l0

TheIlawthorne
Dxoeriments
Frederick J. Roethlisberger

The.e seemsto be d dsunpiion today ey Fi ofilsracd.r frar we cm make

thar se oeed d conpler ser ofideas to
handle lhe codpler problens of this t. ln tnowing wery clearlr the cla$ of
conplex worLd in which we l1ve. we 4- Flenomena ro which our ides dd
sume th!! a bic !.oblen needs a bis nelhods relatc. Now, this is deFly a
way of saling, 'Do not use a sas d a
id€ai a conplex problem needsa con-
hanner." A sa{ is a usetul loolpre,
plex idea for ift slution. As a r*ult, ou
. cisely because ir is linited md de-
thinkins tends !o becone nore dd sigred for a certain purpoF. Do no!
more rormous a.d huddled. Nowhere is cnici4 the usetulnes ofa saw be.ase
dris noie he rhm in nattes ofhunan it dos lor make a good hannei . . .
behavior.l. seemsto ne thar the road
back to saniry-,nd here is vhere ny It n my sinple thsls that a hlman
prcblen requnes a humd solurion. Inst,
we have to leam torecocnize a hunan
1. In ]Evins a few shple dd clear ideas problen when we seeoner ed, scond,
aboutthe xorld in which re live. upon rccognizbg ir, we have to lea6 to
2. In conpliatins our ideas,nor in a deal with it as such md not d if it yerc
Yatuun, bD! only in Elerence ro
somethins else. Too oft€n at lhe verbai
thinss we can obsere, see,feel, hear,
a touc!. Let u not eeftralize flon lerel se talk sl,bly about rhe inportmcc
verbaldenniti.$i ler !s know in lao of the huhm {actor dd too seldon at
{hat we de raltins rbour. the concrcre level or behavior do we rec.
J In having a very sinple nethod by o8lize a human lroblen for whar it is
neans of shich we cad explore our aqd deal silh ir as such. A nlllm Fol-
cospld world. \ve nee,l a r@l which btu to be brclsht tu t hmn \atLtian te,
wili alld usro sct nlc idd, &on whch qtircs l aM dotd and hmh toak. h is
our sdcEli:atios areb b. dra*r \t/e my pu.pose b use the Wsre.n ElecEic
needa simpleskill to lee! c in iolch researches as an illNrari.n of what
with sh3r is sometnnesrefened to d
I nean by this $aieneni, becaus, if
they desen'e the lublicity and acclain
4. tn bcinc tough-ninded, i.e.,innot
lettincouEelvesLe roo disappointed {hich ther have receivcd, ir is becaue,
becaNethe coqilci Norld n*e. qu,re in ny opinion. they hare s. conclu-
tulflls oui non chBnsledexpecra, siveLydenonsrFted rhis poio!. In ths
ridnsof ir. Let us renember.hatthe seNe rher are tie road back to siry in
concretephenonenaril ali?ys elude noagemen.emproy.e.€]abos.

Softri R9dnted bt permissionof dr. pltlishe ton Nlan s|lrnr dndMmL bt r I. RoetlLnb€lss,
canbddse, MN.hsetar Hawai! univesirr ?rd, cdptnghr e) t94L br L\e ?mide.r 3nd Fcllo{s of
Harurd couecej o 1969by t J. R.{htLteqei

