b c d and directories x y z in a sub folder(eg sample) of current working directory.
Then execute the shell script by passing the sub folder(sample) as an argument to the shell script. After execution you will
find all the files present in the sub folder will get extension of the current shell id.

$ sample>ls
a.19647
b.19647
c.19647
d.19647
x
y
z

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 8

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script that takes a command – line argument and reports on whether it is directory, a file, or something else.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
echo "This script requires a filename as an argument"
echo "Usage : script_name <filename>"
exit 1
fi
ls $1 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo "$1 File does not exist"
exit 2
fi
if [ -f $1 ]
then
echo "$1 is a Regular File"
elif [ -d $1 ]
then
echo "$1 is a Directory File"
else
echo "$1 is not a Regular or Directory file"
fi

Write a shell script that determines the period for which a specified user is working on the system.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/bash
clear
echo -e "Enter Username : \c"
read uname
who | grep $uname > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
lh=`who | grep $uname | cut -c 36-37`
lm=`who | grep $uname | cut -c 39-40`
ch=`date | cut -c 12-13`
cm=`date | cut -c 15-16`
ot=`expr $lh \* 60 \* 60 + $lm \* 60`
ct=`expr $ch \* 60 \* 60 + $cm \* 60`
td=`expr $ct - $ot`
tm=`expr $td / 60`
hd=`expr $tm / 60`
md=`expr $tm % 60`
echo "The $uname user logged in for past $hd hours $md minutes"
else
echo "The $uname user not logged in"
fi

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 9

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script to perform the following string operations.

To extract a sub string from a given string.
To find the length of a given string.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
echo "Menu"
echo "1. To extract a substring from a given string."
echo "2. To Find the length of the given string."
echo -e "Enter your choice... : \c"
read ch
echo -e "Enter any string : \c"
read st
case $ch in
1) echo -e "Enter substring : \c"
read sst
echo $st | grep $sst > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo "The substring '$sst' found in the given string"
else
echo "'The substring $sst' not found in the given string"
fi;;
2) l=`echo $st | wc -c`
l=`expr $l - 1`
echo "The length of the given string '$st' is $l";;
*) echo "Invalid choice... Try Again!";;
esac

Develop an interactive script that asks for a word and file name and then tells how many times that word occurred in the
file.
PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
clear
echo –e "Enter any Filename : \c"
read fname
if [ ! -f $fname ]
then
echo "Enter only regular filenames"
exit 1
fi
echo –e "Enter word to search in $fname file : \c"
read sword
echo "The search word $sword is repeated for `grep -c $sword $fname` times in the given file $fname"

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 10

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script which receives two files names as arguments. It should check whether the two file contents are same
or not. If they are same then second file should be deleted.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -ne 2 ]
then
echo "This script requires two filenames as arguments"
echo "Usage : script_name <file_name1> <file_name2>"
exit 1
fi
if [ -d $1 -o -d $2 ]
then
echo "Directory name is given as an argument, check it..."
exit 2
fi
ls $1 $2 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? != 0 ]
then
echo "Provided File does not exist"
exit 3
fi
cmp $1 $2 > /dev/null
if [ $? == 0 ]
then
rm -f $2
echo "The two files $1 and $2 are identical, hence $2 file is deleted"
else
echo "The two files $1 and $2 are not identical"
fi

Write a shell script that takes a login name as command – line argument and reports when that person logs in
PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
echo "This script requires one user name as an argument"
echo "Usage : script_name <user_name>"
exit 1
fi
who | grep $1 > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo "The $1 user logged on to the system on
`who | grep $1 | cut -c 36-40`"
else
echo "The $1 user not logged in yet"
fi

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 11

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write an interactive file handling shell program. Let it offer the user the choice of copying, removing, renaming or linking
files. Once the use has made a choice, have the program ask the user for necessary information, such as the file name, new
name and so on.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
echo "1.FILE COPYING"
echo "2.FILE RENAMING"
echo "3.FILE REMOVING"
echo "4.FILE LINKING"
echo -e "ENTER YOUR CHOICE : \c"
read choice
case $choice in
1) echo -e "Enter the source filename : \c"
read sfile
if [ ! -f $sfile ]
then
echo "Source File does not exist... Try again!"
exit 1
fi
echo -e "Enter the target filename : \c"
read tfile
cp $sfile $tfile 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo "File copied successfully"
else
echo "Problem with the destination filename"
fi;;
2) echo -e "Enter the source filename : \c"
read sfile
if [ ! -f $sfile ]
then
echo "Source File does not exist... Try again!"
exit 1
fi
echo -e "Enter the new filename for the source file : \c"
read tfile
mv $sfile $tfile 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo "File renamed succeessfully"
else
echo "Problem with the destination filename"
fi;;
3) echo -e "Enter the source filename : \c"
read sfile
if [ ! -f $sfile ]
then
echo "Source File does not exist... Try again!"
exit 1
fi
rm -f $sfile 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 12
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

