AN OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT INDIRECT AND SEMI-INDIRECT

EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM FOR STUDY POTENCY OF SKINLESS

BAMBOO AS AN EVAPORATIVE COOLING NEW POROUS MATERIAL

.
Hendra Wijaksana1* , I.N.S.Winaya1, Made Sucipta1, Ainul.Ghurri1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University
Kampus Bukit Jimbaran ,Denpasar, Bali. Telp. 0361 703321

a
Corresponding author: hendrawjks@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The high energy consumption of compressor based cooling system has prompted the researchers
to study and develop non-compressor based cooling system that less energy consumption, less
environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi
indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor based cooling systems that
can reach the cooling performance required. This two evaporative cooling system has some
different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air cooling method
used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by
those two cooling system in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness,
dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in direct, indirect and semi-
indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any
other feature. The introduction of skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either
indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. Overall this paper reviews
several different indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling system for the study of the
skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material in evaporative cooling system.

Keyword : Indirect evaporative cooling system, New porous material, Semi-indirect evaporative
cooling system, Skinless bamboo potency,

1. INTRODUCTION

The rapid consumption energy growth for building cooling applications using compressor based
cooling system, has prompted researchers to develop a lower energy consumption cooling
system. However, the study on Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) system has been shown that
this system would cooling the outdoor air without modifying outdoor air moisture content. In a
conventional IEC system, there is no directly contact between water as a cooling medium and
outdoor air. It would be applied two air stream for the IEC system, first the primary air stream
(outdoor /product air) which is flowing in dry channel and the secondary air stream which is
flowing in wet channel. The dry and wet channel is separated by a plate heat exchanger, at which
the sensible heat of outdoor air (primary air) in the dry channel would be absorbed by heat
surface in dry channel side and aids the evaporation of the secondary air in wet channel, thus the
primary air is cooled conductively in the dry channel without adding its moisture content, the
product air become cold and dry, meanwhile the secondary (working) air would received the
latent heat of vaporized water and adding the moisture content of the secondary air. It can be
stated that using the conventional IEC, the product air resulted is far from its dew point
temperature as the cooling of the product air is limited by the wet bulb secondary (working) air
temperature in the wet channel, which limiting the amount sensible heat could be absorbed to
evaporate water in the wet channel. However, the IEC system was provide more attractive
evaporative cooling option than that DEC system, as it worked at constant moisture [1]. This
conventional IEC system could provide a 20% of energy saving when it combined with
dehumidifier into air retraction and air delivery of radiant cooling system [2]. The integration of
direct and indirect evaporative cooling in a single and two stage operation mode could result a
51% energy saving during intermediate seasons but required 36% more energy input during
cooling seasons [3]. However the conventional IEC has provide a low energy consumption
evaporative cooling system, a cooling process without modifying outdoor air moisture content,
but it required the present of the secondary air to favor the cooling of the primary air and the
outdoor air has not been able to cool to its dew point temperature yet. It could be considered that
there are three basic energy requirement in the conventional IEC system including input energy
to supply the primary (outdoor) air stream into dry channel, to supply the secondary (working)
air stream into the wet channel and input energy for spraying water into the wet channel, these
input energy would influence the cooling effectiveness of the conventional IEC system. The
purpose of cooling the outdoor air into its dew point temperature (DPT) in the conventional IEC
system could be improved by employing a Regenerative Indirect Evaporative Cooling (R-IEC)
or Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooling (DP-IEC) and Maisotsenko Indirect Evaporative
Cooling (M-IEC). In the R-IEC system, the primary air would be cooled by a regenerated
secondary air stream which is extracting from the primary air stream at outlet. This part of the
primary air has already cooled, so then the corresponding wet bulb temperature (WBT) of
secondary air in the R-IEC system has become lower than the regular secondary air WBT
compare to using outdoor air or returned air as the secondary air. This lower secondary air WBT
would lowering the limit at which the primary air can be cooled, then it would decrease the
primary air temperature at outlet. [4-9]. The main advantage of the R-IEC is the outdoor air is
cooled at a constant moisture below its WBT of the outdoor air, as the cooled primary air was
extracting become the secondary air. Then the disadvantage of the R-IEC is the primary air flow
rate become decreased due to those air extracting process. In this system, the primary air could
only be cooled until obtaining the WBT of the secondary air at inlet, this system was also named
as sub wet bulb IEC [10]. It is cooled the primary air not so close to its DPT. The improvement
of the R-IEC system is the DP-IEC system, at which it would cooled the primary air near to the
limit of its DPT at inlet. It consists two stages of R-IEC equipment, at which the outlet primary
air would be partly used as the secondary air for first stage and the rest of the primary air would
be flowing to the second stage as the primary air. The secondary air of this system would be
much cooler than that of the secondary air in classic IEC system and the primary air could be
continue cooled to reach near its DPT of the primary air at inlet and this become the advantage
of the DP-IEC, the most disadvantage of the DP-IEC is the primary air flow rate become
decreased with the number of stage. Due to the primary air behavior , this system was also
named as dry bulb IEC.[10]. The DP-IEC system has present a better primary air cooling
process than the R-IEC system, as the primary air could nearly reach its DPT of the primary air
at inlet. A super performance of dew point air cooler has been studied by Peng Xu et.al (2016)
[11] It established of using a super performance wet material layer, better heat and mass
exchanger and an intermittent water supply scheme at which could produce a higher cooling
performance. It consists of a complex exchanging sheets which contain many dry and wet
channel, and works as the IEC system with primary and secondary air stream scheme, so then the
outdoor air (primary air) could be cooled into nearly its DPT. The research results showed that
this system have obtained wet-bulb cooling effectiveness of 114%, dew point cooling
effectiveness of 75% and a significant higher COP of 52.5, at standard condition dry bulb
temperature (TDB) of 37.8oC and wet bulb temperature (WBT) of 21.1oC. It also indicated that
the lower the inlet air relative humidity would led to a higher cooling efficiency. These results
indicated that this system has a 100 – 160% higher COP and reduce the electricity used by 50-
70% compared to the existing dew point cooler. Furthermore , the improved performance in
terms of cooling the primary air into its dew point temperature at constant moisture content for
the DP-IEC has been provided by the M-IEC system. This M-IEC system representing an
alternative dew point evaporative cooling system at which the primary air can be cooled more
closer to its DPT at constant moisture content. It consists of two dry channel, one for the primary
stream and the other one for the secondary air. The secondary air stream has multiple passages
from its dry channel into wet channel at which in each passage of the equipment, the secondary
air moisture content would be increased until it reached the saturation condition, as the
evaporated water would be diffused into the secondary air as moisture.[10] The uses of many
passages for the secondary air would result a better sensible cooling for the primary air , at which
the final DBT of the primary (product) air at outlet could reach near the DPT of the primary air at
inlet, it very close to its DPT. The main merit of the M-IEC is the outdoor air can be cooled near
its DPT in constant moisture content, but it required most complex construction and air flow
scheme.
On the other hand, there is a Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling (SIEC) system which
could work as direct evaporative cooling or indirect evaporative cooling depend on the outdoor
air and return air stream relative humidity [12]. It usually consists of porous material tube, at
which its external surface would act as the heat exchange surface which has directly contact to
the outdoor air, while water would be sprayed into the inside of porous tube to cool the
secondary air and capillarity transported into the external surface to absorb the sensible heat of
the primary air. When the vapor pressure of the outdoor air lower than the vapor pressure of the
water in the heat exchange surface ( low relative humidity ambient air), the SIEC would act as
direct evaporative cooling, at which the water would evaporate and adding the moisture content
of the outdoor air. In contrary, when the vapor pressure of the outdoor air higher than the vapor
pressure of water in the heat exchange surface (high relative humidity ambient air), the SIEC
would work as indirect evaporative cooling (sensible cooling), at which the cooled heat exchange
surface would absorb only the sensible heat of the outdoor air conductively into the wet channel
without modifying outdoor air moisture content. Further study has investigated two types of the
SIEC system which were named Semi-Indirect Evaporative Recuperator made with Ceramic
Pipe (SIERCP) and Semi- Indirect Evaporative Cooling made with Hollow Bricks ( SIECHB)
[12] . The SIERCP consists of porous ceramic pipe with the secondary air flowing inside the pipe
and has a counter flow contact manner with the water sprayed , then allowing the evaporative
cooling phenomena occurred. The secondary air in the inside of the pipe could be the outdoor air
or any return air which associated to an energy recovery system. The water from inside the pipe
would be capillarity transported to the external surface of pipe and absorbed the sensible heat of
the outdoor air. So then the outdoor air would be cooled sensibly without modifying its moisture
content. If the outdoor air vapor pressure lower than that of water present in the external surface
of pipe, the SIERCP would act as direct evaporative cooling at which allowing the
humidification of the outdoor air. In reverse, it would act as indirect evaporative cooling and the
porous pipe would work as a heat exchange that sensibly cooling the outdoor air without
modifying its moisture content. While the SIECHB consists of hollow bricks which filled with
stagnant cold water. The water is previously cooled in a cooling tower that utilized return air
from conditioned air chamber and in such way the water would capillarity transported into the
external hollow brick surface. When the vapor pressure of the outdoor air higher than the water
in the external surface , the SIECHB would act as indirect evaporative cooling and conversely it
would work as direct evaporative cooling.[13]. The experiment test on both semi-indirect
evaporative cooling system in various outdoor air velocity, various humidity level, various
outside dry bulb temperature has been result an evaporative cooling system that can cool the
outdoor air close to its dew point temperature as that in indirect and dew point evaporative
cooling system. This system can be used for cooling system in hot-arid or hot-humid area.
Other supply air cooling method in the SIEC system would give cooling effect to the tube
external surface by using a cold stagnant water inside the tube which is externally cooling by the
secondary air in a cooling chamber. Instead of using a solid plate heat exchange as in indirect
system which is separated primary air and secondary air exclusively, the SIEC use only the
porous tube as the heat exchange medium, which allowing water capillarity transport to the tube
external surface and this would simplify and shorten the evaporative cooling process. The most
material used for the SIEC system including porous ceramic tube [14-18], combined porous
ceramic tube and heat pipe [19], hollow bricks.[20]

