FORMULA FOR MATH30-5

Ch.1: Probability and Counting Rules Ch.2: Frequency Distribution

CLASSICAL PROBABILITY RANGE
n(E) R= Highest-Lowest
P(E) = n(S)
WIDTH
COMPLEMENT
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
1-P(E) W=
# 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY
Ch.3 & 4: Data Description
𝑓
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑛 SAMPLE MEAN
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ∑𝑋
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B) 𝑛
MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA
NON MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
0.5𝑛−𝑓𝑐
P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B) MD= L+[ 𝑓𝑚
]𝑖

INDEPENDENT MIDRANGE
P(A and B)=P(A)*P(B) MR=
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡+𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡
2
DEPENDENT
WEIGHTED MEAN
𝐵
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∗ 𝑃 ( ) ∑ 𝑊𝑋
𝐴
∑𝑊
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
POPULATION VARIANCE
𝐵 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
𝑃( ) = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴) 2
𝜎 =
𝑁
PERMUTATION
POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION
𝑛!
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝜎=√
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY 𝑁
𝑛! SAMPLE VARIANCE
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!
2
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋 2 − (∑ 𝑋)2
𝑠 =
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION

𝑛 ∑ 𝑋 2 − (∑ 𝑋)2
𝑠=√
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

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FORMULA FOR MATH30-5
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION(Z-TEST) CI FOR STANDARD DEVIATION(CHI-SQUARE)
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ DEGREE FREEDOM: N-1
𝑧=
𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2
𝑋−𝜇 √ < 𝜎 < √
𝑧= 2
𝑋𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2
𝑋𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝜎
PERCENTILE Ch.7: Hypothesis Testing

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 + 0.5 Z-TEST FOR A MEAN

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑍= 𝜎
LOCATOR
√𝑛
𝑘(𝑛 + 1)
𝐿= T-TEST FOR A MEAN
𝑄
DEGREE FREEDOM: N-1
PARTICULAR PERCENTILE
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑝𝑛 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑡= 𝑠
𝑃𝑝 = 𝐿 + ( )𝑖
𝑓 √𝑛
Ch.5: Normal Distribution Z-TEST FOR A PROPORTION

Z-VALUE (Z-TEST) 𝑝̂ − 𝑝
𝑍=
𝑋−𝜇 𝑝𝑞
𝑧= √
𝜎 𝑛
𝑋 = 𝜇 + 𝑧𝜎 𝑋̅
Ch.6: Confidence Intervals 𝑝̂ =
𝑛
q= 1-p
CI WHEN MEAN IS KNOWN (Z-TEST TABLE)
𝜎 𝜎 TEST FOR VARIANCE OR STANDARD DEVIATION
𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑎⁄2 ( ) < 𝜇 < 𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑎⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
2
(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2
ERROR OF ESTIMATE 𝑋 =
𝜎2
𝜎 Ch.8: Testing the Difference
𝐸 = 𝑍𝑎⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO INDEPENDENT MEANS(Z-TEST)
𝑍𝑎⁄2 ∗ 𝜎 2 (𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 ) − (𝜇1 − 𝜇2 )
𝑛=( ) 𝑍=
𝐸
𝜎2 𝜎2
CI WHEN MEAN IS UNKNOWN (T-TEST TABLE) √ 1 + 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
DEGREE FREEDOM: N-1 CI FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS(Z-TEST)
2
𝜎 𝜎2 2
𝜎 𝜎2

𝑠 𝑠 (𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 ) − 𝑍𝑎⁄ √ 1 + 2 <(𝜇1 − 𝜇2) < (𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 ) + 𝑍𝑎⁄ √ 1 + 2

2
𝑛1 𝑛2 2𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑎⁄2 ( ) < 𝜇 < 𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑎⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛 CI FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS(T-TEST)
(𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 ) − (𝜇1 − 𝜇2 )
CI FOR A VARIANCE (CHI-SQUARE TABLE) 𝑡=
DEGREE FREEDOM: N-1 𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2 2
(𝑛 − 1)𝑠 2
2 <𝜎 < 2
𝑋𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

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FORMULA FOR MATH30-5
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS DEPENDENT SAMPLES(T-TEST)
(𝛴 𝑌)(𝛴 𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴 𝑋)(𝛴 𝑋𝑌)
̅ − 𝜇𝐷
𝐷
𝑎=
𝑡=
𝑛(𝛴 𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴 𝑋)2
𝑆𝐷
√𝑛 𝑛(𝛴 𝑋𝑌) − (𝛴 𝑋)(𝛴 𝑌)
𝑏=
∑𝐷 𝑛(𝛴 𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴 𝑋)2
̅=
𝐷 STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE
𝑛
∑(𝑦 − 𝑦′)2
𝑛 ∑ 𝐷 2 − (∑ 𝐷)2 𝑆𝑒𝑠𝑡 = √
𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑛−2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

