Rv/rRc] 2° indian Roads Congress Special Publication 13 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF SMALL BRIDGES AND CULVERTS Published by the Indian Roads Congiess Copies can be had from the Se ian Roads Congress, ui se, Shahjahan Road, Ne 10001 New Delhi 1998 Price Rs. 72 (Plus packing & postage)Published in August 1973 Reprinted in April 1978 Reprinted in April 1982 Reprinted in March 1986 Reprinted in June 1990 Reprinted in January 1994 Reprinted in June 1995 Reprinted in Janvary 1998 (The Rights of Publication ond Translation are reserved) Printed at M/s. Sagar Printers & Publishers, New Delhi. (500 copies) PREFACE The Paper entitled “Guidelines for the Design of Small Bridges and Culverts” by Shri Goverdhan Lal who retired as Additional Director General to the Government of India (Roads), was published as Paper No. 167 in Volume XVIII-Part 2 of the Journal of the Indian Roads Congress. One of the main objectives of the Author in preparing this Paper was to help the Highway Engineers in the country to do the planning and design of culverts and small bridges for road projects correctly and expeditiously. The object of the Author seems to have greatly been achieved as there has been continuous demand for this Paper and every Highway Engineer has been wanting to possess it as a book of reference. The Indian Roads Congress is, therefore, indebted to the Author for his labour and ingenuity in making the above mentioned contribution which has not only helped the members of the profession, but has also assisted in accelerating the progress of road develop- ment in the country. While the Paper in its original form has still great value, the Indian Roads Congress felt that if it is revised in the light of the revised IRC Bridge Codes and the experiences gained since its first publication, it will make the Paper almost an uptodate text-book or manual for the design of culverts and small bridges. Shri Goverdhan Lal, the Author of the Paper has kindly permitted the Indian Roads Congress to revise this Paper and bring it out as a Special Publication of the Congress. The IndianRoads Congress express their high appreciation and thanks to Shri Goverdhan Lal for this kind permission. They also express their thanks to the Director General (Road Development) for kindly getting the manuscript of this Special Publication examined in the Roads Wing and for the useful suggestions offered. We are sure that this new publication “Guidelines for the Design of Small Bridges and Culverts” would prove asa useful book of reference to the Highway Engineers and also a guide to the enginecring students. CONTENTS ARTICLE 2 13 14 1s Introduction Site Inspection The Essential Design Data Empirical. Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment Estimating Flood Discharge from the Conveyance Factor and Slope of the Stream Estimating Flood Discharge from Flood ‘Marks on an Existing Structure Fixing Design Discharge Alluvial Streams—Lacey’s Equations Linear Waterway of Bridges ‘The Normal Scour Depth of Alluvial Streams The Normal Scour Depth of Quasi- Alluvial Streams The Effect of Contraction on the Normal Scour Depth Maximum Scour Depth Depth of Bridge Foundations (D,) Length of Clear Span and Number of Spans ul "7 ET 7 al st 55 59 6 n 9 83ARTICLE (16 Structural Details of Minor Bridges and Culverts on 17 Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow through Bridges 7 18 Agiux 19 Worked out Examples on Discharge Passed by Existing Bridges from Flood Marks - 20 Overtopping of the Banks Pa 21 Feasibility of Pipe and Box Culverts Flowing Full = 22. Hydraulics of the Pipe and Box Culverts Flowing Full APPENDIX Highest Intensity of R: PLATES Chart for Time of Concentration Run-off Chart for Small Catchments Velocity Curves Abutment and Wing Wall Sections for Culverts s Details of Segmental Masonry Arch Bridges ‘without Footpath Spans 6M, 9M, and 12 M Reinforcement Details of R.C.C. Slabs for Culverts R.C.C. Slab Bridges without Footpaths, Simply Supported Clear Spans 3,4,5,6 and 8 M for Square Crossings a R.C.C. Slab Bridges with Footpaths Simply supported Cleat Spans 4,6 and 8 Metres for Squre Crossings vi 87 95, 105 113 121 125 131 143 161 162 163 164 165 106 167 168 10 WW 2 13 4 15 16 General Arrangement of R.C.C. Skew Slab Bridge without Footpaths Simply Supported Clear Right Spans 5, 6 and 8 M Reinforcement Details of R.C.C. Skew Slab Bridge without Footpaths Simply Supported Clear Right Spans 5, 6 and 8 M R.C.C. Box Cell Bridge without Footpaths 3 Cells Each of 3M Clear Span R.C.C. Pipe Culvert with Single Pipe of 1 Metre Dia. and Concrete Cradle Redding for Heights of Fill from 4.0 M to 8.0M Pipe Culvert with Single Pipe of 1 Metre Dia. and First Class Bedding for Heights of Fill varying from 0.6 M to 40M R.C.C. Pipe Culverts with 2 Pipes of 1 Metre Dia, and Concrete Cradle Bedding for Heights of Fill from 4.0 M to 8.0 M R.C.C. Pipe Culvert with 2 Pipes of 1 Metre ia. and First Class Bedding for Heights of Fill varying from 0.6 M to. 4M Circular and Rectangular Pipes Flowing Full 169 170 m im 173 14 15 176SYNOPSIS The discussion begins by stressing the importance of collecting sucient data betore designing is started. Methods for calculating Mood discharges from the catchment area and rainfall, from the eonveyance factor and. slope of the channel, and from flood marks on existing structures have been outlined “and suggestions maute for fixing the design discharge (Articles 3-7). After giving an outline of the “Lacey's Theory of Flow in Incoherent Allusium™, the procedure for designing the linear waterway and estimating the normal depth of scour for alluvial streams has been included. This is followed by a discussion on the normal scour depth of quasi-alluvial_ streams and the effect of contraction on the scour depth. Rules for calculating the misniraum depth of scour and designing the depth of foundations have’ been Included. Their application has been illustrated with worked out examples. Noes on fiving the length and number of spans anil on some important structural details of minar bridges come next. Tine hvrauties of low through bridges and its applications to the cal- culation of discharges theough existing bridges as well is of aMux through Broposed bridges have been dealt with in some detail, Txamples have been worked out in illustration, Brief notes on how to deal with overflows have heen axles, The dise cussion conslanes with Articles on the feasibility of pipe and box culverts and the hydraulics of designing them, Sixteen Plates have been advlod at the end t9 facilitate routine compu INTRODUCTION Road project estimates prepared for the Five-Year Plan are ‘Sometimes based on insufficient data and this causes delay in sanc- tioning them. While speed in execution of the Plan is essential, the quality of work has to be maintained. The designing of a culvert or a small bridge is not a small matter to be despised by engineers. It must