sojeleon ekoeuy of aor satyam224 @ gmail-cem _ealog Flecturniss Thy 0F52454- sveightage 8 Gate ——> 4-8 marks Psu's ——> 10% max. SYLLABUS ; + PN Tumeton diode schaxacruitticd § applications: applications + clippers, clampors amd seckifio Zemey diode chatatkerlaies g applications Transistor insiong Mais purpose. of -beomsiior is ampiification auth propre biasing Tramaistos amplifiers. Negative feedback aumplifiiens. ep-amp characteristics amd applications Reena U) Elesleonic devices § cireuils — Millmam ¢ Halkios. — Robert Boylated- Electecone ) Crenit omalyss ¢ desir — harold Neomam — ~ for problems. © op-amp applications — Rey chaodangBeg ew ceeeeeeereemna) Seponding on tonduchinity depoty mmasenials ane sharsificed into cthiee types 2 aomduclers, insulators» semiconductors. i conduskivoily 18 the ability of the madwial to alteur the fleur of charged pasdicles condutiors 3 — © pve high 5 Pop very hour. Ersulators 2- > voy tour 5 P—> very high. Semi condutlors t= g- Cee Semi end Ssemi 7 Traut Pay > Prema 7 Peend : fs temperature TP, eoulinion bj chayed poriiclen tT, mobility | emdustivity b , seristivity T tor omductor. So thee ceonductons | axe called PTC ( positive Lemperatune coefficient) eLemenb « Gn semiconductors, ax temperate T, mobitity 1, PL, Rb. So these ane NTC Cnegasive temperature toefgidenr) olemenls. | Go that tne. semicendutios ane sued for the fabsicakion of eleclnonic devices.SEMI CONDUCTORS there ane iv pop elements - Be! eanbow Si amd Ge axe selected a3 Aibicon. tumicondauirs because Gevmamism | i there havo ave the ment available dim . Lead ee G There two provides amodexale- values of vettages amd ceursenls Si in Prufrably ened compared so gevmamiwm heause, the thevmnal Atability of silicon is mone tham that of goumamiaume « 2 fuse fovn of Aemicendution is catted inleimsic aemi~ conductor fei Bog Ge Thee ane telaavalent elernemls They hod 4 valence elettums. Couptal atuuchune 9 ahuathone yo. Silicon :~ oe 5 i |She 4 valence elecluoms of Si forms A covalent bonds swith tne mneanest 4 Si atoms. Shane is no fause € in ib ruptal Parad une . So tmnduckvily is gene. So at Lew temperalune (o'K) the semi- condutos acl as inrmulolors. So neistinity is vey high. The Hamge of energy levels ocemed by om aterm is sobted Free changed panicles twhich axe suodiy for condasetion Js in conduction band and the tiphtty bonded charged pasticles are ourent in valence band. ce f° Dev —> eonduciors. >6 ev —> imulatow & Eq < aev —p Semiconductors. ve At o% q elalev —> 8 = 0.985 ev —» Ge. Jo mexeate the Yemprakute, we have to apply external ergy ie, vourage As vauage T, tompurature T , the jorbiddem re gy + n> Braakage of covalemt bends T > & hole pair generation T > conductivity fT, but sability to withstand tne, opplied enangpy v. At some farticnton vobtage, dhe temp becomes forge § the sability cf the Aemiconduttor beremes poor and Lemitondusirs aAt sure Eompowhre (300°) the semiconductors acto tonduttors. & = ba ew for eoarerferqe-————— _— Ak amy tempexalune, the forbidden envy gop & = [ra ~ &6xiol T Cx] ev 5% - [0495 = aasniel T (°x)] ev —> Ge ena Jo get mone conduction svilnout applying rrusch ky cnengy, doping meceneny Seping 2 oddling of erburike By doping the imluinsie, semiconduttor becomes endsimir Aemicondutor . > Snowe + onpunty oo (a) LO oom N-type P-type, ~ ur ‘a a L goo cleats See ( Benet) (atceptos) Ee phasphosus eur Bowe Ansemiv Abuminiir, Ankeny Gathinan Bisenuth. } ' :N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR AAARAD AAA N-type —y ntuimsie: + S gop: dhe b valence, é's of ph qoums 4 covalent beads aetth the ya neat 4 Si atoms. Thine is mo floe the SIE and-is considered. as juce © Each atom of; phoephors provides one Puce & TE wee | Rad a pmatk amount of phorphosows bo intimin, it pouvides i large umber of fue o- { Whom extermal ensryy applied, temp T, breakage ovalent bonds imowases, conductivity T. In this anojority pe ete) dekums amd amimerity caries one oles. The coneenbeakion of olectums Js greater than ane. paneembeasion, of hole alae the total conduedivity Ghia semiconductor dae \ to & (approd) 20 Anat tia Gy = TWIP + Pp . ee A domi Gee Ng Shotes « a 2 Tyhe Ha & &6Hphe. Fegan quewp. elements aoe, always neady to donate am &. After danaiing the &, they become poritive ion (01) tt is also salted donor ion. P-TYPE SEMIconDUcToOR ARRAS RANK P-type —> inte + 1 geeoup, he 3 valence elects of Al forms 3 tovalenr bends avin the meaert 3 Si ako. aye is no & in the 4% covalent bond ¢ is sonsidened as hole. Each atom f AL provides ome hole. 1 we add a Amat amownt Of AL to intuimiic , it provider lange mo. of holes Whom external energy applied , tommpenalune imenantes braakage of covalent bonds f, conductivity P, Majority tarnions are holes amd aminotity canriens oe 6 , Coneenfrakion , hols & pater Ahan the soncentiakon $ és. Ph > Np.( Poy Tp = ox, P= GS, + Shoe « = MeU En +P arp op 2 Pratp Hn # 26 Bp Pe Pm the total conductivity in this semiconductor is approximately due to holes. So this semiconductor is sratied Posckive ype CP-typed dhe ard guoup elements are always sandy to ateept the a $ \ 30 they ane also sated acceptor atoms. Afror auepling €, they become —ve ion, also alled as accep -. MASS ~ACTEON tant [° The. > product Of clettuan contemdeotion amd hole eee i amy jeimicenductor aust be eqal © aquare of inbeinaic: Jerniemductor } | } contentakon. | 4 | ' op ome mm) —> eletteen concemtiation. Po + hole epee > Napaconductivity > b= Felee + Tholes. MYR + py ip a} NOM, + Pudbp. fee mand w Sonar soncembation # Np ou & Noy in Ay Py =m; Np Py oe 1 om iy 2 Np PeTYPE > majority tayucions —> holes.R ww ¢ = Se + Thotes = MY in + Povep- Doping, contention. Np “| S NAY Mp =m Me eM Mp Ne BM = wm “r NaP-N TuNcTION DZoODE The doping sakio in pm jumekon diode i 1+ wh. 4 pny | T Tepes eimai akoms. ww atoms. The, Layer which separates the p-lype G m-type omatuils vated a jundion. ‘ i m diode :- a 3 Schematic seprseers wt Re Oe 2) 4 doping The megiern eo whith there a mo prmente of mobile thonged particles i depletion region Bue to concemtuation gradient axon the juntti ° pouiicler nea the junciion pancelle. dhe sagien in which rane 2 awailabilty of mobile charged porles 1s tailed daplekon 265% his deplakon sagion is alia Caltad a+ havodon () spose, change negivd. che agian inn which shore ia, m0 further penebration is fuotsible, alo - 4p ake suvvamt sonduciion, the pam junsiin Aiode must be fhely biased. ForwARD BIASING :~ AR N Aut the mimerty casvion moves away fom Abe junction they cannot fom oop Se , erg ~ 1 on, the changed ‘oO Oo So tubount duo Yo minority eooien 2 geno. | All the majority xarstiens move, Jovoards the jundion- As the applied vertage v T, the xepeleivn forces totne | | oor " on sugion width dacwases ad maajonity tasuclens Irownser, she deplek 4 al At Arme forkewlan vertage the depletion sugion awidth seduced)”, Ho gow: this vottage is cabled eut-in voltage (or) threshold voliage, : oe) bassion vottage Cov) depletion rugion yottage Cor) Space charge "| Jugion voltage. Rejrosemted by Vp . i Np 2 03¥. dor Ge: ' = OFV gor Si. __& i By 4 — tp — t Cars —— v | ABEL Ethene ¥ < Vg Dp -0. p86 (3) i= When V2 Vg ty fo The swount paring cough the diode at this vottoge, iy called Aiqnificamt cwownt, Sigrificamr gust is atleast 1% of manimum diode CASE (iii) + When V>V2. dhe muvinber of charged particles showing the fanthion inoueser The cwownl tvvough the diode increase nonlinearly. Cexponenitiatty’)os given by = [the 9 ae ahene To —> Revere saturation zwuent - Vo —> voltage artes forward biased diode. | —> imteinsin factor whore value depends - on 4ype of amatudal - me > Ge -Q2 —> fi. Vr —7 Shewmal vettage (or) temperature dependent vetkage,. ve 2 KT 2 TCH) 4 U1, 600 Ae worn Lomperalure, -T~ x90) K - Vr & a6anv. the applied vetage aw the diode in sush a away trat it anakes the tonduction of swourt im the disecrion of asnow head is tolled forwoard biased. Ino REVERSE BIASING cis Re a v AU the majehity anniv move away daom the fr rey Cannot {evn boop. So eurnunt due To majority orion ee Trejo =.NOs ooo All the mimotitty casvriers moves Howards dhe juunsion: AS vottage VT, the amajettly xatedens note wapidly moves anon pon jemdion the deflation sagion width inoveases. So the rwrnbon of mimonity carudens enowieng the jpnction P, the ‘temperature tT, ft a 1, =Ino + To ‘ne Tp ——> nevoue ewoumt , as © paaaasae pow suvesue to the aut a Nest Te. iss sine gunense surnant at neon temporstine, ix calted A002 aluration sass» id auth, THT, Depletion sugion width TP t TT At peme fartculan voltage, Ae, temperaliune axon the gv beeomes large omd the fv permamontty apoils dhis voltage & rolled bssakdown veliage(\pp), i he breakdown voltage of pn junaion diode is 30V(approx), For every Me % ion Temp ,ot by #7 Fox ewan we T in temp » To doubles fo, Ne To, RC Bh (B¥) Dog = 2° 2 Wicde conducls insignificant covumt in nevorie bias negivn. ipa = id xi? A. = 0,001mA 2 04% of mnWicde is pastive, non-Dimeon, unilateral and usmped alememt. DIODE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 3- “ pe ree eae for exyivaleret cincwils the nati of xetborse to excitation is onder & To Aame. MA —>Ge x S an Re nA > Si : wwe ~ bt , i. FB When Vg and Rp given. + NZ s > 4-— when Vy of diode giver. (on) sohen type ofthe diode given. > _ when diode is ideal. ee Re (0.0) As diode ronducti insignificant cusses in suveue bias ond & meglerted. DIODE RESISTANCES 3— ‘ eee A O) Stalin ywrimtamee i Tt is also talled as OC susistamce enn RR ofthe denice. Vo ~ Rae = 7 . T oO cy Dynamic, mylene 2 fe ig alse tatled as AC Meintomnce ° Concer, e) of, the device. 2Av OP When the diode ib in gomwand biased, it gollews Hed fave All Vo/ayr fp = e i at Vo /qvr Ip+fo + Doe : Ag Tp >>To, Lp +%o 2D. T Diggenentiate above eguotion wert b> ee cm oe Vo Nr stew By No Ae 1 2 Rac Wr gi + Gor the diode tiseuit thewn Aalolale, Matic. amd dynamnit, Sewitamess bev Kae Rac = No (a to Vp = OAV. aie Oe any 1x10? Qe = OF 20-4 kane Joon.(reed Yhte 1 2 axa ie we 2 san. VUNCTIZON CAPACLTANCES ?~ eee There are shoo Ayper of jumelion .eabatitamees ° W Sixgusion raparitamee (Cy) —> gonward Jhias 5 @) thumsition, saparitamce (Cr) —y Reverse bias. 2 Ww - ae PB vottage wo, Gof. 5 rs es As RB voutage T, wh ,crl. ° yh. P—* Fg anton aay unite Temperature, abways Cy > Cr - OPEN cieeviT ¢ StHorT CigevtT TESTs FOR There ‘tuts axe used to knows swhethen the diode is in on- Mate om off stale. O.c tet i RELIES ; Au the diodes ane replaced by’ 0c (as we ate anuming hat ait the diodes axe non-conducting). “Va Ve. pt eo caleulote. (vp -Ve) fon each diode. When (Va-Ve) >Va y diode is said to be dorwand - biased. When (vq-Ve) < Vg, diode is said to be In severe — biased amd sopresented as oc. OLove CirkewtTssan Nhem number of, diodes having (Va-Ve) Ve » the diode which has | ‘more (Va -Ve) becomes ON tout. Agakn aleutate, Cpe) or aemainin| diodes to check ahethey ON 64 OFF. When att” diodes hawing Aare (Va-Ve) values, the diode sshich has Low sust-in voteage beeomes oN qout- Then again calculate (Vp - Ve) for remaining diodes 4 check whether on a oFe SC teat i~ [Jou idea diode cinenits], Ree : AU the dicdes ane sefptaced by SC [Qsunmed the diodes are pes in eonductiong seat], Se Assume the diode sumvunt duction guom Pp toN. Catetalé f the uueumt through each diode- f When the Tp >0 >» Diode isin en state. fe ee | Qebrusented as obem simeuit) i L De 1 CF Fou the St diode sinenit shown, panic | war Cabuulite the value of 2. tee ‘ Vig 20-9. 5 ee eels) orciatoatitc pepe | ‘ sv . [ lov . OO = Vp -Ve Di—> 5-0 =5V Sa heavily qonvand bias § Dg —> 5-(-4) = lov. becomes ON irat- mee cae 5-445 axe = 4:65 mAVa = 5 (1165 xi0®) C1?) = 5-4 6S ay = 03s v Al Uae) for diode £1 i 0.25¥. 1 Diode 8, iin off stale-as this vartnge is mot sufpiciemt — | to become ON. i 5) > oby. vif | 24 —> om. mK C . wnt . ot sanwont paring mathe “le 3 the dicde By is geno a4 L=0- | de mi ee HR fon the ideal diode tirtuit shown, uy taluutale I amd Vo a — 4 a 1 a Sali- apply a.c test : -av od} —-] —Vo : De t -v e. —-—} £ ks 4 ve ve -av ————} Ds v low on y 21K, lov. 2 As we ane, getting mutiiple veunges at name mode, So tut is mot valid don the given sineuit. aw Hs -loV_ ve -ay ot KnVp “Ve a, qv. By —> -a- Ew) = BV. By pa EW) oY + Biode 8, betomes ON four aw Mave. r 8, —> -a-Ci)ev: “av ° | Oz —> -3- (1) =a Ko woe fa ¢ 83 wre bh. | %) wv : oa 10-0 Ge — w-0@ = y85-mn~. — Ge y -3 3 2 Y8SxI0 x10 = BS Vv. ON EN 3 3 ¥* colada Pf amd Vo. lov Sol 2- wc tet, 1 BE Apiy ae ee Neeley : 8, —> Wo-b = Lov v ae 8 —> 0-0 lov. Bs oye e) u wey Gi 4 l No 2 0.4N 4 Le too 9. amd 83 “aK i JL. we of. Ts 43 j . Pi om. 7 = h.65mA- lov * Caleulote the value of Tp. Bed eee a posers a loka tte Biode B, is in on “stale. lov U ov 5h @ oy 7% 7 =MN 2B + Be eee Nix - 0-3, . oR = ek oH lo-Ya = Man 03 4 Vy a Ro- BN, 2 Va 0-3 FaNx SNe = Qotn3 = 20.3 Vz = 20.3 ° 80:2 - yoo. S Gt Tp = Ve , Bp =. 396 10K J 2 0.3460 i tov bho i : € 5 i | ask Jp 2 le i* fox the diode 2rixenit shown , an taleulate 1, amd Ba’, i Yo -Ve q %, | 8) > 945 = 45V. Np 0av / 94° —> 5-€5)-10v. oe i i £ Ba beeome on fist: io | ON | w= 5-04-(5) Fy Ri (asnto?) 43-Va = & (0.6 xi0). Yo spor | M1 = agama Rt Va -Ny Ry xioe - el Vy 4s = Ry xlcxio Bs y+ Matte) = tne 3 -V: > ue i= * Ry | (%4T2 +25) 2 Gann Vas FOF 2 WS . ea -5V 43-43 = By (05x) L \" Race ab ea ae aay [tie esen os aio g 1 Ry = loko. Va v4 = 0-0F £ (% Rb ima 2-04 eo eels 43-09) = Rar? Ry J bsana. Ry = SKE = 0.445 -5v Ry 2 a bS X10" Ry = age KO-sclefiy EKo.cwy qunekion diode i ¥ The IV characteristics ta pm ° ve 0% tad ~—Z~ Amp for vroay 0 Amp for vreoay, caleulate the went ‘i’ in the tiuuit shown. Ko 7 { SOU the diode is in forward a bias. ‘eg | ; : We : t oy Sv - 0 yO ia === aa 1K = a i i tf Sas sama. : tka, i i Ay ie eo i 300 f Vie 0.% +3000 : i ‘The equivalent tidauit is —— + 54-00 (52 fi * , 1300 ey eon ay i : t= yma 300 | # forthe ullicem diode xtreuit = - 8 shown , coleulate the seqpined ay . — 9 value of R to get the value 4, a 2 ig iw 0% af the value, ti. Ley Kad 7 ay Bot Ane Diodes ane. in tonducting tote = Tg2 ontCaw a iota & OV a 2 Oh nh: —wn—| Le — 2 [= 3 * G2 ee dy Sy = OMA + Ly SY DL) 2 0.MA+ ONT, 7 0.6 ty = o.amA- ty = tbe mae Gy = 0.4668 mA. 5-9R-0.9 -0.% =0- Re Bey = Lo= 3-04kn. & By APPLECATIONS OF DIODES CLIPPERS 2- types a Tavieminion trtuit which Maremils ao past of the ilp signal 4 the olp tevminal. ive., either above the | 4 Nepremee voltage 64 below the sufaumce vettage ot between | the 00 Mefeumee vauinges | chiffers abso salted, + wattage salector sireuits (or) Araplitude Laniter fo aippers insults conor of Steheumcee voltages o% diode(s) , stesistor (5) . They dosmot comiar of energy Morage, elements o clippers one clanified into tuo types ¢ Single: devel, Suro Level : clippows “Htppaas Pp: ey Caticer cdunit) Syst duane. 7, \ccmmienma PosiKve negative potitive negakive.the analysis of any Alipher cirnenit rorsirt the goulowing ateps ge © Anabpe tne working sendlition of diode (8) im the given etuit. ©) waite che Hansher characteristic equations. diy Plot the Mumfer chuucterintic wre. &) then daw the olp rvawszovm fo she given ip wavelovm. 4 SINGLE LEVEL cLtppeRs :— we a AE y Sead Senies -clippew :- -—}}+— he tek | Ne When the input voltage vi t ; | [ i VTSVe , 9- th (Oe Ve | Lo fe be i Vi> Ve, S-on Ge), When Vz < Vp ede chosactuciic equations ane $e “ET y t R Vo =V ve SY; x Ve =e n= Ug fot Ve SUR i} L Va en No eM for Vy >NR. when Vy >Vp ern aYo, y ' Ve Aus | ' i <—— + Vi | ic ic “Ve CLEPPER CIRCUIT: i a when Vi SVR , diode - on (se). + C f ) © vi No 2Vi g Loy aohen ViZNe, diode - bb (a) Tt | wr St The Hanupr tharacteristir eqpalions ane: Vo oui. det Vi SUR Vo =Va for Vi Sh O60 ‘AWE CLIPPER CtReurt. me + when Ui off (0-0) 8, — on (80). AA — ? t : Ve =p tt case (ii]2~ ashen Va SV < yy. R ¢ Wiode 82 —7 oh (oe) pow Tt : 2 — bh (0.0) vt L Vo =Vi PL case Ci)? aahem Vi>M yd Biode 8; —9 on (ee) 8 —> th (oe)port. —_ wy a No ‘ Vo = Vg gor WXVo : t Wi gor Vague. a " 2M gor WOM. R SLLCER CIRevET at Pet he aheuit shown, daw the olp warepovm . Axwme that sthe diodss are ideat —wws- Vo gol No (man) = av Vo (min) = ~4N-fou the ideal diode «kt shown , rea lor the -Keemigor phrase rer T eww, find the namge 4, dp a 8 oo | valtage peysined to get tipped ofp | | -av the wamge of vi supsined to get atipped olp i } fon the ideal diode tincuit shown, gind the samge of ilp vauage suypisad 40 ger clipped olp’s- Sl- When VE < eH. e 87 th Bg Vo = ~av- athe Hv Zvi <-aV 47 bt 82 bh ve > Vila wham Vir av 3,7 oh Bg—> Fh Vo = -IV.Ne * Pageno. 