LITERATURE REVIEW

Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Many studies has been conducted in investigating this IEC system as its merits for the uses in hot
and humid climate. It provide a dry cold air within the thermal comfort both sensible and latent
thermal comfort. It has studied the investigation of six different cloth fabric including coolpass,
bamboo charcoal+coolmax active, kraft paper, topcool spandex, 320D supplex+3D, 228T
supplex+3M used as a wet pad in indirect evaporative cooling system, from which it could turn
the moisture and expand the wetted area to be a better evaporation. It assessed the absorption
ability and spreading ability of the unsual cloth fabric and compared to the kraft paper which is
commonly used in conventional evaporative cooling system. It results that coolpass bird eye
mesh fabric and bamboo charcoal coolmax active fabric has a great potential to be used in
indirect evaporative cooling system [21]. Other study has investigated the integration of
combination indirect evaporative cooling and dehumidifier into air retraction and air delivery
radiant cooling system respectively and then compared it with the system without indirect
evaporative cooling. It found that the uses of indirect evaporative cooling for air retraction
section would achieve approximately 20% energy saving respect to that without indirect
evaporative cooling [22]. Bogdan Porumb et.al, (2016) has reviewed direct and indirect
evaporative cooling technology respect to their low energy consumption and high cooling
efficiency in various application. It concluded that water consumption is the only disadvantage of
both direct and indirect evaporative cooling system.[23]. Shahab Moshari & Ghassem
Heidarinejad, (2017) investigated the minimization of pressure drop in dry and wet channel of
indirect evaporative cooling system using two groups of fin height within related to the power
consumption reduction. It results that the power consumption were increase by 100 to 130 for the
fin height decrease from 20 to 15 mm, and increase 196% for the fin height decrease from 20 to
10 mm. In addition, the resulted primary air temperature was decrease as the fin height decrease
and increase with the increase of air volume flow rate.[24] Min-Hwi Kim & Jae-Weon Jeong,
(2013) has studied the integration of direct and indirect evaporative system in a single and two
stage operation mode into a 100% outdoor air system respect to the energy performance and
compared it to a conventional variable air volume (VAV) system. It was concluded that the
purposed system operate in two stage mode (operates both the direct and indirect evaporative
cooling) in intermediate season could obtain 51% energy saving compared to the conventional
VAV system, but it consumed 36% more energy requirement during the cooling season due to the
limited cooling performance of indirect evaporative cooling system in hot and humid climate.
[25] Min-Hwi Kim.et.al, (2015) studied a prediction using a practical model of a wet-coil
indirect evaporative cooling thermal performance which integrated into a variable air volume
(VAV) system for pre-cooling outdoor air inlet. It showed that this integrated system has
obtained cooling effectiveness for about 75% and 59% heat recovery effectiveness. It also
achieved the reduction of annual energy consumption for about 45% compared to the VAV
system.[26] Ghassem Heidarinejad, et.al. (2009) investigated two-stage evaporative cooling
system consisting indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) as the first stage and followed by direct
evaporative cooling (DEC) as the second stage in various simulated climates. It experimentally
tested the various outdoor design condition for the primary and secondary air stream using two
air simulators, from which the wide variety outdoor condition in Iran could be satisfied. It
obtained the range of system effectiveness 55-61% for IEC and the range of 108-111% for
IEC/DEC. It also studied the relation between the comfort conditions achieved and power saving
gained with the excessive water requirement, in which this IEC/DEC system could achieve more
than 60% power saving compare to the mechanical vapor compression system with increasing in
water consumption for about 55% with respect to the direct evaporative cooling system. This
system is proposed could fill the gap between the mechanical vapor compression system and
direct evaporative cooling system.[27]. Wei Chen, (2011) has studied the utilization of a wet-
porous cooling plate for building wall. It analyze the influences of outdoor air environment and
porous plate thickness to the cooling performance of the wet-porous evaporative plate. It showed
that more cooling could be supplied to the inside room within the decrease of the outside air
relative humidity and increasing of outside air temperature. The porous evaporative plate could
obtained a mean temperature of 5-8oC below the ambient temperature which meet the cooling
requirement in a hot day.[28]. Min-Hwi Kim.et.al., (2011) studied the heat exchange
effectiveness of a dry coil indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) unit which is composed by a direct
evaporative cooler and a sensible heat exchange in series arrangement, for various operating
condition. In this dry coil IEC, the air passed through first into the direct evaporative cooling
which acts similar as the wet channel in wet coil IEC and cooled the air near its wet bulb
temperature. The air leaving the DEC would then be delivered to the sensible heat exchange to
cool the air. The experiment result showed this dry coil IEC could provide 20-60% effectiveness
even in hot and humid seasons using a lower temperature and dry return air to sweep the air
passing through the DEC [29].
Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Further discussion on indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) should be mentioned a requirement to
improve the efficiency of the IEC, as in fact, the IEC has a lower efficiency that the direct
evaporative cooling (DEC) system [30]. It then is introduced a semi-indirect evaporative cooling
(SIEC) system that was a successful attempt to improve the efficiency of the IEC system. It
should be clear that the terms of “ semi-indirect” is used to describe this IEC system as it
designed to operate either as a direct evaporative cooling or indirect evaporative cooling
depending on the relative humidity of outside air and return air stream [31]. The SIEC is usually
composed of porous material pipes, such as porous ceramic pipes, hollow brick and it has two