be remembered that the number of culverts and small bridges in any road project is so large that, together, they account for a considerable portion of the total expenditure. ‘The object of this Special Publication is to draw attention to some aspects of designing culverts and small bridges for road projects. What is said here might appear simple and commonplace but ex- perience has shown that serious mistakes are made in these simple ‘matters and that leads to waste through unsafe and uneconomical designs, Observations ia this Special Publication apply only to small bridges and culverts. Larger structures require more detailed design procedure,Site Inspection 1 Site InspectionARTICLE 1 SITE INSPECTION Selection of Site. Where there is any choice, select a (Wwhich is situated on a straight reach of the stream, suff- ciently below bends ; (ii) which is so far away from the confluence of large tributa- ries as to-b: beyond their disturbing influence ; which has well-defined banks ; which makes approach roads feasible on the straight; and which offers a square crossing as far as possitle. in siting small bridges and culverts, due consideration should be given to the geometrics of the approach alignment and the latter should essentially govern the selection of site unless there are any special problems of bridge design. 1.2, Existing Drainage Structures. If, by chance, there is an ig road of railway bridge or culvert over the same stream and not very far away from the selected site, the best means of ascertain- ing the maximum discharge is to calculate it from data collected by personal inspection of the existing structure. Intelligent inspection and local enquiry will provide very useful information, namely, marks indicating the maximum flood level, the affiux, the tendency to scour, the probable maximum discharge, the likelihood of collection of brushwood during floods, and many other particulars. It should be seen whether the existing structure is too large or too small or whether it has other defects. All these should be carefully recorced. 1.3. Inspection should also include taking notes on channel conditions from which the silt factor and the co-efficient of rugosity can be estimated.The Essential Design Data § 2 The Essential Design DataARTICLE 2 ‘THE ESSENTIAL DESIGN DATA 2.1, In addition to the .information obtained by personal inspection of an existing structure, the design data described in the following paragraphs have to be collected, What is specified here is sufficient only for small bridges and culverts. For larger structures, detailed instructions contained in the Indian Roads Congress Standard Specifications & Code of Practice for Road Bridges—Section I, Clauses 100-102, should be followed. 2.2. Catchment Area. When the catchment, as seen from the “topo” sheet, is less than about 1.25 sq.km. in area, a traverse should be made along the watershed with a chain and compass. Larger catchments can be read from the 1 em = $00 m topo maps of the Survey of India by marking the watershed in pencil and reading. the included area by placing over a piece of transparent square Paper. 2.3, Cross-sections. As.arule, for a sizable stream, three cross-sections should be taken, namely, one at the selected upstream and another downstream of the site, all to the horizontal scale of not less than 1 cm to 10 metres or 1/1000 and with an ‘exaggerated vertical scale of not less than 1 cm to! metre or 1/100. Approximate distances, upstream and downstream of the selected site of crossing at which cross-sections should be taken are as under. ‘Tame ————————— Cathnent area Distance ls ds of he coming) at whlch erossceions Mould be ten 1. 2559. km. 130 2. From 2.5 to 109. km. 30! m 3, Over 10.sq. km, $00 10 1600 Ot8 The Essential Design Data ‘The cross-section at the proposed site of the crossing should show levels at close intervals and indicate outcrops of rocks, pools, ete. Often an existing road or a cartstrack crosses the stream at the site selected for the bridge. In such a case, the cross-seciion should not be taken along the centre line of the road or the track as that will rot represent the natural shape and size of the channel. Instead, the cross-section should be taken a short distance upstream or down- stream of the selected site. 2.4, In the case of very small streams (catchments of 40 hectares oF less), one cross-section may do but it should be carefully plotted so as to represent truly the normal size and “shape of the channel on a straight reach. 2.8, The Maximum H.E.L. The maximum high flood level should be ascertained by intelligent local observation, supplemented by local enquiry, and marked on the cross-sections, 2.6, Longitudinal Section, The longitudinal scction should extend upstream and downstream of the proposed site for the dis- tances indicated in Table | and should show levels of the bed, the low water surface and the H.F.L 27. Velocity Observation. Attempts should be made to observe the velocity during an actual Mood and, if that flood is smaller than the maximum flood, the observed velocity should ‘be suitably increased. The velocity thus obtained is a good check on the accuracy of that caleuiated theoretically 28, Trial Pit Sections. — Where the rock or some firm undis- turbed soil stratum is not likely to be far below the alluvial bed of the stream, a trial pit should be dug down to such rock or firm soil But if there is no. rock or undisturbed firm soil for a great depth below the stream bed level, then the trial pit may be taken down roughly two tinies the maximum depth of the (existing or anticipated) scour line. The location of each trial pit should be shown in the cross-section of the proposed site, The trial pit section should be plotted to show the kind of soils passed through, 2.9. For very small culverts, one trial pit will do, The results can be inserted on the cross-section. The Essential Design Data 9 2.10. In Conclusion. No satisfactory designing can be done unless the minimum essential design data listed above are collected and recorded, These data can be collected with very litle effort. Failure to collect these can only result in designs being based on guess work ‘and such designs are likely to be either unnecessarily costly or to result in the failure of the structure when built.Empirical Formulae for Peak 11 Run-off from Catchment 3 Empirical Formulae for Peak Run-off from CatchmentARTICLE 3 EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR PEAK RUN-OFF FROM CATCHMENT 3.1, Although records of rainfall exist to some extent, actual records of flocds are seldom available in such sufficiency as to enable the engineer accurately to infer the worst flood conditions for which provision should be made in designing a bridge. Therefore, recourse hhas to be taken to theoretical computations. In this Article some of the most popular empirical formulae are mentioned. 