142
'Itu Hd@r[mE4.rtm6 143

EXPERIMEIITS allored to telieve that the inteNitv ot

TNILLUMINATION ilLumination vas-Leing decreased,al-
rhouph aE.in, inract,no actuardrnge
wa' .aa" fl. worke6 Lonpl,ined
The \(/*rm Electic research$ sFrted
abou! sixtee. yeas aso, in the Haw- s.newha! ab@t dt loorer lighrbg' bur
rhome piant, with a seriesof er?eri' again ihec ws no aplreciable effed on
nents d illuminafion. The PurPosew*
to ind out rhe relation of the qualirv And frnally. in another expernen!'
efd' the inrensiry o{ illtnination Ms de-
and qldmity of llluninalion to the
a foor cmdle, which is
ciencv of ndusdal workeG These stud- .reased ro .06 of
illumination apProrl
ies laited severallears, and l shall not the intensitt of
to that of odinart
dscriie fiem in detail. lr will suffice to natelt €quivalenr
dut the reRlls we.e quite dif- moonlight. Not unril this poini 'as
loint out anv appreciable de-
fere.r {;on rhat had been expec.ed. rerched ms there
ote
In one experinent the wo.kes were cline in lhe output
divide{i into two croups. One grolp' What did the exPerimentersleaoj
"test Siuatt Chase said' there
called the srou!," was to wotk Otviouslr, d "sdewy." ,
intsities vs somdhing but the erpe*
unde.differo!illuninalion "control meni6 were nor quite sue who or wMt
The othe. glouF, called the
g.oup," wd ro work under an imesitY ws s*eNr-they thems€lvs, the sub_
of illuoinadon d tanr constmt a! iects. or rhe rdlt' One thiig ms cLar:
During the 6st e:Petinent, ihe results vere neeative. Nothins of a
rosjble-
ihe Ie$ erc!! {as slbnitted to three p 6 , r i v e n a r u r b a d b € e nl e a m e da b o u i
to Ddud.rL
d iff-eniinrosities of iLlumination o{ ;he ieladon of tllumation
n a g n r t l d e 2 4 , 4 6 a n d ? 0 - efficlmcv. If the euis were to be taten
ncre*Lic
n would appear L\ar
foot randtes What were the resul$ or at their face value,
earLy expeinenti Production in' there ts no relation leMeen ilhnioa_
this
tio. md indusrrial effccncn Hovevt''
.re.sed in borh rccms-in both the ren
and the contol the rte investistos {ere not ler qutre wk
srou! srouP-and
corduion- Ther r-ea1
iise in output vas rouchlv of the same rne to dmw rhrs
Eed Se d,i{culEv oftsdne ior rh€ elfecr
mdgn,tude'nbuth.aR!
exFerimenr, th€ LLent of a sinsle ltriable in a siiuation Nhere
In another
there were nany unconcolied variabla
under wl'ich rhe ter srcu! vorked {as
10 to I foot candles, It {as thouFht rherefore thar anorher
decreasedfron
le devised in shich
Nhile the conrolctoup worked. as be' exDelinent ;hould
fo.€, under a costan! 1e"el of lluni@' "riervaiiaLles affectins the outPut of
tion intersitt. In this casethe oltput worken could be bener connolled
nte in 6e t$t Crou! wmr uP irnead or A fe{ ol the touch-minded exPeri'
dom. lt also s-ent uP in tbe coniiof nentes alieady *e.e beginninc to sut
pect their basic id€asand a$umptons
erouP motitanon' Lroc-
In 'trll "noth-erPenment rhe qo|k- vi& epard to human
e lhN rhe rllu- -,rcd io theD ihd the roubh $6 nor
*" sde allo"edobdE
qith d,e results d wirh rhc s$-
ninaron tas beins increded, althoueh, somuch
in fact, no change in inresiq M nade iecs as n wd with then norion eeard-
were suposer
The workers codoented iavonbl! on inc rhe tat deir subjecs
liehtine condition. blt ro behave-the norion ol a simlle
rhe inproved
directrelationshipbe-
there wasno app*ciabLe chanse in out- .ause-ed-effect,
time, rhe totLers $ere Neen certain Phtsical changesin the
put- Ar anothet
 ------.-