air flow supplies, first air flow , supply air flow is used for cooling and the second one to be used
to conduce heat and mass transfer process by forcing it against the downstream sprayed water,
[32]. The whole process was occurred in the inside and outside of a single pipes from a bank
porous pipes, in which the cooling effect was provide by two heat exchange processes, i.e. first
heat exchange process between supply and return air, and the second one between supply air and
pipe external surface. Several studied has been conducted relates to the semi-indirect evaporative
cooling system. R.Herrero Martin, (2008) studied experimentally the semi-indirect evaporative
cooling as a device used in energy recovery in air conditioning system, which is assessed in
various air flow and relative humidity level. It employed three air flow levels of 140, 260, 380
m3/h and three relative humidity levels of less than 30%, between 30-60%, and more than 60%,
then five temperature levels of 40, 36.5, 33, 29.5, 26 oC. The results showed this system is better
used in tropical climate region with high ambient air temperature and humidity, in which the high
humidity of supply air or primary air would be decreased using the cooling effect of evaporative
cooling the secondary air.[33] E.Velasco Gomez et.al, (2010) investigated fundamental operation
of two different configuration of the SIEC system which described as, first, semi-indirect
evaporative recuperator made with ceramic pipes (SIERCP) and second one, semi-indirect
evaporative cooler made with hollow brick (SIECHB) and characterize those both system
behavior based on different outside air condition. The tests would be performed in different air
volume flow rate, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity for each of those two system. The
air volume flow rate was varied of 290, 410 and 515 m3/h for SIERCP and 180, 360 and 540
m3/h for SIECHB, the different air volume flow rate setting for SIERCP and SIECHB due to
the different in pressure drop as the air handling unit was not possible to provide the same air
volume flow rate. This setting could not be valid as the two system has been performed with
different sets of air volume rate. In order to develop enough data for a comparative analysis,
the same relative humidity levels for each of dry bulb temperature would be applied, in which for
20oC the relative humidity was set to 50%, then 25, 30, 35, and 40 oC with 45, 35, 25, and 20%
relative humidity. It concluded that the SIECHB system obtained a slightly higher cooling
capacity, thermal conductance and wet bulb thermal effectiveness than SIERCP system , and it
found as well that the performance of these system improve when the outdoor air temperature
increase within a lower air relative humidity.[34] E.Velasco Gomez et.al, (2005) studied a semi-
indirect cooler used a porous ceramic as a heat exchange medium between outdoor air and
conditioned return air which is directly force against the water sprayed. It found that this system
is then would introduced as the semi-indirect evaporative cooling which recover energy between
outdoor air and conditioned return air. As well, this introduced system had a ceramic structure
that acts as a filter to eliminate outdoor air contamination, as it has not been in directly contact
with sprayed water and avoid the product air from Legionnaire’s disease spreading.[35].
Fenghao Wang et.al, (2017) studied a novel indirect evaporative cooling system with made of a
porous ceramic tube type, to improve surface hydrophilicity of wet channel and reduce pump
energy consumption compared to the traditional IEC system. It resulted the increasing of
secondary/primary air ratio to 0.9 and the decreasing of spray water rate would improve the wet
bulb efficiency or cooling efficiency of IEC system. This novel IEC system enables to save 95%
pump energy consumption compared to the traditional IEC, as well as this system work stable
under the typical hot and dry condition within a wet bulb efficiency fluctuation of 40.3% to
42.2% and obtained the highest COP of 34.9.[36] Previous study by F.J. Rey Martinez et.al,
(2004) investigated the comparison between indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) using an
aluminum plate as the interchanger and semi-indirect evaporative cooling (SIEC) made with
solid porous ceramic. In this IEC system, it only heat transfer taking place on the primary air
stream (air supply), while for SIEC, both heat and mass transfer are taking place, allowing
sensible and latent cooling of the primary air stream. The primary air flow for IEC and SIEC are
setting on 118.8 or 220.2 m3/h and 140 or 260 m3/h respectively, while different humidity range
are applied for IEC on 20-40%, 40-60%, and more than 60%, while for the SIEC system on less
than 30%, 30-60% and more than 60%. The results showed the SIEC system has a better
performance as it allowed the sensible and latent heat transfer taking place, which not only
lowering air supply temperature but also reduce air supply moisture content due to evaporative
cooling process on the porous ceramic tube surface.[37] X.Zhao et.al, (2007) investigated the
selection of various material that suitable used as heat and mass transfer medium for IEC system,
in which thermal conductivity (TC) and water retaining capacity (porosity) has a little influences
in this material selection. The more important influenced factors would be the holding ability,
durability, compatibility, contamination risk and cost. It concluded that the most suitable material
for IEC system in terms of heat and mass transfer capability are included the wick attained
copper or aluminum (metal type) , low porosity wooden or flax fiber (fiber type), low porosity
ceramic, low porosity and high thermal conductance zeolite and carbon.[38] S.B. Riffat and Jie
Zhu, (2004) has been studied the mathematical model of SIEC using porous ceramic and heat
pipe as cooling sources and heat transfer device respectively. It applied two air passage
distinctively, first air passage for indoor air and the second for outdoor air. It constructed with a
porous ceramic which filled with water for the first air passage and a heat pipe is situated along
the two air passage. The heat pipe would transfer the cold from porous ceramic passage to the
interior of building and absorb the indoor air heat. It found that the high cooling capacity would
be obtained in the dry and windy weather and to achieve a higher cooling efficiency, the indoor
air velocity should be set at 0.6 m/s [39]
The additional review has been tabulated as can be seen in Table .1.