3.2, Dickens’ Formala g-cut G2 where, Q=the peak run-off incu, m/sec and Mf is the catchment area in sq. km. (C=11—14 where the annual rainfall is 60-120 cm; 14—19 in Madhya Pradesh; 22 in Western Ghats. 3.3. Ryve's Formala o=cut G3) This formula was devised for Madras. Qerun-off in cv. m/sec. and M is the catchment area in sq. km. C=6.8 for areas within 25 km of the coast 85, _ between 25 and 16C km of the coast 10.0 for limited areas near the hills, 3.4. Inglis’ Formula o-— 25 V04 Empirical Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment where Q=maximum flood discharge in cu. m.jsee. ‘M=the area of the catchment in sq. km. The formula was devised for Bombay Presidency. 3.5. These empirical formulae involve only one factor, viz., the area of the catchment and all the so many other factors that affect the run-off have to be taken cafe of in selecting an appropriate value of the co-efficient. This is extreme simplification of the Problem and cannot be expected to yield accurate results, ” f fi i 5 NO 80°90 40 50 80 10 v0 90 10d uO tO HO UD ED EO TO BO Fig. 36. A correct value of C can only be derived for a given region from an extensive analytical’ study of the ‘measured. flood discharges vis-a-vis catchment areas of streams in the region. Any value of C will be valid only for the region for which it has been determined in this way. Each basin has its own singularities affecting run-off. Since actual flood records are seldom available, the formulae leave much to the judgment of the engineer. Many other similar empirical formulae are in use but none of them encompasses all Possible conditions of terrain and climate, * 327. To assist routine computations, Figs. 1 and 2 have been included in which curves have been plotted to represent the equation Empirical Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment Q=10 Me, Two curves, viz., § and 3, have been drawn, 3 8 DISCHARGE Q IN CU. M/SEC, am a 8 66 = & 00. 8 6 we o 8 8 RUM = OFF rod MMENT| AREA iS) gh lec rr 101 =) 15 ‘one for each of the common values of n, s 1018 20 25 30 35 40 4! AREAM IN SQ. KM, ——= Fig.2 x)Rational Formulae for Poak 17 chment Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from CatchmentARTICLE 4 RATIONAL FORMULAE FOR PEAK RUN-OFF FROM CATCHMENT 4.1. In recent years, hydrological studies have been made and theories set forth which comprehend the effect of the characteristics of the catchment on run-off. Attempts also have been made to establish relationships between rainfall and run-off under various circumstances. Some elementary account of the rationale of these theories is given in the following paragraphs. 4.2. Main Factors. The size of the flood depends on the following major factors Rainfall (1) Intensity (2) Distribution in time and space 3) Duration Nature of the catchment (4) Area (5) Shape © Slope (1) Permeability of the soil and vegetable cover (8) Initial state of wetness 4.3. Relation betwecn the Intensity and Duration of a Storm. Suppose in an individual storm, F cm of rain falls in T hours, then ‘over the whole interval of time 7, the main intensity I will be 4 em per hour. Now, within the duration 7, imagine a smaller time interval ¢ (Fig. 3). Since the intensity is not uniform through- ut, the mean intensity reckoned over the time interval ¢ (placed suitably within 7) will be bigher than the mean intensity J taken over the whole period, :20 Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment i. ig z _] ° © 2 5 ¥ ° a > ne 3| 2 & |. z x a DURATION OF STORM — Fes 5 We also know that the mean intensity of a storm of shorter duration can be higher than that of @ prolonged one. In other words, the intensity of storm is some inverse func- tion of its duration. It has been reasonably well established that i Tre Te where ¢ is a constant. ‘Analysis of rainfall statistics has shown that for all but extreme cases, c=1 ['J*, when time is measured in hours and precipitation in em. Thus, core 1 or iat. ( AAs FE Also, ing (4.3) fers to the qumber of the book hy given at the end of the Publication. nal Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment a ‘Thus, if we know the total precipitation F and duration T of a storm, we can estimate the intensity corresponding to #, which is a time interval within the duration of the storm. 4.4. For an appreciation of the physical significance of this, relationship, let us consider some typical cases. First take an intense but brief storm which drops (say) Sem of rain in 20 minutes. ‘The average intensity comes to 15 em per hour. For a short interval f of, say, 6 minutes, within the duration of the storm the intensity can be as high as Fru) _$_ (oat (FL) = hs (SRE )=82 om per tou. T Storms of very short duration and 6-minute intensities within them (and, in general, all such high but momentary intensities of rainfall) have lite significance in connection with’ the design of culverts except in built-up areas where the concentration time can be very short (see para 4.6) due to the rapidity of flow from pavements and roofs. Next consider a region where storms are of medium size and duration. Suppose 15cm of rain falls in 3 hours. The average intensity works out to 5 cm per hour. But in a time interval of one hour within the storm the intensity can bé as much as : 15/341 15241) 10 om peronn For the purpose of designing waterway of bridge such a storm is said to be equivalent of a “one hour rainfall of 10 cm”. Lastly, consider a very wet region of prolonged storms, where” fa storm drops, say, 18cm of rain in 6 hours. Ina time interval of ‘one hour within the storm the intensity can bE as high as : 18 (Set ee ‘Thus such a storm is equivalent of a “one hour storm of 10.5 em”. )}=10.5 om per hour. 4.5. “Oneshour Rainfall” for a Region for Designing Water- ‘way, of Bridges. Suppose we decide that a bridge should be designed for the peak run-off resulting from the severest storm (in the region)nal Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment that occurs once in $0 years of a i once in $0 years or any other specified period. Let the total precipitation of that storm be F ci and duration 7 hours. Consider a time interval of one hour somewhere within the duration of the storm. The precipitation in that hour could be as high as Fret 1 F(Ti1) oye (14) em ‘Hence the design of the bridge will be based on a “one-hour rainfall of ay fem”, where he F( 1 +) __ Suppose Fig. 3. represents the severest storm experienced ina region. If represents one hour, then the shaded area ABCD will represent /y 4.5) _ Itis convenient and common that the storm potential of a region for a given period of years should be characterised by specifying the “one hour rainfall” 7, of the region for the purpose of designing the waterways of bridges in that region, Tg bas to be determined from the F and T of the severest storm, That storm may not necessarily be the most prolonged storm. The correct procedure for finding Jy is to take a number of really heavy and prolonged storms and work out f; from the F and T of each of them, ae maximum of the values of J, thus found should be accepted as “the one hour rainfall” of the region for designin scene fall” of the region for designing The Jy of a region does not have to be found for each design problem. It isa characteristic of the whole region and applies to a Pretty vast area subject to the same weather conditions. J, of a region should be found once for all and should be known to the local engineers. ‘The Meteorological Department of the Government of India, have supplied the heaviest rainfall in mm/hour experienced by various places in India. This chart is enclosed as Appendix “A” and the values indicated therein, may be adopted for Jy, in absence of other suitable data, Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment 23 We start with Jy and then modify it to suit the concentration time (see next para) of the catchment area in each specific case. This will now be explained. 