34 , Qa Fox tne sineuit shown, the diodes ane ideot lox Sols- —4 a TOK ov ) a) ii oy ie vi tox on toK Vo then ilp vottage Vi < ov Bode 8, —> (0.2) So, —r te (oe) Vo.= Ov. ushen ilp vettage, Uipov, Wgtov, Biode a, —p on (Se) © 83 —y bh (0-0) W= Mi. . ° Qa whem ip voutage vi >1Y, Biode 8, —> or (5-¢) B—> on (5-¢) Vo = tov Jo get Vo =10V, Viz aov. : My f, ahem OLVi Saov, Bom, 8,5; > Vo 3swham Vi Yaov By on (6), Bg FW fox x v lox ] Nostev | lov J opiion (a) should shanged 03 V>20V amd his option ib connect answer. osKa Op * Os Brow the Hamtifov oe amd olp _twavefeum for the givers — Up “ifthe died ane sued inthe intuit thown. tay : “Oh Ete Eb ¥ + 06K By By cond ucdiong oe test 5 t ¥ ioe 4 av vi ~ av pote \ Lac! 0000 iS Veahem Vi > Ov 5 Ba—p on (t-€) wg ay 8, —> 4 Foss! ya ty Vo t Wi-3 ' teow ap wp 4 aK 4 Vo = B+ boot. vied wh te otf (Say . evi 18. Vo at a nr 33-4 ME. I A SM. No = SBR 4 OE wot Po ML AA [Lo AL Sf wy Wied 5 - 16448. Sh 2s. don 9 Mee a ae ar 5:86 Vv when botr 8) and By ane 7, Vo > AW. & do get Vo 2, the. required value of ip is 6Vi = 49-15 Voie sa . [n33v. cw. Upto Vi = 10-33%, diode & Semaims off due to duop fe oSKiD- ashen 3 SVE 10-33V, 3, 7h > Bg om Vo = SM AIS —TPoon ' oad o when Vi > 1033 7 188,70. Ww 0.5K ‘ ove, vi No = 4V bow | WoT as ‘he eqprivalemt tineuir of a diode during donoand bias , omy tye pA.ponerse bias 5 pee a Ik such a diode aed im the shipper tireutt, gid the olp of the circuit’. Sel thon Vik SFY, lox Diode & —> otf - losimwt - L lox. Vo Mi 5y | My ME. ein 5 cisat a i G awhen 8 is en, Vo 2 9V40-4V 2 FAV. ~ ue Jo get Vo S59yjNi 2 aVo = WH: xeguied. O Mi of uuv tamnot be provided. So diode 8 meuen become on. , She olp voltage Vp = 5V always. . dhe Us = loeimust ib mot sufficient to make: diode 8—On- Vo = Mi a Vo = painet.oaoqaeo0oo0ooo: oO * * Cs Ane diodes 8; amd Bg in the siuuit shown below as idead. the duamspen chanocterintics of the cieuit Sol s~ When Vi <10V, Br 7 4 tt ©) By —> Ff ©) J Np = love ve asham PWN 8, pon (86) 8, OD oe et Poa Mo = wit be —- Vo Ni + | — Inthe crmit shown, the . cur -in vettage of the diodes osiawr ane O2V. Plot the Hamer Wher vi £a-l¥ > ath diodes axe of, Vo =Vi =wwhen Wo >aiv, dlodes buning the —ve aycle of wi, diodes 83,83 and Os we on. awhen Vi f-21V, vw ov (vice) O4N — 81,83 and Je became on- Vo Voz a-lve o ° tbhan ei) 2 > Mo = atv 5 Blode By i aching 3 | a1 dummy diode.. whem Vp >-a-tv, abl diodes dre off. So Vo=Vi- the Homer chanoctertstics ane —lev aaCLAMPERS 3- Clamper. is a cirenit which shift the signal either «upwards aed. Othe. signal shifeel aupwands ails “the +e de § the circuit is called poritive tlammbieng. circuit - the signal shifted downwands , inserts -ve de amd Ine wcileult is called mapattive alaimping incite fh shaming stinewits the peak 4p peak amplitude of olp always eqpat to peak to peak amplitude of ilp. There is no didortion.. the slamber sixeuit toilets of enwgy storage elemenls Like sapatitor. Tnput signal always given to Aaboritor only. dhe analysis of amy clamber suit mur Monts with ronduction of diode. a + Nore = NEGATEVE CLAMPING CERONTS __)¢__y + Vi > +¥in £0 Van | Yo 7 7 ¥ Aignal shifted. Po vi a8 pte of diode —____1—*- ‘Connected to olp, the ve peak of, ip shigted ty ov, the ~Ve peak of iIp ahigeed to —BVmy Vp -Vyy = Vey o-Vy 2 aVm. Vu = -8Vm + dhe lp warefevm bekveen. 0 to CaVm). ‘the potttive peak of ip shifted * t 4o Vp. the -ve peak of tp shigted Ni Vo 42 (-aVm +R). T |+ the lp eomveform elves Va to (-2tmy\k.)- ‘Ihe +e peak of ip shifted to VR. eo Vo The. -ve peak of ilp shifted to Can-Mk), i ‘he olp seavefoum between ie EVR) to (22Vm-Ve)- >OU we POSSTENE soinesnig CERATS As motype of diode is I \ Awnnetted to ouspur, the —Ve feet eee x an Vi tVan 40 Aly « | \ Signal shifted cupioands. rr ve peak of, ip ahifted 40 Ov. ve peak of ilp shifted to Qu - Vp -Vy = QVin » Np -0 = 2\mn ; \p = aVm. . “the olp woaueyeum: between (Atl) to ov. , - I dhe —ve peak of ip shifted to ] Ye ‘the -tve peak of ilp shifted to = yy i No (AVm +Ne) + Ve ‘dhe. olp -woweforemn behveen | 4 | Cav +Ve) “to Ve.the ve peak of tp shifted to — Eva). She +ve peak of Up shifted to y K Ni (vm Va) 7 ‘She lp 7 ,.O0 6960000 £ £ 1 | Amuming Vin >Vey and is megeted but considen Rp of the, diode. Re oo Fee Be oe th a4uring the tve 7 eyele | af ve) to vit) a- D-m and — by Re. Re ee een cred PON oe ceed ae . u No tH) = In Sint. | Ve = tl kL = Nem Re pit. Rerke 2 vn Ge Aimat- e Ac LPR, Vo & Vag Abmuot- 4 io Fi ' : = : 1 = Ud) Rp = Tap snl Ww Vy 2h img the — vi) 1 t baring ee te 4 YN, B- oth 0-0) ' ( ' -—— —| tT I l I i a po by vee) oo \ a + iw=o Vp Ue) = LURE =o 84 opplying KVL, VLE) +\ptVo =o Vik) +Vp =o. Vp = -vlt) Vp = —Vmn Sint. The manonun senense Sins vattage acrote the diode it ogoeeoeeooonnd: cere ne; x eeageaeOicle tala ed Vay = Be fim sino te. Vaug = 2 an 5 va [- e ] = ne [wel 26 eulput pour = c Pac = We: Bde - ~ 2 c = Me Re. Is - (Bye. | Ae inpur power t= . : fae = Vans Dams « , | » Tas (Ret Rt)- » (BY eran- a ZS ° an Ve . 1: me Doofre) Re : (% Ja)” (Ru+Re) : Ri oot 1 os (aa, * a aE 1. = hob y markRipple dostor 2— (7) Tt is the saKo of ac component -present in the olp to the de component present im the olp. aes Gee —_ re (fy As nipple doctor is greater tham one, the half wave Rech fiee inebhicient fo convent ac into pulsading de. oo! oO =) » dhe circuit is simple. Gisadverttage 2 » the eYieiemey is Dour, he sibhle Jactor is queates than me. Jo overcome the deawbacks Of half wane rectifier wee ure full woe suetifion. i pay, : HE wave RECTIFIER 2~ FARRAR RR Conte tapped Faefunny se eye A> 4Ve > Di—on. 6—>-ve > Dy — off C0.) A + by t Re . aa EC) L +f Th + va) boa B As Rp >Re , Vo = Vw Sinwat . Nov = iLt-ke. Soe = Tpke aint Apply kv. Lo ower half secondary, vie) “F¥o +Vba =0. Vou = ~ [veer vo]Peak inuerse wattage , PIV), F BWay. Sesing ve style of me t= Arve 5 D> ofp (0) aa Baw ; i 3 Dy —y on. Ee im). Ya. earn € 5 o fl = Neo ¢ipwt. = Tj simort a Rp the Oc] oot Vo = ttt) Re : Re 7 iS = Vim (Gren) Simwt. Van Stnurt RL >> Re. We R Mog = (Ce) RE = fm Re sine, # Poply Ku to upper half seeondany, — NV) - Vo -Npy = 0 Vo. = - (vw +). Np 2 —AVin Sinwt- (PIV), 2 am Average (ore value _2- 7 Wigs co fugit = Yo came] = Ye Lee] a an Jee ao ee nx 7” na Jaq = + [1m anode = atu ™ # { to Hnode reae O° @) oy are Gea) at) TOO Yama = © We tino Fae « = Ty J 2% Pate a > Van Dams = Dams > ya 8 = va Be cutput power $—_ fe * Ac_inpt power io Mag" Touy Me = Cong Yee . _ Vo. 0%. mink ( 20 Ye. - eg SB Ge) Se = Vums + Lanne = Tams (Re+ RED 2 eg B00 AWE ye fain Re Fae, (0 Mey (+8) 0-31a wee Gey 2 0-493. Sm]Advantage 2 > AL is high Ley tevice, that of Anasy, coos, recdigiers. > supple Jacter is lewtham oe. (1). Pisadvenciage > cenilin- tapping is quite diffcaut , > FEV ib Aven ney tulee that of half wone sedtifion mad to overcome the dizaduantage of cemler-tapped FoR we WED buidge sextifien. BRtoge Furr wave RECTIFIER 2- 9 i RR AR ARR ol Tn bide ooskigio =D opperite. diodss anim 9 | same. dition. 2 o A) Dearing see ayele oh IO A Ape tye DON Doro Bae Dg > hh» Pu? bb A iw) + vie) ; te) = t Or of iw: ee ae 2 Mio ginwt - Rurake 2 + Imp Sint ‘ Np = tue) RE . Re sinwt - Yo (zat) Ve 2 Vga Sinuat » RiP RENp) = =e : P= bs = TU. Rp. In Rp Senust- : Vottage axnois off diodes 2 — Vo +Vp5 + Vog = a = ~(VotVps) Nba 2 = Vp Sinust- va? f Peak inverse vettage, , a _. Ctv)y, 2 vn. ' , Simmllarty : Voy 2 —Von Sinwt. Wat, | ; ne ™ t ae ' (Ftv)p, 2 Ven Dz, \y ing i ma {2 uning “We ysl of vee) to 1 Ave DOH, By yon. Barve > 05 > hh. , Bg om. Vio gimust = Soy Simuot +aRp \Simust - ww (qa age) lo % Nyy Serneat | RRR i Nog = Vby = UE): RE = SraRe-SimeotPrply kv to ower hall. puidge,, Nps + Vp t Vy = 0. Vos = - (Vy +\ba). Vos 2 Vay Stnust Similarly , Vor = = [vo + Vy] Vor 2 = Van Sint 2 (PEV * CPv), og > Vo: Pronage, (07) de value 2 Vang = Le ("yet av. ova wf" unsinode = Aen. x 22 ‘ avg = 2 | tm sine do o af Paes = Vamg Som = Dpana (Reva)- Be > (275.) (aera). JUG GUY OULBe, (Abn Re q: fe. Ue _— (8 h6,) (erate) es (fag ResaRy. 2 _oBla I SRE Ee Nrmon > BAL Ripple Jaton t— ve (Ge fi (22. = -T = 0-483 : Adwantages > Dis high be, toice that af HR. ata le > No merenity of temtre tapped Harsfourer, > Pav = Van > Siscdvantages t= > mo. of diods reqpined one +. | the bridge sak fier is mone efficient to convert ae tignal imto puluating de ¥ pepeat, Ot Soli auyov sums Ry =10Kn Nana = au0ve * BB4-HIV Vge = d¥e/ry = 316.076 vMe = Me. ay.go9 ama. Ru Varms = Vnfigz ayov. Lams = ams = ayann. + ow & gol ed = toaanp Dama = 108 - . wy Rg Vue = VOB 2) 1oArnp 5 (ams) : = aaov. = 1 D a i Wumi = Bums. ny \ iS eee) Ae Bs QBov Am, Doms - oo Hy = 930 7 lo 0) = asm. a ZENER DLopE CHARACTERTSTICS RNR PuRPpOSE 3 — eee) OD conduct “significant -ewnrents im severe bias - dy To suitnetamd for Jorge pemenation of tempenahte. Once breakdown o (Large genwration of temp.) ecouns, aunigovm deediie field is developed amd vetiage acne ils terminals becomes constant. So it ast as votrage,” sagulator. A eauity doped siicon diode which has sharp (our) breakdown votmge i called gener diode. Lebing setio Ilo > 100 2 8 loo times heavily doped ermpased to pon junction dicde.oococannd 90 As itt mone heavily doped) the capleKion sagion width beeomes masnowa amd breakdeum ecurt at lower voltages Gunnel diode is the most haawily doped amd it doping nako is 1:10% fe is qatert diode amd megadive temperate coepfidiet elemomt- AL the Zener diodes axe of ailicon type only. When geno diode is im denoard bias, it adi or marmot pon junckion diode. TO t She. dynamic susistance (or) pone resistence _ OVz Veo Rk” aap —— fv oo — Reo. Kye dor gener in ve ideab od Sener valtage (V2), Vi . . B= BR A wry tows dow prsatiat gunen diode, whem Trmim & met given, consider that Value os B20. ZENER EQUIVALENT CIRcurTS -- EE DEDEDE GOR . L V, * 3 4 3 ly, & | + (>) 9 9 (Caen),ve , ie Ly [Tas (A:8) ashum genet tan Re is (dead. is givem ZENER DPopE AS VOLTAGE ‘REGULATOR wee ww awk She 4 ‘ irevit awhich 4 Regulador Ba -creuit aoe ; maintains a toritant olp veunge ve Kn a even lp vattage wanies of load | 4 Vanes - 4 ea St ! As the sugutoling element key gener diode connate at shunt, it is alto stotted as Ahumt sequlator. CASE [it~ Vi amd Rr ane diced (mot Vangiong ) 2 e(MoVE) 5 gened as VisMy »R ane mot Varging. In siagutator, Zener diode should be operated iw gunvue biasbsunkdewn stegisn- oleae rave , Teo Re + deel CASE (ii)! Vz ix variable and Re is fixed.ax‘t at, tf. aul, th, tel. oe Tz, + 2-2L Ipmin = t-O De enan - Lima =I -L, mim: de toad gestae @ fT, ad, tel aelr,uft > ted. case (iv)i- Mi § RL ane variable.Eskoovs reuit pw dee the equlator cintuit shown, T wor |. 1 saleutate, the pewen disibation. . les. in gener diode. lov Bsv cole Boca — Hoo 12.5 -mMA- > 8 .5amn. Freja? Ty = I-T= S-5 = +S ma. Pes Ve Pn =5x4-5%10° w. = 375 mid. Ike fou the diode 2kt shourn, ther cmanimum power disépation im gener ska, Aide is 3 jaro. Caleulate the range Haw Sh Hp voltage saquined dor Aatiifaciony operation of zener, % Pronax > Ve Peman. = axio%. Leman = Iman -2L- Yan. = Véman -V® se Bama. > le = seit 20s kA. Ve = SMA. As Demin tt not geen, Demin = OF for Temin =0, T= = ma ek Trim 2 Demin + Be = 0+4 Lorin = =yma- Viemin. — Vee Vi mnim = = lav. R 5 yerx Sao +6Taman * Tmax Sinan = C) % Fox the aaquislos Avtuit Aden, © Benen vettage ib Vv. Oynarmicr aa Sth sama. Tnow = Vt -Vi EP Nina = IXNS EE + U6 215V Ve . . IKA. = swrittamee iB too. olp vottage © 8 tpav. Caleutate the value 5 Ee ov O of Re fox Aalispadory operation. | Oo Soli- No.2 y+BV- oO Nz = WV. G Re = 100. O° t= Ve/e. oO te py | co O Wo-43 SMA: O o> Tz = = 03x10 = 3™MA- Me = Bedy = BEBE aeEmMA- R= Nope, = 2 /aase WET * avon e Re = on 7 Ni 7 lov to lov Ve >? ~ 6 be Mot we . 00-410 U 22 MCh, ET —+ aN t No ton 5for We ley 5 Vos + (8H = try 2 Flav. ") at Nye Ft (ees Vp = #493 Ve F pene. Be 5 @B The ckt Ahown below * Ne = lov > 12 = toma. joo ge fp+he Fon sdlis factory Speretion Qsvio0 =lasma Qo-10 EJ xi” = 800. ae of geror diode, it should be operated in Vi Ry considored. Ww m Liev (ime iden 20 7 3 » LE reverse Lior. jvery -ve Ralf, syete of veltage should be RL= we ——- r L te Tze peu 7 Rive | o.asw © oO oO ; oO & Gotthe xcirmit shown, pener voltage, 1K 4 © of, & av, gener mrottage af ais ‘ \ 2 BEV, Vz of diodes to be 0.2 wher Viz tosinot fonsand hiosed Brau the output | Sols Nz, = 3V , Nt _ Veg = 35V e ; Busting the Ne aycle of, Up __\ — vettage , G ahem Vi SBN ee BiGta—7 oby 5 Vo = Vi ree + when Vi 7oFNV-. 7 je an I . Nt lo 2, > Braakdoun weg Lew By —> FB { . 2)awhen Vi 2—-Yav, a == 7 BiG tq —r oy (oo) } Ll SLECER err USING ZENER pTO0ES. tke for diode okt shown, Ve =8V, 9 4 M Ny Ca diodes +o be 0.4V sthen lasinut a forward biased. Plot ne. ramen vi sev characteaisie cue yi * fie ssuning the ate v -% ahem Vi su FV) 8 by 2 ots Mo ove stohen Vi pu V, Vi sav, 4m ta th Vo = Wav. whim Vi > By, &— om % —> aff ax diode it abusdy om , it dormer v make mor to become or Vo = qetVSeal S AWhen Ur WIV, Uys WV, a D7 on = f g gener —v ob Satay te te epee of lp vetcoge, Oo 8 off When Vi < - 0.9% purer —7 PB. No = -0.4V. O when Viz -0.9V, 2 Gener —> off (0-c) Find the Opvettage for ane cineuit shown. os : vee oO ge Vo 4 2 flee : 4 : 1K o 9 © 2 7 ~ aro 6 . ° Gi diode becomes on as if suqyabus only 0.7. AN Vo . < on [ Tea. is ee 2 aT oa : “ ie BB. nesma - 3 2 ke 2K ~ = = Vos ot + hbo = 239 ‘Us veutage we et sufficient te operate, yonen in the breakdown Vo = 235 V- svegion. gpner —y bb‘TRanisistor FUNDAMENTALS pans nceeeenee Dsamsiitore ane classified into > Bipolar. > Unipolar. BIPOLAR TRANSLSTOR 3 meee Cwoumr due to roth cleckuons and votes. Ext BIT (Bifitar funtion Aansistor), ; “BIT & a cwount consoled duniee. he. Olp “eeimernts is tenbolled ty the ip cuvvant- funtion ef ip ewount. olp wwuunt ~ £ Lip turret] Unt ht Vasiable Naniable BIT 4s classified Into gy NPN. So Alp eussemt in always ov @) PNP, NPN Tnamsistor i AA - ry T 1 oe es Ef bE I Fl ee Base an Te > Emitter —base jualin (0) miler jumetion. f. —> Coltertor— bare jumdion (or) collector, junction.