CI FOR THE MEAN DIFFERENCE(T-TEST) ∑ 𝑦 2 − 𝑎 ∑ 𝑦 − 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑦

𝑆𝑒𝑠𝑡 = √
𝑆 𝑆 𝑛−2
̅ − 𝑡𝑎⁄ ( 𝐷 ) < 𝜇𝐷 < 𝐷
𝐷 ̅ + 𝑡𝑎⁄ ( 𝐷 )
2 2
√𝑛 √𝑛
PREDICTION INTERVAL ABOUT A VALUE Y’(T-TEST)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS(Z-TEST) DEGREE FREEDOM= N-2
1 𝑛(𝑥−𝑋̅)2 1 𝑛(𝑥−𝑋̅)2
(𝑝̂1 − 𝑝̂ 2 ) − (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 𝑦 ′ − 𝑡𝑎⁄2 𝑆𝑒𝑠𝑡 √1 + + <y<𝑦 ′ + 𝑡𝑎⁄2 𝑆𝑒𝑠𝑡 √1 + +
𝑛 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)2 𝑛 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑ 𝑥)2
𝑍= MULTIPLE REGRESSION
1 1
√𝑝𝑞
̅̅̅ (𝑛 + 𝑛 ) y’=a+b1x1+b2x2+…..+bkxk
1 2
MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
𝑋1 𝑋2
𝑝̂1 = 𝑝̂ 2 = 2
𝑟𝑦𝑥1 2
+ 𝑟𝑦𝑥2 − 2𝑟𝑦𝑥1 ∗ 𝑟𝑦𝑥2 ∗ 𝑟𝑦1𝑥2
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑅=√ 2
1 − 𝑟𝑥1𝑥2
𝑋1 + 𝑋2
𝑝̅ = 𝑞̅ = 1 − 𝑝̅
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 F TEST FOR SIGNIFICANCE OF R
CI FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS(Z-TEST) D.F.N= N-K
̂𝟏 𝒒
𝒑 ̂𝟏 ̂𝟐 𝒒
𝒑 ̂𝟐 ̂𝟏 𝒒
𝒑 ̂𝟏 ̂𝟐 𝒒
𝒑 ̂𝟐
D.F.D= N-K-1
(𝒑 ̂𝟐 ) − 𝒁𝒂⁄ √
̂𝟏 − 𝒑 + ̂𝟐 ) < (𝒑
̂𝟏 − 𝒑 ̂𝟐 ) + 𝒁𝒂⁄ √
̂𝟏 − 𝒑 +
𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
<(𝒑 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝑅2
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO VARIANCES(F-TEST) 𝐹= 𝑘
1 − 𝑅2
𝑆12 𝑛−𝑘−1
𝐹=
𝑆22 ADJUSTED R2
(1 − 𝑅2 )(𝑛 − 1)
Ch.9: Correlation and Regression 2
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 1 −
𝑛−𝑘−1
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Ch.10: Other Chi-Squared Tests
𝑛(∑ 𝑋𝑌) − (∑ 𝑋)(∑ 𝑌)
TEST FOR GOODNESS OF FIT
√[𝑛(∑ 𝑋 2 ) − (∑ 𝑋)2 ][𝑛(∑ 𝑌 2 ) − (∑ 𝑌)2 ]
DEGREE FREEDOM= # OF CATEGORIES – 1
T-TEST FOR CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (𝑂 − 𝐸)2
𝑋2 = ∑
DEGREE FREEDOM= N-2 𝐸
𝑛−2 (row sum)(column sum)
𝑡 = 𝑟√ E=
1 − 𝑟2 grand total
REGRESSION LINE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE
y’= a+bx DEGREE FREEDOM= (R-1)(C-1)

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FORMULA FOR MATH30-5
(𝑂 − 𝐸)2
𝑋2 = ∑
𝐸
TEST FOR HOMOGENITY OF PROPORTIONS
DEGREE FREEDOM= (R-1)(C-1)
(𝑂 − 𝐸)2
𝑋2 = ∑
𝐸
Ch.11: Analysis of Variance
F-TEST VALUE
D.F.N= K-1
D.F.D= N-K
𝑆𝐵2
𝐹= 2
𝑆𝑊
∑ 𝑛1 (𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅𝐺𝑀 )2
𝑆𝐵2 =
𝑘−1
∑𝑋
𝑋̅𝐺𝑀 =
𝑁

2
∑(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12
𝑆𝑊 =
∑(𝑛1 − 1)

SCHEFFE TEST
(𝑋̅𝑖 − 𝑋̅𝑗 )2
𝐹𝑠 =
2 1 1
𝑆𝑊 [𝑛 + 𝑛 ]
𝑖 𝑗
F VALUE FOR SCHEFFE TEST
F’=(k-1)(C.V.)
TUKEY TEST
𝑋̅𝑖 − 𝑋̅𝑗
𝑞=
2
√𝑆𝑊
𝑛