then
echo "File removed successfully"
else
echo "Error while reomoving file"
fi;;
4) echo -e "Enter the source filename : \c"
read sfile
if [ ! -f $sfile ]
then
echo "Source File does not exist... Try again!"
exit 1
fi
echo -e "Enter the link name for the source file : \c"
read tfile
link $sfile $tfile 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo "File linked successfully"
else
echo "Error while linking file"
fi;;
*) echo "Invalid choice... Try again!";;
esac

Write a shell script that accepts two integers as its arguments and computes the value of first number raised to the power
of the second number

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -ne 2 ]
then
clear
echo "This script requires two integers as arguments"
echo "Usage : script_name <n1> <n2>"
exit 1
fi
i=1
result=1
while [ $i -le $2 ]
do
result=`expr $result \* $1`
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
echo "$1 raised to the power of $2 is $result"

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 13

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word in one or more files supplied as arguments to it.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "This script requires atleast one filename as an argument"
echo "Usage : script_name <file_list>"
exit 1
fi
i=1
n=$#
echo –e "Enter Word to search : \c"
read swrd
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
if [ -f $(eval echo \$$i) ]
then
echo "Deleting lines that contains the word $swrd from $(eval echo \$$i) file"
grep -v $swrd $(eval echo \$$i) > tmp ; mv tmp $(eval echo \$$i)
else
echo "$(eval echo \$$i) is not a file or it does not exist"
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
done

OUTPUT

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 14

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a shell script that accepts a file name starting and ending line numbers as arguments and displays all the lines
between the given line numbers.

PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
clear
if [ $# -ne 3 ]
then
clear
echo "This script requires a filename, starting and ending line numbers as an argument"
echo "Usage : script_name <filename> <starting line number> <ending line number>"
exit 1
fi
if [ $2 -gt $3 ]
then
echo "Starting line number should be less than ending line number"
exit 2
fi
ls $1 1> /dev/null 2>1
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo "$1 File does not exist"
exit 3
fi
if [ -f $1 ]
then
head -$3 $1 | tail +$2
else
echo "$1 is not a Regular File"
fi

OUTPUT

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 15

 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Create two processes to run a for loop which adds numbers from 1 to n, say one process adds odd numbers and the other
even.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
int i,n,esum=0,osum=0,pid;
printf("\n Enter N value : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if((pid=fork())==0)
{
printf("\n Child Process is calculating the sum of even
numbers between 1 to %d",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ if((i%2)==0)
esum=esum+i;
}
printf("\n Even numbers sum is %d",esum);
exit(0);
}
else if(pid>0)
{
printf("\n Parent Process is calculating the sum of odd
numbers between 1 to %d",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ if((i%2)!=0)
osum=osum+i;
}
printf("\n Odd numbers sum is %d",osum);
}
exit(1);
}

OUTPUT

Enter N value : 10
Child Process is calculating the sum of even numbers between 1 to 10
Even numbers sum is 30

Parent Process is calculating the sum of odd numbers between 1 to 10

Odd numbers sum is 25

Write a program which reads a source filename and destination filename using command line arguments and then converts
into specified format.

1. convert capital letters into small

2. convert small letters into capital
3. convert small to capital and capital to small