- c . . BIT is also cathed Bilunenor won juvioms > As theme ane teamsister.c TTER g- Tee EMITTER The purpose, af emitter is to om hanged ‘pooisles Te tenty deed Oe uethe, : emit large no. of chargol particles. va pte Moderote inv ainn- “ Base oo € Jo tentiot the cuvuemnt pausing themugh, the Hamsistor. Le is lighty doped (40 suduce the sucombimation inthe bate sugion) amd wmall im sine. COLLECTOR 3— Jo collect -the charged feist ashich axe emitted by he emitior, cmatinatly dated and Loge im sige iinstamd the further noise in temperature). She maim purpose of Mamristor ib to due goithful amplification. Jo do this the teamiistey mut be poopy duiased.TPB and J, RB —> Aekive sugien. Junztions fein of operasion. —— GET Spereston: Application. WO F788 Lee eke ob off - sutton Te FB achive amplification. To > RB @) are deorad a Te FB WY Jere q eee a . Te FB Current Components IN TRANSTSTOR Be Te -Ie+%5 ——@ N Suc P Ine N To d) Ing —> cuntent due To Lae electrons (which ane Re majenity xonniens of vie x? vec ’ emittor). this cunt + Glows Anko enmitten a Common BASE TRANVSLSTOB. as! au the: minssily dermis moves away fusm Te « they cannot dorm Leop. [Trinosity Je =0. Wy Tpe —> avwumt dus to naler ahich axe majority carriers of bare. Taiz erwemt plows tile emitter region. Wy) Sno (ot) Inco ——> cwount due to elections which ane rte bate sepion-WW) A the cmajeuity tannient of eelterter maver ausay feem To ‘Shey _ samnot fovm Loch. at CSmnajority Je =0 — Ay Tp, to) Treo t- the cumrenr due to holes (which ane omunority wi Tre 3 eww umr due So cotwetion of elecburns by the celtector qtom the emitter, Ine ee va Care, g Wa ne agidth. Re i : veo Le Ct » Mepletion Supion width. ae widin f a VpeTf, depletion segion awidtr | | » chiase waiaan ff.ashen Vpe «Vz —>deftetion segion width suduced to 3er9 be ° Va eh t 1 Base width > we- “AS Voc T (beyond Vg) , thene is no change, im base suid dh As Veg T , depletion sepion wisn axnott Teh, pare widtn |, tembesolune acre Junction ef, the sate of recombination in base |, number of changed fortis -couscred by 2atlector As Vogt, Gep, nag. wide Th, bate suidin |, temp Tf, Teft. The bare width madutalion it always sutated to the senwue ics voltage axes the collector gr. The variodion of the base width in aceordamce witty the applied votiage ane the collector jw is talled base sic smodustasion - ——— Conseapemees of, base suidin meditation > DR A RR Tee d) As Veo T Dep, nag. width acres Tz Pf, base aida |, , nate of secombination in base |, collector uugreat P. Ae Veo Tt, Teh . the value of Te, dipends om Ves te $ [Nes], Brr is q@ suvunt tonbotted duie, te = 4 [te] + te = [te Veo].ee Mh generat, ae output auveme = £ [imper quvurenT , eulpur vettage’) Depemdemt indepemderit. LD As Meo P| deptetion sapien auidin 1, emp acreus P, breakage, of covalent bonds in bare amd collector imentsiesS clecteenhole- pal gonvration 1 ~ Thot , Tol > dof. © ' Teh > tel- , 04 Trp is independent, te maintain be a constant, Voc | por te f in temperate een) Ole c} Noe | by &S-a0v. © By comparing pe and Vos , € Vee > f (Me). S Gy comparing pe amd Ze, © Vee > f {te] 3 Voc = 4 [26 ,Veo). o> a Ta penal impo veurage = $ [input awn, output vottage | eye ape Sependent © independent. Pom © dor Inpur cupeacteragrics t= RR ip vottage 6 ilp ewnunt s0her olp mantoge Kept ar ematar ip vettage ‘Ip correnT™ger Ouctput characterishes 1 — ol P Cweumt vis olp vottage sehen ilp ewwumt kept Constant Olp curnemt > lp vottage. alin TRANSISTOR BIASING : ne Tops (Voc , Ss) sutpu (Vee , Be), Fon this cineusit, Ne =o Voc = Ve-Ve = Ve- Vee =. Ve “Ve=Ve- Verve PL -vhe > sohocation. Ye Ve > LF RB > achive ragion. Apply eve to ilp A20P, Ves - TsRe -Vae =°- . Veg - VBE ze = 8@ BS 8 > 2 > > >) Apply kvt to olp deep , Nee ~TeRe ~Vee =2- ke Re Vee = Vee ~LeRe - Orn eons $= the yo component on. arans B ger0 i.e, Ta=0, Veg = Veo —omanianuum olp voltage on oy -azu On years = te anit a Ree Wo ghe r-0ris component am fronts A Ben bey NCE fe > ME 5 marion olp current dhe time 7 the saturation point and aut Off; pornt is salted de~ load Hime The point of intersection of de- toad tine and the tansister oy shat carve cated shovaing. pit lo) pint Fo do the faithfut amplification, the operating poent mnuut be inthe middle of the de- Load Bine. a-peent ® CVeea, te Bp ire eperating point yeay the, solunation., tue peak Of ‘the signal tipped. tne operating point i mean the cut eff, sugion, =ve peak of the Aignal is lipped. Cueto cattection of sharged poosiclen ly the cleat, emp arroit the ga. inensates, 40 0llector cwrwnt [, so opeeah'ng pont Anifted. Th the Abift in operating point is more, the transistor ia thermally Les stable. Pte abift in epetating point is les, he tamine 6 Hhovmally amnote Atable. We oShe effect of temperature OD As temp PT, 2 f by ah dor eng Yo seine in temp. gor ener ile t fa temp, To doubles. Io) > Tc hoa—r Te (Bn). fon =%o,- 2” QA TT, ph dor 50% stise im stomp, Pvalue of Ge teamristor daubles . fet woole sw om a & ” * &) TE, Veg b. der te wise in temp, Vee | by a5 mv. ? Te = #[ 2450, Me | he sotlector cuemt ebbected more, sly To. Que to cathection; Of charged fuatetr by the coltector, temp acer the fr inisuare. As fempt, tot, tof, temp axroee gu, Toh, Del, temp, Sot, Pel. as Te> pte + (Mp)fo. Ce ‘his becomes a Cumulative i AE Aome particular ings he ty root tej bana ep Large § -ollestor gv. pormancntly damager. this hwocon is xotled ‘Thevmal >wnaway.and is due to Uy tunatabiility in the Ramiictor. dhe a2tf, derkuuction sumarabitised tamsistor & cated trvmal, Suumascay.4 VO9003 VBSUYHOOYL’ © To me owerceme His the kiamsixtor must be ttaldlised. The proces Oa making the operating point independent at vatiation in To ,B, Vee due te vaxdation un Femporalivre- dhe sahittly of a Honwiotos rinsuit muarened towers of Malility Jactor. STABILITY FACTOR 3- AAR ANNA Te = $ [10 P; Voc], dhe total change im collector suet, Ag = eles + sel + ATe awhuie $, 3,8 —> stability Jactors. Ale Se lt ATo > tunttent ataliility patter (Si), p,Vee wrutant Ale TAR pm aay qoutes (50) To, Vee Cutan Yale oe * Rep oe deste (50). constantStevi goto (8) 4 forthe, edbeudatdon , —# Mlsaps fake lp Avop Aapodtion. . HP Mifburnfates warFé, Te> per (ip) to. Aigountial 10.9.4 Te, pec dM, Constant. I= pdte dte Tie + ap tp.dte. » (reDdie. tp ate. = tip) Te. dle Lp , diy pate Ss Wp -p Jo coleudote “s' of a given Hamsintor cineuit » ~~ always take ‘lp loop eqscttion.. > Siyountisl wir.t To —> calulete 21 value aie, > we get ‘s’velue. I'S) in high, the ckt ix Athevmally low sole Q's’ is Low, the ke is thevmally emote, Malile-Execs LAST NG Metnons :— dhe hiaring methods are iD dined Juias metnod . 2 chy catterter to base Dias (or) feedback sacitor das mmednod - iy vottage, dividen bias (0D Aelf, bias (or) emitter bias. FIXED BLAS METHOD 2- ae A AR By applying kvL to Up oop, Vee - 2a —Veg = 0 fy 2 Mee-Vee |. eT: Ft By ceryg we olp wp, i Veo Tee “Vee = 0 Nee = Vee ~TeRe - Aramsistox obenatad inactive sagion, Applying eve to oly Loop , [New = Wee VEREPSCATION :— aie Pecan Vee Damister 8 in atlive . {vee = Mee, the tamsictor i operating ine cut-off, sugion of Lexo} Bue the teamsisten is in salvation, region « Neesat = O1V —> Ge. O.av > Si.dy Tuntion Te is foswand tuiared , Th Ve < Ve (Neu) => Ter F8 => Suunation- Ve >Ve (NPN) > L—>re = atlve. iy Of the Ramsistos im saliusschion sugion it satisfies the sondiion t. the base cwsemt | I, > Elee. it is in axtive segion-- Stability dactor (6) i {gor fred bias meined 9 do caleutate. ¢ , take ilp Lorp equotion , Vee ~TaRg ~ Ver =2° Wiffeuntiale wrt Io, - Af 9 Me ky -0 <0 . ! dt 29 Ate i Stabili HP ility doctor S -_—4E = I4+p lB Gee As pis high, sit high, 40 the fixed bias xincuit is Anevmnally Jor Atadate. Jo incense the thuvmal Atobilily ef the above tineuit , connut a savieken at ermittes tevmimal Apply kv te ilp Loop , \co = TaRe ~Vee ~ (Te tds) Re =°- Auwme Kaiuister operated Jim active 2agiem, Te = Pig Tere = (1rp)g.9964 7 OO2 o © @ o °° 8 3 Se Ss 3 Se o oO oO Veo -VYoe *TeRe + (itp) Re yee = Te [Re + Cirp)ee], Re Re Ty = Neer Mee, 12 fe Re + Crp)Re | E > pte- a Neca ve J A to , Ni pply kvi 20 Olp Leop Me Vee =SeRe ~ Vee. — (fe +86) Re =o. zee y, Veo “Tek - (ters) Re} Creag) Cheek the sagion of oferatirn. of tamaistor using verification fren Sebilly Jester i< ey semsidonimg the ilp loop equasion , -TeRe ~ Vee — (Terte) Re = 9 Nee -Voe - fo (Re tRe) “PeRe =9. Bipvrentiole wort Te , 9-0 = te CR rte) —Re 2 dt _ Re “dfe, Re +Re B= (1+p) (Re rke) Re the tkep Carp) (Re tke) a ————— “Rae Re (itp)At denominator >), S< Ciep), the tincuit is more: stable, ieay fixed hia ckt ith Re ts thovmally oneke Molble. eampoxed to fixed bias «kt without Re - Fou amy Homsintes chuuit, -the atabaility qacton ix * 4 x* P COLLECTOR To BASE BIAS (or) FEEDBACK RESISTOR BOSS, ROS AAR opt AR METHOD 2— New oo oan s Re Re | (tere) o By applying ke to the ip loop, c e bic Ft Vee Vee - (TerTs)Re ~ Take -Vae =o. Gr - e Vee - TeRe —Te(Re+Re)—Vee=0. & c Vee _- she bcc) Atiume the Humsistor operating im ackive sugion, Te =p t6 ty. Vee-Vee -TeRe Re + RB Vee — (I+P) Toke -TeRe -Vee = 0.I063%: S Ret Crp Re | Apply KvL to olp loop » Nee -@e + Te)Re' Vee =2 Vee = Vee — (ter Te) Re - ¥ cheex the sugion of operation of Jeamistor. sia deer sc As domominator >1, $< (1+p). Dhe cottecter to base bias cdenit mere rable zompaned 40 foced bins zbuuit (Jou without Re = + Van - Soin —Vee — (fee) Re =9- * , . 7 . 5 Atrurme. the Rancustor is operating ctw achive segior, Re a =(4 Ble :Mim = Te Ron - Voc — Coep) tyke = 6 cal © a Ne © Rin + (ep) Re : te = pl. ce) é Apply kve to olp Loop , c Vee “TeRe ~Vee - (te +e)Re = 9. Nee = Veo —Tee ~(te+f0) Re. vn sagion of operation of wansister,,usng verdecatin methods as aS, Denornnate >t SC BI if Re Vey loco (0D Bn ‘Sut ; are ckt is therrhally More stabk] f gm ~rVety hgh (60D sce) ft i mad ies Stabs cet: t Yee -¥RE =O Veet \retabitised Beaiery J Vgy—tePm Oe vn Stability orden is }3e ‘ {itp bias} > { Collector to base tins § > d fited bias 9, COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES f- stabilety tote tronsister by te een WA elements [tke —> diode, thuvmistor,, semivtor ured. Diode sompensaliam. technique :~ Bode tompemalion Techmique iAS TH tol stph te 2 Tn this cineuit, Humsistor and “ ane of ssine ype -qpatorials vee a Ne Noe = (14p)2a-Re 4Ng =o. Dey w - Nectse Ha Crp) Re te e astt Veet ny beac} 18 68 Thevmister ompensabion- = FAR ae Te» (rp) Re Treviso Ba temperature dependent sunator- vs TP Re] Shovmisten ba mragative dom peradwre coefpiciont elemamt ( NTC),CS a a9 c cceooooeonon8. Att, Reb, tT, tet As Th Rf. Veo Rs, (2) Re {te Ra Re THERMAL STABILITY CONDETTON *~ the aise in temperabow” anvers tre apllettor gn fowpertional to the: Power dirsipation in the cellechrs jn + Trt & Poe Tj jercton temberatune (°C) Ta ambient temperate (°C J > power dinipedion in taertor( ls!) Cj-a) = O% oO 8 —> Thovimal resistance (’e}w).in teal tome The sale of © Of change of paren neleosed at the collector we abways lex dham the. nate y of change: of powen dinipaHed at the collector jn. ca “AP qT; -power err at Te Diyountiats eamO vee G , I-60 = 6. . ay fee ype of ash So0 foe oy ce Faced bios ckt Vee. Po = Vee *Te- pt Apply kve to olp Loop, Re fe [te e * Vee ~TeRe Nee =? J E & ee 4 Nog = Vee ~TeRe hoe | hom eu ere vee Ake = Veg - ATER Ate 4s de t 2 an-menonty cores gle gt aT, <0? pot every FobuiTemp ac 7 PLCS eer curertt J Pa $0, dio, 20 dhe y dle ydde gi ge -0.0F Fe ere i (Nee =atere)S - (0.04 a) iz constant So if woe mnake, ES HVE cond SatestieS ckt thermally Stable{lo avaid thevmal Awnaiway, the sondition is (vee~ atRe)< 0. Nee < a2 Re: ( \ Vee | Ee > sel eRe Yse VgeeaRe tion for thermal stability conch pest je) | OPkion(b) ib cotnect aniwen. et @a dhe given figue shows t an solr gee de algnal ib given, collector ach as i © open sinuit. i ° vn = 9g) A | ° a a o we 3 . ‘yp loop » : e opeging kve to Up loop 5 A i e bret Bb KI Tg OF — HAI (te+te)-0. 10K 3 Antume Homsibton in ative sugion , ' S Ger-0g <335K0 Tet oO 2 ; (trp) 2 x10 *10 o ; At = 333.0 Me + aS S (101) x10%10 = oo Tg = 589 po. fo Te =P, = 581A - je = Ao -1oxi0° Ze 0-584 TeV Vp = 666% - 3.33210 «5-87 xI0As Va reverse biased . . Guamsistot & im achive. a bhion ©) — > cover amturerr. Q3 =l0v —10v ees 2 AK - € . si e lek lok, "ge fran nat gen asnme oy ge, Tee. Ty: Rp %O- ae Seno As Tp -Tet2e. Te ete. ae yo? Tg 20 Ve = Vk = -8¥- Vee = Ve—Ve = O-FV Ve = Vp 10% = -8 +07 = ABV. Tes OMe 5 23 te» 0? ox Tp = 0%3-ma. Te 2 0F3mA 3 Me — Cro)= ayyo?x0.93%x0 > Ve = -8-5H¥.* opkion (a) > oie qn So: oe i Sali- B= 200 “ Yo: 9 i) p49 ed yon B Vie o.av ow She. applied ifp vetnge is not OD pufficimt 40 make: the Junttion Ch Te foward hint The teamsiston is EF im auto sugion. Go, Ig Pe = 2g 20. w Mo = SV. Ver = 5v. 3 Mh = Vee-Be sow. oO Option () —> corset amruter. Noe = 0% oO —ftwme P= 100. e Vee =0.9V Ve ° 0- 10x fy — 0.9 — SxI0x fe +5 0 "g, bon e ve toRn fi i ar Ska. © -P-10't%y -0.% — 5x00 (4p) 45-0. 1) = 6 ? -f [oy 5x1 (i410) | 0945-0 | Bsn Epcume txt opembed @n -Netive jee Gerd: te e Te = 8.3u9 nun way 3S Lo = ply = 0.8347 «nA o te = (+p)Ie = 0.843 MA ‘ xel at S Apply koe, eee ° la-saw™(r+%) ~ sav 20. OV Ve. te AYE oO A es QVC. tet Se © Dla —Sxlox0-83y1x10 —% (loxw)=0- Be Bk. Dy = 0- #82 mA. tev VO be Wie iaegve SSKtwTeH6(0B - ~ 9-5 Co BA)3 Mo = 5x10 KO.58Sxi0 = B4a5V = Ve Ve = 0- (ox 10% 8.344 xio®) = —0.08349V L As Ve>Va > To PRB i rperasiong in ackve negion- Ty, = 0-486 mA SK | Tey h ty tN wi oe look tie Te = 8:2 = |-66-ma 6K 1 SK fe = Nes eormn. too x10 ; ~t0v Te = (trp) Te - ay 66 = U4p) oof ak Pp = les 4 opHenCe) ——> coseet amrwen. ack +e pasmg pot (le - ee ae SiTamcistor. Hok Prive Ts = 005%MA =50pA 2% - Te = Bt = 5-ma. [ow ramvixtor in active ae voe= Ve¥e: B= Qt - ox x 5oxio® SOV 33 Ve = lWo- aeSx1D XS XI — = 10- AS = — Ae Ve >Ve, Ty > F-B, Thamsictor is in Aallinition,-te Ctamsistet, Yee 2 cay ro Te = Hat 8 L 5.4ama. BeK option Cc) ——> torrart amiwey. arpa tamsistor Veo Nee. Vpg = OV N Teo = (lA at 300°. > ° © flake =! O 2 i: N) | ae N QO stom Te = The base-emitter jr. forusard biased and fotteus diode tuvumt equation. te == a Py. 0-4 /rxapeio” elo e * a4 = 44-amA- Gol Guamvistor is im saluralion , ae 4) 1 Bge I, > 22 we gee Pani ere on Be te. Pac Te £ Pac Ts opin (4) —> terract arawor ceooceoceoocat: i * sip "Fed the. sugion of pation QO ‘solifume Dramiistor ig a 5 Wxio?x Ig, —0.% - (Te2%—) rari? in active segien , ae + - eh 5 Te, HB = loxtO' Ty + (+P) tq xaxior (OK vg L s oe pe of Ne = 100. | eo ees DOA —> ow a [+ aca} ro ie “Ne Sv an = 0.02@QmA- Jd (495°) Te = PIg = Q-4Qmn~- 5-Ve = loxwt,. Ee” Se 3 2 Ve = © - loxto>x O.oava rio” oe, Ye b= qa y Np IORI Ve= Vero 5 = 23Vg=1305 Ve = l0- Sx10"x acaxio? = 5-496 v. s4G6Y , Veo BAY? Vpn t6Y Ye we Ve < Ve, derwand biased To , operates tn Aatunalion degion. te < & = \ < & zs Q o > g Bao, M0 MF Gg = Tp-fis SATA Tes = 3¥e_(ae )% - a Ses _xcagxio’ = SbF. 5 ia (> Power dimipahion , c Py = Vee- fe = 6 « 5U% xI0 a ‘ 2 0.346 W tke Le > ¥ ooo mmadshed , Aélieon ba : ) Hamindos ane ornncated inthe = gs LP Ye bts, Aiea shown suite Pr ef Qs a fe i ooceeecooocetes . too amd Py f & is 100- Qateutate, athe value of 2. HER Fox matched Aramiintorn, Jrare- Aue one equa. Such type of sinait 5 alled susgumt onisnore crtuit.Ve = -5V Vee =0.av. Ve-Ve = 0.3 Ve = Ve 0-9 2-5 40.4 =-H3v, Ney = -4-Bv. 2) - = 4 3ema. toto? 7 3 loo a Tepes Ysei (a2) = yale MA. Fox the matched Jramsintery, lav Louuit shown , caleulate, the, Value of Veg - , Wake & py = Toa ey cone a “mo “aon Pystoa"" Dea = ata yc taat . = Bey +a Jey- ‘WO 5 Sey ta tor- We 3KiO? mad eter 2 Tey = Y fs) yo? ( 122-) .