Table 1. Additional studies of direct, indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling system
No Refference Research Objective Research Results

1 T.Yanagi & H.Xin suitable thermoneutral zone (TNZ) for TNZ for laying hens at 21-25 oC, the air vapor
(2002) laying hens using partial wetting surface pressure deficit is directly proportional to the
method evaporation rate.

Yahav (2001) the influence of indoor cage environment heat stress would occurred at the temperature
2 to the broiler heat stress higher than 35oC ± 1oC, feed intake reduced by
16%
H. Xin and I.L.Berry
3 the indoor environment conventional and for the conventional house the daily cage
(1994) tunneled broiler house temperature of about 22.2 to 34.7oC ( mean
29.3oC) with 56% of relative humidity (RH) and
for tunneled house would be 24.9 to 29.6 oC
(mean 28.1oC) within RH of 64%.
Koskela (2007)
4 the cage indoor air temperature the fluctuation of the indoor air temperature
should be less than 5.0oC within a few minutes,
otherwise the broilers would experience a cold
air provoked respiratory syndrome

5 Tan (2010) adjust the outdoor cage air temperature for at 29-30oC outdoor air temperature , it could be
indoor cage environment keep stable the change indoor cage air
temperature for 4oC by turning on/off the ECP
H.Xin et.al (1994)
6 indoor environment profiles of broilers the use of ECP in the tunnel house for summer
house days could reduce about 8 to 12 oC of the
incoming air temperature, and there is no birds
dead related to the heat stress effect.

7 Li Rong et.al ( 2017) dynamic performance of ECP using wind when the control time cycle is arranged longer
tunnel and the supply air velocity is bigger, the
temperature drop between inlet and outlet ECP
would be larger
8
Willits (2003) influence of air supply velocity by limiting the increase of supply air velocity
and using an appropriate cooling technology, the
cage indoor environment can be maintained
properly.
9 Liao and Chiu (2002)
cage indoor environment study the desired cage indoor environment can be
stably provided using the ECP as it was the least
expensive technology which can bring the dry-
bulb temperature to the convenience temperature
range for the broilers accordingly
10 Dagtekin.et.al
the effect of implementing different when the outside relative humidity lower than
(2009b) parameters on the ECP 50%, the 9oC temperature different through
cooling pad can be achieved and the cooling
efficiency would gain to 70-72%.

