CVS

Dr. JYOTHI T
Asst. Prof

Department of Kriya Sharira

IIARH Rajkot
 Physiology of cardio-vascular system
Functional anatomy of cardiovascular system.
Cardiac cycle.
Heart sounds.
Regulation of cardiac output and venous return.
Physiological basis of ECG.
Heart-rate and its regulation.
Arterial pulse.
Systemic arterial blood pressure and its control.
The cardiovascular system (cardio- heart; vascular blood or
blood vessels) consists of three interrelated components:
blood, the heart, and blood vessels.

SAN, AVN,BUNDLE
OF HIS, PURKINJE
FIBERS
LAYERS OF WALL OF THE HEART
Heart is made up of three layers of tissues:
1. Outer pericardium
2. Middle myocardium
3. Inner endocardium.
ACTIONS OF THE HEART
Actions of the heart are classified into four types:
1. Chronotropic action- heart rate and rthyme
2. Inotropic action- force of contraction
3. Dromotropic action- conduction of implulses
DIVISIONS OF CIRCULATION
Blood flows through two divisions of circulatory system:
1. Systemic circulation
2. Pulmonary circulation- lesser circulation.
PROPERTIES:
Electrical: Excitability, Autorhythmicity, Conductivity
Mechanical : Contractility, All or none law, refractory
period, Staircase effect
Cardiac Cycle:
Cardiac cycle is defined as the succession of (sequence of)
coordinated events taking place in the heart during each
beat.
Heart beats: 72/min, each cardiac cycle-0.8 sec
Systole:
Diastole:
EVENTS OF CARDIAC CYCLE
1. Atrial events
2. Ventricular events
 ATRIAL EVENTS
ATRIAL SYSTOLE: 10%
It is also known as last rapid filling phase or presystole.
Duration - 0.1 second.
Pressure and Volume Changes:
Intraatrial pressure increases- 4-6mmhg
Intraventricular pressure- 7-8mmhg
Fourth Heart Sound:
Contraction of atrial musculature causes the production of
fourth heart sound..
ATRIAL DIASTOLE:
After atrial systole, the atrial diastole starts. Simultaneously,
ventricular systole also starts.
Duration: 0.7 sec
Atrial Events Vs Ventricular Events
First 0.3 sec - coincides with ventricular systole.
Lasts for about 0.4 sec – coincides ventricular diastole
heart relaxes as a whole for 0.4 sec.
VENTRICULAR EVENTS:

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: 0.3 sec

1. Isometric contraction
2. Ejection period
Isometric contraction
muscular contraction- increase
in tension, without any change
in the length of muscle fibers.
Duration: 0.05 second.
First Heart Sound

Closure of atrioventricular valves at the beginning of this

phase produces first heart sound.
EJECTION PERIOD:
Due to the opening of semilunar valves blood is ejected out of
both the ventricles.
Duration: 0.22
First Stage or Rapid Ejection Period-0.13 sec
Second Stage or Slow Ejection Period-0.09 sec
End-systolic Volume: 60 to 80 mL per ventricle.
Ventricular Diastole
1. Protodiastole = 0.04
2. Isometric relaxation = 0.08
3. Rapid filling = 0.11
4. Slow filling = 0.19
5. Last rapid filling = 0.11
1. Protodiastole:
End of systole and beginning of diastole
Duration: 0.04 second.
Second Heart Sound
Closure of semilunar valves during this phase produces
second heart sound.
2. Isometric Relaxation Period:
Muscular relaxation- decrease in tension without any
change in the length of muscle fibers.
Duration: 0.08 second.
3. RAPID FILLING PHASE:
Opening of atrionventricular valves- sudden rush of blood
from atria into ventricles. 70%
Duration:0.11 second.
Third Heart Sound
Rushing of blood into ventricles during this phase causes
production of third heart sound.
4. SLOW FILLING PHASE: 20%, 0.19 second.
5. LAST RAPID FILLING PHASE: 10%. 0.11 second
End-diastolic Volume: 130 to 150 mL per ventricle.
Heart Sounds: Sound produced by machanical activities of
heart during each cardiac cycle
Features First heart Second Third Fourth
sound heart heart heart
sound sound sound
Occurs during Protodiastol Rapid Atrial
Isometric e and part filling phase systole
contraction of isometric
period and relaxation
part of
ejection
period

Cause Closure of Closure of Rushing of Contraction

atrioventric semilunar blood of atrial
ular valves valves into musculature
Character Long, soft Short, Low Inaudible
istics and low sharp and pitched sound
pitched high
Resembles pitched
the word Resembles
‘LUBB’ the word
‘DUP’
Duration 0.10 to 0.10 to 0.07 to0.10 0.02 to
(sec) 0.17 0.14 0.04
Relation Coincides Precedes Between Between
with ECG with peak or appears ‘T’ wave ‘P’ wave
of 0.09 and ‘P’ and ‘Q’
‘R’ wave second wave wave
after
peak of ‘T’
wave
Heart sounds are studied by three methods:
1. By using stethoscope- bicuspid area, tricupid area,
Pulmonary area, Aortic area.
2. By using microphone
3. By using phonocardiogram.