= 0-98-mA = I¥to se) Tos * 616 TAX a 3 Veg = 30- 16x10 x10x 10 = B07 6 = WyVv.Le) VUGYL Ow at ER@evw Mower circuits alongs wrk tn the active xegign only Untrocar TRANSTSTOR ee ean ee emt due to elthen eleckums 61 holes &i- FET Ts the swoemt due to only @ —> N-chamnet. FET. Sythe tusumt due to only holes —> P- thamnel FET —7 FET ba velkoge gontolled device. ine the olp ewoumt conbietled by input (0 applied veuirge awvunt = $ | ilp verre lp [ ty age |. b rok independent Variable vasiable. —> FETS one chamified into + UW Tumetion. Hietd eppeee namsistor Creer). UY Metal oxide semiconductor PET (moseET), co Emramcement a mosfet - mer} p- monet). Ce-mosget) (o- motte TFET :- : + Lean Conskusction Of n-channel IRET to Rann | Ane Jo ‘make he cunremt tonduchon , Gale + the n-thannel must be fouperty 24 sliiared ives gale - rowre Teavminals anc senemse — biased. Vag Nags is aluoays “VeGi) Brain Bu calwvays higher -pretential than sowree Yos & always Ve > when Vrs F [ves kept constant] : At Nos fT, tof Nos tt, Toft Thervalue of Tp debends on the value of \os = [Ms]. > when Vest [ye > kept constant’), “As Vas fT, deblekion seagion. wsidth , -chamnel iat sb, temberatore aeross jumlions T, mobibity of 231 , Tod As Ves TT , depletion negion svidth. TT, chamnet width I, ke the value, Of tp depends on Vas T = £[Ves] Lp =f [os Vas], FET BO voltage contotled denice (1) Juamsinet-. Nove $> At Ves TT, emp Mf, pe db, Told. dt some parkcutan vattage , sgion, suidth becomes doage , chamnel suidth become 3er0, temp arroys fr becomes largo, mobility fe beeen yore, Bo beenmes Jono, he, Teer becomes off. depletion segion svidth Th, chamnel anidtn db, depletion deplekonAt the ime, ken of time of large qerviation Of temperature, the, device 7) becornes eff A0 that thewmal sumaway Neen eceuna in the TFET oO Ty > 5 [Mos,Vas] Tp Vs Vos ashen Vg5 kept -convtamt. > deaim choractenistics LASELTDI- Ty Ve gs ashen yg, kebt 20 : oO > tamifen choractoritics . S DRATN CHARACTERISTICS 2— AAR Ty Ve Vpg whem Ves keh eonstamt Q Ae West Tot 7 Volt tot agto pinch-off vourge, (4). e As Nos T (beyond Vp), Bp becomes abmort Np —? his is the vounge at awhich the duain tunnemt becomes constamt (0%) the potential at which the drain has the cobabiltg fo cotter mantinaua earmben of charged foolishDogg > Qewim cwvrient when roivce sherted 40 gale termimal TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS 2— Ty Ve Vgg when Vos > keht conatamt. (Vqs > vp) As Ves b, whim Vas 20 > T= Thss+ As Vest (en vneqatie: dineetion) t |, Vas TT > blt At some particular voltage of; Vgs > the daain ovvwnt becrmes 30 and TrET becomes cut-off. The value of Vqs when the TFET becomes aut-off is eabled Ves cut ff Cor) Vers Cf). Ys rap ae The tramsfer “chanacteristics of TEET described by drain evvumt tion, ey Vas > ~ Toss ely when “Ves =0, Ty = Spss a Ves = Vgs Gt), Tp = ae , oe Bre sage of drain swvienr is © O< THLBosg deca poony biaged, a device. ae he sornge Vos ia oe Vea Seats) < Vqs 6°«(Vos cp] es for agin Teer, [V A tow a [mchonnel Tee i}, vp atways ¥¥ oO Nee (fg) is absayps © > Ter paramerers ¢— oa ~ ° “wD Oxain sutamee (a), Te ia abo called a2 on rerintamce (of) dynamic, seristame, ; wo, . S’es Cs a re ey high oe fou a TET, ty —> looKo to In. Chy drama tenducrames 2 (95), AS ov) 420 ‘ dm > Wes aes ia Vas a © Tp = tw ap |- © Siffenantinte wore Ves + © Ne Ss St as Tos cal | Gio ° Wes Vas 2) Vas lt). y dm = Atos [Nas ff 8 Vqs (44) Vas (oft) © Gh) Ampuipication foster (1) 2 1 ne UR AR A ° yee BNes DVGs oO ~ Ce ce oO CGnes AT, oO B= Gin Xd |—> Relation bjio IFET parameters 2 Min ne chamnel TeET hos pinch off voltage, Gv Tr offers a Mamt~ tenduttamir of 3.5 MANY whem Vgg = BV. taludale He drain swount af TEET, sohim Vo = ~av, the rmasimum ramuernduatence of Weer.ols en = os [ - Veqs Coby) Beylo =. — 2 2oss [i =| =6 Ths = alma. Ty = Toss [i 2 = =f =al > = wpe -3 = 4.35 xy x10 2 4-33-MA- When Vyt #0) the Humicendactamce value becomes emanimunn . (Gi )ynan ~~ 2 Ts Vas opt) a (ari y)MOSFET aa | Bene eo bs ConsTRUCT TON OF, N-CHANNEL MosreT 3~ CONSTRUCTION OF RIRAAAAN ARAN channel Jeongits (2°) ehomnel apace = | mil —3 <2 = [0 xacus ior = AS-HMM 2 6p 9085 0 @ J ematerdial whore, = : sasistamce it veny > dyer acts os high (1.40 sn). © dhis Bid, fuotects The oO cevier quer ~ Poly tikieon tower aes gps - The > wai 4 = sohich a jousent only ‘lp suivtamnce 2, Din depletion type morfer. emoyet —7 10 4010-2. Emhamcemeint MOSPET 3 AAR Oh Ti amorfer there. is mo Muyical chamne! bf ewe amd duaim . $0 Aha here in a necenity +p induce the stharmnel . Jo induce ‘the chamnel ,apply a prowr vetrage between gale amd source tevmimals, Jor. m-chamnel E-motfer, Vqs is always positive and the value of Vas Vas > Vas tin) Mas uny | S- Shit u the minimum vettage 40 induce the chamnel . The. Channel fotmed by the elecloons ie of pubstsate, amd the thamnel, Ls is cated innorsion layer. this (2B nwmaims ficed . Jor online : wt Thane 2 @ Physical thamneb Pare amimority taniers y bro sowne | dain. Thane iso neconity : 7 40 obbty a Propun vettage bd Gale ¢ zrwrce. pre votkages He tam abhty amy voltage, Ves 7 oY —ve vottages AnhE-Mosrer cHaract eri D Brain chanactwristies eee ere 3) Ty Vs ys tahoe Vqg —>keht constant When Veg value lesstran Ruerhotd ie, Vas < Vgs bin) > kept ; Constant, no chanel will be dovined ° i i Ag vy. t > T=. 4, Nes = av . Enhancement Nas = 3V mode of opewtion. Vas = Vqsun) det Vestn) =ay Yas = ——> Vos a Vas Vqsith) —> Kepr constant , det Vag = V5 . Jue to pasattel flake ofecr some mere €s ember into channel Gam aubsteale § axe considered as fuse 5 when Vos f, drain eablects the above free Ee amd the Es from tower. Tis mite MawW VUUvVUUYULY dhe mode of operokion in which the duain cunmeat (nonsures a4 Vas. voltage increases is tailed Enhancement mode of operation. the mode of operation in which the dyaim usvient decreases as Ves voltage inexenses is sated depletion mode of operation. Carer). ® dramier choractorwstics Rene CRRA Jy Vs Vqs whan Vps —> Kept canatamt. As Vast , Vqs < Vepuh) , Ty =0 diy When Vas = Vqstth) > Ip fo diy when Vas >Vasun) > 2 f- Vas tt > DfT. he haniyos thanackerintxs of E-morfet dereribed by +e enpaction , a 1h =k [vas —Vgsumy] gare Ves > Moser) ° aghane K —> conduction parameter amd Li ANA ry a) [qs Cen) ~ Vesa] 2 var Fora given E-merper, { Dyce), Vester), Vqs@h) J Votues awilh be given -D-MOSFET CrtaractERtsTECS :- dy Quoin chanadenristich 3— ARAN Bp Vg Vpg when Ves > Keph Constant ch Vgs > te < Contant Due to paraltel plate efter some @ enters into chamnel. Drain toi the Es of sewre and subseale Ty is more - As Vests ff Yosh, oF Uh When Vas 20 > Vae=Vs =ov- Due to forattel Arate effect no tharged particles eters into -hamnel. But when Vos applied, Aounce emis the elections, duain cotteds the dlectuons dea source enty Tp & Les im this case compared to case C1) cli) vgs > ve Vas Nes Cy) <~ Yas Tne biasing of B-moifer, if is restricted to ver voles of Vos only thom the duaim tursumt aapation. of, B-moyer is Ty Sss(tf Kei doe a given Hoanoipst ) {Tyee Nes Core) } values vill be given i NoTE ch Teer operated only in defletion mode. E-osper eperaied only in Enhamcemenr mode ‘ d-MosFET Sferated in both the anodes. Gs the ip swsistamce of PET in high ives, 108 to 18". the * . 8 MOSPET ive.) 10° to 108. © the gate susvumt of TET im ‘he. orden of mA sow Wo MosPET in the ordan of pica amps W) the, vige Of onveqet matter tham, TET Y) Moeer is 0 symmeiical deniceie-» source ¢ dtain terminals cam be” intexchamgable.Wi) Morfet it the geustest ‘TRansteTor Teer £-Moge er D-mosrET auscteh P- etna4 FeT BIASING 3 ff ") FLXED BIAS meETHOD 2— AR AAA ees ® Nop 2 9 1 , Toes» bye” WE Nas tort) | — Ro ap ™ pe > we SS come a Feat s + bay, > Vag E 4 5 Nop Toton? 2» wy high, Tq wo , PeyRq =O . se 2 Vee Vag is >. Vg 20 .. ales 2 aes ‘ > 84 D-mosreT Sp Gubplitute “Ugg im Pp eqpakons- a : OD Vax -Vag Veo > Vas # Vag ——- La ° eee 2 We e® “9 fou B-mosret 2 Vas Vag Subsite Ves in Tp equation, we ger Ty - ‘The. operating point for amy amatger is (Vas , Tp). MOSFET. (@ SELF Bras METHOD :~ [ony dor TreT, P Mose Unis method is aued to elimnimale, the -necensity of Auphly vottage Vg q Soy keeping seesigtor at sowree~Ig x0 Subsite qs in cunt equation , Iq Re 20 % = T, [i- ee Yq 20 es “) =TpRs 7° Ve = D5Rs eyed ['- eal ny oer Veslore) % tor Tes fay ote | . Vas (ore) 8y Aimpditying this we get a quadvuitic, equakon - By Aalving 1b, 205.) choose the covutt value- of T- -Abways shoote lewer value of My . Nop AS Ugg it te m0 channel formed R in eE-moseer. So dram cossunt I becomes jero, 40 there is no Js, > Aly bias tireuit dor E-Mosger. g $ In Ry Rs b) VOLTAGE DavEDER Bras METHOD *_ [Fo au pers | Nop By applying thenenims ‘theorem , Van = Vb Gee Re). a Ro 4% tin = % [Ro q > Tg 20 %- Tq Rin &0 Ra Rs, Vg» Van, Ve = To Rs Vgs = Vq-Vs Vas = Vin — ToRs-a eooocse eoooeoorg, Substhile Ugo value in Tp equation Vo = ot fate Me qe wabalic \ ion, ving ae 0 ee ee | So Swott By, Loa. choose -the eorrett Dd Y2q 7 Value af dram ewoumt Ty cheese ane oO 4 Othe lower valve ; Bin VE < lower vate 2 Th only Ns Min Rs © | tt fa ~ oak SO Pou the aineuit shown, raleulate the eg teat On Q-point. —> Dp = Togs = 500° ww Iq ey , Ves Coby) 2-8 Gott fk Be, =O vox xe, &0 Ng = -3¥ Nags = -3V- Vas Nae to = Doe | a 4a Ds ove 1 2] fp 2 has mae fs a ~ (egy, asm). coraing point i (qs, To) (-3y, ) icv % coledale ‘he Ty = 3ko S27 (qx 50m) 2 0 2 8 ‘e \iq 20V- “A, QO Us = axio x Bp, ; gam e ‘ L Vas = o— (ax) = ane, Lb a tySubstitute Wags in Ty equation 6 a G = Tyee ae] Ves Cored) ” 2 Sx fy ~axitp |? at . a [s ute | make V@S satin ue Nasays Vqs(ore) cheng postive : 7 5 Tp = oxw i- sete camaele 3, = 5xi0? o Bp = Seid [o+ (ee ye 4x 3, > TP = Bei + Lews, _ ht — Og Wy —S Tp 45x10 oO. Ty) 2 Samp, Lagan. By thooring the dowest value 2, Ty chow be lexetram Toss y * Yp= Sma | asmA Tp = hasmn- Vgg=-tov |vys=-asy Vas = mariore bas xia? = -asg Vv. as chamnel is blocked — Apply kv, at sy, it is imposible vp. = 15 ~Sx10' Ip to SmA at —l0V- 21S “SKA Lagma 2am be obtaimed — Lig gc at —asy = Base oT =85-8-¥ Per ne cirtuit shou, Tp(qny B GMA, Vas (on) = 4¥, Vasey = IV. Caleulate Vgs and Ip Sols Ty (on). * 5 Nas (on) = 4¥ Nas (th) = IV. Nuh = 6 CE 2 ave Rin = “1a0% |30% —Ben8 S Fae. fq ho. Taq Rin BO Vey Vin = Bir. By Ve = to (ax). Vqs = 3-ag,x10". k= Tow) [Vascon ~ Veet) 2 BHO AA Vop =is¥ an tok jel» aa 4 Gubrkitule Vqg value im Tp equation, To = * [Nos -Vas em] > Sxie [2 = ane’ -] atx = [2- axie te) s > nxt -4 1810p FH =O gp = bash 7» 0-S16MAVgs = 4689 The Hansson i biased at (Cav, ama). Caleulate the sequined value of Jerivamce R Sl iy > eR R +100 Ri = took [R lov _ look foor+R fq 20 Te Rah &0 Ve Vin = Ko. 8 R100 Vs = axioPx By 2x8 PAY Vas = -aVv Vq-Vg =-8 Vq = Vg-a e4-acav, LGR = AR+AI0 TYR 2900. | R 7B ko = WaeKn. Por tne ger tht shown, Aaludele Vs Sol: Bq 0. py = 540 Me 0 tyme [ 19 wo) i5v rok D Teg =lomn Vegs Copp) = “4V. 570Aeas eh GO Vas ook +R oR? yO Ge . Vas = - bi Vas = “6-883 - Vays = “FR Vey -Vs 2 be ong = bY Vg obey 9 ¥ for n-channel E- moter, shrenn old setae is av. Whew Rp = Ika the 2 Value of Ty ia gana. bihen Rp fT to aKa, > them % value is Erma Cor) py ma Cr ame > wetasmn - Dp Selim hg wo. ) De Rp = them, DB ty = 1o=Yo yma = Wo ND Ro 10? 2 Ty Ro = 4KO> “ 3 fp lowe = to-Vo__ > Ro 4x0? es) fg Vp Org mhfy> awhen Bp} to anny 3 Vqs = 10-4x10 Tp 2 Tp = o-ag [ e-urro? sp] xe? 3 7 2 ome loxPy = 0.aF (en +6 xo ny — Gyx10 PB | i i | | i i i : D = 0-35 [10-4 x10 = al’ | i i i tyxt0® a ~ tea kay +16 =0. | | boxe 2p. Ty= vama- i gs = lo-4 (en) i = heyy. foX the n-channel E-motfet threshold Votiage is O.8V, Vp =hevy Tp =0-52MA ~ Nhem the Vo veutage adjusted to av, the value. of Bp BH. fol: Yop Ng = 0V R Nq = Vp (a, 5) Vqs= Vp-0 = Vp = Gq io? jo = naa ae > v.agiasxie®. a [vs aurhan Vp 28M; ty =k [Vas - Vast] . 3 a 2 OS K1 [a-es] = wasma. 06 :vewwvuwewvuvueyul cee TRANS 15T0R AMPLIFIERS : Shp (VY, 01) — ty outputs (Va, 32) iy Cy ie i, Ge fou a BIT, rer) vy | Seamsion | |e Dependents (1,22) et Gadepeadent (%),¥,) Sn generally we empress » Ny = hy 2) + hip Vo h-parameten epations BIT. Ta hay dy thos Ve, i When Vaso Le» olp post ip ae, My = buys By shart. hn a (hee neg > input tmpedamee : hay = = > frwoad ewount gain: (he) When £20 be, ip port is 0.¢; WyehiVe 5 Tr2 heaVa - hin = E> Revewe, vottage gai Ch) han = 3a __ t i he) w- an = > guiput -odiwittamee, (he) 1 Vy = hid + heal Tye het + he Vol tothe Seponding on samsistor tor emfiparosion yadda second subsoup' A= parameters. 08 => hip , hyp, heb, hob- CE > hie, bre, hges hoe ce phic, hre, Mee, hoeAll the -h-parameters at seem temperature ane cB cE hi aloo Noon he -a.9xi04 asxio! he oot 50 ho Od po asp dhe egrivilent cireuit of Yamtinior cite ae (oD) Gath signal moder of teamsistor ce Noo aspu- ARR [ahs model ‘valid ondy dor Haw grequency onty |. ANALYSTS OF TRANSISTOR AMPLEFTER UstNq h-porameters ARASIES OF RANSTSIR RMIPLEFLER SENG: Tene tT 4 > yb TLdw! www IL? w) wi ete ‘dhe. analpas of teamuistot the following i= CD wont qain: oe Ar > a0 i) impedance + Input icmbedi wo Roa lity votrage, gain + No. Ay > we, vr GY) ousput impedance a= Me on a w) Voltage. anmplitientton t Yo Aus FG 7 ewowernt amplification 2 tog = BE. Ts Y Curent gain i= An Te Tool -tn An > a q Gy = bpd) + hoVe Va =o ott, = -e. - Tq = het + ho (2) ? (who®) Ip = beds a hp ase Ag = ampiifier imetudes the caleutation of — hp ithe? |@ 2) Input impedance - M #et i+} = hid) + heVa- Ya = Tye 2 hit) +hy (tn). = [ni + hy (2)a] aq mn ut i Be ie oa coc Ta | au sources 48 eqpal to Zero (only independent ounees) Ty = hp) +hovg - ie (2 ) +]. e¥ = hythy (3).4 4 we 2 wo eevu wy wv VvUuUw pu Qo xaleulate Yo, yout Yo coleutale (3b) ope ve to Up. Ty (hi +Rs) + bevy = 0 ay. oh Vy hirks, chs. Yo = ho ie ® Yo (5) vonage ampligication (or) Overall vormgs. gale Ay 2 Yo Mey Me Voy Vs Vi Ve Vy VS ¥ Avs = Av (AE) wes (= >) Ei +ks 7 Avs = WV GA aay Avs = Av G) sument avnptienion (#) ewmal nent geen mee ENB das = At (#)Arg = At Bhs method of amatyris is called cence analyit method. SIMPLEPLED (02) APPROXIMATE METHOD 3— This method based on CE h-paramelo ont. Uhic, bre, hoe, hee, To (ta) ® 2) e (Sa) es : + , aes Vee ee (wy) 3% SERS = Vbe = hiety + hreVee . Te = hye dy + hoe Vee. i amd HreNee~ Sn simplified model of tamsistor awe neglert hoe Veo reVee" eet cid ele hoe = 250 Bh qenoally in ammblifions » # SSko. pew = yoka lst hee agxio®YUE YEE EU OYVwwy yy ww Folle ee Troe BM Rpt the: moran faning sthaough it B very dw heeVee —> meglected (oc). Rasen de meting, Nes heeNee = bre (%.2,). a hre (Tez), = hee hpe RE, = -asxiolt x sox Ty Fr. = las x xT, xB,. Mie + ies + bre Yee = help — las xio? ! Moe = hie ts lag xio” fhe, y inorder at iw, AS the transistor spends only Joy tour valua Sirals, coal Me > Conv) % hie —> Can’) %, —> (pry tL—> (Ke), Irreen > vous leur amd is nglected (Se) , ‘dhe Aimptipied amedel ef tewmistor ~| (irbedty. E common Teal (rt hye) BeProcepuee To DRAW! THE @C EQUIVALENT ¢TReutt ~ PMPLELPER s cy Replee the Huancistor by iti exuivalemt simplified ebrenit. WY Conner crit Lombonemts at fut eommon tevmimal , Up & olp terminals. © sesintors wre tonnected disectly © calculate saaetance of each taparilor . I Kes “ante Xe i nigh, °c) wehtaced hy open sineuit- ' Uy Fe Low, 'e! septaced uy shout Dx > Co—7 Blocking capacitor 2 Co —> Coupling capacitor* : Ve sign suforsent a0 af hate shige behween tp amd ap apt _ionpedamnce uy -vb tp ‘ ae (hiet Re) T + he BRe ee ibeee a ener te Z = Viet (ithe)Re A 8 eng hag a = Hi )Re© DEO evULEUYUYW! ag Vo + T.-Re + hfe Te Re Ay= cheteRe I [hie * (toby) RE] Ay = el hie + Corhye)Re * fy a very dow. @ vatoge ambipication me 4° GOGH the Le- Te = hyeTy- Yo cokutot To five calewtats Ty Welue. Jo soludale Ty , OhMy KVL Yo ip Loop, Ly (wb thie) + (Vthye)BRe #0; 4 [Rs thier (thse)Re | =e Jo akingy the above tondifion» Ty wut que: Yo imesente the gaim amd amplification of the above eireuit, connect a tapaciter arnt the emitter serixtor amd is called bypass Caparilor. de tham Jwithoul Capacitor Co, voto int oe ryote» —heke 0 ines vmerecthan sulthout capacitor Co.9 ne) VUVIYPYVY we VW Output impedance: Voltage amplification * tog 2 ty (HL) t Bas / Pre also very high: Moise tham seitheutr eapazitor Ce ake. Same as sithoul topaciter- CE Amprteter t (Yiced bias and Aelp bios), DA cE amplifion with ¢ without Re Ce CombimaXon... Ay = -hge hie Ry \[R0 avhure Re = Billa —> gor Sel bias - Ay 2 ThfeEL Re ya reistor conneced OR blo base amd Vee. 1 Avs = Ay Gem) Bo 0 1 = Foll2L. = Be 6) CE amplifiow swith only Re (No bypass Me . H « bie + (rhe)Re, Bek [RePor the eamsivtor amp. ckr Bhown, raleulole -tre, (ely), Also talewlate Vott-amp, Ble- ge wim ce tongs Ay =-hye =-80. Ba hie = ee Bok, = 0.%%7 ko. Vol u Hage qin, — % Ay = a = -B0xax0" heio> =< -l6o. ' ae A. $e eee oO VE » ne oo (289 ogee +t . hie = 10, he =100 »moe =) Vue e =D qpdthoub Ce owe = ~100. = We + (ithge) Re = veto (tio) 10? foaxe- . = Eke Re = afr cal = lass! = toalla-y ee = 254 ko = ey kD hye py = _oMefe hie t Cirhg be : 100 ¥ BY asm (CE = aay +h = -a-.054 dy wilh Co ‘ “Ag a hye, = 100 Ee hie = tke zee = Shee = —!0043 =—300 = wlay.oa¢.hie = 1K2., oe hye, = 100, Calewlate Vp LE) avhon- lak 3K ae yp ey Vetb)= Azim out +B simiolt a a applied. —Aeeusme, C=C =Ce =50pF. ¢—_|-— ~) Ve tad (see, iu) BH igs ts Yo + 1 we “ = =, eo = oaMn. 0-1 R50X 10° As Xo iu very high , “cl addi ax opom cinenit, i.e, dhe Cr blocks the signal Aginort amd is not amplified by the cimuit: for Wg = 10 ad [gees tot x50xi0° AS Xe ib very tow , thee! ack os shor coueuit , hey the Cy” allows the Hgnal B Aimiolle amd it amplified bythe tineuit- ee oa ree sini 2. The, Aignal to be annptigied by the tixcult dis B Seniott only. So vpt= BSinioltt. Az = hfe = -!00- 2 Ki = hie =~ ) a = Filey = took Bi we 0 = ao. a | i> va Vie) Vo tt) “yi > hv +7300 «, alah 2 Mgt) = ~300. B simiot t. Millekt them is sued avheneven Rene a feedback element blo ip and ofp - / Using this thestem he deedback element suplaced a parc inthe ‘Ip section amd a part in the olp seekion. : Ww PFU8) Te is induct, Ea jor, Zafwobi and Zy> Iwla z oe ae . 