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CIVIL ENGINEERING

For
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1 UPSC Engineering Services Examination, GATE,

State Engineering Service Examination & Public Sector Examination.

(BHEL, NTPC, NHPC, DRDO, SAIL, HAL, BSNL, BPCL, 'NPCL, etc.)
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

I.E.S MASTER·
Institute for Engineers ,
IES/GATE/PSUs
Office: F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016
Phone: 011-41013·106,7838813406,9711853908 .
'Website: www.iesmaster.org, E-mail: ies ..mastel.@yahoo.co.in

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Ma$_ter
Office: F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110016
Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406.9711.853908 -
Website: www.iesmaster.org, E-mail: ies_mastel®yahoq.co.in
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© No part of chis booklet may be reproduced, or distributedin any form 01' by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise or stored in a database 01' retrieval
system without the prior permission of lES MASTER, New Delhi. Violaters are liable to 12,
be legally prosecuted,
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CONTENTS

•••• ; • •••• •••• .' •• ,'.. • • .... , • .4' • ••• .. .. ' ,. •

. T .. ,:StreIlgth
..... ''''''.
of Materials
: .. '.,":'.' . .....
:,..----------------------------..:------~--.;,.--'-:_::~:-~-':..,-:------,-----~--_:'--
.' .. : .. .
1-77 ' ' "

. .' . ' ...

. ", ':'., .
. . ,. ,,:

, 2. She~r'
..'
Forc~'and B~nding .
Moment -----------------..:~~----~--~'~,.---.----~----'---.,---
" .
78-146 '. .

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3. Deflection ofBeairi -~--:-----------------~--------------------~--~-~-----~-:~----~--,-

---- 147-254

4. 1\~Jlsformation of Stress and Strain -.---------------------:.~-~-:-,--'--~-~~---~'~~~-

255-3l8
. .. ", . ' .. ... .

. .. , ' ." , ....

5. C_0.wbined St'r~ss ~-.,--~-~-------------

.
------------- ----------~-~-----,
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...--:..-~---~--..;------
319:-342
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7,. Shear Stress in Beams --------------------------------------------------:-----;-----~., 390-430

.....
.... 8. Torsion of Circular Shaft ----------------------------------------------'---:..~--------- 431-473

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:,1 Q. Columns -:.-~~---
--:~-~~~~
------------------------------------------~-.:-~~--~~--~'-:.---
---- 474-490

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<"I 10. Springs -----~-------~----------------------------------------------------~---------------- 491- 507
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11. Thick and Thin Cylinder/Sp here ------..------------- ------------------------ -----' 508-526

'\ 12. Marne nt of Inertia -------------------------..--------------------- ---------------------- 527 ..541

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1
Strength of Materials

... JNTRODUCTioN

• Our concern in Strength of Materials topic is to study the behaviour of a material when it is subjected
to forces and moments.
• Each member of a structure is made up of certain materials, which could be a rigid material or a
deformable material.

Rigid and Deformable Material .... " ~

A rigid material is one which does not undergo any change in its geometry, size or shape. On the other
hand, a deformable material is the one in which change in size, shape 01.' both will occur when it is subjected
1;0 a force/moment The geometrical changes produced are caned deformations B C
and hence the name deformable material. All materials are actually deformable P -+t---------.
and the idea of rigid material is only a conceptual idealization. A rigid material
ter m has been used just for the simplification in the analysis.
For example when we perform the analysis of a frame as shown here, we
assume that. length of member Be will not change. Which means that member
Be has been assumed to be axially rigid, Thus joint Band C will move
rightwards by equal amount and the analysis will become simplified. D
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STRESSES·
..:_. AND
... ... .... STRAINS
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• When we apply forces on solids, deformations are produced if the solid is restrained from motion either
fully or partially.
• If the solid is not restrained,
it may undergo displacements without. change in shape or size and these
displacements are termed as rigid body displacements, If the solid is restrained by some other force,
known as reaction, which keeps the solid in equilibrium, the force will be transmitted through the
medium of the solid to the restraining support.
• Stresses (defined as force/area) are generated as a resist;:l)1cc to the ,!pplied external forces 01' as a,ITsult
Q.fJ.'estr.ainte~!. defqX.IJlH tioll.!?
• In the analysis and design of structures we are required to find out stresses and deformations/deflection
(which is related to strain).
• Slres;;ci:i (Ire bl:.oadlv classified a~:
(a) .0:o1'1nal $.tl'esi:i.
(b) .B.hea.l,;,...Stre1$..~
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IES MASTER Strength of Materials 2

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NORM,AL :STR~S~
Normal stresses can be:
(a) ':\..\.i31 stress
(b) Bearing stress
(c) Bending stress

Axial stress; It is the load directed along the axis of the member (i.e. Normal to the section).
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Normal stress at a point -::::.cL\· . = o

P = fadA

Not.: Norma} stress could be tensile or compressive. [When sires» is constant or uniform. over a
section, the stress is called simple stress].

Bearing stress: Compressive stress arising when one body is supported by another is called bearing stress.
It is a type of normal stress.

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p=- (JI/\.l,

Bending stress: Bending tension· and compression produces normal stress .

.._ Bending C0!l1PH!13Sive
stress

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Sign convention -..> Tensile stress (+) \Ie: Comnressiv« ~tl'l';:;' {-I \./>
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IES MASTER Civil Engineering 3

Not«: Line of action. of the axial [orceIcr uniform. stress distribution passes through the centroid
of the section.

JvdAY :::::.Moment about x-axis due to uniform stress

Jcrd..6..x= Moment about y-axis

cr = constant (uniform stress)
P.y = Moment about x-axis due to load P
P.x = Moment about. y-axis due to load P
-' JydA .
~ y = ---;::- ------.-------------------- ..----.--.--.- ... (1)

Equations (1) and (2) are defining the coordinate of centroid of an area.

SHEARING'.\.STREsS
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It is the stress acting in the plane of a section. The shearing stress could be
(a) Direct shear stress
(b) Indirect shear stress

Direct Shear Stress

Shear stress is created due to direct action of forces in trying to cut through the material.
y

v
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z ·········_···--I·Hi-t- ..t}i-H T-::-- L0l8X
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V(x) is {he direct shear stress Di r ect. shear stress d ist.ribut.ion is
parabolic.

Indirect Shear Stress

Indirect shear stress arises due to (a) tension or compression (h) torsion. The figure below shows that shear
stress arises in an indirect manner when members are subjected to tcnsion/cornnressio»
r t~ 1'- r- .. ~ ~ _.