11 Kocaturk and Yildiz studied the influences of air speed on the the highest cooling efficiency would be reached
ECP system at the air speed range of 0.5 – 2.0 ms-1
(2006) It is then argued by Dactekin, that at the air
speed less than 0.5 ms-1, it would occurred the
laminar flow and at the air speed higher than 1.5
ms-1 , the air residential time would be too short
to evaporate water at the pad material surface
and maintain mass transfer between air and
water to have a proper relative humidity.
12 Ilhan Ceylan et.al investigated a new method of ECP system It obtained the cooling efficiency of 38% and
using a ground sources as an heat relative humidity 54% on average.
(2016)
exchanger to cool the circulated water

investigated the performance of It found that the air can only be cooled to 27-
evaporative cooling fan-pad system for a 29oC in a high relative humidity environment as
13 J. Xu et.al, (2015) glass multi-span greenhouse in Shanghai, in Shanghai. The uses of the evaporative cooling
China within humid subtropical climate. pad in humid subtropical climate has not as
efficient as it used in dry and arid climate region

investigated the uses of a groundwater the IDEC cooling efficiency has been reached
14 Issam M. Ali based indirect-direct evaporative cooling 108% compare to 77.5% when using only the
Aljubury and Hind (IDEC) unit for a greenhouse in Iraq within direct evaporative cooling pad. This groundwater
Dhia’a Ridha, (2017) around 50oC ambient air temperature IDEC could decrease greenhouse air temperature
during summer. about 12.1 - 21.6oC and increasing relative
humidity by about 8 - 62% compared to the
ambient air temperature.

investigated the uses of cellulose pad- It obtained the COP of room cooling using air
Tung-Fu Hou et.al,
15 evaporative cooling system as cellulose cooler at daytime between 8.8 and 12.6 , while
(2016) pad water cooling tower (CWCT) the overall cooling COP is about 5.1.

studied the use of chiller cooled- mist this new evaporative air cooled methods could
A.E. Kabeel et.al,
16 water to cool the inlet ambient air passing improve the chiller COP up to 91%, compared to
(2017) through the chiller condenser the conventional air cooled chiller. While the
conventional evaporative air cooled chiller had
obtained chiller COP for about 82% compared to
the conventional air cooled chiller.

17 P. Martinez et.al, studied the integration of the evaporative found that the maximum COP has been obtained
cooling pad with different pad thickness to at 100 mm pad thickness and at the same point,
(2016)
it gain a reduction in compressor power
the split-air conditioning condenser. consumption about 11.4%, improve cooling
capacity for about 1.8% and overall COP by
10.6%.

18 the evaporative condenser could reduce

K..Harby.et.al., the use of evaporative cooling condenser compressor power consumption for about up to
(2016) system in reducing the energy requirement 58% and improved the cooling COP by
for compressor based cooling system 113.4% .

19 T.Gunhan, (2007). studied some local material such as pumice the volcanic tuff has a close suitability as an
stones, volcanic tuff, and greenhouse alternative pad material to the CELdek at 0.6
shading net as a pad material variations ms-1 air velocity
studied cardboard, hazelnut rind and wood results their evaporative cooling efficiencies
Dagtekin.et.al, shaving as pad material variations
20 respectively 79% ; 48% ; and 69%.
(1998).

results cooling efficiencies of coir fibre (89.6 -

Liao and Chiu (2002) studied and recommended some local pad 92.8%), fine fabric ( 47.22 – 85.51%) and coarse
21 materials fabric (63.88 – 86.32%), polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) .

studied stem sponge , ground sponge, jute stem sponge has a greater qualities as pad
Dzivama A.U, (1999) fibre, and charcoal as an alternative pad material compared to ground sponge, jute fibre,
22 material the influence of pad material to and charcoal
the cooling efficiency It proved that the cooling efficiency of
23 Al-Massoum et.al, the influence of pad material to the cooling evaporative cooling pad has been influenced by
efficiency its pad material, the pad material should be
1998
porous enough to allow free flow of air pass
through to the cooling pad, and it also should has
large amount of wetted surface area to give
adequate time for contacting with air flow, to
reach saturated air, on the other hand, the pad
materials should be able locally and inexpensive

Abdullah Malli, et.al study on thermal and hydrodynamic It resulted that for the pad 5090 at 1.8 ms -1 air
24 performance of evaporative cooling pad speed, and 150 mm pad thickness has given the
(2011)
(ECP) using two new type of cellulose maximum effectiveness and the minimum
papers 5090 and 7090 evaporation rate has been given by 75 mm
thickness of pad 7090, in air speed of 1.8 ms-1

studied coir fiber and a nonwoven fabric
25 perforated pad and assessed the influence
Liao et.al (1998)
of pad thickness and suction air velocity to
the pressure drop and cooling efficiency of
the ECP
It reported that coir fiber has had a higher
cooling efficiency varied of 89.69-92.86% than
nonwoven hollowed pad which has cooling
efficiency varied of 81.19-81.89% in 2-3 ms -1
air velocity and 15 cm pad thickness.

Rawangkul.et.al, studied coconut fiber pad material the coconut fibre has a potential to be an
26 alternative pad material, in which the experiment
(2008)
is conducted in the air velocity of 1.88-2.79 ms-1.

reported that the cooling efficiency would

27 Wu et.al , second studied the effect of heat and mass transfer decrease within the the increasing of suction air
paper (2009) between air and water tissue in the velocity and decreasing of pad thickness
perennial honeycomb paper as pad material
in the ECP system.
it showed that a higher wetted pad surface would
28 R.K. Kulkarni et.al studied the comparison performance of the result a higher saturation efficiency , the study
(2011) Aspen and cellulose material in ECP results showed that the Aspen material has given
system in terms of their saturation the highest surfeited efficiency of 87.5%
efficiency compare to the cellulose material that only
reached 77.5% saturation efficiency.

palash fiber has a better effectiveness than that

of other material i.e 26.31% and 13.2% more
than khus and that of aspen material respectively,
29 Hindoliya (2011) study the local pad materials furthermore it found as well that palash fiber and
coconut fiber has a good water resistance
capability than that of aspen material