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 16
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<sys/fcntl.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
char *file_path_from;
char *file_path_to;
int f_from;
int f_to;
char ch;
int choice;
if ( argc != 3 || !argv[1] || !argv[2] )
{
fprintf(stderr,"usage : %s <source file path> <target file path>\n",argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
printf("\n 1. Convert capital letters into small");
printf("\n 2. Convert small letters into capital");
printf("\n 3. Convert small to capital and capital to small");
printf("\n Enter your choice : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
file_path_from=argv[1];
file_path_to=argv[2];
f_from=open(file_path_from,O_RDONLY);
if(f_from==-1)
{
perror("Cannot open source file");
exit(1);
}
f_to=open(file_path_to,O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0700);
if(f_to==-1)
{
perror("Cannot open target file");
exit(1);
}
while(read(f_from,&ch,1)>0)
{
if(choice==1 && (ch >=65 && ch <=90))
ch=ch+32;
else if(choice==2 && (ch >=97 && ch<=122))
ch=ch-32;
else if(choice==3)
{ if(ch>=97 && ch <=122)
ch=ch-32;
else if(ch >=65 && ch <=90)
ch=ch+32;
} write(f_to,&ch,1);
}
if(close(f_from)==-1)
perror("error while closing the source file");
if(close(f_to)==-1)
perror("error when closing target file");
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 17
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

First Create a file with the name sample and type some text in it.

$>Cat > sample

Hello
Welcome to UNIX WORLD

Then execute the program by giving the above file as source file and give a new filename for the target file

$>./convert sample temp

1. convert capital letters into small

2. convert small letters into capital
3. convert small to capital and capital to small

Enter your choice : 3

After execution see the contents of the temp file.

$>Cat temp

hELLO
wELCOME TO unix world
Write a program which takes a set of filenames along with the command line and print them based on their size in bytes
either ascending or descending order

PROGRAM

#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
struct stat x;
int i,j;
size_t *filesize,t;
char *tmp;
if(argc==-1)
{
printf("usage:%s <filename1><filename2>.....",argv);
exit(1);
}
filesize=(size_t *) malloc ((argc-1) * sizeof(size_t));
for(i=1;i<argc;i++)
{
if(stat(argv[i],&x)<0)
{
printf("error in getting status");
exit(2);
}
filesize[i-1]=x.st_size;
}

for(i=0;i<argc-2;i++)
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 18
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

{
for(j=0;j<argc-i-2;j++)
{
if(filesize[j]>filesize[j+1])
{
t=filesize[j];
filesize[j]=filesize[j+1];
filesize[j+1]=t;
tmp=argv[j+1];
argv[j+1]=argv[j+2];
argv[j+2]=tmp;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<argc-1;i++)
printf("\n %s-%d",argv[i+1],filesize[i]);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT

First create some files a b c d with some contents. Type ls -l to display the files in long format.

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5377 Nov 17 18:07 a

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 741 Nov 17 11:37 b
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1495 Nov 17 11:39 c
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3511 Nov 17 15:06 d

$>sortfiles a b c d

After executing the files will be displayed in the following order

b-741
c-1495
d-3511
a-5377

Write a program which takes directory name along the command line and displays names of the files which are having
more than 1 link.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dirent.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
struct stat x;
struct dirent *dir;
DIR *d;
int no_of_files=0,i=0,j=0;
long *size,*ino,l;
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 19
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

char *name=NULL,**file;
if(argc==1)
{
printf("\n usage : %s <directoryname>",argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
if((d=opendir(argv[1]))==NULL)
{
printf("\n error in opening directory");
exit(2);
}
while(dir=readdir(d))
{
name=(char *)realloc(name,strlen(argv[1])+dir->d_reclen+2);
sprintf(name,"%s/%s",argv[1],dir->d_name);
stat(name,&x);
if(S_ISREG(x.st_mode))
no_of_files++;
}
size=(long *)malloc(no_of_files *sizeof(long));
ino=(long *)malloc(no_of_files *sizeof(long));
file=(char **)malloc(no_of_files *sizeof(char *));
rewinddir(d);
while((dir=readdir(d)))
{
name=(char *)realloc(name,strlen(argv[1])+dir->d_reclen+2);
sprintf(name,"%s/%s",argv[1],dir->d_name);
stat(name,&x);
if(S_ISREG(x.st_mode))
{
size[i]=x.st_size;
ino[i]=dir->d_ino;
file[i]=dir->d_name;
i++;
}
}
for(i=0;i<no_of_files-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<no_of_files-i-1;j++)
{
if(ino[j]>ino[j+1])
{
long t; t=ino[j]; ino[j]=ino[j+1]; ino[j+1]=t;
t=size[j]; size[j]=size[j+1]; size[j+1]=t;
name=file[j]; file[j]=file[j+1]; file[j+1]=name;
}
}
}
l=0;
printf("\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n Inode \t Files which r having more than one link \t size in bytes");
printf("\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");

for(i=0;i<no_of_files;i++)
{ if(ino[i]==l || ino[i]==ino[i+1])
{ if(ino[i]!=l)
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 20
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

{ l=ino[i];
printf("\n %ld \t",l);
}
printf(" %s ",file[i]);
if(ino[i]!=ino[i+1])
printf("\t\t\t\t\t %ld ",size[i]);
} }
printf("\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \n");
exit(0); }

OUTPUT

First create some files with the names a b c d sample in any subdirectory of current working directory. Then enter into
subdirectory and use ln command at shell prompt to provide links for the files

$> ln a x $> ln a y $> ln c z $> sample prog $ ln b bb ....