4.6. Time of Concentration (f,)- The time taken by the run-off from the farthest point on the periphery of the catchment (called the critical point) to reach the site of the culvert is called the “‘concentra~ tion time”. In considering the intensity of precipitation it was said that the shorter the duration considered the higher the intensity will be. ‘Thus safety would seem to lie in designing for a high intensity corres- ponding toa very small interval of time, But this interval should not be shorter than the concentration time of the catchment under consideration, as otherwise the flow from distant parts of the catch ment will not be able to reach the bridge in time to make its ‘contribution in raising the peak discharge. Therefore, when we are examining a particular catchment, we need only consider the intensity corresponding to the .duration equal to the concentration period (t.) of the catchment. 4,1. Estimating the Concentration Time of a Catchment (12) ‘The concentration time depends on (1) the distance from the eritical point to the culvert; and (2) the average velocity of flow. The latter is governed by the slope and the roughness~ of the drainage channel ‘and the depth of flow. Complicated formulae exist for deriving the time of concentration from the characteristics of the catchment. For our purposes, however, the following simple relationship [] will do. «tom (087 xP) oT) where fe=the concentration time in hours. Lethe distance from the critical point to the culvert in km. ‘Hethe fall ia level from the critical point to the culvert in metees. : Land H can be found from the survey plans of the catchment area and f, calculated from Equation (4.7). Plate 1 contains graphs from which ¢. can be directly read for known values of L and H. :24 Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment 4.8. The Critical or Design Intensity. The critical intensity for catchment is that maximum intensity which can occur in a time interval equal to the concentration time fof the catchment during the severest storm (in_the region) of a given frequency. Call it / Since each catchment has its own 1, it will have its own Le If'we put rt. in the basic equation (Equation 4.3,) and write Le for the resulting intensity, we get 48s) ‘Combining this with Equation (4.5), we get te (72r) th 4.9. Calculation of Run-off A precipitation of fem per hour over an area of A hectares, will give rise to a run-off 0=0.028 A I. cu, m./sec. To account for losses due to absorption, ete., introduce a co-efficient P. Then Q=0.028 PA I. 4.9) where Q=max, run-off in cu. m./sec. A=area of catchment in hectares. T.=critical intensity of rainfall in em per hour. Pecpercentage co-efficient of run-off for the catchment characteristics. ‘The principal factors governing P are : (i) porosity of the soil, (i area, shape and size of the catchment, (fii) vegetation cover, (iv) surface storage, viz., existence of lakes and marshes, (v) initial state of wetness of the soil. Catchments vary so much with regard to these characteristics that it is evidently impossible to do more than generalise on the values of P. Judgment and experience must be used in fixing P, Also see Table 2 for guidance. Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment 5 Tame 2 MAXIMUM VALUE OF PIN THE FORMULA Q=0.028 PAls Steep, bare rock. Also city pavements = 000) Rock, steep but wooded ve 080 Plateaus, lightly covered ve 0.707 Clayey soils, stiff and bare vn 0.60 -do- lightly covered 0.50 Loam, lightly cultivated or covered 04 -do- largely cultivated 0.30 ‘Sandy soil, light growth 020 -do- covered, heavy brush So 4:10, Relation between Intensity and Spread of Storm. We have so far deliberately eschewed any mention of the spread of the storm, Rainfall recording stations are points in the space and therefore the intensities recorded there are point intensities. | Imagine an area round a recording station, The intensity will be highest at the centre and will gradually diminish as we go farther away from the centre, till at the fringes of the area covered by the storm, inten sity will be zero, The larger the area considered the smaller will (be a win itemity, Tes therefore logical to say that the mean in some inverse function of the size of the area. If Fis the maximum point intensity at the centre of the storm, then the mean intensity reckoned over an area “a” is some fraction “7° of I. The fraction f depends on the area “a” and the relation js represented by the curve in Fig. 4 which has been constructed from statistical analysis (5 In hydrological theories it is assumed that the spread of the storm is equal to the area of the catchment. Therefore in Fig. 4 the area is taken to be the same as the arca of the catchment. The fffect of this assumption can lead to errors which, on analysis, have been found to be limited to about 12 per cent [526 Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment ‘ ‘f'curve +0 —— os Lu © 10000 20000 30008 40000 Catchment area in hectares Fig. 4 the Equation 4.9 we get, f 0=0.028 P.f.A.le (4s) Also, combining with Equation (4.85) ono0r ryan (<2) FT .028 A. fy. ( eae Tet =Ahad Als) where A=—0.055. LP Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment ca In the last equation, /, measures the role played by the “clouds of the region and Athat of the catchment in producing the peak run-off, It should be clear from the foregoing paras that the components of A are functions of 4, L and H of the catchment. 4.12. Resume of the Steps for Calculating the Run-off ‘Step 1. Note down A in hectares, L in km, and H in metres, from the survey maps of the area. Step 2, Bima the Tote reion prefebly from rani records : failing that from local knowledge. [= —— -( 14 +) where Fis cm of rain dropped bythe severest storm in T hour. Step 3. See Plate 1 and read values of fz. P, and f for known values of L, Hand 4. : 0.056 fP Then caleulate A= —2 0564? Step 4. Calculate = A.Ied. 4.13. Example. Calculate the peak run-off for designing a ‘ridge across a stream, given : Catchment : L=5 km; H=30 metres A=10 sq. km.