It has been revealed that the saturation efficiency

has decreased from 64.7% to 55.9%, while
30 Akintunji et.al, (2014) study on coconut coir as pad material discharge air temperature increases from 25.2 oC
which experimentally assessed the ECP to 27.1oC.
performance on air mass flow rate variation
between 0.16 kg/s to 0.54 kg/s.
it has been resulted the saturation efficiency
investigated the efficiency of curtain fabric range between 46.3 to 61.3%..
31 Banyat.et.al (2013) and raw cotton fabric cooling pad, and
within the blower speed variation of 725,
1015, 1450 rpm and 26 lt/min water flow
rate
32 R.Bonkhanouf et.al, It reached a maximum cooling capacity of 280
(2014) studied a porous ceramics materials with W.
outside DBT 45oC

the indoor DBT dropped to 8 to 16 in low RH

33 Maqsood et.al, (1993) study on relative humidity influence on the
ECP performance
34 Buffington.et.al, investigated four different pad material for
(1978) the ECP in a stable air velocity of 0.75 ms-1
35 Cruz.et.al, (2006) evaluated the efficiency of three different
pad material at different air temperature
and air velocity of 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, and 5.6
ms-1
36 Abdel-wahab.S.
Kassem, (1994)
studied in developing mathematical model
to reduce energy and water consumption on
the ECP for farm structure
it investigated the uses of saline water with
different concentration in wetting the
A.E.Kabeel and M.M.
37 honeycomb cellulose pad, as well as it
Bassuoni, (2017) studied the effect of pad air supply
conditions and salinity ratio to the water
consumption.
studied experimentally the semi-indirect
38 R.Herrero Martin, evaporative cooling as a device used in
energy recovery in air conditioning system,
(2008)
which is assessed in various air flow and
relative humidity level.
39
E.Velasco.Gomez investigated fundamental operation of two
et.al, (2010) different configuration of the SIEC system
which described as, first, semi-indirect
evaporative recuperator made with
ceramic pipes (SIERCP) and second one,
semi-indirect evaporative cooler made with
hollow brick (SIECHB) and characterize
those both system behavior based on
40 different outside air condition.
E.Velasco.Gomez
et.al, (2005)
studied a semi-indirect cooler used a
porous ceramic as a heat exchange medium
between outdoor air and conditioned return
air which is directly force against the water
sprayed
41 Fenghao Wang et.al, studied a novel indirect evaporative
cooling system with made of a porous
(2017) ceramic tube type, to improve surface
hydrophilicity of wet channel and reduce
( 10%-30%) and 4 to 5 in higher RH.
it found that the maximum cooling efficiency
has been reached in a cement compounded sugar
beet pulp pad, then followed by a cellulose based
pad, and the rubberized pig bristle has given the
lowest cooling efficiency.
the highest cooling efficiency of 80% has been
attained at 3.2 ms-1 air velocity.
it found that the energy and water consumption
can be reduced by increasing the cooling
efficiency and covering the roof of greenhouse
using an external shading
It found that the experiment was run at water
temperature 2.5oC higher than the air supply wet
bulb temperature and within the salinity ratio of
200 000 ppm, the water consumption was reduce
about 1.5 liter/hour while the supply air
temperature increased 8.6%.
this system is better used in tropical climate
region with high ambient air temperature and
humidity, in which the high humidity of supply
air or primary air would be decreased using the
cooling effect of evaporative cooling the
secondary air.
the SIECHB system obtained a slightly higher
cooling capacity, thermal conductance and wet
bulb thermal effectiveness than SIERCP system ,
and it found as well that the performance of
these system improve when the outdoor air
temperature increase within a lower air relative
humidity.
It found that this system is then would
introduced as the semi-indirect evaporative
cooling which recover energy between outdoor
air and conditioned return air. As well, this
introduced system had a ceramic structure that
acts as a filter to eliminate outdoor air
contamination, as it has not been in directly
contact with sprayed water and avoid the
product air from Legionnaire’s disease
spreading.
It resulted the increasing of secondary/primary
air ratio to 0.9 and the decreasing of spray water
rate would improve the wet bulb efficiency or
cooling efficiency of IEC system. This novel
IEC system enables to save 95% pump energy
 pump energy consumption compared to the
traditional IEC system.
investigated the comparison between
F.J.Rey.Martinez et.al,
42 indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) using
(2004) an aluminum plate as the interchanger and
semi-indirect evaporative cooling (SIEC)
made with solid porous ceramic.
43 X.Zhao et.al, (2007) investigated the selection of various
material that suitable used as heat and mass
transfer medium for IEC system
studied the investigation of six different
44 Peng Xu et.al, (2016) cloth fabric including coolpass, bamboo
charcoal+coolmax active, kraft paper,
topcool spandex, 320D supplex+3D, 228T
supplex+3M used as a wet pad in indirect
evaporative cooling system, from which it
could turn the moisture and expand the
wetted area for a better evaporation
45
Marco.Mariotti.&
studied the integration of combination
Lorenzo Moro, (2016) indirect evaporative cooling and
dehumidifier into air retraction and air
delivery radiant cooling system
respectively and then compared it with the
system without indirect evaporative
cooling.
reviewed direct and indirect evaporative
Bogdan Porumb et.al,
46 cooling technology respect to their low
(2016) energy consumption and high cooling
efficiency in various application.
47 investigated the minimization of pressure
Shahab.Moshari.&
drop in dry and wet channel of indirect
Ghassem evaporative cooling system using two
groups of fin height within related to the
Heidarinejad, (2017)
power consumption reduction.
48 Min-Hwi Kim & Jae- studied the integration of direct and
indirect evaporative system in a single and
Weon Jeong, (2013)
two stage operation mode into a 100%
outdoor air system respect to the energy
performance and compared it to a
conventional variable air volume (VAV)
system
consumption compared to the traditional IEC, as
well as this system work stable under the typical
hot and dry condition within a wet bulb
efficiency fluctuation of 40.3% to 42.2% and
obtained the highest COP of 34.9.
the results showed the SIEC system has a better
performance as it allowed the sensible and latent
heat transfer taking place, which not only
lowering air supply temperature but also reduce
air supply moisture content due to evaporative
cooling process on the porous ceramic tube
surface.
It concluded that the most suitable material for
IEC system in terms of heat and mass transfer
capability are included the wick attained copper
or aluminum (metal type) , low porosity wooden
or flax fiber (fiber type), low porosity ceramic,
low porosity and high thermal conductance
zeolite and carbon.
it results that coolpass bird eye mesh fabric and
bamboo charcoal coolmax active fabric has a
great potential to be used in indirect evaporative
cooling system.
the uses of indirect evaporative cooling for air
retraction section would achieve approximately
20% energy saving respect to that without
indirect evaporative cooling.
It concluded that water consumption is the only
disadvantage of both direct and indirect
evaporative cooling system
It results that the power consumption were
increase by 100 to 130 for the fin height
decrease from 20 to 15 mm, and increase 196%
for the fin height decrease from 20 to 10 mm. In
addition, the resulted primary air temperature
was decrease as the fin height decrease and
increase with the increase of air volume flow
rate.
It was concluded that the purposed system
operate in two stage mode (operates both the
direct and indirect evaporative cooling) in
intermediate season could obtain 51% energy
saving compared to the conventional VAV
system, but it consumed 36% more energy
requirement during the cooling season.
It obtained the range of system effectiveness 55-
49 Ghassem. investigated two-stage evaporative cooling 61% for IEC and the range of 108-111% for
system consisting indirect evaporative IEC/DEC. This IEC/DEC system could achieve
Heidarinejad, et.al.
cooling (IEC) as the first stage and more than 60% power saving compare to the
(2009) followed by direct evaporative cooling mechanical vapor compression system with
(DEC) as the second stage in various increasing in water consumption for about 55%
simulated climates. with respect to the direct evaporative cooling
system.