1- Ay . . nad qutr= We jets = oe -Ay re ace be I-AyCVOOBVSOCDOGBLYV Srputt_iempedemee 3By = a heRe) tage amplification P= Pie Ays - Ye. Vs a [ns Gi) aR a rks Jfew the furans. omp ckt shen, Bay 1ak 100% pve ~y ton Ca Pehge = lo Mi y ia 3 Behie = LIRA a . Ay = too Ru > W100- R= took xIaK oa i Ay . 1200 k Too +14 vist] (eWay) (100 + ta- oD) = laoo x10” Ay i par Ay + 12 = 100 x10 Ay = —443-49- Re = 10-F1B KO- isthe sineuit” egaist of Rete amd without Re —Ce combination . y he Ay ih vey ARigh- 1 I-poet Qe Rolfe = ot ko. Aya THw= x; || SO Ay 3 a = ued = 0.1026 KN~ ey Pedy = loa-6.2 ’ Fi 2 Noollior.¢ = 93-86 2. ) Aug = m( = Bi tks Aus = (-4a4) (23 13-86 4 10K, Avs = - 4.06. lave & to. Common collector Aoniguaadion analiis 2 = (ithte). & te dign sebarents 0° of phase blr ilp § olp 5 - ‘Te 7 Aur, hye BsExper impedance t= x= Me Tr Rie hief, + TLRe ay z . hiete + (ithe) DRe w z ie. + (tt hye) Re |- Hi & weap gh dor ce t H > 2il)Re Ay = _ TRE ~ (ithpe) tp Re hie + Vo hieDy + (1thpe DRE 1 Ay. Uthe) Re “hie + (tthfe)Re vis Dem. >ruwm. , dhe voliage gan Ay <1 always ds (tt hpe) Re >> hie dhe olp vetings = Up vettage. This circuit B called voltage gollowor stinewit (or) voltage daubfen cirxuuit (of) Emitter follower circuit Aus <1. abuoays The tommon eetdertoy camnot be sued Jor vettage anptification ant!as used ax vottage fotiower cheuit nly open eapetane Rh rhie . tt hge.pga 29 1 Sols & Vo . c z a) + cS wo) . oo ice eC = = hvet (trhye)RE noe Oo Rak ae althic. % 0 . Te Pte, & ' as alae o. at RE=RellRy =o ic Zo > hie _ 7 Teh : w-( hie fp. Gite + olp impedamce dacnentes oblion®) ——> -cotpuet amrwen Common base Lontiganation analysis a AARARAR NANA R dnnnnnnnrnd nrgby ceomparing CE, CC , CB, the commm emitter only used de vottage ampificalion. Ghe CC ued as vottage. buffer and CB sued ab current Lurtfor, . -hie Tb hi ee Re Lie te B= tilee = (het, hye voltage qo to= (REIC+hpe ILE = bie Ty <0 theo ' Tero Zp: 00 wt Zo = off Re 1 Zoo Re% MODEL OF TRANSISTOR :— a (Ca Pre & 5 ce i =— =e ta Be | 2 NY Ply t 8 pny a Yo E — a ae : 3 Ve Ve % = (or) HIT, eae ) Te i Te (or) Pg —> 80 twoumls Vr = TH at ngom témborakuie, T= 300° 1,600 | 1e-4N 1 Vp 6mnv. i ako | use Ve model, +0 caleuate look ns ; v crap lif cation . —4}-—- Vo | Ca 4ol.~ Jo taleutate Ye e : . ; Ah 10K aq Pa hy, sto. Fs { Be analysis (f-0). . 2 | : -, | ds feo, oo L cf is-4V . = 1 ilp loop, 2 | lak J (terte Apply Kut to Ip loop. Ye tot lax? (de +868) — ee Gehe neta Woo x 1022 —0-F =o t= tax? (BD 2, ¢ loo x10? Fe - fy = 08 p- te = CrP) fe = 1h te, =ME = ao. Tewon Bye — a _ NU se. ms pt, Aa— pak N wor, \ Vp Ne “ 2 lak ) wi 2 * ee) aK. Be pee c te is o 36 ae tanta toe ee De Cc ze (Hie ‘ x = CrP )ve Ric WixAl = 2G2Gn. | Menge gar Be — Pp ie £ CirP) ve ; PRE na Cee PTE dsumee Ay of ce f very highs eee y= lows toa +10? : : a lo} XQ ‘ fe (tal i) =" yo8-008 = loF katRe 3 22. 2 _loe x10 =A = 2y3-8q i fleas) meee ee It Eos di (Ro) il av = d6ag || ayseq = 883-130. tus = Ay & a! . aks /, = (408-008) Ges RAS-163 +10 + Pye = 8-906 Pano - ry < Solt- Yge s0.4V P =aoo. . we Vote a, 2M qe Be eyivalemt crcuit is 4o caleutate the value >} Te, Me feo, coc! ok be Opply kv to ilp, 3 3-8 Aexio x1g —F iK0- Te = tage HP Bg = WIVE MA. — bor x10 Curb) =2. Te = 34. espn. a8Ae Quivalent inet is Ve? = Tx5x10° ) BCP te + CrP) Bx Cr - -w 15x10" é ee a Pe (eB m9 AF (ue B)3% n10 o — 200 xSxio> oO aoreies 4 + aol x! ' oy = £OAfg -204.38 - 4S Sn the amplition 2ixenit shown, the,Vo Ay FE a VbeM Ve 2 TL 000 i Yo - —P&, xdeo0, vee Cte B)sed, At Praline ot given, consid P value is veg high 5 CrP) B. Dy Nee ~% «2000 = ~eov 2 -1sd8H6. TPT % @ Frequency Response of AMPLEFTER W) bow) FREQUENCY Response Cf APIPLEPRERS 7 ‘The leur fragyemey surponte Of the amplifier is -the ealoulakion. of dower, cutoff fier. fespremey of emplifion =o The lauren tur ob “frug. of, armprifion, Cy,Ce,Ce - 4 = icon 2 fescadne te alee he cok deepen of em sompifeen by gras the av eypivolemt 8F Af the given anmplifion by comidening alt capacitors amd all the sources (a-0 and die) Ae eqyat 40 Zee‘3 brews the ao equbalent creuit sutated to amy one capacitor and semaiming dapatitors subbed by short zireuith - cll) Caleulate -the enpivalent surivtance looking aot the tevmimals of capacitor , thom the eur —olt duagpiemey due to that capacitor COOn - 1 Bie Reg CO the seu -ofh feeayemey ther amplifion 3s the, largest value Of aut ob faqueney due to Ch, Ce, Ce sete dteyeney eet antept Cb, avmaising (Rs +8) ; | & “» i I (urbeedep ee 4g (nd thie) * (14 hpe)En%e =2- 1 hs ty (ithe) Bahie’ + te] =0. I+hyea mo te OP ©) ' hie’ Rey = Re | ae : Ok ef frayromcy Aue to Ce bypass Capacitor, hn + | Letty deeme, duedo Co to ~ ! RE =RellRe c 1 ce! Vo Re Re f 1 % =o: “Apply kve 40 ‘lp loop , 5, (Rd rhie)=° 10 tatigiy the, obowe soudition, Toa pteao . % 00 Rea = RerR. tae eH feaypeney dus to coupling cxpacitor Ce, I Sug, = 7 am (Ro the) Co,hie = kn, hge = 100, Re oRe = (KO, FICK | Rod ko Resa, Ratko CoeCe=tOuP 5 Ce =toone. caleulate Louver cut-off dragpeemey af omplip. 1 ie eens Ce aw (Rete 1 Ho UllRe. = hie = Ko. 8 = yk|lUK = Sano Ilsa = otcake . oe an (IK+0.2619K)I0 io” = 1033 Wy. t Lee = ———_—____—— i an[ee I(r ce. 1 Re = Rell Re - Re =s ako ad = t]lea = ost fice = Sea = 42-336 Ky Fre. * am (ReaRe)c 3 0 ar(3t#) 0 = ksi Hy. The amphigion euek—off frequeny ~ & = oman.(9-033 , 1298269 ¢ Ler) 4, = dneas Hy.Hogs FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLTFLER 3~ Ooo A ARR AN She, high: {eepemey us ef ampugion dy ttn calculation of upper curl pug. x annplifion. oO At high queeney, ket atg—3 O= Le, Coe, ante NS BE. Xe —P wong Low c 9 alk as Sc. At high feaquency the ur —of fuuemey forvided buy pains. | j (00) inten electrode Laparitamess. Shere ate tapatitances at tevmimals | & unekons - fe high grupsonatas the: h-fooameting betomas tomplon in-notine| amd youies wlth Pogwoney. So thot h-panameder model 4s mot valid at: a At high duaysencien , Ayid—m GracoLetto Model Cox) | Oo high frequency model of teamsintor is wed "i ty, —y Base Howoding swristance. Cth <0... abays). . \ Cs Geo —> Tramtemductance & 4 eB te GO : _ Lele be Btw gf CES a, & He 2 i % : 1 C, ce. Te [ ° Gee ce Be fox resistance Teo 7 Go K.n- (very hig).Che > Wiggurien copacitamce (toope) Che —r Gnamiition capacitance. (rer) Ble FT Tres" Cle —> Cx, Clo Co Ve —> Vr, Vbe Ve . i By —> Tyr The te - Cle —> Cu sCoe,Ce- a oe tour feequny , hybadd 1 anode! , h-parameler anode , Te ~Co'model,. ane same. Ak laut durquemey, “ Xer@ Qo “Che and Che 79% oy Ble amd Teo, ——> meglerted. Gy ; ( Coorg high) Oe yas 8 ww ———e => x ST Mle Stile Gov de € \ 1 t € ; hie ele =— he hye Te :5 Pte Te = hed, = PT ~ImVge = [Pr =A a af Ba, hee Th = da Wbo Go & | heed, = Go-Ty We e at ——e hte = Gute =P. hie = CrP). = Hy! + Te \, . hie = (HDT 3 Tem ge e hie & BR 2 1 . hie 2 Gnbse Ve © es Limes, = JE 6 } ie Tie» Pt. @ hye = P > do Te Ngo 2 Yor hie Gon 2 PH | — > Drums conductance, ‘ hie Shot sineuit oon gain of gion eben Se We maplect fle it in very igh value Ss oie 8 ia Te YR 5 meglected . — oe 1Short eirenit cursumt qin _ Be | Mts. = Ey | { = te i Tp i Appiy ker at. Bi, : 4, > 40, +35. to. Neo 4 Ve oy oe 1 1 : Wor wen Tee FE + VeL wer hocy]., b oe. + Viejo [Cw tC], = Me [radiots Cox iced] Apply Ker at ©, Betty = GroV- Le gn Ve « The sherr— circuit sweunt ee Ate = ie. beV on % Ye [ej (Cn 2Cu)] Ase © Ter te 14 juoty (Cx +Gu) ie 1 ee OR Ex (ext) St fe aK Ex (Cr aCu) * 9p . Mase = —_bote__ +4 (5/5)dhe magnitude ef Arce ® [Aszel = Seite is Hey When $20, } ; wm =o, lAgse| = 9.52% ah > Be F-fp, |aese| = Smt - hte. Big Va Ya fp —> upper sut-off (ev) P-sur-bf fusueney - When £00» | Arco| =0- Vssel <7 ee §, > unity gain druprency- [acel = t= _ dof Tiel 2 7 ar ns (+129) rl, [Ass | 2 pe goon (lee) $e 2 Fp dot - Fp hye SPY BE.the gain bamduidtn pmduet of any aystem is constant S$, —> Aso tauted os unity aim bandusidtn. Fstora this , a a | : = UW xaxio Aly s joo = 618 ma, a3 maly, ** Cascove annplifion is CE amplifien — CB ampliqien. DARLINGTON amplifier > Co CO annhlifions . Sl:— do 7 Sa + Tee. 2a. Ni[2 =401] Cy = 03 PF. fy = Yoo Mie. Te =tma, at 300°. Cr 7 Fr = hgo fp = mtn «fp er be Caen $, ~ do . ax (Cn +4) = de ot bro Ve 86 fy «Mas s >_> u most ema Ce = IS PR * WS Sol : hie = 5do-0- he. > 100 Noe = 4 x10" IN he 2 15% @ (lov, toma) at 300K. fy sm My Cie = BPF _te 2 Jo c 4m > “te Fr = hpefp- Spe OW fray = OS MG. a Clot Gle = — > 3+ Qe = Bb * gaxsonwt Cile = 19g) Pee- @ (tov, Sana) hye = 100 hie = 600.0. Co = pe Ap =loat lomue. % gaim-bomduidén product is tontiant, tox 40x 10% = hye fp. ® too. fp fy = indy Nie = Ty +t, h, = by, 4 = tho Bie, loo = Le apr Ve We Tle = Wo Kae = San. hie = Tb ate. Ty) = 6o0-sa0 = 800Fer ampurerers 4, SMALL StqNaL MovEL of fer z- errs ce a CCC Fer wa warrage conBrotted denice; f= # [qs Vos). at = §m AVgs ta A Nbe + Ald — fd va OQ Aves > ys TP T= doNys +28 Nos Vids 14 fous Jrom dnaim to sowxe terminal. - She Up saristome, of rer ia very high. dhe geile coment of PET is voy tour § mepterted . oe Te =0 <— ththe ac equivalent eineuit , the “G’amd’s’ tewmimalt 3 ; ane 0c. > Ve: + 2 3 = Gm¥Vge + > Kel pation . tq oO 4 4 a co c h rs G Sepemnddot fi sean AOUComunsn source, veniam = a pee ee Rq’= Rifles Thow is ro cunment doe Jer devices and. they tamnot c; be sed Jor cwemt amblifiedtion, G4 +e T vi " ol tet i ' Ri im 3- Nom em Vottage gain ay we i TLR Vg e aNo = ~GinRo - “As Ro dow a protticatty ea 5 implementable FET Ye ¥ Perko ampli mpligion dhe gale No = Gv Bo eaves Ro obusaye tem Ham Wye “eh considey, = Vo = ~BmRo.Vge — VoRo Th vo (14 fe) © ~ FoR Vpe- | t-te Gh) = AV» ~Gin Call), Aye = Av = ~ Gey Cet UR Output impedance (#0) > Ays = Av= ~Gm Giallo). Ag ig ib mot given 1 ayuume, Ye, is very high Ae ~BaRp--ad - - Ay = ~Gm® > gy o8 Noss [i vs] Vas (244) Vas (of) Jo cakulate g,, apply de amatyeis As feo —> all capacitors oct as OC. K Tq zo 3K ' e Jey x10" 0 a Vg 20. 8 }% Vs=asaw'xt- 4 ack . ‘Yiven Jy eto - = : Ne = sv. Nqs =-asv. ee (si) | - 5 . gen = av. A = -axio?’x 3x0” =~6. a4 ov SOlt— Tyee = toma ak c Vp = -8V alice vo YA = Q0kKN q s Apply der analysts bo. Iq bo. Sa & 20 + 2 Fags to 20. mo, Voltage gai Nq=-av 7 s he Eis Vgs = -av- ~ 3 EO rlcnioge pipe (aoha)« én = 8 6 = iS x Ho ~axioxio” Fl < Bom 8 = wg ahfax FET ampiigions only temmen- cmap fication. wource used for v olbage. Common -duain —> voltage buffer semen ~ gate ——> -ewwumt buffer - Noo Cwount amplification is mot a g | poucble as there is a ofem cineuit. PY paar, a NC Re z \ ve rye “1, > Log % 5 fs ~ We TTT ees By 4 - Te | 6 iit S <2 1 . + t of? la, ! be > . po el 3 t t { ; | 2 \ J Gy | tu 1 “1, 2 ca ~ 7 a = i D Snpat_ienpedomce (#1) 2 ent ecm . 7 ‘Apply Kou at * ~Ty rT —GmVgs No —— “pe Megane — a No = -2oRs Ip: “Go yr - Vo = - Cavs +8 +deyp. No = 9 — NoRs : Grogs Rs anwe (+ Se) - ops Re. Ae we, Nya Vo Me ad vgs” O98 Calsaz) = am Cella). % applying KVL round the cinuit , Vgd Vo -Vye = 0- Nye = Vgd Vo. ~ No Ve Wp pice “do (tt). ' = Geo (Roe). ‘a. > Ma v = fe = ldo (Rea) - rye Me. Sem Rellea) c.| wT WE” lea) cl = ‘ed = Ay < Labways . ~ ‘he commen-dnain -eamnot be sued fox vatage avmplificaian- As Gin (“alll S10 > Ay #1 The Common - dain tured as Veltage, fa (one bupton vineuit . hit is also called ax source — follower cineuit Output impedamee :— Hs To Nf =O. . .To govy = He 4 eS Apply Kut axewnd the incuit, ape 7 My + No =0. YW ay tq No To sgatye + Ye z B= fate te = No (ay *e) A> (rte) fg (pete) 2 we Gite beady 7 ale tll. weal (gales. Tn FET amplifiers the cormmen Aourte only sued for valtage, aamplification- the common- dain ued at ve und commen (PA teed a wee — teutton: BAT Coe) ampigion FET (cs) amplifier he hat “Av = ~ Gu (ells) —p very tour Bi she puagian Hoe avenge Te © —> ery high: 20 =] —> Sow 14 —> Wet —> looks to 2 MotreT—> ko to SOKS.The expected Values guem an amplifier are d Ay very high —> more, aumplificaion ef Up signal. by & prey high —y to suduce- tne frowen disifosion in the Hamaistor ily rey dow —> be seduce the beading offer on ilp. By comparing the expected values with the PET annfiifior vit not hijyimg the daaim shosatexistics. So nat thane, is a navensity impve tho vounge gain do do this tareade Fer amplifiow « By saseading , Av T, BS |, , noise fT, dinouion P. ganar the FET armptifion 4 met suitable Jor vottage amplification. by semponing ‘the expected values from am amplifier wishe the BIT, the BIT not satigying the impedance charmderistics. that hare ik a -—netenity 40 improve imbedamee characteristics (ti), 201). Due fo woWlection of charged particles ly the sotlertor, temperature acners TG fpreion, imeneaner de temp Pye}, AyD. Bur qaim of amy tystenre must be tential. 89 BIT aupjeu quem stability frblem. There is a necessity to inuente the Mobility Of BIT. cb mousse the stability amd i 0 improve the impedamee characteristics, —ve feedback embeyed tothe, ert. Negative FEEDBACK — AMPLTFTERS Block DLAGRAM Baste AMPLIFIER FEEDBACK NETWORK FEEDBACK AmPLTFLER.Ms 5 Rs @s Ge ge 48 tuum sowie Mixing nelurosk 2 — ae ok : this nels, combine the signals of sowre feedback loo. 4 this ba dittermfiat network. *t é ¢ TAU = Xs Xp 180" phase, shift. - Depending mv anining of Hiyrals, this ctomified into two types | , Seder mixer. i dy shunt miner. ! @ Seria mixer 2 } FH combines the signals in series. wo | F We mia vattage signals in series. © Shame miner i- RRA ARRAY —> tombine the signal im flanattel. FP we mit uwsamt signals in shunt 4 ixingBasie. amplifien 3 re and putt enti axe clasrified into Jean types based on @ vottage amplifion. olp ix vettage § lp abo vettage . Aye te © tout amplifion - Ap =e, te O dromineristance, omplifion, Re vo ney @) tramseonductamce anmplifion. qe 2. Senin cee 3c this aetwesk maintains olp of Laric anmplifion as ilp to deedbaxk nalivort . Sepemding on Olp af hase ombiifien, the sampling neturork clawified inte Qvottoge, sambsing ® coment aampling. © vor img 3— ete sett Se Pings samping (0 sha a : danmplirg « Baie compli qeedback.mm © Okan yes a eusount aavenping (of) series a? A 7 Aeumping. 