=1000 hectares. Loamy soil largely cultivated. Rainfall: The severest storm that is knowa to have occurred in 20 years dropped 15 cm of rain in 2.5 hours. sotmion, be. ( 284 )i05s empou TFT From Plate 1, 11.7 hours; f=0.97; P=0.30 + nex 0.056% 0.97 0.30 fs aw DOSE A020. 0.006 = 1000 x 10.5%0,006=63.6 cu. m.|sec.28 Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment 4.14. Run-off Curves for Small Catchment Areas (Plate 2) Suppose we know the catchment areas 4 in hectares and the average slope § of the main drainage channel. If we assume that the length of the catchment is 3 times its width, then both Land H (as defined in para 4.7) can be expressed in terms of A and S and then te calculated from Equation (4.7). Also for small areas, f may be take equal to one. Then vide para 4.11, Prat 2056. QnPied( 75) For fy em, this becomes, 0.056 o=na( 298) any Hence Q can be calculated for various values of P, A and S. This has been done and curves plotted in Plate 2. 4.15. Plate 2 can be used for small culverts with basins upto 1500 hectares or 15.sq. km. The values of run-off read from Plate 2 are for “one hour rainfall”, fy of one em. These values have to be mulkiplied by the /, of the region. An example will illustrate the use of this Plate, 4.16. Example. The basin of a stream is loamy soil, largely cultivated, and the area of the catchment is 10 sq. km. ‘The average slope of the stream is 10 per cent. Calculate the run-off. (Jp, the one hour rainfall of the region, is 2.5 em), Use Plate 2. For largely cultivated loamy soil, P=0,30 vide the Table inset in Plate 2, Enter the diagram at 4=10 sq. km.=1000 hectares; move vertically up to intersect the slope line of 10 per cent. Then, move horizontally to intersect the 00 line; join the intersection with P=0.3 and extend to the run-off (g) scale and read 410.2 cv, m,fsec. Multiply with fy Q=10.2x2,: 25,5 cu. m,/sec. Rational Formulae for Peak Run-off from Catchment 29 4.17,_Ia Conclasion. The use of empirical formulae should Be avoided, They are primitive and are safe only in the hands of th expert. The average designer who cannot rely so much om His intuition and judgment should go by the rational procedure outlines above. pretty vast area, and should be known to the local engineers. i is quite an abundance, Compicsed formulae, of which there is qui have been ‘purposely avoided in this Article. Indeed, for a terse Mnimenty the aco ivaied are so many and thinly £9 plated that recourse need e taken fo sch teatment oly wien e a ccurate data can " Od |} Fig. 12 In Fig, 12, XX is the water surface profile, and ZZ the total energy line. At Section 1, the total energy, Hayy t De98, Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges At Section 2, let the velocity head AB be a fraction nof Hie, a) Ignoring the loss of head due to entry and friction, and equat- ing total energies at Sections 1 and 2: HeAC=AB4+BC=nH + BC Hence, the depth BC=(I—n) Hf . (tit) The area of flow at Section 2 a=BCx linear waterway =(=n) HXL. Velocity at 2, from (i), ve(2gn Et Therefore, the discharge through the bridge may. =n) HL. Qen H) To account for losses in friction, a co-efficient Cy may be introduced, Thus, O=Ce (1=n) H.L. gn vg LH! (nt on") a () The depth BC adjusts itself so that the discharge passing through it is maximum. In that condition, 2 (173 Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges %9 «Combining with (i), Q=1.106 Col (Du #) += (07.24) Since AB is + H, therefore BC is § H, or 66.7 per cent of H. On exit from the bridge, some of the velocity head is Feconverted into potential head due to the expansion of the section and the water surface is raised, so that Ds is somewhat greater than BC, ie., greater than 66.7 per cent of H. In fact, observa~ tions have proved that, in the limiting condition, Ds can be 80 per cent of Ds. Hence, the following rule : “So long as the afflux (Dy—-D,) is not less than } Ds the Weir Formula applies, i.e, Q depends on Dy and is independent of Da". ‘The fact that the downstream depth Ds has no effect on the discharge Q, nor on the upstream depth Dy when the afflux is not less than $ Da, is due to the formation of the “Standing Wave". ‘The co-efficient Cy may be taken as under (1) Narrow bridge opening with or without floors 0.94 (2) Wide bridge opening with floors 0.96 (3) Wide bridge opening with no bed floors. a 0.98 17.3. The Orifice Formula pies c ce ware suarace100 Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges When the downstream depth Dy is more than 80 per cent of the upstream depth Dy, the Weir formula does not hold good, i.e., the performance of the bridge opening is no longer unaffected by Du. . 13, XX is the water surface line and ZZ the total Apply Bernouli’s Equation to points 1 and 2, ignoring the loss of head (i) due to entry and friction, or Pur Dy—D" Then, The discharge through the Section 2, @. LD E(w 42) 0) Now the fractional difference between D' and Dg is small. Put Dg for D' in (0). Gi) In the field itis easier 10 work in terms of h=Dy—Da, instead of W’, But his less than fi’, as on emergence from the bridge the water surface rises, due 0 recovery of some velocity energy as potential head. Suppose “represents the velocity energy that is te converted into potential head. Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges 101 Then heap 2 Substituting in (i) ed Q=L.DeV7a(44eF1-$) Now introduce a co-efficient C, to account for losses‘of head through the bridge. We get : Se = Cony 2g.L.Dal hE Tre w(l73) 0nC./.L ITE) For values of e and C., sce Figures 14, and 15. — COEFFICIENT “e"— —FoR— —THE_ORIFICR_ FORMULA — Ibe Sumeeh Bees spans, chee eee Seine eed senha Ripeestaaes Se os os O7 os o9 ro Fig. 14102 oss: ‘ovo: - O80. Os 14. points. Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges — COEFFICIENT Co.— —=FOR— —THE_ORIFICE_ FORMULA— te um of bridge sean WaUinobstructed width of stream, 1 Os Ate af llgw under the. bridge AsUnebslructed Area of flow of th O68 o7 os o-9 +o ; eh Fig. 15 In Conclusion. Let us get clear on some important (1) In all these formulae Da is not affected in any way by the existence of the bridge. It depends only on the conveyance factor and. slope of tail race. Dy has, therefore, got to be actually measured or calculated from area-slope data of the channel as explained already in Article 11. (2) The Weir Formula applies only when a standing wave is formed, i.e., when the afflux (/i=Ds—Da) is not less than } De. ~ Elements of the Hydraulics of Flow Through Bridges 103 @) The Orifice Formula with the suggested values of C, and e should be applied when the afflux is less than t Du 17.5. Examples have been worked out in Articles 18 and 19 to show how these formulae can be used to calculate afflux and discharge under bridges.Afflux 18 Afflux 105ARTICLE 18 AFFLUX 18.1. The afflux at a bridge is the heading up of the water surface caused by it. It is measured by the difference in levels of the water surfaces upstream and downstream of the bridge (Fig. 16). SECTION te wove PLAN Fig. 16 18.2, When the waterway area of the openings of a bridge is, less than the unobstructed natural waterway area of the stream, fe,108 Afflux when the bridge contracts the stream, afflux occurs. Contraction of the stream is normally not done; but under some circumstances it is taken recourse to, if it leads to ponderable economy. Also, in the cease of some alluvial streams in plains the natural stream width may bbe much in excess of that required for regime. When. spanning such a stream, it has to be contracted to, more or less, the width required for stability by providing training works, 18.3. Estimating afflux is necessary to see its effect on the ‘clearance’ under the bridge; on the regime of the channel upstream Of the bridge; and on the design of training works. 