Then come out from the subdirectory and execute the program

$> ./countlinks <subdirectory name> eg. $> ./countlinks samp

After executing it displays the files which r having more than one link in the following style

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inode Files which r having more than one link size in bytes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1867903 y a x 6
1867904 bb b bbb bbbb 12
1867905 z c 14
1867906 prog sample 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Write a program to demonstrating the use of exec family functions

PROGRAM

PRGEXEC.C

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
char *env_init[]={"user=kiran", "PATH=/tmp", NULL};
char *argarray[]={"dispprg","myarg1","myarg2","myarg3","myarg4"};
main()
{
int pid;
if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )
printf("\n Error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECL ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if( execl("/home/kiran/dispprg","dispprg","myarg1","myarg2",(char *) 0) < 0 )
printf("\n Error in Execl");
}
if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 21
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

printf("\n wait error");

if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )
printf("\n Error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECLE ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if( execle("/home/kiran/dispprg","dispprg","myarg1","myarg2",(char *) 0,
env_init) < 0 )
printf("\n Error in Execle");
}
if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
printf("\n wait error");
if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )
printf("\n error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECLP ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if(execlp("./dispprg","dispprg","only 1 arg", (char *) 0) < 0)
printf("\n Error in Execlp");
}
if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
printf("\n wait error");
if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )
printf("\n error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECV ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if(execv("/home/kiran/dispprg",argarray) < 0)
printf("\n Error in Execlp");
}
if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
printf("\n wait error");

if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )

printf("\n error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECVP ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if(execvp("./dispprg",argarray) < 0)
printf("\n Error in Execlp");
}
if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
printf("\n wait error");

if( (pid=fork()) < 0 )

printf("\n error while creating process");
else if(pid==0)
{
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 22
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

printf("\n -----------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n EXECL ");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------------");
if(execve("/home/kiran/dispprg",argarray,env_init) < 0)
printf("\n Error in Execlp");
}

if(waitpid(pid,NULL,0) < 0)
printf("\n wait error");
}

DISPPRG.C

#include<stdio.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
char **ptr;
extern char **environ;
printf("\n -------------------------- \n
Printing Arguments \n
--------------------------");
for(i=0;i<argc;i++)
printf("\n argv[%d]: %s",i,argv[i]);

printf("\n ---------------------------- \n
printing Environment \n
----------------------------");
for(ptr=environ;*ptr!=0;ptr++)
printf("\n %s",*ptr);
}

OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXECLE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
Printing Arguments
--------------------------
argv[0]: dispprg
argv[1]: myarg1
argv[2]: myarg2
----------------------------
Printing Environment
----------------------------
user=kiran
PATH=/tmp
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXECLP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
Printing Arguments
--------------------------
argv[0]: dispprg
argv[1]: only 1 arg
----------------------------
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 23
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Printing Environment
----------------------------
SSH_AGENT_PID=4236
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID=
SHELL=/bin/bash
TERM=xterm
HISTSIZE=1000
GTK_RC_FILES=/etc/gtk/gtkrc:/root/.gtkrc-1.2-gnome2
.....
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXECVP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
Printing Arguments
--------------------------
argv[0]: dispprg
argv[1]: myarg1
argv[2]: myarg2
argv[3]: myarg3
argv[4]: myarg4
----------------------------
Printing Environment
----------------------------
SSH_AGENT_PID=4236
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID=
SHELL=/bin/bash
TERM=xterm
HISTSIZE=1000

Write a program demonstrating the working of simple signal handler that caches either of the user defined signals and
prints the signal number.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<signal.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void catch_mysignal(int signo)
{
printf("SEGMENTATION PROBLEM \n SIGNAL NO IS : %d",signo);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
int a=10,b=0,c;
signal(SIGFPE,catch_mysignal);
c=a/b;
}