144
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TheH@.hm Exlailmb 145
_

tos were happl beGuse th€ir coDdi' slonses would be unin{uenced by so'
d@ of work v*e beins imprcved, dEy elled "psrcholoci€] lacto6."
were eaming more hon€t and they ln onltr io ttrine dris abolr, the invee
vere objec$ of considerable aitention ticaroE did evel]thinc in ihen lower to
6@ to! hmgement. But llen one in' secue the conplete @opention of Lhen
v$dgaror-ne of those torsh-ninded subjecs, wiln the tsuLt that alnost a1l
fellovHusssted dEr they rsrore the rhe !€ctics comon to rhe shop weE
orisinal condnions of Nort, that is, so alteled. The oFeratois {ere consulted
back to a tu1l forty'eieh.hour $eek about |he chans6 ro be nade, and, in'
without rests, lMch€a and what not- deed, seveEl plms *ere abodoned b€'
Thn was Pe.iod Xll. Then the haply cause fiey met with rhe disapprovai of
stale of affain, when crerythinc was tie CirLs-They were qlestioned synpa.
going along as ir theo.eticallr should, thetically abou! their reactions to the
wenr sour Ourput, in$ad o{ raking conditions imposed, dd mdy of th*e
the expecrednosedive, minrained is confererces rook place ia the ofice of
lhe srperimendenr. The gnk vere al'
Asaifl dr invesrisaro$ were fo.cibLt "bogey"
iored to talk at wo.k thei! rs
reninded thar hu@n sitlations are elininated. Theii lhysical healfi and
1i!eb ro be compld. In my hunm siru- well-teing becme naft6 ofgrat @n-
ation, whenwer a sinple chdge is inte- cem. Their opinioN, hopes, ed fears
duced-a !e{ pause. for exanple- were eageiy soughr. VlEt happened
othei chaneer, mrnrd md mmrici' was thar h ihe very piocss of setting
lated, may also be blought about. What the conditiom fc the tst-a so'ol1ed
i am sating here is very simple. lf one "contolled"exlerinent theexperi-
exleriments on a $one, rhe srone does menten had compleely aftercd &e so-
rct know it is being experinerted cial situailon ofthe r@m. IGdvertendt
upon a1l o{ which maks i! sinple for a chsnge had bem ntoduced ehrch * s
people experinentins on nones. But if 6r nore ifrpotant thm the llmed ex-
a humd being G being expednenled lelimental imovationsi the cutomary
upon, he is likely to koov u. Thereiore, supeNision in |h€ ron had been .evolu'
his aftirudes rosard ihe e4enment dd tioni*d. This accouAtedio. the b€!!e!
toward the experihenteE lecome rert anituds of the cirLsand thei. ihploved
inportdt factoa in deremining his re,
slooses ro rhe situaiior,
Nov that is whar happcned in the
Relay A$enbly Te$ Roon To rhe in- TIIE DDVELOPMDNTOF A
vestigalo6, it vas e$ential rhat the NEW AND MORDFRUITFUL
workeis cii'e their full ad whole' POINT OF VIDW
heded c@pe€tion ro L\e expeinmL After PenodXil in theReiayA*embit
Ther did nor wer the oleGrors to $ork Te$ Rooh, the inleslicltoa decided !o
harder oi esier dependinc upon rheir chance their ideasradlcally. What all
attitud€ roward lhe conditior: thar vere rhen exlennenrs had dGnali@lly and
inposed. Ther wanted theh io rork as concLusivelrdenotrtated was dre im'
ther feh, so that they could he sur l}lat porance of employee adtuds and sen-
drc dltrercn! lh]Eical conditios of wort rinens.It wascLearthar $erespo.ks
vere solelr esposible for rhe vadarions of worlers to what wm happening about
jn ou+ur. loi each of _,ie *pelinental rheh vere dependeAt ulon the signii-
challg$, ther wanGd subjss wh6e rc' (hce tF,eseeventi had fo. them. in nos!
 146
wo.k situarios rhe neanins of a cbange
is llkely b le as imporrant, if Dor nore
so, dtr lhe chanse iseLl ThG vas rhe
crear d.l,ir.6pmenr, rhe new iLlunina,
tion, drar ene ftom the rcsearch. tt was
an illuminarion quite different ftom
whar they had expected ftom rhe illuni,
nation studi6. Cu.iousLr enouch, this
discorcry is nothing very nes or $ar.
tlins. k js $nethhg ivhich anyhe who
has had sone concrcte experience in
hmdlmg orher p€ple intuirively rccog,
Whether or not a pe.son h going ro
give hc srvices vhoLe,heartedly to a
l grcu! depen ls, in sood part, on rhe var
he feels abour hs iob, his rellow workes.
and supeflisord,e neaiinc {or hin
ofrhat s halpenns abour hin
However, when rhe expedment€s be-
cm to iackle rhe prolteD ofenployee
aritudes and the f,cios detemining
such atiiiudeF hen rhey besan ro
ra.kle the problem ol 'deains"-they
entered a sort of iwilishr zone where
rhings are nerer quire what they seem.
Moreover, ovemicht, as ir were. thet
were robbed of alL the rools tney had so
carefullr forged; lor alL then previous
iools rere noohuean tools concemed
{ith the neastremenr ofoutput, ren,
peature, huniditr, etc, and rhesewere
no LonserLsetulfor the hman dda thar
rher now Nadted ro oltain. Whar the
erperinenres no$ r&ted to kno{ M
ho* a peEon feh, {hat his iotinar
thinkine, reflecrions, and preoccupa,
rions were,and what he Likcd lnd dis-