184. For calculatiug afflux we must know (1) the discharge 0, @) the unobstructed width of the stream HW’, (3) the inner waterway of the bridge L, and (4) the average depth downstream of the bridge Da 18.5. The downstream depth Dy is not affected by the bridge; it is controtied by the conveyance factor and slope of the channel below the bridge. Also the depth, that prevails at the bridge site before the construction of the bridge, can be assumed to continue to Prevail just downstream of the bridge after its construction. Thus Da is the depth that prevails at the bridge site before its construction. To estimate afflux we must know Dy. In actual problems, Ds is either given or can be calculated from the data supplied. 18.6. Example. A bridge, having a linear waterway of 25 m, spans a channel 33m wide carrying a discharge of 70 cu. m.jsec. Estimate the afftux when the downstream depth is 1 metre. 5 m Da=1 m; W=30 m; Discharge through the bridge by the Orifice Formula, onc, veub. f(z) = 0.757 — 1 Bk Afflux 109 Corresponding to this, C,=0.867, e=0.85, ¢=9.8 m/sec? 0=0.867x 4.43251 fare % cbt omnia? = 053 @ ‘Also, just upstream of the bridge Q=Wx(Dsth)xu 7e=33(1-4A) w 10 : or aa Bo (ii) Substituting for & from (i) in (#) and rearranging 00617 @ = 1306 wa L8 msec! Substwing forwin() ay, mie = 028 m Alternatively Assume that h is more than } Dy ° and apply the Weir Formula 1.706 x Con Ls = 1,706 0.92% 25% Hs 47 m Now, Hm Dut $5 =Ds (approx.) Dy=1.47 m approx. Now, Q=Wx Dux, ie, 10=33% 1.47 1055 m 1.47=Dy+0.1055 Dy = 1.3645 m110 Afflux hh =Dy—Dg=1.3645—1.0=0.3645 ‘Adopt h=0.365 m, Since A is actually more than }Dz, therefore the value of afflux arrived at by the Weir Formula is to be adopted. 18.7 Example. The unobstructed cross-sectional area of flow of a stream is 265 sq. m. and the width of flow is 90 m, A bridge of 4 spans of 18 m clear is proposed acrossit. Calculate the afflux when the discharge is 650 cu. m/sec. W=90 my The depth before the construction of the bridge is the depth down- stream of the bridge after its construction, Hence Dy=2.944 m. fea Jos. Therefore C=0.877 and e=0.77. By the Orifice Formula the discharge through the bridge SS0— 0877 4.43% 72294 4] Le 28 6s0asas ff PFODTTE ue, h0.087 2 o Now, the discharge just upstream of the bridge 650=90 (2.944-+h)a 65 or hg 2.944 (ii) Putting for h from (ii) in (i) and rearranging 40.0246 u8+2.02 u=2.34 m/sec Putting for w in(ii) h=0.137 m Afflux 11 18.8. Example. A bridge of 5 spans of 36 m each is proposed across a stream, whose unobstructed width is 250 m, slope 1/2000 and discharge 1800 cu.m.jsec. Calculate the afllux (1=0.03). WEL? w=25om @ 21800 cum/sec; $+ Yoon FIG=17 We have first to find Ds. Q=A.V=(R.PV=RWY. Knowing 1=0.03; S=1/2000, read velocity for various values of R from Plate 3 and select that pair whose product is 7.2. Thus we get R39 vais Take Dim R=3.9 m Now, W=250 m; L=180 m; Di=3.9 m 90 L _ 180 . Bem Bg7 0-72, therefore C, 0.87; By the Orifice Formula, the discharge through the bridge. RTS br he, h40,097 u*= 0.442 fl) 1800 =0.87 x 4.43 x 180% 3.9112 Afflux The discharge just upstream of the bridge 1800=250 (3.944) uw ass. sl) h Put for A from (ii) in (i) and rearrange W 0.0224 u?= 1.66 1.8 m/sec. Put this value of u in (ii), we get: h=0.442—0.314=0.128 m. Worked out Examples on 113 Discharge Passed by Existing Bridges from Flood Marks 19 Worked out Examples on Discharge Passed by Existing Bridges from Flood MarksARTICLE 19 WORKED OUT EXAMPLES ON DISCHARGE PASSED BY EXISTING BRIDGES FROM FLOOD MARKS 19.1, Calculating Discharge by the Weir Formulae Example, The unobstructed width of a stream is 70m. The linear waterway of a bridge across it is 47 m. In a flood, the average depth of flow downstream of the bridge was 3.4 m and the afflux was 0.95 m, Calculate the discharge. Fig. 18 A 095 _ aia meme Since h is more than 0.25 Da, therefore the Weir Formula will apply. W= 10m; L=47 m; h=0.95 m Let the velocity of approach be w mjsec. The discharge at a section just upstream of the bridge (Fig. 18) Qu *4.35x70=304.5u Ai) The discharge through the bridge by the Weir Formula @ wh 706 x0:98x49 ( asi) wns 4a fp)"116 Discharge Passed By existing Bridges Equating values of Q from (i) and (ii) ec) sousueT8s( 43 Rearranging uf —0,0206u'=1.76 or w= 2.64 m/sec. Putting the value of « in (i) or (ii) we get @. 0=304.52.64 =804 cu, m/sec Try the Orifice Formula Desay 70 0.67 Co=0.865 5 Discharge through the bridge by the Orifice Form Om0.88x 44347034 [OITTIS 602 09ST 0 ol) Discharge just upstream of the bridge Q=70x4.35 s:10 19:20 18-19 16-17 15-16 222 (eis 1844 2323 FB Year 1987 1958 1965 1966 1996 T988 19341997 1958 19841936 et 60. Jodhpur (1948-65) nm Hg 4 19 52 178 279 eo S29 soe 257 75 24 Date 930 27 7 is | 3s 8 Time 2 $4 178 1617 49 1344 22-93 1.42 2031 Year 1948 “194819621961 1951 1951 1964 1964 19841956 1958 1960 61, Tonk Dam Site (1952-53) xm S846 11 21 0 249 s74 450 191 8 0 0 Date 2s is is Biases - - Time 34 2203 18.19 89 — 1819 2132 1949 19.20 1980. — Year 1953 “19831952 1983 — 1982 1982 1952 1952 1952) — 153 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov, Dee. ©, Kathmandu (1952-66) om 5g 160 112 235 244 440 417 32 353 216 5a 38 Date 29 i Time 2288 1619 $5 1617 23-04 12 19.00 248 14s ad 2238 OF 23.38 Year 1956,37 1956 1956 1962 1956 1965 1952 1961 1963 1961 1952 1961 63, _Khalarl (1963-1966) Ba o 69 100 192 225 30.9 375 62 218 sas 6s 75 ate oT 3 Time 9.10 18:19 s4ats s4cis a34is 2328 16-17 04 2324 34.19.20 ‘Year = 1964 1965 1965 1965 1963 1965 1965 1964" 1964 1966 1966 64, Khijeawan (1958-1961) mm 120 14 175 57.140 298 365 280 400 669 86 87 Date 30 786 is 7 as as Sk Time 1516 $6 0-1 1819 17-18 15-16 10-11 11-12 15-16 13-14 2-3 Year 1960 ‘1938 1980" 1961 ‘1538 "038 ‘ioeo ‘ast ‘1988 ‘ogo ‘1988 1961 65. Kodatkanal (1948-1966) mm 356 200 381 Gg 833 249 406 300 400 63 308 241 Date 2 9 7 184 Time 19-8023 21-22 1819 16-47 a7-18 12:13 13416 1.20 18.19 04 138 1 Year 1948 1962 1962 1957 1964 1953 1964 1968 1966 1953 1959 1857 66. Konar (1960-1964) mm 36 174 58 140 325 $87 414 500 410 271 25 Bate ig 7 5 ig 933 “40 is at Time 346 1as9 24.02 134 1213 16-17 13-14 Joa 2122 20-8 1445 We Year 19631961 1962 1962 1961 1964 1964 1963 1963 1962 1963 1962 67. Luchipur (1963-1966) mm 109 55 198 550 365 625 290 455 365 30 110 38 Date 25 9 ae ae Time zaeah 18419 19-20 20-31 22.28 22-23 1617 1516 13-14 21-22 1819 22-23 Year 1966 1965 1965 1564 1963 1965 1964 1965 1964 1963 1963 1966 68. Lucknow (Amausi) (1953-1966) mum 12g 86 145 102 400 500 709 67 593 390 Bo 95 Date is 24 ab ale eae ety) Time HE vdivdbiet? fasdt 341308 6 4920 21-22 23-24 Year 1953 1961 1960 1963. 