OUTPUT

SEGMENTATION PROBLEM
SIGNAL NO IS : 8
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 24
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Write a program which demonstrates the shared memory functions

PROGRAM

SHM_PROCESS1

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define SHMSZ 27

main()
{
char c;
int shmid;
key_t key;
char *shm, *s;
key = 5678;

if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, IPC_CREAT | 0666)) < 0)

{
printf("\n Error while creating memory segment");
exit(1);
}

if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1)

{
printf("\n Error while attatching to address space");
exit(1);
}

s = shm;
for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
*s++ = c;
*s = NULL;

while (*shm != '*')

sleep(1);
printf("\n another process had red the data");
exit(0);
}

SHM_PROCESS2

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define SHMSZ 27
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 25
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

main()
{ int shmid;
key_t key;
char *shm, *s;
key = 5678;
if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, 0666)) < 0)
{ printf("\n Error while locating the memory segment");
exit(1);
}
if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1)
{ printf("\n Error while attatching the segment");
exit(1);
}
for (s = shm; *s != NULL; s++)
putchar(*s);
putchar('\n');
*shm = '*';
exit(0);
}

OUTPUT

First run the shm_process1 in background

$> ./shm_process1 &
[1] 20319
After executing shm_proces1 creates a shared memory and writes a-z alphabets in it and waits for another process to read
it and writes * to it.

Then run the shm_process2

$> ./shm_process2
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
another process had red the data
$>

After executing the shm_process2 it will read the data which is placed by shm_process1 from the shared memory and
writes * to it.

Write a program demonstrating locking mechanisms while accessing shared files.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct flock fl;
int fd,ch;
fl.l_whence=SEEK_SET;
fl.l_start=0;
fl.l_len=0;
fl.l_pid=getpid();
if(argc!=2)
{
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 26
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

printf("\n Usage : %s <filename>",argv[0]);

exit(0);
}
if((fd=open(argv[1],O_RDWR))==-1)
{
printf("\n Error while opening ");
exit(1);
}
while(1)
{
printf("\n\n 1. Set Read Lock");
printf("\n 2. Set Write Lock");
printf("\n 3. Unset Read / Write Lock");
printf("\n 4. Exit");
printf("\n\n Enter your choice : ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
fl.l_type=F_RDLCK;
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLKW,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while seting Read Lock");
exit(2);
}
else
printf("\n Locked for reading by PID
%d ",getpid());
}
else if(ch==2)
{
fl.l_type=F_WRLCK;
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLKW,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while seting Write Lock");
exit(3);
}
else
printf("\n Locked for writing by PID
%d ",getpid());
}
else if(ch==3)
{
fl.l_type=F_UNLCK;
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLK,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while unseting Read /
Write Lock");
exit(4);
}
else
printf("\n Read / Write Lock Unseted for PID
%d ",getpid());
}
else if(ch==4)
break;
else
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 27
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

printf("\n Enter choice between 1 to 4 only");

}
}
OUTPUT

After compiling execute the program in two terminals. Here all the processes can set read lock. But only one
process can set the write lock.

Process 1
Process 2
1. Set Read Lock
2. Set Write Lock 1. Set Read Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock 2. Set Write Lock
4. Exit 3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit
Enter your choice : 1
Enter your choice : 1
Locked for reading by PID 3323
Locked for reading by PID 3326
1. Set Read Lock
2. Set Write Lock 1. Set Read Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock 2. Set Write Lock
4. Exit 3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit
Enter your choice : 2
Enter your choice : 3
Locked for writing by PID 3323
Read / Write Lock Unseted for PID 3326
1. Set Read Lock
2. Set Write Lock 1. Set Read Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock 2. Set Write Lock
4. Exit 3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit
Enter your choice :
Enter your choice :

Write a program demonstrating semaphore operation on a shared file for reading but not writing