liked about hs Noik €nvnonnenr. ln
shor, what did the whole blooninc
busin$s his job, his supeNision, his
workiq conditions-nean ro himl
Norv lhs $as human stu6 and rhere
seie no ro.h, or at leat rhe expei,
nenre6 hne$ !i nore, ior obrainine
and evaluari.c fiis kind of narenal.
fortuarelrl iheie weie a feqcoura-
geols soutsamone ure eipenmentes.
Thcse n€n x,ere nor meraphasicians,
Modwlion
psycholosGB,acadeoici.ns,profso$,
inretlectuals,or what have you. Thet
w* nen o{ connon sensea.d of pmc,
tical atraiis. They were not driven by
any ereat heroic desire to chmg€ rhe
woi1d. Ther weie true experinenreG,
that is, nen compelled to fo ow rhe in,
plicarions of lheir own mo.Ier busins.
All the evidence of rhei! sludies was
:T:::*w""H'h"'
i:;Inufi;l;f,
EXPERIMENTS IN
INTERVINWIIIG WORKERS
A few touch-ninded e\perinentes de-
cided to go into the shops and-on-
pletelt disarned and denlded of then
elaborate logical equipmenr ad in all
hnility-ro seeif lhey couLdleam hoiy
to cet the work€s to ralk abour dinss
that were inportmr to rhem dd could
leam to undeErand wh.r rhe wo.leis
were n-yinc ro reli then. This E a er-
ohtiodarr idea i! rhey$r 1928,whcn
this imenieNing progan salled-the
idea of serting a roiter ro raLkto yoq
bd ro lisren sympatleticallr,hut inre1.
Licenlly,ro what he had ro say.In that
lear a nev era of pesonnel relations
begd. lt v6 dle frsr leal atrenpr ro ser
hunan data and to rorce huoan rcols
to get them. In rhar year a novel idea
was bom; dinly rhe expeiimentes p(-
ceived a neq nethod ofhuma. conrol.
h rhat year the Rulicon sas cro$ed
Iiom which therc could be no retum ro
t1E "good old days." Nor dur rhe expe.
inenb6 ev*vdted ro rctlm, because
they nos entered a world so exckine, so
in lrieuine, and so fuU of pronise thar ir
made the "sood oldda)6"seen Likethe
pnrle and plar of childrcn
When dese exp*imenrc$ decid€d ro
dre. rhe worid of "neains," wdr !e.t
fe{ rools, bxt widr a sllonc seme of crri-
osity and a willingne$ ro 1€m, rher had
man! inte.estins adventLres.Ii rould
be t.o long a rorr ro rell aLlof dren, or
 144
loei.rlcapacins werebejnClsed h dre
\eryice of rh 6 *lf-nEF,,
, C€dualh md partrtultlh Se t€hrof
rhe evideice.*h ch q oretuhetniry,
rh€ epftimenG6 had bem forced ro
abadon this .onceprio. oftie vorler
andt 6 belMyor Cu) wiri a n€q qdk-
nc hr!otr66 could rley sEte se4e of
the data rhey had collecred. The ..n-
celrior of the vorler which drev deret-
oped is actually nothing rery nev or
nadir\gi it is one which any effective
adninnfiator i4tuiti}ely recosnres ard
pEciicesilhedlhC l!mb bemps.
ftre, riey found rhar rte beha,ioro{
workers could nor be und;rsrood aDatt
fron rheir feeliqs or sdtidor! i;hatl
\ use the-void hentihert,, herealie. ro
retn not onry b such rhhcs s teelincs
dd enonotu, bur rlsoro a nrrch wider
rance of phenomena which hay nor
be exprssed ir violent reelinds .r
emodon*ph{onha drar de JeFed
b by,Nctrwordsa 'loyaLq,,, miegrirv,"
Secondlr, dey found that sarioens
are ebily dsgxised, and heoce are difi_
cuLt ro re@cnize and ro study. Manfes-
tanons ot sentioent talie a nunh€..f
different folm. feelines of psoet in,
tec.iry, tot emlle, can be exDrssed b!
a hudrhale; thev co atso be mres*.i
shen violaEd, by a sitdo{n_srike.
Moreoret, peoFle like to radonalre
thetr sentinenrs and ro obiectifa then.
We &e qot m tikdy |osr.] fe;lhad.,
as to sar 'The woltd is bad.,,tn other
words, we like to €ndow dre wodd vuh
rr,or arbibue nd qla]tret qhrchliLl
jsriry bd ac.ouft for L\e feetrn8shd
sentments *e have bvard it; ve rend
ro prcjecr ou setuinenb o! rhe ouside
Thirdly, they found rhat nanLGsr.r-
hons oi senrifrert coutd nor be undel
stood 6 n\ings in dd by theGelves. bur
only ir retu of rhe toral siruati@ of rte
leson. To comprehend*hy a pe6on
tlk iuin
felt the @y he did, a vider Ense of,he,
nomtu had to b. *plotd. The 6lLw-
i!€ tue d€cn@ r suateroushly dt
deveLopmsl ot ilxs poin r of view
l
t.
\ , /
\ , /
Annudes
(semimenrs)
. / \
, / \
PeFonal Sodatsiualion
rristory al Md<
It will !e edeml'ded ilai at i6t the
investisarorsAsuned a simple and dL
rcct reLauon bedeen ceitain physical
changesin rhe work€ls envnomenr
md hG responses !o then. This sinpte
sbre ofmind is iliGtmred in diasdn t_
But all rhe evidence of dre early exper:-
nens shoed c\at tne repoues oiem-
ployees!o chaneesin their immediare
working envimndent can te ude6t@d
oaly iD tems of thei. artiluds_th.
*Ted,nB' L|aE chmces have for .hem.
r h 5 p o , n t o r v i e wk r e p r g o t e d h d i a _
eram Il Hoq-ei, Lhe'memh€,,wh rh
rh$e .hbs6 tuve foi rhe 'orke. E nor
stictLy and primrily tosicl fc drcy de
iEucht wEh hma feelinss and vat,Fs
The "neanins," rherefo.;, which an!
Indrvidurl edltq sngrs b2
lartnuta.
ctmse depenGupon (l ) htr social.con
 rrtmngE 149
Thelldutlmu