1964 1964 1960 1955 1958 1958 1963. 1961 69. Madras (Meenambakkam) (1948-1966) mm Us 84 2 43 26 Bo 364 a2 SE 49.0 610 42 Bate jo 3 24 ti 19 22, a2 Time 8 on 2001 tats Se Fazsae 2a 4s ot 29 1617 Year 19631959 1963 1951 1952 1961 1966 1980 1956 1963 1957 1952154 155 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May. Jun, Jul. Aug. Septs Oct. Nov. Dec. in, Feb, Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Get. Nov. Dee. 70. Madras (Nungambakkam) (1957-66) am 263 US$ 19g Sag 245 403 see Bg 447 45 477 so Bate 36 3 12 1S “30, Time Trot wie watt 25 Fath ate ge a2 adh gal Year 19631959 19631963 1958 1361 “1961 i566 1960. 1959 1961 “Sees shwar (1948-1966) Say 08 94 ME mz 508 453 33 412 452 290 169 6 is 36 33 io 30 to. 1438 1748 174s 146 2938 2249 16 toh ash 1948 1948 1945 1959 1956 1951 1965 1963. 1958 1931 72. Maithon (1957-1966) mm 68 7 2g 3g 260 319 S40 384 520 250 79 28 Bate 35 30 20 34 “3 Fine 222s 17a i8 19d 1516 9.19 2050 ad 6? ald 18 m2 Year 1966 1965 1965 196 1958 1963 1965 1963 1966 19881963. 1966 73. Mangalore (1953-1966) mm 56 0 31S 249 718 580 43.5 47.9 29,5 560 385 433 Date Fr ——C Time 23 = 221920 01 S46 as u2t3 33 34 1ect9 ans Year 1954 = 1963 1956 1965 1961, 1964 1962 1985) 19631958) 1965 14. Marmagao (1964-1966) om 1 04 0 0 63 518 393 257 326 390 20 290 Date ieee 8 30 37 9 a3 a Time $8 zhinth oil wos 254803) 52 28 soll Year 1965 1966 1964 — 1966 “1964 1964 1965 1965 1964 1366 1965, 78, Mawsynram (1960-1966) am Nog ag 483 429 864 1270 118 1030 1090 329 279 25 Date i 13 ah 20 tS) a0 Time 39 21 aid atte Ba nats 2051 da aolhy Borate ‘Year 1966 “1964 "1961 1962 1950 1966 ‘1964 1968 1960 196 1963 1966 76. Minieoy (1963-1966) am Mg 1g 7 64 343 29 42 223 m0 O41 85 7 Date 3 i3 3 34 10 26 Time 9110 1St6 1s46 13 2 24 9:10 19.0 13-142 186 20.1 Yeat 19631963" 1963" 19631983 i364 196)" 1968 M3ab" obs HBAS 792! 71, Mukhim (1956-1965) am 40 57 85 147 22.6 262 36.7 57.3 43.3 26 Date 4th 19 4 on “50 ig 50 “SS. Time 22-23 25.24 1-2 15.16 22.33 22.23 3-4 3-4 15418 17-18 11. ‘Year “1989 1959 1966 1963 1936 1964 1965 1965 ‘i960 ‘1961 1959 1960 78, Nagpur (1948-1966) om 2g %f HE ng B18 mo esa sig 36 31s 122 aig Bate iG 30 031 37 ar 4 Hime 174 3617 131849 34 940 ste sie we ists tt Year 1960 1950 1957 1966 1962 1954 1960 1953 1954 1938 1948. 1962 79. Nandurbar (1952-1966) mm 69 0 88 330 245 340 725 360 324 50.0 200 57 Ds Nae 8 cOl 16: ahi eae ao ae eee ais a Ti 1516 — 15:16 16.17 16-17 6:7 22-33 14-15 17418 22.93 253 22.93 Year 1963. = 1963 1958 1965 1987 1963 1958 1964 1959. 1939. 1962 80. New Doihi (1948-1966) am 287 166 131 S51 135 355 730 495 793 264 84 86 Bate ao 7 Go wD Time ig 2324 1819 85 1346 189 187 10M) 85 24 As Bis Year 1953 1961 1952 1951 1950 1966 1965 1960 1948 1956 1957 1963, 81. North Lakhimpur (1957-1966) am JE 120 23 Bo ss 11 550 S08 G50 x68 I56 a8 Bat Ea CO A SO Time “45 12 67 1344 34 34 78 34 S425 01 Year 1961 1960 1964 1964 1938 1959 1959 1964 1960 1965 1963. 1565 82, Okha (1963-1966) mm 47 0 0 Oo 530 6.1 40 61 53 74 05 Date 2 o- - = BD 6 as? 2" 8 Time 3-4 SL 04 2a Bhs 98 tes 36 Bre Year 1965 = = = 1966 “1965 1964 1966 1963 1963 “i964 83, Okhaldunga (1952-1966) 2.1 180 15.7 25.0 434 476 S18 494 9.0 300 146 3.6 ne ae ER OO a OA 14-15 16-17 23-23 33-26 22-25 17-18 15-16 0-1 1617 16:17 field 1957 1954 1953 1963 1954 1961 1956 1963" 1961 "1964 1961 1953 nj (Giridib) (1983-57) 29 $3 $1 1 3 1 a4 9 339 41 28 Be a2 at 10. ae Fe 13-14 whe vas fiet2 ‘7 13-14 13-46 223 2022 a3 fay Year 1955 1956 1955 1955 1956 1936 1956 1957 1954 1954 1953 1984 85. Panaji (1965-66) mm. G2 09 0 282 428 204 307 116 S40 10 204 186 Date 4 = WS Ig Ig cer Time 5-6 12 23.26 1041 16.17 $2-29 17-18 3-4 i819 "4-5 Hod Year 1965 1966 — 1965. 1966 1966 1965" 1966 1963 1966. 1965 1568, 86, Panambur (Manalore Project) (1965-66) am fo 2 9 lo m2 ma ys x0 as a2 2s ns Date 14 S20” 30°27” 19 is “6 Time 230 13 Oa On ase 222 23 2 ass tea Year 1965 — = 1966 1965 19661965 1968 1966 1966 "1965 ‘1965—— Jam. Feb, Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. a ee renee ere 87. Panchat Hi (1953-1966) om HP 2° 3 Bs 4s M6 Gs go go x87 99 7 Date 21” 12 35 is 7 38 Time 12, 129 190 45 sky ide fies ies7 Has 3-23 toate ‘Year 1954 1959 1965 1962 1962 1988 1954 1963 1953 19581955" {554 thankot (1957-1961) Bi f1 U2 46 BS ws a1 8 564 24 99 93 2 Ba dis i820 yeu Fa ts id Se ids fe Ss Bis Year 1960 1961 1958 958° 1959 1961 1959 1960 1961 1959 19611958 89. Patna (1962-1965) nm io BS $3 Int 300 ws 3 Bo wo 59 26 30 Date = 2s 2 37" 30” 35° 35 2° 6 Time $6 wig Se 2303 So ase Ss 3a Be oy ds Ss Year 1964 1962 1963 1964 1964 ‘1968 i964 1963 1965 ‘1964 1963. 1982 90. Pokhara (1956-66) am 4 HS 42 Be BS Bs Bo qo 598 soo see as Date 19" a7 7” 30" 36 95° 3) 30 Time 17-18 1819 18-19 15-16 ige1s 20-21 23-24 His 19-20 16-17 1017 2821 Year 1961 1966 1957 1963 1962 “1987 1966 1966 1968. 1962 1969. 1908 91. Poona (1948-66) mm 12 02 24 MS 2 44 392 ase—e3 ad 88 13 Date 3 16 264" 14a2 5 Rime 89 ug isis i316 2 Hay 1748 21.22 04 9 irik Year 1948 1961 1956 1955 1962 1983 1966 1965 1959 1958 18H 1962 92. Port Blair (1951-66) am 37 HS HO US 4 6 Ss 2 Bs Sea TS wa Date 3 23 Time 3-4 223 $10 25 was “67 20.21 36 ‘hia dean Hae Year 1955 1956 1961 1961 1955 1965 1968 1953 1954 1931" 1968 ‘1968 93, Punasa (1952-66) am 160 122 160 $9 37 S49 G10 754 6.1 160 143 138 Date » Bi eae ee Mie ase Fine 167 19:20 ys are My das Us afas 25 Ly By Sy Year 1966 1952 1960 1957 1963 1985 1961 1955. 1966 1961 1969 ibe2 94. Pupanki (Chas Road) (1953-56) am 3P 1 20 Bt 2 2 Be ga m2 isa saga Date 16 | en Ey Time 2:3 23 15-16 15-16 15-16 17-18 13-14 13:13 89 1617 1920 “86 Year 1535 oss iss i998 IbaS Toad toes Wed Be, ISH 122? 85, 157 See Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. eee 95, Putkt (1960-66) mm 3° 5 Yo y0 m0 460 40 42 wo wo 101 0 Date 3 2925 7 30 ig 3 a Tine 19:20 123 feo {ote 1718 39-26 117 ba fae iste ihap Year 1966 1964 1965 1964 1964 1963 1960 1953 ‘i963 1963 1963 96. Ralpur (1962-66) mm a2 JP NS 82 157 14 wo gs go ns 9 Ine Date 687 1 ae 23 30, Time 10-1 78 34 ah-22 178 15216 15-16 20-21 1516 1617 18:16 Less Year 1965 1963 1965 1962 1962 1966 1965 1965 1965 1964 1966. 1968 97. Ramgarh (1953-66) mm BS 1G! 6 156 26s 6 a0 aa 36 365 54 0 Date 25 7 32 2 Time 1346. 67 ins 1617 Hie8 67 thas ie19 Pri ost dean by ‘Year 19531986 1959 1964 1959 1961 1957 1963 1965 1964 1983. 