It showed that this integrated system has

50 Min-Hwi Kim.et.al, studied a prediction using a practical model
of a wet-coil indirect evaporative cooling
(2015)
thermal performance which integrated into
a variable air volume (VAV) system for
pre-cooling outdoor air inlet.
obtained cooling effectiveness for about 75%
and 59% heat recovery effectiveness. It also
achieved the reduction of annual energy
consumption for about 45% compared to the
VAV system.

the porous evaporative plate could obtained a

51 studied the utilization of a wet-porous mean temperature of 5-8oC below the ambient
Wei Chen, (2011)
cooling plate for building wall. temperature which meet the cooling requirement
in a hot day.

the experiment result showed this dry coil IEC

52 Min-Hwi Kim.et.al., studied the heat exchange effectiveness of could provide 20-60% effectiveness even in hot
a dry coil indirect evaporative cooling and humid seasons using a lower temperature
(2011)
(IEC) unit which is composed by a direct and dry return air to sweep the air passing
evaporative cooler and a sensible heat through the DEC .
exchange in series arrangement, for various
operating condition.

it resulted that the high cooling capacity could be

S.B. Riffat and Jie reached in dry and windy weather, as well to
53 Studied the mathematical modeling of IEC
Zhu, (2004) using porous ceramic and heat pipe as the obtain a higher cooling efficiency the setting
cooling sources and heat transfer device indoor air velocity should be 0.6 m/s
respectively

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SKINLESS BAMBOO POTENCY AS AN

EVAPORATIVE COOLING NEW POROUS MATERIAL

Based on the paper have been reviewed , although various porous material has been used in those
evaporative cooling system, the uses of the skinless bamboo as its porous material has not yet
been investigated. For the future development, it would be utilized the use of local skinless
bamboo, to develop a novel indirect evaporative cooling, named Skinless Bamboo- Integrated
Dew Point and Semi Indirect Evaporative Cooling (SB-IDPSIEC). In general, as it can be seen
in Fig.1, there was several species of local bamboo would probably can be used as the new
evaporative cooling porous material, it included respectively Sacred Bali Bamboo
(Schizostachyum Brachycladum), Schizostachyum Brachycladum Ratchaphruek, Bamboo Tabah
(Gigantochloc Nigrociliata), Schizostachyum Brachycladum Yellow, Slender Weavers Bamboo.

Figure 1. Common bamboo species

Figure 2. Part of bamboo trees [40]

Most study has been investigated bamboo, in engineering aspect, as a building constructions
material, or as a natural fiber from plants to reinforce composite material or even to replace
polymeric fiber with plants fiber. The study in using skinless bamboo as an porous material in
evaporative air cooling application has not been done yet. Bamboo is an abundance plant that
has significant low density, high strength and stiffness.[41]. In choosing bamboo for evaporative
cooling purposes, some physical and morphology characteristics of material should be
considered including density, porosity, wall thickness. Bamboo tree has composed of inner most,
culms and skin, as can be seen in Fig.2. Varied mechanical and physical properties of bamboo is
depend on the structure of bamboo culms, density, average size, and also their vascular number.
[42],[43]. The low density of bamboo would be useful for mass and heat transfer in evaporative
cooling, as it has a higher porosity. The reduction of bamboo wall thickness as a result of
diminution process would decrease the bamboo diameter from the bottom to the top portion.[44].
A thinner material would provide a better heat and mass transfer for indirect and semi indirect
evaporative cooling. In addition, the height of bamboo can be indicated by the length of its
internodes.[45]. Those bamboo properties has been appropriate to the working principle of the
evaporative cooling proposed. The selected bamboo would then to be integrated to the semi-
indirect evaporative cooling system and create the SB-IDPSIEC system a new evaporative
cooling system.
 THE FEATURES AND WORK PRINCIPLES OF SKINLESS BAMBOO –
INTEGRATED DEW POINT AND SEMI INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING

This new system would has the same work principal as the semi-indirect evaporative cooling but
instead of using sprayed water to cool the secondary air stream in the wet channel or using a still
stagnant water in a porous tube to absorb the sensible heat of the primary stream in the dry
channel by evaporating into the outdoor air the water mass transported into the outer tube. It
would be used a solid metal tube (non-porous tube) which was filled with extremely cold -78 oC
local dry ice or local rock salt as the heat exchanger medium to cool the outdoor air convectively.