4 : = ay Feedback metureck 2— oa of aries amplifien lp i given as {Ip through this metwoske. —y this mo seduces the signal “aliength. —> This abo tailed, attenuator network and consish of only rexirtor(s)- p> xe Xe Xp feedback xako (ov) attenuation factor (01) sesarmrminsion fatter, 5 CLASSTPTCATEON OF -VE FEEDBACK AmpLEPLERS 2- Behumding on darmpling amd mining networks + d vottage — series (04) shumr — series “le Geedback ampligion. m1, aT lly vottage, — shunt (0°) whut — shunt ove Geedback amplifier. atl, al Gi) current — series (01) Aenios - series ove geedback amplifier . oe civ) cumamt — stunt (01) series - shunt ver geedback amplifier. at, al.To immpuove the wmpedamce characteristics , volrage - Soden 45 the foefraby used —ve, feedback amplition Gio oh ne oe delies bin 1 NeGaTIve FEEDBACK Xo A= <> —> Gaim of the amblifien avithout feadback- Aes Fe Gain of the amplifion svith geedback-- athe olp of ampition = Xo = Axi i with feedback, Xi =%5-¥F fed Ko=A (Xs -Xt). = Axs -AXp. = Axs — & (P%) > AXs —ABXo “Ro (LEAP) = AXS A = Gap Be Ap eH Xs * TAPFox ve feedback ambtefien , (AB) >1, ABSA he gam ef me cmplifion swith feedback seduced by a faster of (rt pay, ‘ the seduced gain ineraase the Mobility » 40 bamdusidiiv He meee |, distortion |. Be fninal enacts 2 sepa feet Ie WD Dre staibity more > Bomdwidth incwuated - G Noire saduttion - W) distortion seduction - W) the ilp @ olp impedances shames with tyfer of feedback A) Stabling pee Ag = A * i pA ie Fox ve feedback ampuigien, Cr+PAa)> i Co cage dy t= (re PA) > wong lange - t o (ur BA) & PA ! ~ L Ag & a t Ag er oy Aho gain sith gecdback depends onty om P- ‘ P value of foedback nw is tonstart. So My alk Aenstent aoe c -negatice deadlock amblifion truvmatig very high Mable for OMB ase, ao case (ii) += (14 PA) > Arnall G Ag = Cie Baya eee da Teoh” VBA E> 1 cramge em gain with geedback tS ——> 7 chamge im gaim without feedback. As (1+ Ba) >I (4E)< (4) This shows thot athens is rome stability twith negative geedback. di: GP) ga + famuitivity outer (8) - 14bA 1 As (rPA)or, 3) always. th Bandwidth jnereases 2 eee eerre bet A—> Goin of the amplifio. without feedbackAg —> Gaun 6f the amplifier sith geedback Bw —+> Bandanidth af ampligicn witied feedback. Buy 5 Bamdunidiy Of amplifion mith feedback. The Gain, bamdwidin Product of amy aystem is constant witty amd without Jeedbath. Ape Bhp = AX BN. a Bw = > Br Bu = (rpm) Boo} The bomauidinn of am ampiifien ith feedback inoosed by & doctor of (14a). The lower tur-off foguency of ampligion with feedback seduced ty a factor (148A) fig ~ Se TBA The uppeh aut — ob draquemcy ’ am amplifier with feedback imrounted ty a gactor of CPA). u 4 As BW Tt, noise |. cer NN —> moite amplifion switheut goedback Np —> moise of -amplifion tuith feedback ily Noize, decrenses :— Eee SETS N Ne = RAW) Aistortion decreases 1 As BHI f, distention J. Let 8 —> Gistortion of amplifion swithour feedbad. b> Sistontion Of amplifion sith geedback. b Of = BA ©) Tnfut g eupat impedances shamgen itn type tape of feedback 2— _ LE zy input impedance of amplifier suitheut feedback. to a ep ” a wlth to impor 4 5 “ ‘ Megolve=qeedback —_owtpur impedamce iui imp. emplifien Vottage ~ series wp > | Tip = Cra). T ettage — Ahuat Zop = bo hig» : o Ie pa f eae sec! top - to (repa) f Bit = Bi (Ba) fh wien — shun Yop = Ze (ipa) f tig Pyne. 8> al Slt A. 1000 + 10. dat qn variation > 0-17, ae < wer da =10 “A aA, WwW Ly > l+Pa = 10 A Tooo ‘Z pa = 4. aa = ae p: ihew* oo Sols Jotat hawmenic diterion ——> 87 te aL B= 57 B= 0-05 :) \ aii! oO = sips a)” a EPA =(0-85) spa = 4 an pa =3 1 -2 = od ae pag 7% A 60 = ———=" rePR 4 : i- Ay = 50. 20-8. Ein tka Ho = aSKO owent —shivar Ver feedback amplifier , & a L tonnptimng —omining Re Ri —a 7 itBA po é 1.2)? O . ee = iW x Qu au Pe . a 2 ~ 100, cB Aw too) se Gams Ep ene) fy = look HZ- Ie « FA t= 1 pe P= RHE : tr pa " a S Bee. tay = fn (v4 Ba) = took (uw) = ETH ap of fozdbace garter (Wr pa) & v de tng (4 AD = ao logy.(2 peal ft Benies- sere =p cuvent ~ series Zig = & (1+ Pa). Eot = Lo (tea). Beth ilp amd Olp xeristamces imouares- lp + a] Aemptigion A impuifion > olp deedback nho'P” Inthe ve feedback amplifier shoum,, the amplifier “A” has gn todb . Ihe Jeedbark fio attenuate the signal by 4odb find the gain Of the -ve feedback amblifien in db- folt- f~Y4odb do ga =yo => A= 100- | P =hodb. aolegh yo > Pawo -) ee as BY! 3 ey x ff vayhis! i 7 . "Ae the namge. of Bis (0401), the tog value, P is clvongs We- ao dog b =-4o- = 0-0}. e250. * 1+ (o.0{)(100) (Ag, = 35-499 ab. Peocepuee to 2penT2eY me PEEDeACK TYPE 2 D Tdentipy ithe Joedback suristor, @ A cistuit with ¢ awithmr Rp -Ce Umbimation , a feedback Deiter iS Lonnected bo Bare G collertor (1) base ¢ emitter.{vee Dh ciuuit awit onby Re 7 e (mo byhass capaciter) , the destin a ( suitor Re atl as ferdba lement . Saison» ow Ve” QM ome Terminal connected Lo hase, ae ete of Ramiiter ie, shunt vinining « r ei t Boanpling ‘ Tits connected sto geound hey yj hunt “| GQ beries mixing Rs TP Ce De % amothen terminal of feedba — Lt S —sauistoy tonnacled To output voltage ~ > vonage shunt Ve 2 je) vatings sampling. at is mot feedback ampuigion . emvected To Mp vottage that is eusnent Aarmpling . deedbosk ump tien frackieally cionunt shunt ve foedback emfiifien ik ‘tion soge amplifier. mary high ett poet [> © outhus yesltamee, (Re)—p wong Jour Meaty pooch © open deo gam (An,)—p- von high ssa ine] Bamduuidtry (Bs) ——> very high fdeatty [510 ral @ Sper vertages ——> voy dow. - sn (ek ® Common mode sajetion ratio ey nig Comer) aay [ora — re] @ Stow nale ue nate of chomge af outtur votrage SR > GE] —> Nps.No = Aor (4-%2)- + 4 [m> oa Vo = Aor *Md- “Y + Va —> differential ip vettoge. vo Ag. = No. va det on opamp, Ae ——> veryhighs Nd —> very dour ro. volwoays Ao 210% dor an froherty deviqned op-onmp. ‘Then Vy = Aoi + VA 3 e iz + Yo —> qimite amd V < Vp SV Fox am ideat ep-arnp, for ——> 00 va —+0 No = Aov-Va ‘ She olp ef the op—amp is net oyrat to Zero in the eben —leop ‘mode. ae cp the op-amp dapendt. on differontiat lp vottage, amd tomman. mode (average, vottage \votinge,. Vp nen—tnventing teyminal voltage. a Yay Jmwerting Jivmimal vounge Ai —> Gain of the op-amp due to VY, alone. q alone Ag— > Gaim of the eb-amp due Jo Va ‘the total olp Of the Stamp is [yy diffeention Up votunge No = (U8) > tomman made. ip vostageNa = Vi-Va VieVa tig. i Ve = Vit. i z + Ve 2 Vo4VdaVe 2 Alb i Substitute Vj amd V, im Vo, aetar (4u a) + fala +Vo), Ve = (28% a + (Arts) Me. An = (APR) —p difherntiat mode vettoge gain el fe, > (arts) —> common mode votinge goin - oer When Vg=0 isey- Vi =Va Ne = V ~~ MMR is the nain of mogridiudes OF differential mode gaim cmMmR = Jal. [Ac | (4%) Atha |. CMMR =Ar ® alway tve amd Ag ib always -ve value c We gat wary high crme Fox a generat furpose, ep-amp, cmmi is upto todd. mee}, = Ad Gree )y, = ota [ot i The olp of the op-ampmairnly laal = to [rel O dehomds en the di Hee th as Aq | poolael, re vattage only. So Op-annp is a & diffurentian ambition also, ARAVA >>> AcVe. EB ox of-oump, Ao, —> verghigh. No = AAV + AcVer © Va 0 Vo & Aaa Cs She ability Of the op-amp to sujet the olp Que to wil commen made smal 8 CnURR. uy Co % caleulale the detal ofp vott ay oul 1 olp age = [00.5 mV Ng. 294.6 mv. ye (emmr =Bodb. eae Aer) ad c emg, = 2044 |] 280. Ad Lo! Ac Ag 210! a Vo = Advd t Ace 4 = (101) (110?) 1 (0 xiv?) = let. ae*« Vy = 100-6 mV lav Vy 2%4-6-mv ae ernie = Godb —+ Vo. Ae = he — calculate the otal olp votrage - a Ar on Vo f oleh? 4 beh ioxO? Vy = lolisv. fd tot he Ad 2 Lsmo! : yo 3 ie <3 : No = Lorie! xixio thE F100 KIO Mo = S-I6 v. ds the Olp vottage is erceeding the Auphly wettage ,-the ep-amp chorated in Aalinualion sugion . lav oo too.Srev i comme = Bodh i. a ¢ | Ae 65 i calewlote the total olp votinge BUS ! : ~Iav HE pee ne Ad 2 hex! ~3 Ve = wort Vd = -1xi0” 3 +6 x Wwoxto No = poxio'x (-110?) + Vo = mp 95 V: Ae the ofp veriage exceeds the Achy vetinge op supieicted to ata onl Vo= -1av. wefeu the ch-amp shown the olp 7 jay a votage 4 on Vo = 30-0av, — 30Va- Find the cmme of op-amp. i db. yo ~lay BE ye ae0au, -Bova- No = Aug + AcVe- ° Va = Vi-Va oO Ve = Wao, ~ a Co) ao Mo = Ab (Wi-Va) Ae (ee :) e We = (44 oe) ava (m8 18). eo co Aa +e. = 30.08. @ a j Ag +fe = -30. v na fe Ad 30-00 5 Ac= 00a - € Crine)a, = 20 409 (22 ) 2 6B.5a5 db ~ Method -a $— Ve = AIVy FAaNa Ay = 5002 Ag = -30. Ad = t (A-a2) = 30.0} Ae = Atta = 00> Soro!) 2 63. Gomme), = a040g (38i0L) = s2Sas db. Faye tod / Ae ad ve. v Shen Come of op-amp in db & @wo Ow Gn Give i © Gres, « arg fe = RodgAd maoleghe = Yoh = 36 db-Fsouy ott a see ys Md eee, woop, 26 tog [444] = 1608, Ad. 900 Ae Ve Vo = Aava (14 wa) = Aad (14 fs, Ye) Vp = aNd (1 (velva) > (Ae]na') 7” Nes Me (4p Combs — ny (eo) 1o0e 106 x10 7. OBI = Vor AdVd Add ry ied Aang DIFFERENT2AL AMPLEPTER USING TRANSISTORS :— Ree eke pt Ro Vo a: No = Ver Vo. & eMyRe —Mske ra = —TeyRe + Peake. ® 2 ~Sea) » | Teg tg, | Apis vey high, Vy = BoRsy CuBr ty ~ | By 224 20. (Tey +2ea)Re =a) : Te,» Teo. Thy Rey 20. ey 2 Sen Vy = MeyTe ~ (Bey tes) Re =2 Apply kve Aeop @, — Na~ Soaks, ~ (UP) Te tq - (Ter +2ex)Re -0 —@ Ya — Dep ve - (fertTes)Re 2° ‘ Te, (Re) + Ten (te+Re) =%y @. by seving Oem Ox Re ond @ xberke) % yay ke (mate) + Teake -Whe Tey Re (verre) Lea (cave) =%0. (Re +t). : “ vyRe =Vg (@+Re) le. = ———— “ ke - (ter Re)® :Va Cre Re) -%s (Re or (ve +Re) - Re - Ox(retRe) and @xke - Ter Crerne) # Teas (rere) =Vi (verte). Jey RE + fag Re (tetRe) = VaRe- Ter = My (Tet Re) —VaRe 2 (re Re)”— RE Vo = ~Re [20 ~tea] Vo> Re [vacreaee) ike + Ewlre rRe) + Taueepo Ra LE (re +R)" Ret Yare |, Yo= Re —*_____[vatre rake) ~v) (eae) |. (ret Rey - RE Nos _sRe(eevate) (yy) (ter Re)® - Re ve = —ReCrevaRe) (ys w) Te +aRete FB ra ms en differentia ‘lp vortages.o GG G S The differential amptifions ane of feun -tybes 3 8) Mual impur halanced olutput Kean 1 aunbalanted " city Single : " wo " balanced 9 Negative fFeeDBack APPLICATIONS :- ae ARE A Q) INVERTING AMPLEFTER 2- Node 'a’ is -catled vedual geownd - Ut the lp suiutamce of op-amp is vory igh, the cuvumt entering inte the opamp tevmimals a veur ow amd onagtected« Apply ker at @, ty. = Vea-Ve. Re Mi-0 2 o-Ve ae als Vo = TRE; R —ve sign indicsias Go" of phate anift bls Vo and vi. is astumed to be !: te + m Mo * Caleutote the gar . we Me ve 3 Caleutale A» for = Re 1 -20m i . La ak Y the ep—amp is ideat G0 he. op-omp sith poor open-loop gain to. fot: Ne = or (Vd) =10(0-Va) Vo = -10Va. Apply ker at © aah. W-Va_ = Sa-Vo ak aoK IOVE —toVa = Va-Vo . oN = Wap =n (x =n (Ag) -v0 = Mp (2L Mo a1). lo Vj = —atVo lo ae @ Non-InveRTING AMPLIFIER Ar rene! ARR Since VA HO. Nb = Va- VeVi OY appiyeng ker at © Fo-Vo _ Ua—Vo q ? R Npv vi Ac Vo 2Vi, it is tatted voltage, follower chuuit (ox) vottage bupher ~ C2 cineuit» thee tneulls one in ¢ vag 3 . eee she gain A= Mo. jew ee : i i 2 vt CS °h—amp . ve 3 ! = ith = eC am ope amp swith AoL = 10 a One a Re 2 BD ciao en R ES 8 pop =10 Vp.z AdVd = Wb-Va) Ad = 10 (Ni-Va)> Va = Vi-Me. ou O-Na = Va-Vo ak aoK Va = Va-Vo- Ve = WVa = (Vi ToVp = WN; 19 Vo -$ Aol =l0. [ vt WUad Mo. vi vo (i-We}) Aa No Vi-No = Vo. 10 (rb )vo . Ve WT Tt = 0-409. @ SUMMING AmPLERTER 3— (Avver) ene Since Vd BO. “I ae Vb-Va xo a Vb aeva . vy wt @ Vo a R © = ca iE = Va-Vo Re When Rp =k, oo a (+ya}} ee i solve wve sign indicates phate. apeT)+2a20 Wave + Va-Vb : q ~ WER) ae) = BE. Apply Ker at Mode @, 5 ~ Mo Rime < MA Re Gag | a . } . Vo (Re : a (ta). Vi +g = QVo shen gleee, Vo = (u+¥a) * (4) SuBTRAcTOR 2- Since Vd BO. Vy Va. Apply Kee oF ©, teh. Moh = Me Ry Ra \y-Ve = BENp. + BL Y= (ft Vb -dy whem: Ry = Ry = Ry 2 2y Ve =Vs-Va city whom Rr=R3 amd Roky VoreteeN jing) OE) (48). “ay Fe) on se) Vb = w (#2) ~($)(5) InsteuENtatON Amputerer t —> It is a high gain amplifion R w= (ota), ae —+ Vo ’ : Vo = Raf vere! ~va +20) v M9 Ry i o——~ Ro. No 3 ((-%) yan’) 1 es Ba Ge (natn) 78 (2%)0!)© oceeerenitraror :— ODE OLE No < dvi at Since Vd 20- Vp2Va=o Apply Kot at mode @ , if calvi-Ya) _ va-Ve at a cdi. Vo Ye x Ave dt G) INTEGRATOR 2 Yo «fui ar Gimee. V4 x0. Vb Va. 0 Apply Ker at @,( CoRRENT TO VOLTAGE convertER OC + lp cwsunt is converted to Olp voltage. Since WA so Vp 2 Vo 20. Vo Ker ot @, My hee ns A a a @ VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER I- ROOST > ilp voltage Jn emverted to toad cuuremt. ; : ood . Ce. Mere arte boo types of tools im op-annp + @ grownded Cc Since Vd 80, © eating toad - ee ee G Va 2 Vb %0 nd © Apply ker at ©, c Tete, : tv. © Mea. S — e the cuosumt frowing in the toad dapends i votrage and ix indopemdent of; Jood serrtamte. Aente Vd 20, Nb Vo & Apply ket at mode @, rh o-Va_ = Vacve oyeVo =2Va - Vp = aVp Apply ker at ©, Y=Ti+2,. Meda ne Mini 5 pynoisy aa S lana aK 2s Sma- apply KVL» la- ane? Vee ~ BRL =0 la - axe -Vec “#() 20. a Wed L(aAef) A- Veo —BRL =O oOoe €6eeo0060 006 i j bqh ge ae Vee T=Smn oxi De Sma eter : Go get (RiJman » Vee =? < R= Hoon As Vd wo. Vo te Va- Vo “Apply Ket. a @, yo-Va_ = Varo KOR i > o-Va = Na-Ve- j 7 joi Na = totVo pe No. = 104Vo Vy tle = Vb. Poe ees toe c Ragga ena = & (wore) eC we By = 40470 Sv = 7° I o No SR Un RIC Vo. rw Va." “,e 7 § T 2 —3a at 1 we oe - aa ~ a ron ay, S eee (4- aconsty Vp aVa> apply ket at ©, 2 +220. -y-Vb (ur aeenot) Vb i essesaneeaateeeceaeessessesmmnates reer eat—U-Vb + C4~ Qesuot) -Vb =O Vp = —acegot Vp = — const. =a _ Va-Vo_ R “BR —8Va = Va-Vo'. oO Vo = Vas AVy = —y conot. o * ip 6 I AS Mazo Vb eva, appie KeL at Oy f We QoMbo L -IeVp 2 Vb R R -z 2 aVy-1-Vb = Vb BMyed Mp eb e het = Va apply Ker at @ , O-Va 2 Wa-Vo ~ z “aR 5 > =2Ma =Va-Vo No = 3Vq = WV. Iv T= B02 ay Ve = 6} oacxlr = 643 24. i 24) zo9cn 1 wy Te = hetys 0-854 095 = 1A. ° Le mtg =10 2SA AL Ho OBO0N0HOBa” ane) powerdinipaion acne Q) = Vee x te = 6x1 2bw. hou impuased by 207. Nip bavi =haxls 218V power dinsipasion~ (Vee)» Te 2 (18-4) *! 24. Z chomp, = _ Grerantes bey 507% loo = S07. VpeNes 210¥> vy —> ov te 30V- Vg =45V Neg =0-5V- 2% IxeTe. \ openalling i dim Tetgrse 225 42e ugin = (rp) g = Melo ao awhon Vi it MOK) power dinipasion auth be marimar ine yor diode and pamsistor Te wale 2k (rp) te =" gy = oo = ome Te > Pe = Home = 0-94 R- Pa = Ve Be = W510 = 45m foe Vee “Te = 10 0:97 = 440.* Fou the ob-annp £kt shown, the Valtage gain (voi), “As so Vb Va %0. matted ket at @, co Ne AK” BoK lov; Ve 2 - love. Apply ker at ©, —Na_ 2 Vay Ve-Vo aak UE” “oR HIOVE = -1oVE 4 VE Vo o 1 10 2OVi = —100V; -10Vi -Vo « No = -1B0Vi Me = -1B0. Vi akon Pied Vo « felt 48 Vg 20 ay 2M baw ae HK | ow P Opply ket at@, - D+t20. Nay. Nac¥o 2 0 us aK BV, -avo =0- Np = VSVx + Vpeov. But wv = 3- Vy = Ve Vo =4SV- @oo006e@800000 oo y¢> -6v. Since 20. . Ve =n Ben Veg = Ve-Ve =o" Ne = baVv. Ve = SV. ‘ 2 Duamiistor is in active Mate, tg Sobe BK - 2 BB 2 uma. : Bak ie Je = Woxtg = lomn- | Qo Se = Ter te = lome - | 8 y ig = loma - | 8 1-Vo . oxi? | 6 Jove torte | 1=€8) 2 1xio* | AED = 10x%o e— : R = 400-2 | a Brow the op swavehovm for the aa | a Op-armp tireuit shou We eo ray } golt- vt ~ Ve ° No =e fuse: Loos ‘ 3 ee ee oe © Suse ° lormsee * iad tUhe Op estricted to -lav © Logarttimre amproerer :— Sime Yso Va BV, mov. node 'a!—> vintiuat, guewnd,- Yprounded uate Tramsintor in this civuit acti as & PN junction diode ods as hart cintuit os “Ty “the Potential differemee is apo Whem diode is forward diased Ve, In = ble vr =] 2 whe b-e Vb /nyy Tp +20 enh To Tp >To. Tp +%0 2 Dd. No, Lpenel™, G oO 9° O° oO | |yey fa “N ayaa 2960666800868 o The diodes dorteuss the cunnent Apply Ker at mode ©, Tp =2, Hou. Vo). ae % \o/nve vi ee ie TR a ein 2) = Wr wn) Vo =Va-Vo Va 72. Vo = —Vp Vo % hate) > Loganittvrnic amplifion DI a pio" fe” al at 300 & We wine’ the output vetiage "Vo. bi eet [eeew | Vr = d6mv. Vo =-"¥r on ($e) =x abxio ne atx 1 = -sanio £n(axot) = 0-454 Vv.# Inthe ckt shown, an ideal qevmamivem diode sued. find the. olp vertage * Th the kt Ahown, SH tamister 42 aed. Find Vo. Sole gp 5 Sma. , No = Ve =-04V. % On ane tkt shown, the diode has Aol) Tos APRA som temperature, Cateutalo the ofp voltage Yo. 9 YS SI inde is gorusand biased . SG0G6e60006000000. Metthrh. Vofny, —¢ Ve/iyacxio? 3? 1 on, Sr save of 6? ato Np = 0-195 V- Vp — 3x10 Dp —Vp—Na =O" 3 3 Vo = 3xtoxuxio FOIA Vo = 1a-144 Ve-Ss00o0c0e6eco 66 — f Gn the drut shown ; tre diode, i co @ oO oO ° ° © Sovm temperatine. Caluslale raquined value of Jimpsb vatinge Bo get y= “BV. Sal fe Va no. Vp = Va Vy = Sv. a (cleo) = Yo = 5aVo 1K 5-€5) 2 roxio 1K toxio> 3 Vp = ax2a6x10 an (22) Sy) Hace -wave RECTIFIER :- JAAKAAARAAE ARRAY © + draw the olp wamsjone When Vi ros AG Vi>0, Va <0. 5) —> ov stale —7 SC 4a —> ety stale —y 0c. to Np = ober. 00838 A nVa. = ode 01838 \ps Bere S838 V.“ONO NDG80GC0080 6 Vo. ao Ba Vio. No =-Mi 8) — off —> ovo. 83. —7 On —> Be. aio When Vi cov 4 Panes i*=a. > ares : f @ * — [: Vin so. $ No =o. When Vicor eecedeetnees 8; — ehh and 8, —ron, 2010 o-S-Yo Np 20-5 =Sv.P) Fob Wave ReoriereR 2 & : | 4 + Ve ; 7 | L 2: + Oo] Grau the lp. roarefovan and tamper eiathes . oO | yp BIE uthen vi>0, va co, ° a $| —+ on —> (60). | 8a —> off —> (oe). 8 : vi 9 8 9 oO o 9 o F 5 2 When Vico, Varo 2) 2 oh OC, &2—7 mM —7 $0.Vo (3%) $ Va Va a “3 2p + Oo O8 9 Ni QO9O”0F:k-o-ouv ACTIVE FILTERS A fitter couuit auith om active component Like opamp i catted, attive. fitter. : Classification into & dow hax fitter. iy High dass fitter. diy Pamd jam filter. i 2 | GV) Bamd Stop fitter, of | Ww) All paws fftten. O-| GD Low pags erereR i 2 | | The suspense characteristics of tow fars zittor is ot Oj j Ro | ° \ a 5 ! 