diiionins," or {hat senrimens (vatues, This rcon @ntained fofteen {orknen

grouF
hopes, feas, expectatios, eic ) he is iepEdting dne @uparional
brineiog !o rhe vork situation because vneme!, soldemen, Dd insPectots
of hn De!,ou hmny md srou! ssoci.' These men were on eroup liecevork
rion., and hence rhe relauon of *e where the nore they $med out rhe
chmee o ilese sentinents; and (Z) the more thet eameil. ln such a siruarion
lind;f hund sarisfacrion he is deda- one niEht have expecred that theY
ing Fron his soci,l participation with {ould have been inrerested in nain-
othei wo.ke6 and super*os in rhe im' taining total outPlt and drat the fste.
mediare vork crouF of 'hich he G a vorkds vould have Dut Pre$ut on the
nedber, and hence the effect of the slower $orkes to impioYe then effr-
chanqe on his cusron*y interPesonaL ciency. But 6is wd no! dE case OPer
!eht;ns. ThG way ofreeardinc the re_ aring wirhin this gbup were lou bdi.
smnses of worten (bo$ ve$al and sentiments. which can be dpressed
o;ert) h repressred in diasran lli lt brie0y d followsi (1) You should not
sys brie{\a Sotimells do not alpear ln rur1l out too 4uch vork; if You do' You
"rate buster" (2) You shouLdrct
a vacuuG iheY do no! cone ou! of the de a
blue; they alpear in a social com*t. rurn oqt too liltle wo.k; if you do, tou
"chiselel" (3) You sholld not say
They hale ble.cNrde-Rd in terN ot ae a
rhaLcontexr, and apet ftomrt thef de anvlhinc to€ supe^Go_!whrch would
l&eb to be nbmde$tood. ftrcr to de d€hmdtol onE.r vou e
'lquealei"
One futher point should be nade sociaies; if you do, you are a
about that 6pect of the vorkels etrvi- (4) Y@ should not be too of6ciosi.dEt
"Socbl Situarion at is, iJ lou m d ispecto! ]ou shonld not
r6mot d$lFated
Worl" in diasrah lil. What is meot is
rhat the vorler is not an isolated, . To be an arcepted nenb* of the
individual; he i6 a neober of. 40u! a man bad ro act n accoroance
' aronic ;irh lilise social srmda.di. One nan in
eroup, or of s,ou!s. Wrthrn *ch oJ
thesesroupsthe i.di!iddaisha"e re€L thr ercuo erceededthe crouPsudrd
ines and senriments bwaril each other, of*hatcomrirued a fair da1s vork Se
'hich lhd rhem toeeiher io coUaboE cial Fsule *as lut on hin to conloo,
dre effort. Moteoler, these colLective but withour avail, since he enjoved
senlimenb can, md do, becone a! doi.s Lhi.gs rhe orhers disliked The
tached io etelt item dnd object in the bestliked pe$on i^ rhe Erotr! was lhe
industrial environneni+ven to our' one who kept his oltput exacdy wheie
put. Material goodsi outplt, wagesi ihe grcut lcreed n should be-
houa of worl, and so on, camot be lnasNch s the opsa!fts vere aseed
ftated asAbst in rheNeLv$ Istead, s to what @stitued a day's wo*, one
to
6er ox$ be interlreted as carrie$ of niphr hale exDecredrate ot outpnt
h.;boui *,e s;ne foi each nenbd or
the crou! Th6 sd hr no me:n; the
(ase. c\*e vere markeddLfteren.6 AL
OIIIPUT AS A FORM OF nrst 6e expe.inente6 frolsht lhat rhe
SOCIAL BEIIAVIOR difleieDcesin indiridual penomdce
Thar outlut is a fom of s€ial leh:vior ser ielateCto diffeences in abjli+ so
wa, wel i]iustated in a $udr made hl they conpued each workels .elative
the Hawthone expeineoteft, calied ralk in output with his rehtn'e iank in
the Banl Wi.ine Obscnalion Roon intallieence and dexteriq as measured
 150
by certain tests.Th€ r.sultsseie inren
$tins: Thc low$r lroducer n the rcon
enked tct in inrelligenceand L\ird in
dexterityi .he hishe$ prodlcer in the
roon w6 seyenrh in delteriry dd toq.
