PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY (PCG)

Presented by:-Group 3
Kushaggra Sharma: 2016UIC3157
Abhinav Gupta: 2016UIC3175
PCG

 Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.

 Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
 Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
 Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
 Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and
display.
 Two categories –
 heart sound – transient characteristics with short duration.(closing and
opening of valves)
 murmurs – noisy characteristics with long duration.(turbulent blood flow in
heart)

2
Origin of sound

 Valve closure
 Movement of heart wall
 Valve opening
 Extra cardiac sounds
1. Frequency – 10 to 1000 Hz.
LOW RANGE – 10 – 60 Hz(3rd and 4th)
MEDIUM RANGE – 60 – 150 Hz(1st and 2nd)
HIGH RANGE – 150 – 1000 Hz
2.Amplitude
3.Quality

3
 1st sound:
Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.
Freq – 30 to 100 Hz and duration 50 to 100 ms
 2nd sound:
Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves(slight back flow of blood).
Freq – 30 to 100 Hz and duration 25 to 50 ms .
 3rd and 4th low intensity and inaudible.(heard among children).

4
 3rd sound:
Blood rapid movement into relaxed ventricular chambers
Freq – 10 to 100 Hz and duration 0.04 to 0.08 s.
 4th sound:
atrial contraction.
Freq – 10 to 50 Hz and duration 0.03 to 0.06 s.

5
 Microphones for PCG:
 Crystal microphone – contains wafer of piezo-electric material, which
generates potentials when subjected to mechanical stresses due to heart
sound. Smaller in size, high sensitivity.
 Dynamic microphone – consists of a moving coil having a fixed magnetic core
inside it. The coil moves with the heart sound and produce a voltage because
of interaction with the magnetic flux.
 New acoustic sensors – polymer based adherent differential-output sensors.

6
Writing methods

 Light beam galvanometer – expensive and require more power from amplifiers
when used for high freq.
 Direct writing recorders – upper freq 150 Hz.(used for only low freq).
 Technique – envelope detection.
 Fans, Air conditioners and other noise producing gadgets will result in
artefacts on the recordings.

7
Heart Sounds

 S1 – onset of the ventricular contraction

 S2 – closure of the semilunar valves
 S3 – ventricular gallop
 S4 – atrial gallop
 Other – opening snap, ejection sound
 Murmurs
8
RECORDING SET - UP

CONDENSER PHONO MONITOR

FILTER SCOPE
MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER

ECG FM TAPE
ECG AMP RECORDER
ELECTRODE

9
MEDICAL APPLICATION

 Rheumatic valvular lesions

Allergic disease in which the heart valves are likely to be damaged. This creates abnormal heart
sound.
 The murmurs of aortic steonosis
The blood is ejected from the left ventricles through a small opening of aortic valve. High
pressure 350 mm of Hg and causes turbulent flow of blood.
 The murmurs of aortic regurgitation
During diastole, blood flow backward from aorta to left ventricles,causing a blowing murmur.
 The murmurs of mitral regurgitation
During systole, blood flow backward through mitral valve.
 The murmurs of mitral steonosis
It produce murmurs when,Blood passes with difficulty from LA into the LV due to pressure
difference.

22
SPECIAL APPLICATION OF PCG

 Fetal PCG
 Esophageal PCG
 Tracheal PCG - Cannula

23
Thank you