9 ° ° ° 5 Mondor wpe 2 3 Since A 2O- Soy ts fom Vp % Va. we © Vo O Ve(s) eVa(s) Vi mc - 5 Apply. Kel a®, oa Ke 5 4,(s) = Tals). aoe HOWE Wl yop ese. R Voc Ni(s)-VolS) = (Sen) Vol*)- o ‘ Np le)» (1#8eR) = wis). 7 _ Ms) Wls)> seaYXOCOG0 CO80000000 NA Aoply Ket at @, Te)= % (s) O- Val) * vars) -Vo(s) Ri ie ee) = Wals)— vols). wots).2 (#8) vate) > Wels) - (tr BE) oat Be gain of op-ammp (or) fas bamd gain “Ay. Mo () = Ao Vo(s)- a re scR No). e (A bh ws wis) = Ao (weamR)| : we) = Ae : edhe ant -off pumuemey of Ler (oh), Wy > HE a t the aR RG” HO = ™| ao] S+ Wh . HG) = )] ! WS, J. put Se jo, Ao 1) he ome 4 (jo) THiS) hil)dhe mognitude of sexpumse (01) Hramtgen gumaion is ee tr Clay” - When f=0, [4 02|= Ao fF, , [arqw| = a “, f.0 , [itw)| = 0 Oo Oder LPF i oO Ae eB oO Oo oO ° oS) Sinte Vd 20 : Vb (s) # Vals). Apply nee at ©, © amd @, ave get thovee eyuations hy solving awe gat, 5 wh a HG) = Agf ———" —____ Fs) bs (7A) 8H =] 5 Aa the Getive fitters ane of burtouooth type oly 5 [as at autofg gurrremey , the po aly o tins Of maciomusmn girs Somatty buttewerth {ides ate sued as anive Oo fee], ° Oo Fo ad orden butteuvoth ctype , O (9-Ao) =a O oO‘ "XOOCO086880009% 2 HG) = “| ao | Se By to |. whore Ae = (49) t Wh aE" UU Hqu pass FILTER 3- The xerbonte characteristics order ee 2 Re « [A.. eer vi Sh O Is . aK R vv u {2 Since Va FO Np F Va Nols) = Vals). foply kar at ©, 1,(8)= Tale). [vs-wi]se = we (Vics) - Wi ]see =w(s) Vis) + ser = (tesceWo(s), Yl) = wls)- (435) Apply ker at @ 15) = Se ls), o-Wals) . va(s)-Vols) Re tao] — Re Vacs) =Vals)-Vo(s) - Ri »} wtd= Vat (04 > Vp (8) (+) Wwe be pint ep-amp (ot) paws ham gaim the» Vo (5) = Ro-No(s)- scr I, > he (See) SeR Volt) La) Ao ( Vals) leser J = _$ . "= to St Tre). & —> dower cut-off pregverey of HPF (Oy),we de: The magnitude of deanifen farnetii is RE Ao a [two] = : ‘Sake Is (FeRy s HE) = (385). When feo, Jartw] = : 1 Fete, [twr|= fo. Hl)= to Gia), 2 D> to pee faa, [bod|> Mo Hw )= Ae iC) 4 (jw) = Ao. 2° eden tier t= since Wy 50. Vp (2) ¥ Valo) Apply ken at @ ,O amd @ , we get sure eyiations - By solving: we get 2 s AU the adlive flor ane of uutterureiih type only . For ahd oudey tuactionsorth type, (3-Pe) =a. Se | ws) = 4 | ———— 2 [ Ses + |: COOS8SSO0B8OGOCKOCS jOOCOGaO. ' I icoco@eoooo0oeooeuecn Gi) BAND Pass PELTER :- Abe a tarcade of atop (4) amd tre (fa) > ue mG) where As = (rE) amd weed - ety ay (S) = fart (s) Ve wed, 5 Hae) ws) je Hamar gumesion of Ber is wis)> Wo 2 MO, vite) vil) 4G) > H(5)- Hals)] _ a Rey Ry ae a ZR, —~- | He fie ake AMR wy = Re (5) = 0, (Sa). ‘=( 7 uk Ri Sromagen dumetion of bor is d= Ml) AR). Nols). we)” Lo, ta anki” age: © Rae 8 Hy (5) hoa, (ax). Aon = = (1 Gi).#1) = toi (Sap). a (-S8>). = Moy Reg (Sa ___ hea ( (st) (etn) *6)= nef Sea __- 2 S248 (00r¢ we) FO] Ma_ be 7 * Nore 3~ The Hamden gumetion of a giver circuit consist of ony oe tivm Im the sruvmexatey, them it is a dy dew-poss fitter —p whem munmenaten degree, in jero. . . Wdagnce £2- yea edie Ca (NQjegeee < (ODdgpuee hy BAND stop pruteR 1 Hw) fo Aofgh -~ --- pass —> band ° h eer Ler aA ee pada Beto stops. Soho mete $2f. > alaws. ofh Sh ——> Ler pablews 3 Hee —> Stops. Fig $ht_ ——> LPP —p stops 5 Hpe — Stops. ted, ——> tPF Mops 5 HPP —> allows. 4 POEocN0SeooeconcnTY} we roreade Ler (fi) amd Hee (5), wt fie | Jer }- ve RF a Vo=o Nore 2 ANoedocoooo0codo The cascade of Lowhass amd high past results © bamd-pass fitter avhom Aowr-pass fitter cut-off Gemeny is greater than highepaw gitter ut off pray. PF when CD aby prey 7 (WF) cae off prey © m Atop gitter sorem (LPF) aur oft grey < Oar -oft Peery So the bamd stop fitter ba forte! combination of high-pars amd dow - fas. LPF | oe het, | trls)= #1 (5) + Ha ls). , the Heamien gumaion of BSF is a(s)= Hi (s) + 4a). Ni wt a foy a) ‘ A Pon (mz) Aroq voy (S422) + a fog, $ (St) (s+09,) (s+ 1a)For simplification. Let Ao, = frog = Ao, : oy 81d, 450) 1 9/05) : #6)= _, 874 2500) FO eB 7 S748 (0) Wa) roa], Oo} W) ALL pass FILTER OQ A RN / ol. GRE allawt alt the Jusguency emnponents Of signal, twithout o | attenuation amd without avmpuipicabion . i . i DMs aintuit ued 4o burt the phase dnfo the auied Up adgnab. ot & seatted phase -imsenten. oj) oO}! dhis cineuit sted to tovett the phase , 10 called phate Corvecior, 5 |! thrunit. Used in lehhene sytem. PAS oO! Since Va 20, wel” ] ° i @ Vb (6) & Vals) « peer we (e 8 : apply ker at O, iA a Vo ol ls) = tal). o oO: [vit Vow] se = ee + ! [ver-we] sen = Wl). Vite) seg = Vols)» Creer). eR ~ WU) = WO (See), tpply ker at @, eS Z(s) = 2y(s). 5 Vis) Wal) — Va lS) —Vo (s) Fe RRR: Bven. Oo0o0o0“HOBGBOOO0O0E8R COOOL VitS) = QVal8) —Ve (3) Vols) = avats) —Vils)- = Vis) [a -| Te see Nols). u(s)= ee sen LY We) a) put Sajw > SAD Lygjaye (Skat vidi jw +1 the magnitude of Tamiter function 41 Vo tf) ve Ga) he phase of damijen qumetion is [x-tarkwen = [tion] > Vara Lb: [anda 12. [m-atamoer when fa0, be §- ae , oon fam deo. the. pate, scoparia intend Jay thin filter it o B Ito-a be ie See ec, Finee Vd 20, Mb (5) = Vals) Apply. Kee at @), Uls)= Tals). [viewe7 = MUD Lu eepse R Use. Ni(s)-Vb(s) = Vb(s)+ser. Vils) = Vy ls)- (reser). wis) = Wie) ( : reek) + Apply ker at @ , L(s)= Bs). Vits)=Vals)_ Ya ls)-Vols> Ri a Vil) = aval) Vols) Ve (2) = avals) -Vils)- - avi) Gaze) “KO Me a M9 (Hea -1). Mol sts) = (_a-son ‘) vils) Tse pur $2] ; Vy . aden 46) a> (Gm)the magathude of tamefen gumetion ey Vo ls) FE Vow exjuo > [agen] - Leer” Ve tfuod < Vip tony . Cc o ° oO C © ® ° © Ow phase, compares msented sug this fater eb 0 to -180°. O* yore 2 The Thamipen gumelion of a gion fitter , mummenator -tonsiots mone, © gam ane tem, than it is a © @ au pou fier —F te [Cor] = L i mAaO? © bandstop fier —> Hw] Z1-OR ARR TERT as swhun $20 wham fo L\ nansmistion) —no— y > He —n0 = 4 en > BPF —n0 — no > 3 Bre we) esr 7 ramseceisivn Pee — - APE Inamvemiaion Tnamamixsion / ° —> ASF no pa ° | : ‘ LF opamp kt shou used 40 ineent a Aras tomponent 0° into the applied ‘Ip ata froyroney (93a stad|sec. catentate the sapirad values of “oe Sol:- be we atan (wer). Oo Oo O° ° oO ° ° Qo 0 oO °“Ai 4 ‘ 60» mw —ltont wer) > areata Z AtamborRs W-60 = a0. Vo : ° Vi < wer 2 tamoo -b. CZK ce . 1932.% 10x Io’ ¥ for ine ob-amp eke shown, caleulate the wut off frequen. fe- toye L ¢ : 2 100 ad [see . € Sy = Wn = 1000 2159-25 He an an Cy ® oO The ep-amp tkt shown is a __ z Ro i eB fitter uo T ™ © the de ainindls < ON iy oO @ . fer Rp abSA KD 5 ca tpP 5 Rae IS4KD oO wot : + he ol : 1 Cua ele ccs o Beka = Semel Oo se Nols) Ra -SCRa ° wo = wath oO 2 8th -(+ Re! wie (H) (ere fe im = Ron - off eo de gain a cut off agen = —1S4. = -10. deveny- . eq oleae shighpus « indb = ao togl(-19)] . 2 aodb.* Ohe ep-ormp skr shown is a fer “HE (ot) BPE a ts en BSF ww 2 vi Vp Bel When Pao, Xeno) 90.6 Yo > dromumiuaion. When f=0 , Xa=0) Cgc af > —n0-- * The op-amp tkr shawn =z 8s ow tt ve @ee One CBee Oose. uo OG Cs Sols ~ Zio Wade sett WO ty. Rae 5a veno. _ ete Seka. feo. Vy 20, Mo. <#a 2 eT) Mine eel (an S21 +1 (AD) (4) Be ee 7 * a : “Rea (ee edO +@q) (6 eeu. 5). : MO: Po OOo O)F Type of feteoy a Cire Quer Gon Coser a i Oy Ry Pw ype of er vy, @ vee wer Gp a ° O©ser @ wee 1 “ £8 d= ¢ Et fa bophemy © vwhen feo j - ic (com : [ oo, ee a7] PL Vo = WoW coy —y mo dewnwmisad on} ure. wk Ry af bw vendita 1 LR She ep-anmp eienit. sheen is aS dilter | O Solt= whom #20; ,U . R eG “ _ Vo > Vo =0v ié —w——| 2 aohan $= 5 vi en pL. ee Wi) Vale _ Vas) Vo (5) ae ee - wt -( ep) — se Vols) R = bs Vv Ro ~Vo Nols) Nols) ~. _ on Wie? = YoU (ore). Wi) 2 (ey (RES “ye (ze Nel) = VLD (3) : “OZ (se) — ge Vols). WW 9 i: Figs 6? A sto iter.dortne tie, Nel tne op- const iy ' Me Opa oe _ a thoun it @ Low-pau peer. Yo : ; Bure. il i © eer 7 i O wee. ces (re , LR 3 None 7 ; zeehes = yg ae cones i SS Vo 3dr | | Veo, | et) og = HR Bt) Leak the cb-amp tkt shown ix a @rre Oure Pore Ges. $01: wlhen. f+0, BF: Vo=0. When f= Vo=0.COMPARATORS Comparaton is a ekt 29hich -eampanes am avnkmmwn igmat (30) wih the known Aignal (40). Comparalos is a ofam-loch ahhliation of op-amp No = Ao (Ws—Na). yt When V,>Vg => vo 7 tVey the op-amp- cherated im ave sativation sugion. < No = +Veat i When Vj Vo—> -ve, the oh-amh ofenated im -ve tatunalion mn es ( the olp vettages Of combanator is tVsat The olp wareovm Of tompanator & sgnane wave dhe comparator is alo called Aquare ware Converter. | I: When. sdlinalion vettages of the oh-amh met given, emsider oO vty Near | oO Vo Near o Depending on ax signal ahptied Ja the op-armp. Tevmimal 5 G tomparators ane, D Treating tomparslor | ° By Non~ iaventing comparator ee eee Para TP i o thom Veep. >, ,o No = +sat - ,e Whom Vac 4 V5) i G Ny = —Vsatr- d i COCNON -INVERTING CoriPARATOR 2 RRA ARR ‘he Olp svauefovm ik am umstymmedical tquare wave. Jo ger aymmeliical ‘Op Alt. Vact = OV. Vo = Aor (o-Vs.) When Vs cov, No = 4Vsar- L : ich has Vac 20v is when Vs > ov, A comparator ck whic Veet, Vo = -Vsor tauied geno~croning defector. _ Ns Vo = Aor (Ve -Vaet). awhen Ve > Vac > Vo = +¥sat- When Vs 0 No = tsar. aml ae v uihon Veco ' | | i Vp = -Vear we! d ‘ Vea opt. | ie & © scumerr teeqqer 2- Qe ee eB Lt tha comparator ckr auith ave feedback & We Vp = + Vat - Nee G con teeainunt brits i dither tenon VeVi > Vo = Vaan Va a Weeh +E Ra aeon + DOME NSWee Weg + (vevng) (Gaze), Let Vo=.+Vear —> upper olp vettage. When Vo ="tVeat ,them the. wottage at non —inueriting ae 4 tated upper Bugging point (utr), © [esr roe ~t) 5 When Vurp >Vi 3. When Vurp Zvi 5 No= +Viat- Vo > -Vsat - Now Vo = —Vaat —> tower olp voltage. When Vo = -Viat | them ‘the Weltage at mon-inventing termina 4b eatted Loutey Duggeing Aéunt (LTP). [EMar = We + Ca) Atwoasps Vurp > Vurp. Mi Vure Wher wi>Vurp 5 Vo =-Vsat. 5 Nuwp Vis Vere 50 Vp = 4Vgar. Now Vo = +Veak Vas Vurp, Vin) whin Vu >Vii > Vo = +Yiar - Mure Vo = -Vuar - Now Vo = ~Vaat 3 Va = Verp > ashen VWi> Vere 4 Vo > Veer, Vi< Vite 5 Vo = tsar. Tnamsper chanasteristio eunie isDOOST98@e8 Byptesdids eof suidtr (or) Ayptenisis vettage Vy = Vip Yup Ma = | Vooy + (Vear web ita ~ f vy + Cvsat —voep) 8 te Bek Va = ava Ef | Bo get symmetrical square wane olp Viep = utp - tot) Veo 20. R Muap = —vhar Crt) Wap > star Pas) Ne = aot (Bae) - the hysterisis, dooh width is imdependerct of reference vvettage,. the xeqyiaed value of Up vettage to chamge the olp quom +Veat to —Veot is called UTP woltage. The sugnined value Of-tIp vetrage to shamge The olp Pum Vig to +Vsot 2 tabled LTP voltage, « uTP alusoxps ecews in te Alebe Ca lp Aégnal amd Lip always occurs im -ve topo of ip signal. # caleulale ure amd UTP Sole ap = 3 (1 (3 52). we. Vup = 3+ Gas) (8 ES ‘= ov. Vi (ac) ray lav % caktulale olp voltage, UTP, LIP Solz~ Vuip = o +(e = yVv. Vp <0 +(1a-o)a . -: tsp (aga = ayy. viVe = y-8Ve % find Vurp 1 Vutp and Vy. folz- 2 Neat = E8v. Vie = y-08 = B-av. 6 5 * Bolt Lahem Vo = #Vsak = IA) Nc = Vaup. = e 5’; —ym &) Ba —> off (0-¢). — fer Va = Vay = 12-5) sav. noham Vo* —Viat + "VY 7 thay Va = Vi = -laxé Be Mo “P 30 wot Q | : + -auy, ie bk auk Poli the OP-amp aki shown,by applging ket at Va, Var¥ 4, VarS vy c BK oe Tae Tt Va-G 4 \a-Ve BK 5K Vo A -B 4 Va-5 FWA cb aMa lA +Va-Vo =O BV_ —a5—-Vp =0. Va = Voras ape. wwhun Vo = +Veat = t1av, ‘ Nh = 4-625 —l-6as = 3v. 1 +1150 € Anwme Vz =8V, and tne dicds ane ideal , catutaler UTP, LTP amd Vy. votrages Solt- turf etary > Nok 4g Mey eck ye 2B 0 eR Gi TSK 1K Bh Va 8 4 Va TUN BO TaN to = ° aa Gy -2a=0 > Ve >Vidp * a Fan vewhen Vo = -8v, ke. &@ , ba —on (s-) Va Si oft 0) wae + Me +e pa - + vas, . ck” Mow PD Nat® + Va tare lo + &y __ okt | Vat =0 Ls Prey: ? Svatl=0 Vane ab rs 0-2M. Noc=Vetp = —O-8N. Vir = Vutp Vap = Adm —Co.2) = aouv. ~Astable multivibsuilor har no table states . Shere ane & quasi states. When Aubhly vettage, geen, the olp of astable mutivibnater cimbinunusty changes feom one stable to another atable. As olp Aentimususly on pieely changer fom one tafe 10 another state , G0 we square wave, steillations at olp. So that it u called squane Wave Pe generator (oA) Fates sumning oxcillater (or) Retaration. oreittator (01) Voltage - to ~ fecenpency converter. When aubply quem, c the AM is in one of om Quasi stale. = When Va>Ve => Vo = +Vsat Na Vo #-Wsor . Re der ‘eh a innitiony sumchanged = Ve 20. Ni= Vo (ese, 5) ~Fecnme) [v= Ps)lek Vo = +Nsar , As Vo=-Voat is givem to tapaciter teueugh the susistor Ry oe discharges towards sat swith Hone Lonttamk RC. When Ve <- Psat > Vo = tVsar a Na = + PVear S A Vox +Msar it given 20 -capacitet snreugh the susistor Ry De the B tawords ever with time eentant of Re. : 6 DQ ahem > Psat => Vo Var « oO Mo = -Nsat . © Vas =P Moar + 5 Oo . Now Vo>+Vsat» Vin = + PVsar Nour the tc! changes towards +Vsar with TRC. Due To tonfimuous changing ¢ dincharging ofc? blo PVear amd ~BVeot - We ayune wave oxitlalions at outhul . : “ alentation of Lime period of orcitiadions » consider onlyTim a ealewtate 1, concider charging ob cohacitin.. [ve Ue [ove] the Vi = = BYsar - Ng = +Mear + Ta RO at tT Ve = +PVsat Proat = voor +[ = PUbar exe] 2 1/*°, becuse cree *. vp. ane. (Se: fo (te Re. E ne. an(Hth) do toleulate Te The .olp waveoven is AymmeBucat qyiare scave , “% Fouthe simeuit shown, Caleutale the Jeoquenc sretltasi e ted. tag the, sineuils- 7 oie ‘ f- : = _lo00 | ano! xi tn(ieaxd) — “ain = = 2t9-05 HE cae * Gleudale the samge, of oscillations generated ‘av by the oscitator tke shown ve na shan folentirmelen at nan = rT £10k ; Roe 120K « 100k ; r= lon. aon oe | ——— Tare dn (ry BX Qxyax 0 A16 nid n(n) + = 330.33 NE when polenameler at “mim © Rae Ry = NOK 1 2) f. 7 = 2986-663 He- ax UaxIO «16x 10 an ( .% focine: nolan ofc: cht shou, kan feet of oxcillatcons fale ton T, > Vo = +Mear - yon amd Oo aff Ry=BK 5 Ro =3K. Te te dn (4 . = SR DY S The tox onto” tn (14a) ox = 10986 xi! - ° ube Nb = Weak - Bap ore Di be Ris tk amd Rp =3k . T= 10? x otxio® x Int aw) = nays eto, eta = v.gaguxio! = Baey KN. Tah Method a 3— we are When Vo = +5¥ 5 Syren (8-0) LO 5 ve 5 ounir fa Hh OD) Ale aLe vase (B)= 880 2 then Vo = -5¥ 5, : tom. 87 oh 62) ame) ow EP Ls vaz-5 (3) = -398¥- Ol. BK188% < a aA a ~Basy oC -5v Bim Vy Te onmsee ‘ at £5) Vea 3-95 V -% 346 2-5 4 (asesel i : etic 2 Ss it rae 7 To = otxivun(, =) t To = 0-4 msec. O “Te Tra Ty.= 0. 304 msec. oO fo L = Bag KHE IL. L~. i ay FW Wudp = bY ui up + o4v. ¢ le |. | ie )o Pu {o io o 1 © j i by, ¥ Inthe snuuit shown, the scvmitt tigger : caleutate the tmeperiod of orcilationt generated vo Up sv 5 af; ass Coase cee TAG oR e@ chanastousties as shoo uv we Toot msce, ab t=T, Ves acy The by the «kr is svfae 2 T= 1G xiox10 = 0-0) Vjsoay s Ves | lea : ar t=T1, Vesey. vis ' o.4qv bee St (oa-asp anh i sen Gifs Ty = 6.3¢ msee TaTtty =8:5a meee f= Neat RE By integuating the square ware we get Hiangulon wave. R ' |MonosTA®LE MULTEVEBRATOR (oR) Purse GENERATOR 5- 8 e MiMiv hos one stable stale amd one quod stable state ahem “Au play BQ geen the Mav ws in Atable Atle - Jo change the store, ony a. Bigger 38 o jube of show duvution (Tp -r9). Apter deiggen fue aphlied it enter into quarinale., it sumaime in quai gar a predetevmined tme Cr). after jnis OC time (Dit automatically tomes back 0 original stale, (Atable state). © Qn quasi stable, it gonexals a. fuutso, $0 that i is called fle qowiator cout Mev ako called a8 cumivibsator sinenit (ox) oneshot vibxatory | thusit lor) voltage ~ to —time converter. Ne = oe Vie ae “ia When suphly is given, ther \ agony MMy is im Mate sale - i ov ov det Vo = tVeat <—— Mable stale. Vi ot PMbat a Ag Vo= Neat i given Zo Vom +Meat Yo chamge ‘he Male okty a Rigger prude Agron eee fuilie applied the velinge at -nan-teeme num —inurerTng : Aermimal i War Vent) for po. ae ae ~ve tThe veltage. acrex Capacitor, Ne > (PVear = Vea) dor poe No = —Veat : Now Vo= —vcqr ye = ~PVsar - At Vo > —Vsar is ginem +0 °C ‘D) combination, 6 to off-stal. The 'e! discharges Aowords Veer with T Re. When Ve <—Vsat> Vo = +Vsat » AS Vo = -tNect Vax +BVoat the Aapacitor changes towards Wear swith a time constant than Ves Vp —> Oiode. becomes on, ther ' Capotiter Atohs charging > Ve avg Bron No = +Msar ; ® Stable Y Quaic | sable * | Puce sia En) ‘ 4+ Vser Do calewtate T, considen a dischange of e! mal Ve =e (io Ny Jatle Neat, Vi=Ve, T#RC at t=T, Ve=-P Vsar athe. Veer = —Vear + (V2 + VsotJe Neat (1-8) = (va + Vsat, rie ee (soaps,Tene to[ Ses V2 Wsae fe (2) ime of, capasitor (+4 dh toleutare ermtiden the changing *c" Ve = Vp + view], Np ot Moor Vi = - Boar T=Re at t=ty, Ve=Vz- Vy = Ver + [ P¥ear Mar | & stelee, Neo + Vg = Vat (4B) & 2000006868, tele. at 7 (Yak V2) = 7 Neat C14P)- © Tre, ce, [ee] Veet - Na te= RO mM Veat (vB) Wear -V2_|f R ashore P= Gee). * Caleulate the fulte wwidin : Le Ee tope ——Vo : J 0K genwuted by the -cirtuit when a Brigger ulte B oftied. Abo caleutate “] T ae ok the sacouery time, of cohaciter. a . 