es in inteuisence.Here sueiy wd a sir-
uation in which the narive calachies of
the den were Aor inding expresion.
fioh rhe vierpoinr of losicat. econonic
behavio4 thb room did nor nule sese.
O . l y L nG r m s o f p o u e . t u t s { n m e n t s
could rhese nd,\ duat d,fteren.es in
oralt tevelbee.ph,ned. ta.h wo .e/s
level 01o!rput relle.redhs posirion in
the ldtornal organization of the grolp.
WIiAT MAKES TflE WORKER
NOT WAT1TTO COOPERATE
As a BU I of rle BJnt w j n np Obsem_
rion Rcon, se Hawrhome ;seaichcE
be@e moreed hde intd*ted in Se
hrofrat employee Eroupswhich rend tu
toqn within the fomat org,nLarion of
the company,and which are norlikelv
to be repfesenredin the orgdizarion
cnarr. they becanc inrerested h rhe
belieft and oeeds eiich iave the elfecr
otnaking each individuai feet d inte,
crar pa.t ot rhe s.oup and which make
me Crotrp appear as a sinsLeunir, in &e
social codesand n.ms ofbehavior bv
m e a n so 1 w h c h e n p t o t e e sa u r o m r r i -
crrrl work r.tctlrer in r eroLp u rrhour
).rv coruc'o s ch.ice A b qherher dley
q t r r o r q r r n o r . o o F e E r cT
. he) \tudred
the rmlonant social tun.rioos these
sroupspe.foq for rheir nenbes. the
histo.Es of th$e infomt eork
sroups,
nov rhet spontaneoustrapp€ar,how
rner t€nd ro nerPeruareihemsel\e5
hurfprf, rnd dBapp€rrjtror $ey are ra
con\hr ieopJd\ fron dl nialLhtrce,
an hen@ ho$ rhey tend o resa m.
vado. In panicuLar, they b€can€ inteL
e \ t d , h _ r h o rg r o u p sw h o s e. ! r m \ a n d
c ! d e \ o r b e h a v i o ra r ea r v a l a r c € u , r h
the technical and econotuicobiectives
Mati$dm
of the company as a whole. Thev dan-
ined rhe social c@ditio6 ud* {hich ii
is nore likely fd the enptoyee eioup ro
separarereLr out i^ oppciti@ to the F_
mdderof drcroups whjch makeu! dre
roial o,cdnizitior In \ucl Dhenomen:
they felt that rhey had at last arrived ar
the hed of the prcblen of efiecllee col-
laboarion. They obtained a new e ieht-
enment oi the presentindu$rial scenej
hom.rhEloinr ofsew, mhy lerpLer n€
problem beone morehrellErb e.
s o m e p € o p L e . t , , nf ,o r e t r m P t e ,d E r
.
th€ streot lhe p,yenlelope s Lhemaror
demdndwh,ctrte empio!* tr tuk,nc
o r h s l u b A l t r h er o r k e r w a n 6 r b b e
btd-FhJt odo and b serp$d for dons
I r r t w e r n u ka r h i m M J h i s l o bn r e m
ot senrioents, rh6 is far from being s
gene.arlytne s we would like to beljeve
Mct of us ranr the satisfacdon thai
come5ftom beins accepkd and recoE,
nded aspeopleof trotrh by ou fi,enas
and work associates.Money is onlv a
smail pd of dis social recoenition. ite
wav w. ire €rcded b! our b6s, bemc
aked ro h€rpi newlomer.beincaked to
keep an cye on a dilicuLr ole.arion.
br'ne eiv€n a job requinns sireciatskilL_
at ot rhe\ee€ acB.f so.13lfe..prir.n.
hey relLu how we srand In aur wo,k
gloLp. We all wanr i@cibLe eridence of
our social inpftance. We *,ant ro have
a skill rhst is socialiyrecosnneds se,
ful. We wmr the feetincoaseclrir,lnat
cones not so mlch flom rhe ahour or
hoqey we have inthe bank s iioa teine
an accepredmenb-oi asroup.A nr
w h o . ej o b i s w ( h o u r $ c E r u n c f l o nt r
Ike : mm $irhout a .oL nrry, ihe ac(v
r} ro wnLcthe bA o$ve dle marore.
r on af his I f€ a robbed or aI hr;..
heming m.l sie.ilidc€. ...
sunmary, therefore, the W$hn
-,In
rLe..r. iescarcbeA seem !o ne tike a
beginnins on the road back ro sanity in
employee relations ba$e { i ) thev otr€.
a ftuidll workine hwothsis, a 6w sin,
 151
TIEH@tltuExqeins'a