FIGURE 3. Work principles of the SB-IDPSIEC

As it can be seen at Fig.3, The skinless bamboo is firstly filled by water as a medium to transfer
the cold energy of dry ice topping to the outer bamboo surface. The cooling effect would be
provided by conductively transfer the dry ice cooling energy to the bamboo tube outer surface
and this is predicted would provide an extremely cold bamboo tube outer surface temperature
which probably much lower than the outdoor air dry bulb temperature, consequently this extreme
cold surface would absorb not only the sensible heat of the outdoor air and lead the outdoor air to
reach its dew point temperature, also it would condensed the outdoor air moisture content (latent
heat) become a condensate water and this would reduce the outdoor air moisture content
remarkably rather than just cooling the outdoor air in constant moisture as it most occurred in all
the indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling system, or even the secondary air stream is
humidified to reach its saturated state in order to provide a better cooling effect to the primary air
through the heat exchanger surfaces The SB-IDPSIEC system would cooling and dehumidifying
the outdoor air simultaneously, as well as this cooling system would cut-off the excessive energy
required to drive fan and water pump for withdrawing the secondary air stream and circulating
the sprayed water into the wet channel respectively. The main features different of the SB-
IDPSIEC system compared to the present indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) and or semi-indirect
evaporative cooling (SIEC) can be listed as (a) It uses skinless bamboo as a porous material,
which is locally available and has a capability to be used as it has a certain porosity, absorbivity,
density.(b).Instead of using sprayed water to cool the secondary air, this system use a stagnant
water which is cooled by the dry ice topping on the top of the skinless bamboo. This internally
cooling system would diminish the massive water consumption for evaporative cooling system
and reduce additional energy required to drive spray water and secondary air in IEC system (c).
This novel system has more simple air flow scheme compare to those complex air flow scheme
in IEC system , mostly in Maisotsenko and regenerative IEC system. (d) The SB-DPIEC could
cooling the outdoor air and at the same time reducing the moisture content in the outdoor air.
This air cooling process is quite different with the existing DPIEC system which is cooled the
outdoor air in a constant moisture, while its dry bulb temperature could not reach its dew point
temperature. On the other hand, as it can be seen again in Fig.3, the main work principles
different of the SB-IDPSIEC system compare to those existing evaporative cooling is this novel
system could work integrated as a SIEC system first and then when the stagnant water in the
skinless bamboo has reach its stable extreme temperature, the SB-IDPSIEC would work as a dew
point indirect evaporative cooling (DPIEC) system. This integrated work phenomena could not
be occurred in present SIEC and or DPIEC system. Initially the SB-IDPSIEC system could work
as a SIEC system due to the stagnant water temperature has not yet reached its extreme
temperature, so then when the outdoor air has a high temperature and high relative humidity, its
water vapor pressure would be higher than the water vapor in the skinless bamboo. In this
condition, the SB-IDPSIEC would work as IEC, in which there is no directly contact between
outdoor air and water in the skinless bamboo. On the other hand, when the outdoor air is in high
temperature but low relative humidity, then its water vapor pressure would be lower than the
water vapor pressure in the skinless bamboo. The SB-IDPSIEC would work as DEC, there would
be direct contact between outdoor air and water mass in the skinless bamboo which has been
capillarity transported to the outer bamboo surface. However it can be stated that the SB-
IDPSIEC system could work as a DEC, IEC and DPIEC system depend on the stagnant water
temperature achieved in the skinless bamboo. Other interesting phenomena in this novel system
is the water mass in the skinless bamboo would flow naturally due to the water mass temperature
different between front side and back side of the skinless bamboo. When a thin plate separator is
placed in the middle of skinless bamboo and divided it into front side and back side. The water
mass below the dry ice topping would be cooled and then moved down as its mass density
become higher. In the front side of skinless bamboo, the down moving cold water mass would
absorb the outdoor air heat which is transferred conductively from outer surface to the inner
surfaces of skinless bamboo. This heat would evaporate the cold water and experienced
buoyancy effect then moved it back to the top of skinless bamboo below the dry ice topping to be
cooled. While the cold water in the back side would move to the front side and filled the heat
path left by the evaporated cold water. This phenomena would cause a natural heat and mass
flow in the skinless bamboo, it would has the rate of buoyancy effect in the front side of the
skinless bamboo that probably relate to the temperature drop in the skinless bamboo and allowed
the system work as SIEC to cool the outdoor air in direct and indirect contact with water mass.
Finally when the stagnant water in the skinless bamboo has reach their stable extreme
temperature, the SB-IDPSIEC would work as DPIEC and cooled the outdoor air into its dew
point temperature. This air cooling process would reducing outdoor air moisture content and
when the skinless bamboo outer surfaces temperature lower than the wet bulb outdoor air
temperature, the outdoor air temperature would experience a condensation. This would result a
cold and dry air product.
 CONCLUSION

By selecting the appropriate density, porosity, permeability of the skinless bamboo, it could be
developed a novel indirect evaporative cooling system named Skinless Bamboo- Integrated Dew
Point and Semi Indirect Evaporative Cooling (SB-IDPSIEC) system. In this novel system, the
appropriate skinless bamboo would be integrated into the combined dew point and semi-indirect
evaporative cooling system. It work as the semi-indirect evaporative cooling but cooling the
ambient air (supply air) into the cold air (product air) in the dew point indirect evaporative
cooling process. It produced cold and dehumidified product air.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This article’s publication is supported by the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) through the Sustainable Higher Education Research Alliance (SHERA)
Program for Universitas Indonesia’s Scientific Modeling, Application, Research and Training for
City-centered Innovation and Technology (SMART CITY) Project, Grant #AID-497-A-1600004,
Sub Grant #IIE-00000078-UI-1.

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