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/sem.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct flock fl;
int fd, ch, semid, sc;
struct sembuf sem_op;
fl.l_whence=SEEK_SET;
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 28
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

fl.l_start=0;
fl.l_len=0;
fl.l_pid=getpid();
sem_op.sem_num=0;
sem_op.sem_flg=0;
if(argc!=2)
{
printf("\n Usage : %s <filename>",argv[0]);
exit(0);
}
if((semid=semget(998,1,IPC_CREAT | 0666))==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in semophore");
exit(1);
}
if(semctl(semid,0,GETVAL,1)>0)
{
if((sc=semctl(semid,0,SETVAL,1))==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in semctl while initilizing semophore");
exit(2);
}
}
if((fd=open(argv[1],O_RDWR))==-1)
{
printf("\n Error while opening ");
exit(3); }
while(1)
{
printf("\n\n 1. Set Read Lock");
printf("\n 2. Set Write Lock");
printf("\n 3. Unset Read / Write Lock");
printf("\n 4. Exit");
printf("\n\n Enter your choice : ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
fl.l_type=F_RDLCK;
sem_op.sem_op=-1;
semop(semid,&sem_op,1);
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLKW,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while seting Read Lock");
exit(4);
}
else
printf("\n Locked for reading by PID
%d",getpid());
}
else if(ch==2)
{
fl.l_type=F_WRLCK;
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLKW,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while seting Write Lock");
exit(5);
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 29
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

}
else
printf("\n Locked for writing by PID
%d",getpid());
}
else if(ch==3)
{
fl.l_type=F_UNLCK;

if(semctl(semid,0,GETVAL,1)<1)
{
sem_op.sem_op=1;
semop(semid,&sem_op,1);
}
if(fcntl(fd,F_SETLK,&fl)==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in fcntl while unseting Read /
Write Lock");
exit(6);
}
else
printf("\n Read / Write Lock Unseted for PID
%d ",getpid());
}
else if(ch==4)
{
if((sc=semctl(semid,0,SETVAL,1))==-1)

{
printf("\n Error in semctl while initilizing semophore");
exit(7);
}

break;
}
else
printf("\n Enter choice between 1 to 4 only"); }
}

OUTPUT

After compilation execute the program in two terminals. If one process sets the lock for reading, if another process will
tries to lock for reading, it will be blocked by the semaphore.

Process 1 2. Set Write Lock

3. Unset Read / Write Lock
1. Set Read Lock 4. Exit
2. Set Write Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock Enter your choice : 3
4. Exit
Read / Write Lock Unseted for PID 4728
Enter your choice : 1
1. Set Read Lock
Locked for reading by PID 4728 2. Set Write Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock
1. Set Read Lock 4. Exit
Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 30
 UNIX PROGRAMMING – LAB PROGRAMS

Enter your choice : 4

Process 2

1. Set Read Lock

2. Set Write Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit

Enter your choice : 1

Locked for reading by PID 4757

1. Set Read Lock

2. Set Write Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit

Enter your choice : 3

Read / Write Lock Unseted for PID 4757

1. Set Read Lock

2. Set Write Lock
3. Unset Read / Write Lock
4. Exit

Enter your choice : 4

Prepared By : K. S. YUVARAJ Page No : 31

Write a C program that takes one or more file or directory names as command line input and reports the following
information on the file.
File type
Number of links
Read, write and execute permissions
Time of last access
(Note: use stat/fstat system calls)

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i=1;
char ftype[100];
struct stat StatusBuffer;
if(argc<2)
{
printf("\n Arguments not specified properly \n");
printf("\n Usage : filename <file_list>\n\n");
exit(1);
}
while(i<argc)
{
if((lstat(argv[i],&StatusBuffer))==-1)
{
printf("\n ----- %s Invalid Filename specified ----- \n",argv[i]);
i++;
continue;
}
printf("\n %s - File Status Information",argv[i]);
printf("\n ------------------------------------------------\n");
if(S_ISREG(StatusBuffer.st_mode))
strcpy(ftype,"Regular File");
else if(S_ISDIR(StatusBuffer.st_mode))
strcpy(ftype,"Directory File");
else if(S_ISLNK(StatusBuffer.st_mode))
strcpy(ftype,"Link File");
else
strcpy(ftype,"Special File or Unknown File");
printf("\n File Type : %s",ftype);
printf("\n I-node no of the file : %ld",StatusBuffer.st_ino);
printf("\n Permission mode : %o",StatusBuffer.st_mode & 0777);
printf("\n No of Links to the file : %ld",StatusBuffer.st_nlink);
printf("\n size of the file : %ld",StatusBuffer.st_size);
printf("\n Last access time : %ld",StatusBuffer.st_atime);
printf("\n");
i++; }}
out put:
Write C program that simulate the mv command
PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i=1;
struct stat StatusBuffer;
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("\n Arguments not specified properly \n");
printf("\n Usage : filename <source> <target>\n\n");
exit(1);
}
if((lstat(argv[1],&StatusBuffer))==-1)
{
printf("\n Invalid source Filename specified \n",argv[1]);
exit(2);
}
if(link(argv[1],argv[2])==-1)
{
printf("\n Error While Moving");
exit(3);
}
else if(unlink(argv[1])==-1)
{
unlink(argv[2]);
printf("\n Error While Moving");
exit(4);
}
else
printf("\n File Moved or Renamed Sucessfully");
}
Write C program that simulate the cp command