-fhis the qo&{ i5 a so'

sardenr
Dle and rclativelt cl€d ids fo. t]€ studY
od uddtmding of hulM situatiotr cial mi@i dd should be neted *
in bsin6s: (2) theY irffer a simPle $cL-is simple. blL dE stse@tic at!]
method bv 6l:d of vhich we cm ex- @$istst pEcrice ot rh6 poororvrew
plorc dd del wift dE onPld h!t]F is flot- lf ir were systemticallt PBc-
ric.d ir would doluoodE Pedt{zy
rrobLemsin a busin€s oisdEard-
;ha nethod isahlll]trnethod: itdeals oe!ffiel work Ou Khnoloeical de'
to Peo- ieloDdst in de P6!t hundEd Yed ha
with i:hinss which de inpdiet
hem ftnsdous Ou Det]iods of hd-
"1.' md (3) rhe! tuowa newiiehlon
iheoemdrdo for etrerire ollabon- dlins pe.ple are sti arhaic fthG 'iv-
ri.n'- Too ofr€n we thinl of @liabom' iliaiion ir to ssive, we o$t obhh a
ne{ undstsdbe of humm motiva-
tld 6 emerhine which (a be loFczIY orsmia-
or legaly contri"ed The VsIm EIec' tion dd behavior nl bsind
tioran md6teding which 6 _The
be
dic sludi* iodi@te &at it is i4 n@ a
natter of satiment than a oatte! of simply bur e#ecivelv p€cbced
V,rdtem Elect ic rtgrchs conbNre
losic. Vdkds ar€ not isolated' utue-
b;ed individu"ls; ihev de $cial mimab a 6sr step in this direcdoa
ad shotd ie rrered * wdr