1962 98. Sagar Island (1948-66) mm 23 US HS 48 S14 ay oT 940 M3 S14 72 D2 Date 76 2 0 13) 21 30. is. 29 Time $4 oo O4 2293 2223 11 tas ‘es fine ion eo 3g Year 19531948 1965 1949 1962 1950 1937 1963 1964 1962 1950 1954 99. Shillong (1957-66) am Ri Bf 30 Bo s60 42 12 4 5 Bs gs 3 Date 1013. 3018 27 Rime 90 21-22 18816 ete ths 1due 3. 3022 vey B24 112 1336 Year 1987 1960 1964 1964" 1936 1958 1960 1961 1958 1968 I96i 1987 Sindri (1963-66) }7 $4 MS BS BO Ns 15 90 315 m0 23 63 3,20) 29 28 21" 30s r 2121 16.17 19:20 18-19 12-13 23-24'19-20 Lets hI8 2 18 2h22 1966 1965 1965 1964 1906 1963 1964 1963 1963 1963 1963. 1966 101. ur (1952-66) am 0 12 115 102 BS mo 160 12 Go us 29 90 Date 4" 10” 263 25° 9 ag” tee ar 1 Time Yea7 940 3% W617 Weg 1eI9 G7 21-22 Iba ITB Be was Year 1966 1956 1962 he 1954 1966 1965 1953 1952 1958 1966 1966 102. Srinagar (1953-1966) am = = 74 100 107 88 173 220 100 102 78 41 Date = = it 3 Si to Ae OS 8 oF Time = LIE BS BB 1G Bio SS ple Gt 70 Hh Year — = 1954 1966 1966 1963 1966 1960 1565 19! “1059 1953188 May Jun. July Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov: Dec: 103. Shanti Niketan (1960°65) mm 43 115 B2 Bo 46s 0 gus go spo go 40 7 Date 4 Fa Ti 228 n Dae hy ange atte So alle 23, rang Seg 1647 1118 Has nae Time 5g “Hoel “96s 1964 1962 1962 I96t 1960 1964 1564 1966 1966 104, Taplejung (1954-1956) nm, Te uo et 167 8 gs 9 a0 20 92 33 12 Date 3 4 id Bale ao 12 2081 Bergin wis 3s 1ea7 12 rash, 19-20 year, 1987 1960 19631965 1959 19651962 1958 19591956 1989 1963 105, Teh (1956-1966) mm 99 I 96 B6 BO 14 $6 130 Date 3 3 e192. WD Time 1243 1415 2 vein tear OL Ba 88, By tar Time TB USES 5gs_ i987 1986 19631956 1960. 1962 9s6 1957 1962 106, Texpur (1987-1964) mm Moo 76 19.1 251 533 $20 G0 $00 485 138 196 40 a SO 7 Fime 14.15 2 Bg $6, 25:24. Be 3a 2. Time High “19s? 1959 1958 $957 1963, 1965 2563 Toor 1963 1959 107, Thiket (1952-1966) mm igs 98 30 27 He 9 Bs ao 610 a6 go 390 Date 27. wo 7 2 Dae in 6, 19 fo ifia ve 20:2 Bo Bue utas 13:20 2021 oa, Time 73 Gu “Taen 1959 1960 1956 1960 1959 1958 1555 1958 1962 108. Tillava Dam Site (1956-1966) mam 3 99 80 168 HS go no wo 00, 316 28 28 Date iW 36 w ie 6 29 Date ian i516 21 So Ba able 21022 156 1647 ins 22-23 15-16 ee yes sell 190 oe tee Wes 1959 1966 1956 109. Tiruehirappalli (1954-19665) war 42 Te Lg AE MG sg 55 7 TT 2 MP Bate 3 10 Bae aha rats 2 a0 2021 18-19 20-21 21-22 21-22 Fay thas has Time UstS "Ges. 1962 1959 1954 1966 19651958 1962 1985 1961 1962 110, Trivandrum (1952:66) - mm go 5 963 710 44 95 10 169 BO go 42 88 Date 30, Bate 3) ile 69, 70a Mas Ts da ta 34 23 This 15:16 Time Baka Nggb tose 1962 1987 1953 19641962 1366 1964 1953 1965 159 Jan, Feb. Mar. Ape vy iy ag i OB vn, venous cn as eos a9 a a te % ee ee crea ee 1966 1964 1 112, Veraval (1952-66) 1962 1962 2 59 0 03 Pee 7 Sa eo tees fr 1956 1966 1962 1960 1961 1951 113, Visakhapatnam (1951-66) $61 1961 Ban "bo 1 133k) 1959 1960 1962 a se, nes wo ts me go gs si Ba 09 a3 & EERE CEE ee EEE ls Sisal Bes Bb lt BBBPLATE ie 8000! MAX. VALUES OF D cas TEED BARE ROCK,cI MENT 0. 383 K STEEP BUT WOODED 0 PLATEAUS LIGHTLY COVERED ‘CLYEY SOUS, STIFF & BARE, =O- LiGunY COVERED 0.50] /COAM LIGHTLY CoventD on CUUTWATED 0-40) =DO- LARGELY COTIVATED 0-30 ANDY SOIL, LIGHT GROWTH —9- [SANDY SOIL, COVERED _WEAVY BRUSHO-1 4.000] 0-7 2000 % ee 1000 800 800 @ 600 600 & S00 500 & 400 400 2 200 300 2 ~ 200 200 = 2 100 100 = G0 80 * 60 60 50 50 40 “0 30 30 20 20 10 0 8 6 5 ‘ 3 2 CHART FOR TIME OF CONCENTRATION 10S 2-0 20 very 5-0 60 8-0 oe12g cu.mpec. 115-0 108 ” R RAINFALL(Le)OF ONE CMV 2 8 é 3a 3} t ' ! RUN OFF (q) IN CUM SEC FoR ONE HOU! 3 neal gcu.m/sec S 3 Neer so gises S68 6 & 6 sees AREA OF CATCHMENT IN HECTARES =— RUN-OFF CHART FOR SMALL CATCHMENTS. oost PLATE-2 TABLE MAX: VALUES OF B. pBABE BOC ge 0cry oR. ATEAUS LIGNTLY COVERE] O50 tive 4 = Soe mi z i NA i S N on o2 ae SE PES 83z IN: 2 Nay IN- OFF CHI 20 9 BUN Oe cHaRT | a exayope, SMALL CATCHMENTS, feepnt ca Tt ZA YIDE WWSET TABLE} Ons WOUR RAINFALL ty i ENTE! AREAS} 5: MOVE. T sotapeiaaee.| | | | arg ste o-Pebe vine du-mfsre I 1 1PLATE-3 1 S10 fS'_Lines: Uy Z | NS ue A , 1 + T t J OE Vevgeity Cyaves. | ved — ti euaput, oxen Busan 10-008; 610-0046 + : t Serr an any 20 OE ro 18 2:0 25 BO 4.0 5-0 607-000700-070 HOIED 2001 2s FS 6789 VELOCITY (M PER SEC) HYDRAULIC MEAN RADIUS aIMETRES)PLATE 4 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS FOR ABUTMENT = =| vex] Sin] s onf aan] aon vm sem [ee sen sem [Soe a Tet es pes jes pee fewer fom roa te feefee|re pia [is fos [or [om = pes [es [ow fen [er fos fos [oa faa ea [em Te a1 fes fon foe = [or [oa ee fon Raelace otis] ee va [re [ao 3a [ae Sar ae [oe [essfaa [aw [ar [aa foe oe [oe ‘SECTION OF AWIMENT iesh este hichness ‘toring coo Tan [ore _awarae Sree coy [sl aee tp solel snacelasle a paaleaqemyerel rae ene lovaloufoadeadens eae 3 [oases foshvalvaelacalenefvada volvo jesleferefawlaulaslenlenizm) ‘Se cemte at aes Papert 228. ABUTMENT AND WING WALL SECTIONS FOR CULVERTS no wn WAS ATION FOR PTE oHn EATS +]iv cenekt RORIAR 13 Tur Founartion concethe SEAL Seitlerntuy coneaete Tsuns 165 eh Gua TIAA anal pate 5 ee niin ae testy 1 “CROSS SECTION AT THE CROWN OF ARCH SECTIONAL ELE VATION eee ee EESES, ome Coenen wcmtevinomny ae ae ota | a sigagramicet ceo oe | SQSRREEER TET IT™ Jueereow neonate oon on) SAUNGE a PNR OETLS AoroveD. cane fen ean) eres) sam [esa uae 3 cnction ria caver ove en BEGEE hr? 9 De Bar ADOPTED : “| foe te igpaer ato or Aono se comeinegtainemes) | arse | seas | see sneueee Boone. put ants me) nee) 400 on ee coin ceeasnerct) ‘5 snafus) os aren nee cam eormmon esa nsen snonnt| 101 DETAILS OF SEGMENTAL MASONRY ARCH Sap eacat | eee | ese ‘BRIDGES WITHOUT FOOTPATHS SPAN sas 6M, 9M, & 12M166 iefaed PLATE 6 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF Re, SLAB FOR CULVERTSmare? 10 svn RENTONS TONNES Ee "ee LonOITUDINAL SECTION AT AK saa ses) SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT eres ves wrrHour FOOTPATHS, SIMELY SUPFOKTED ES PITS Fok SQUARE CROSSINGS. RCE, SIAB Bt Gaaa SraPLATE Giittangt atction msscam Sosa ote otis oe autrceuat —einy) eam inary zspanecnnaanatans RCC. SLAB BRIDGES Wir FOOTPATHS ‘SIMPLY SUPPORTED CLEAR SPANS. “64 SMETRES FOR SQUARE ‘CROSSINGS* gee ¥ b b ‘OENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF RCC. ‘stan BriDee~ wrrnouT FOOTPATHS SIMPLY SUPFORTED (CLEAR RIGHT SPANS 56 43 MPLATE 10 oxaseu_ sores. sat MENT DETAILS OF RCC: SKEW wg ext SUAR BRIDGE WITHOUT FOOTPATHS so ‘SIMPLY SUPPORTED. (CLEAR RIGHT SPANS 5,68 8MPLATE H RCC. ROX CELL BRIDGE WITHOUT {POOTRATHS 3 CELLS EACH OF TMCLEAR SPANa PLATE 12 i 8 z f fh SSG Sn ey ge 1.CC. PIPE CULVERTS WITH SINGLE PIPE OF 1 METRE DIA AND CONCRETE CRADLE ‘BEDDING FOR HEIGHTS OF FILL FROM 40 M TO 80m/ Pate 13 R.CC. PIPE CULVERT WITH! SINGLE PIPE OF 1 METRE DIA AND IST CLASS BEDDING FOR TMEIGHTS OF FILL VARYING FROM 06 8-40mate 4 RCC PIPE CULvERTS WITH 2 PIPE OF {METRE DIA AND CONCEEVE CRADLE BEDDING FOR HEIGHT OF FILL FROM 40 TO BOMron He os 38 $2835 eg CONVEYANCE FACTOR (a) & L +s 20 30 DISCHARGE IN CUL ea | TESTS BODTIT HO