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#define SIZE 1024
#define MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int srcfd,dstfd;
int nbytes;
char buff[SIZE];
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("\n Arguments not specified properly \n");
printf("\n Usage : filename <source> <target>\n\n");
exit(1);
}
if((srcfd=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY))==-1)
{
printf("\n Invalid Filename or File cannot open");
exit(2);
}
if((dstfd=creat(argv[2],MODE))==-1)
{
printf("\n Error while creating destination file");
close(srcfd);
exit(3);
}
while((nbytes=read(srcfd,buff,SIZE))>0)
{
write(dstfd,buff,nbytes);
}
close(dstfd);
close(srcfd);
printf("\n File Copied Sucessfully \n\n");
}

OUTPUT
Write a c program that simulates ls command
(Use system calls / directory API)

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
int main()
{
size_t sz;
char pathname[100];
struct dirent *DirectoryEntry;
DIR *DirectoryStream;
int i=0;

getcwd(pathname,sz);
printf("%s\n",pathname);

if((DirectoryStream=opendir(pathname))==NULL)
{
printf("\n Error while opening directory");
exit(1);
}

while((DirectoryEntry=readdir(DirectoryStream)))
{
printf("\n %s",DirectoryEntry->d_name);
}
closedir(DirectoryStream);
}

OUTPUT
/* tcpserver.c */

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
int sock, connected, bytes_recieved , true = 1;
char send_data [1024] , recv_data[1024];
struct sockaddr_in server_addr,client_addr;
int sin_size;
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
{
perror("Socket");
exit(1);
}
if (setsockopt(sock,SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,&true,sizeof(int)) == -1)
{
perror("Setsockopt");
exit(1);
}
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
bzero(&(server_addr.sin_zero),8);
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr))== -1)
{
perror("Unable to bind");
exit(1);
}
if (listen(sock, 5) == -1)
{
perror("Listen");
exit(1);
}
printf("\nTCPServer Waiting for client on port 5000");
fflush(stdout);
while(1)
{
sin_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
connected = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr,&sin_size);
printf("\n I got a connection from (%s , %d)",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr),ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
while (1)
{
printf("\n SEND (q or Q to quit) : ");
gets(send_data);
if (strcmp(send_data , "q") == 0 || strcmp(send_data , "Q") == 0)
 {
send(connected, send_data,strlen(send_data), 0);
close(connected);
break;
}
else
send(connected, send_data,strlen(send_data), 0);
bytes_recieved = recv(connected,recv_data,1024,0);
recv_data[bytes_recieved] = '\0';
if (strcmp(recv_data , "q") == 0 || strcmp(recv_data , "Q") == 0)
{
close(connected);
break;
}
else
printf("\n RECIEVED DATA = %s " , recv_data);
fflush(stdout);
}
}
close(sock);
return 0;
}

/* tcpclient.c */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main()
{
int sock, bytes_recieved;
char send_data[1024],recv_data[1024];
struct hostent *host;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
host = gethostbyname("127.0.0.1");
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
{
perror("Socket");
exit(1);
}
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);
server_addr.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)host->h_addr);
bzero(&(server_addr.sin_zero),8);
if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr,
sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1)
{
perror("Connect");
exit(1);
 }
while(1)
{
bytes_recieved=recv(sock,recv_data,1024,0);
recv_data[bytes_recieved] = '\0';
if (strcmp(recv_data , "q") == 0 || strcmp(recv_data , "Q") == 0)
{
close(sock);
break;
}
else
printf("\nRecieved data = %s " , recv_data);
printf("\nSEND (q or Q to quit) : ");
gets(send_data);
if (strcmp(send_data , "q") != 0 && strcmp(send_data , "Q") != 0)
send(sock,send_data,strlen(send_data), 0);
else
{
send(sock,send_data,strlen(send_data), 0);
close(sock);
break;
}
}
return 0;
}