3 ae OF 1A t Le $e Sjoxto®x roxio’ U0 =: i 3 ove = loxto x 10x10 “See (2) = one see bs te = tox xxi wie te) | = 0 05RSeE-Foxo-ewy BIsTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR Anne DA Briv chas Q stable stales amd no Quast Atales- aso -heiggen fuslnes Seanirad to come back +0 oluiginal stale. team be used aba fibgtop. Whom Voy > Vo = + Vsar. VaeVy > Vo =-Vsat- Move Ge), When aubhly qivem the Bry is im ohe of ils atable tale - det Vo = +Vsat | ten eo pa ne PE Jo chamge the stats ahhty a cbulggen signal that must make Vy >Va- (erty ey tve Digger signal), thon Vp = Meat Va = = PYsat - y lo thamge. the atl, ohhy a Digger signal , that must make ava. ©) Opply ve Diiggen signal) , than Vo = -+Vsar - Va = PYsat +Sinugotoa, Oscaera TORS et ne © lo) oO Flermonie retrators Oh block diagsanm is a co A pe eas atin Ko _ “ a | Xo © Lob E ee. - p Tn oeillators , X¢=Xi. The olp amplifien, Xo = AX - ZH 2 ani. Rg = ABX . Ap —r tech gain. Gp the magnitude of Loop gaim 1 ce Apel = t4jlo). Gin She total phase of Loop is o 07 360- eC Ap = 110 er 360°. The above tenditions ane eolled ennen) . phase, BARKHAVSEN CRITERTA tonditions . fo get umdamped (ot) sustained exiltalions the cinuait must Aalixgy the above tonditions. Foy -undammpod excitation: , the amplitude i tontamr ‘turiodicatly. © Ap ae: omplipior witneduses 120 of, fihase [irwoding amplifion, CE amplition , ©9 ambition] the geatback mo mur inbrndter : CS > commu Awe, a Veo! of hase ; i OQ © mame omplifion itodans 0 oF 260 of phase [non-inverting » 1& CECE (or) CSCS aw tarcaded amplition] the eedbork fio must: i u intnduce 0” of hate only.The qeedback “Iw in esedtaters tensist Byte. fe the Te of Feedback mebwetk Js xp) - =e B= Prreat $j Plog - do get sundarmped oscillations , APs! A (Preat 45 Piong )) «1. the gaim of anmptifien is always neal. For andomped oreittations, tmaginary part must be yor. Pimng = 0 Pow this awe get puguemey of otcillations. dhen qerdback actor P= Paeo} he gain of the, aumpiifier, Apa eee A eS ; Sepemdi the ii ee daa fed ne arene sued iin feedback nfo @ Re oxittatou - Gy) Re phase shift orcitlator . Gh wein duidge, onillator. - @ ce- oseitators - i) Hanttey oreillaser - diy Cotpibts excittator. © opal oreitator,RC OSCELLATORS :- W RC Phase shift otcitlaten :— COA OSOA AAT Be aprlgiong Kut sto oop ® , u ab Tt Vo = al get ®] -ta(e)[r] : yo) * 4) ns) Se i ne Kui 40 Loop @, » aa eeac c “Cc ecCoceoeo satso[Re gs +e] ~12()[k] =o. -B[K]- 119 (0 + ta) [ar+d] =o. KVL to toop® , ' —%(sd[e] + (9 aet 2] =0. Ve (5) = Ta(5) Le]. i ‘ wate =k ° Tle) Nol) -R artd, - : se R mts} 7 ° t a — arse bl ye) ° A L@)= Wels alee -k (s) a= 1 Oo “Ro anak ° -k aA Pa A, > Vols)(R).Re de =k ° ne ge Rk art. “Rk a R ard (a4)f Gea) ~ 60°] ce]-a(2e2)] = (reg fe)[ wens ( (dys =® (ants A > = (R+b (30+ MB +B ar oe > A= Bree, Rg 3R™ SCtn ete sod 3 A= poy ORO SRY bet et es 3 c A =R ( S45 t Soe eae sa3)- 4 Ty(s) = = = Nols) -& a = @ (ur + oa + Vo (5) Ve) = 13 (5)-R = te B+ So + SCR * 9°C?g® ~ “s3e3 gS Nets) Vols)26006 2 oo°0 ¢ oO Se get Puqueney of ovcitlations , a oceans wePR mek H sa F e > wR = The qeedback gactor “pis This sepsurents 120" of hare bio Vy andVo- Bach Re nelivork imieduces Go" of hase. he gain of tne amplifion is * Pgnesat ah $olz- Raton and © =100 pp. BH i Ro--phose ahift erciUater. ; J 5 Se ee” an IKI x 00x VE \ a Lend yp RAE 2 OSKHZ. = 64.4fa 2 24 Ri 5 Ro = VIXR = ATKIOXID = &90Kn Fhe kr row gunenttis adam ouitations of IRHE puquemey. The RI rulladion blu Ry ama Ro. ib @ g, = aoe LF Ro= tte) © Br-aoks. a @ hkrette af Yo te 1482 che Lena: fe 428 na oh Lasey. Saka rt Ves) = Bo pls) ~ Vols) wel, Ve) = B= Vo () = Ra p> "Stake +t Ret + Re” otc p. ® (seata+t) (Rit 3G, B= ey Ra / (seare +1) (seyrrtt) + 8,8 VoPeas — put $=j0, t ee ———_——~ (1s B24 2S) j (ese - baw) ‘do get sumdarmbed oreittations , the. img pant of B Cole of mo) must be pero. | weak * DERE Pa) aa nae Raia an Ja Roe Ca The deedback Jacter p = : a, WR 92 & a The ein of the amplifier R= p wae ta an Ree pe Re Fowm the tineuit, Amb ee ™ 3 Ry = Kee! Ss When Re2Ro=R 5 Crea =Cy Ree Tanke ae Pe 3 he 3 Aiea qeedbark |* FONT ga fol R= 10kD 502796 5 Re tekn Ra Bot Bteae 7 Ri Re aka» Ape a | saan RE : Cc aw xtonto? x 4AG xia ae eet 2 aokne the Ue shown ued to oko t Generale, undamped oscillations 6 ve of ISIDHE. Caleulate the- ; ‘ Peyrired value of eapaiitamce fit an Re isqos — te Ax x10? XC = Gs ie = 00019 xio. F > awe x10> 1590 Zope. Le OSCELLATORS 2— Feedbatk nl romist of Lee, 21GB, —> sarme tube, S3—> ehposite ype. Vel) = 16).%. VeS)= -26). 2a o Mele) lp 2-2. Vo(5) Za She geedbark facto Gaui, amptifion , Ae a dor dheaveneg of excittations , IQ) (ta tB) =0Yo selirfy tes tondifion , (erat =] oO Foor this wae got Paguemey of ovcitations Oo Ne 2ramd Z are induces, Gis apatite —> Nantley oscitlador Tp % amd %q are rapa, %3 is inductor» cotpit otcillator Olarcttey oscillator :- % Geo ane inductors, €3 bk Capacitor. Bjzjol, 5 trefol, 5 ae i. te ‘The qeedback jactor . p> SL eo a pe feu ote oy io) 7 Roe ta Oo eu Cy Then the freguemy Of etcittadtons , Ey t Eat B20 ie) jeer ribo aS 20 o tabs) - . o w (title) - 1 20 2 Rt oO c(Litls) o 1 w o¢=Yo Poaquomty of oseittations geen by af Zit Srrz20. a a jor=o. wey woes.5900600606 w! & Caleutate the fousy Of, oxciltadiions, fs Sol:~ | © a8 (niet Qe) axle $e on091a xioe NE fo Warne. Sols Leipw 3 crete 5 CastaF 5 we -tn(tis) tate £ dnRp =} an= Re = Le = 0-a5 anv. aK Re UkKn- S 10 an [O.exoF = Fent6 MVHEY— = B1esMne ax Tero. xo we ayands : i fai syooam amplifion v6 Al { sim. L25 BR FV Leg cine . i Bt . | AR 5 Kio oS x10 { i to” | CRYSTAL oSerLLATOR :— EL Quads , Rochetlel sate, Towvmatine,, mechomizal quis. eletitical aais. gore + neglected C 7. . zy onl ‘The exsivalent circuit of, cupstal Bok #=2 fa. © C4 >C-oo coooen0eooococ’e c “Cc Fey = “ey stile) HERE PEE) ty he Fat) 2a Ws = cla > aeries seronamt Ppuyoncy. Vite oy» ey > paratel savant gasps: bop 7 Ws. : ma Fen = Ww aM +) weg weep J+ ANE hey whem w =0 5 Bey = 2. When 04weis 5 Fey = ~1* wu? a) ¢ howe X= eg COR > Copositive. Inlhen w=ws 5 Fey = 0 Whim wows and EWP 5 ve oy = +]* — > Indunive, Balweon the senies’ suronance poy ond furalld raronant P47 the -vuystat behouns dike, am indusior. So the, inclurcior in the cotpills ouiliator suplaced by a oupttal: Now the: crypto oxeillotey isNOLTAGE ContRoLLED OSCELLATOR DARE A Veo + Resse Veo aed to genvrale oudpuls square svave amd tiamguton wave, Subbly Vetinge sequined dor Adlixgactory operation —> lov in asv Ie566 —spm Melee 566 Gsownd 1) 8 ve Signetics content }2_— Le (efanugortorer mame). cyare, | [ee] | NE5CL —Peommencial grade o-armp. a 2 SEsee F]t. sp madulading ~ e! p military grade of-anp. signal. ene opeetaa ps swith olp —>Vee- § Vee -cet I Le JL TL Signa UuUeusgVeegeolp Wher Teiggen vetrage Vp oh — $=0 _ off, — Low As ah eo -om : sy -D (provides Aiicharging psn te the te! ), the ‘el dixchonges through tewords OV trough Br with Hnmetontanl “TL 20. When Ve, > avec > uC joe jo OQnucpoue one)Ve = Ve +(uy—ve) Ve+0 + (Ave Ve =v. 5 Ab Ve=0v, Uc +> off > R=0.4 mo- Lo off > $20 change ae . 9 lp olp > Low nena Stable atates- pulse -widin, 2 Fo taleuddle T , ahoaging of tel is tonsidened . to be Me = Ve + (vive atl, “yes Vee 4 Vizov 5 eRe At tet, Ve. = 3-Vee . Buh = wo (over, yea z wee 7 cleo 3 T = RC m3 IR¢| ot e Ie. -o) eh Stable Yo t Low PO tne: tomer ext shown , Calouate, the sugnived value of Liming suristor to : ger the electric stub fora duration HET A Go msec when a Trigger pute is opie . Tari RC a? = payee x o-txioe = 60%10 R = 60k onl Quosi | Mable+ olp Jo thamge the ‘ale ahhly a bigger. Where Aegon veiroge Ve 2Vec 7 VC yo Red Werner Le ob —> so | _ off ~ Low As ae} xt; ar -on . Us Gy om (prsvides Aitchanging quan to the te!) , the ‘ct dinchanges through fewards ov through OT with tmemmorl "T= 0 ,eocrceVe = Vp t(uewel®, 2 Ve=0 + (veo -0) &*” ¢ oO Ve. = OV. Y 9 Ab Ve=0v, yo > of —> R=0-( mo- hai Le oH} > S=0 ee lp i = Olp > Low | a ar Stable stales- . I pulte width 2 So caleutale T , shasging of ‘eo! is Hobe considened - Ne = Vy + (MWe Jo*T®. Np = Vee 5 Vizov 3 T=RC- At tet, Vee 3-Veo- Vey =r Bvph = vee +lo-vede tee. = ed = Wee fee STIR ke T = RC Ind IRc| For the: timen ckt shewn , Caleate, the saqyired value of Timing suristor to : gene the electric, ually fox a duration owe Ty A Go msec whem a Tiiggen pulte is obhiied TetIRC = = 1X RX OXI R = GOK “On = 60xi0? = SYS SKA.% A cmamestable 555 timen generates a Rube auidth of ioomsec wring Koning susisier (0okn. Pind the raquixed value of Kming capasitos a Fix tooxto?xe ~ toonia” c= ae C = 0-409 BE - * Astapre 555 TIMER 3— ee eeeeey ce ATER RRR det the capacitor ‘cis a imikially uncharged. | __}4 3 Llp Ve =0 ee R=0 ,Ra0 Ro Le pom yy $21, R=! (ret Ec ‘ > Oy =r okt 73a a Ovet pe \ Nae lo ®& 1S ® © QO Rae ms 2hAs Qr > Off the °c) changes tnesards Veo Hneeugh Rig Ra with To = (Reka HoqH 1% Low ‘Throb Vee c voltage. “ Fos When Vo> See Veron Root @—rt- Le—> off ,S+0, Q—-70- As @ onan aro As Qr > the capacitor 'C’ changes towards ov with Td =Roc. Won We CMe > Dome aes Boo Le—pom ,S=1., @=1. As @=0 aCe : Qr —y off - : Ae Qe 7h ythe UI changes towards Veo swith Te = (ra Rede- = hen Ve >Sveo , Ue —ron Rts R= I. Le —> off 1820, Q=0- | olp —> Lowe Js Qa aC > Rr 7 onoe Cc oe oO eeooaoooc 5 Sue to contimuons charging amd dischanging of te! bly $Me. and Be swe get Aquare twave ecciltarions ak olp. Faquamey of etcitaions, 2 fol, tote rt, (06) ton +tore (oo te tt. tet Jo coleubile ty consider charging of 'e. Wis Nee Bee = Mee +(dVee wveeye Vp 2 Vee 4 bee = [A Vee) @ bh] Te T= (RitRa)o- B H Me toty Ve = Svec- ee —talte 4 alte a, ty = Te Ina ty = 0-693 Te CL Wo cateutate. ty considen dicharging of eral Vir see, Woo, Y= Roe wt t=th, Vo = + Vee, at pee = or (BVe-0) & lta aetlta te tla . As ty >t, the olp & an ensymumedtional: Aqpane, 2002 t= 0.693 (Rr4 Ra 1&2) + = 0.613 (RrtaRae 5 1 >| $- fp? b+ Ge Rae)e |F tan). (Ri taRaeAe ee). : oth = ton tyr te, ton toph 0-643 (RitRade 0-693 (RitaRo)& BRR Rrra 4m = BARD roo, RizaRy. As ty >t, lor) ten>top => B>5oz To get a AymmnPical square wave olp, select Ry=Ra=R amd conned a diode acres Rp as shown. While ‘e ; 4—rom, the eopacitor'c’ changes lowands Veg, Atscough Riamd 8 with Te = RIC =RC. + olp ty = Teta cx fo ap eae a | c. while ‘c' discharging , 8 —rebf, the ‘c’ discharges tocennds ov, stuveugh Ra amd Ar with Td =Roc =Re tp Tq ine EL = 0-693 RC, As ty st, = 8507, forthe timer 2kt shown, sued to generale aundamped greittations of tonne awoitha duty yde tot . Gleulsle the Hoqsired values of Ry ound Ro-ge ee Brake Risarg= bY = ee ka. lo4 x10 x10" : & om Ee =) xtoo = 0 + Rake, Rt Ro = OF ELH Ro Rit Ro = on Katies.) = 10-08 Ke - Ry =y (Revake) —(Ritke) = Wey 10-08 = S70 KD Ry = (0-08 5-94 Re raw © caleware Sate age eh ean Of oscittations. Gy nage. of vottage acress'c'. & |__.olp . 1Sk te Ri—F t0k.2 40 ISK Ra —> ISka2 to aSKA. [ dL o.oine Snom > Sim = (I+ axas)o° xio = ask. agisknz Sf 30K HE Ve at Jvee to ANec Shy av. ceccceuK forthe kmer ekt shown, talewlate tne namge oa Ve. Min = Bee - Ala) ay, “yay iggen at vee ea. Mya -Yo = 10? 2. Ve >8-a=6v- Ve=itv . Ve —> Hv tooy,cnt Calle sarge of vatages anos ©. Soli- Vivi = 1 Vee = 4V = = eee oO -s oO Vin = 2vee =8¥ u- When UC on, 7 Bye Ie ama - an ak ey Wn Ve = (10709) 2 “ Ne = 8-axn th. Ve =4V. When Lo om, = 228 1 tes oem aK Fs . £ Y-Ve = 10% Bxio” 3 a Ve‘s UB aby ay eres Oe a Ve =1355V ‘re We Ve > bass to AY. Ne T -l= OFFSET ourpuT voutnge (or) Bo ener op vege OE Re ree’ The Ofte olp vettage due +0 bo Input nies 2wownt (Te) . oh Input offset woven (Tio). city Tapur’ offset vettage (vio). gd) @nput Juias wwumt (Tg) :- er ‘tetit) Ghe op-amp tevmimalr ane in balanced tondiken «|. offset olp vettage due to Up bias Covent & ‘This offset Olp vettoge cam be nubtified (Wo=0) by a connecting a suistor at non-inverting teamimal amd is talted ~ Compemolion sasistor"(Rewmp) . b She tp offtel current is ‘the magnitude of differen inl Ob-amp Aoranimals . Dru this awwumt is due to imbalance of ob-amp Aerials, -She offset Olp -vettoge, due to Tio & Vo = To RP] Tio > |v-3 |. Since. V0 - Vb 2 Va = —Ta! Reomp. Apply ke at ©, | ___, Vo TjrTos Ig te +: No=0 o-Va, Vo -Ve O=Ne + Vo-Va = R RE EN Aa) = Ce oan aol Reaenp (4r+4;)= a. oo REUi Tnpust offset vorage (Vio) When there is a imbalamce ef op-armp Tavmimals ;-the poiendiat difference blo the ob-amp terminals 4s at eanat to geno. Dhoreore , pokmital difference bfud of-amp tevmimals is tated ip offect voltage. The offer ofp vertage due to Yio , Vo = Vio (tr 8) idee Hoy ¥ Vio = ummy, 25 = soma. Cal culate, [ ui, y fT ee lp vottage « = Ke 2 fat sa = TRE Aho (te SE ©) aa = 500xi07 x 1ooxto” + uxie?( wie) = 0.05 4 wxie’(a1) Look. = O05 4 0.084 a = 0134 y= 134 anv: - * calewate, 4p wa : tol offset elp voltage i Vo Gott Vy = Tok + Dio“ Rp + Vio (14 8 . ‘Ig=cv00n | , 100x550, vm 7 woxllsk = See To son apa : : los, ws ABR We mw | Uw AokKo contri Pusistomce « * ~ Tee —yo. Vo > Sig Rt + Vio (14 RE) z 3 7 Sox ivi eiooxlo” + Uxio? (t+ 22 2) = SxIG ¢8ynio> = &Mxi0? ve 84 anv. F Few tne opamp shman, Ao, =5000 ) Vig = Bmmv- Coleuboile, offser olp vettoge,Sas Vo = Aud = S000% Vio = Sov0x 3x10 = I5v : tov i As olp errecding the supply vetrage, it & stenricted t0 tovonly. ~ { amv. Pind Bo ev * Bor=5000,, [Vic 00% olp voltage @ov O3mv SS s10v @ sisv : Gl as ob-amp cherater only in antwratien region ax it is epemting tok im open-loop. : | ¥ Find the stew role. ofthe eb-amp to get ! undintorted olp voltage . “~ Vo -tov = Sain xt. Vp = 5 sion xioht- Ave, = sx xo ean xo*, ate. x t. = (due Sleo sale = (Se) an. af Sok = Swot vfsee. > 5 Viusee - FAS Viz Asinut, In the Och shown the opamp has a stew nate, of 6-a5V/psec . Calculate, the.manionwry fosgnoncy Of ilp signat to ger umdistortion inv “the. olp. ; $elt- ye - 20y; z = -as yasinwt = 50 nwt = Sox anf conot 6 . f = 6 QEXIO bs) = GR > lowe Toorr Iman. > 6a = [0% fran = BKKF Fhe -Alew Hale of the. ep-aemp is wa Big Vipsec. Pind the Punpinal sirgenaee “value of; ip vottoge amplitude to” b aveid ne distortion im olp. Van Simone Bole ye Vi (LEI) = VEE MV sin tot dv s Ft. GMo = Im X10” x Cesto” ae "0 ESR = NV x10" o s Bey x10 = NXIO° XV Vin ~ 3th = a8.54v, DAR MANUFACTURER's DESTGNATION FoR OP-AMPS + : ARAN ey i U) Fairchild ——> MA, par. : (2) Nikional semiconductors > LM, LH, LE) TBA. G) Moterata —5 uc Mec. 2. © ROA ——> on, on. . (S) Fexas intbuymenls ——+ Sn. (6) Signetics > nls, nese. %) Burr—Baown —> BB Depending on apurdling terpuuilure Aamge, op-armps ane tlassipied | into thuee type 2- y i) Commercial grade —> oc 0c [5c . Gy Industrial pode, ——> —Ho'e to 85°C. wy reitony yode ——» -55%o b las’e LM t41G \ commentiad Ld Fu G militory LMT trduatedal.Same op-amps ane sepreronted swith Letton like AC, 6,5,SC thee raprererili device Gmd Ub olecDuicat, characteristics Ser pasa > military qrode op-amp. Ww PARYIA Impeoved veuion of pasty. (better olecbuitat charnetenistics) - ob pagar Gh wre > commersiats grade opamp. OY PATHE + dabnoved veuion of HAC. Y) paris, mildtany grade of-amp wilh highen aeonate- Gy WAHMs > tommenciol grade op-annp with a Jrigher stewtale-.