Fluid Mechanics-II Lab Manual: University College of Engineering and Technology

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual Department of Mechanical Engineering (UOS)
Fluid Mechanics-II
Lab Manual
University College of Engineering and Technology
B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering F-17
Name: ZIA UR REHMAN
Roll #: BMEF17E036
1| Supervisor:Engr.YumnaJaved
Sr. No List of experiment
Draw the lab layout of Fluid Mechanics Lab.
1 Calculate the efficiency of hydraulic pump.
2 To calculate the energy loss in bends and pipe fittings
3 To measure the loss through gate value related to flow rate and calculating
loss coefficient related to velocity head
4 To investigate the result on discharge and total heat of operating pump in

series pump
5 To investigate the result on discharge and total heat of loss operating

pump i
n parallel `
6 To find the effect on flow rate and velocity when jet impacts on various
deflection angles
7 Demonstration of the operation and characteristics of three different basic

type of flow meter
8 To study the reciprocating pump (just demo)
9 To study the gear pump (just demo)
10 To study the reaction turbine (just demo)
11 To study the mechanical power from Pelton wheel turbine

12 To study the cavitation phenomena in pump
1) – Hydraulic Bench Apparatus.

2) –Series and parallel apparatus.
3) – Series and parallel pump test rig.
4) – Project.
5) – Flow meter measurement apparatus.
6) – Hydraulic ram pump apparatus.
7) –Cavitation apparatus.
8) – Compact reciprocating pump test rig.
9) – Orifice discharge apparatus.
10) – Impact of jet apparatus.
11) – Pelton wheel turbine. (1)
12) – Pelton wheel turbine. (2)
13) – Energy losses in bends and fittings.
14) – Mini Francis turbine.
15) – Orifice and jet flow apparatus.
16) – Hydrostatic pressure apparatus
Experiment#
Objective:
To calculate the energy losses in bends and pipe fittings.
Apparatus:
miter bend, 90° elbow, sweep bend, contraction and enlargement.
Theory:
When fluid flow through a typical pipe fittings such as an elbow or a bend, an enlargement
orcontraction in cross-section, or through a valve, energy losses occur. These energy losses, whichare
termed as minor losses, are primarily due to the change in the direction of flow and thechange in the
cross-section of the flow path typically occurs in valves and fittings. Experimentaltechniques are used
to determine minor losses. Tests have shown that the head loss in valves andfittings is proportional to
the square of the average velocity of the fluid in the pipe in which thevalve or fitting is mounted. Thus
the head loss is also proportional to the velocity head of thefluid. Experimental values for energy
losses are usually reported in terms of a loss coefficient.
Procedure:
The experimental set-up can be used on its own or with the Hydraulic
bench. A supply of water is all that is required for operation. The unit is suitable
for measuring pipe friction losses for laminar and turbulent flows. The experimental set-up is
clearly laid out on a training panel. For investigations on laminar flow and for turbulent flow,
the supply is provided via the Basic Hydraulics Bench directly (or the lab water mains). The
water flows through a pipe section; the flow is adjusted usingreducing valves. The
connection to the required measuring device is made via pressure tappings.
Observation and calculation

Sr# Vol Time Flow H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
(litr) (sec) Rate
1 5 33 0.0015 324 278 180 126 152 134 26 0
Calculations:
Flowrate Velocity in Velocity Differences Piezometer head
m3/sec small head (∆𝐻)
Pip H=v2/2g
v=4Q/𝜋d2
0.0015 0.9846 4.75m 900 450 Sudden Sudden 900
Elbow Elbow Enlargement Contraction Bend
h1-h2 h3-h4 h5-h6 h6-h7 h7-
h8
46 54 18 108 26
Experiment#
Objective:
to investigate the result on discharge and total heat of operating pump in series
pump.
Apparatus:
Series and parallel pumps demonstration unit .
2. Interface device. 3. PC with suitable software installed.
Setting the flow path

The system may be configured to drive flow using single, series or parallel pumps. The system valves are as
shown
Series Pumps:
Theory:
A single pump may be insufficient to produce the performance required. Combining two pumps
increases the pumping capacity of the system. Two pumps may be connected in series, so that water
passes first through one pump and then through the second. When two pumps operate in series, the
flow rate is the same as for a single pump but the total head is increased. The combined pump
headcapacity curve is found by adding the heads of the single pump curves at the same capacity.
Procedure:
Pump must be used at the same setting in this experiment to ensure identical performance. As the
speed of pump 2 is fixed at its design operational point, pump 1 should be set to match - select 80%
for a 50Hz electrical supply, or 100% for 60 Hz.
2. Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system.
3. If results are already available for a single pump across its full flow range, load those results into
the software now and jump to the section of this exercise using two pumps. If results are not
available then proceed as follows
Series pump performance:

Create a new results sheet using the (New) icon. Rename this new results sheet to 'Series'. In the
software, on the mimic diagram, set the 'Mode' to 'Series' by selecting the appropriate radio button.
5. Open pump 2 outlet valve, close pump 1 outlet valve and wait for any air to circulate out of the
system. 6. Select the (Go) icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the results table
of the software. 7. Close the gate valve to reduce the flow by a small increment. Select the (Go) icon
again. 8. Continue to close the gate valve to give incremental changes in flow rate, recording the
sensor data each time. 9. After taking the final set of data, fully open the gate valve again. Pumps in
parallel exercise may be performed immediately after this experiment without closing the software;
otherwise, save the results and ensure they are available for exercise B when required. (It may also
be advisable to save the results from this exercise before starting exercise B even if continuing
straight on, to ensure that the data is not lost in the event of a computer failure. The results sheet
may be overwritten with the combined results once exercise B has been completed).
Observation and calculations:
Sr Flow P1 P2 P3 Flow Pump g Density Power Power Efficiency

# rate BAR BAR BAR rate head of fluid of
RPM Q H(m) electric
1 103 0 0.5 1 0.0017 10.197 9.81 1000 171.65 878 19.5%
2 110 0 0.6 1.2 0.0018 12.236 9.81 1000 220.11 1208 18.2%
3 94 0 0.4 0.8 0.0015 8.157 9.81 1000 125.31 793 15%
Experiment#
Objective:
to investigate the result on discharge and total heat of operating pump in
parallel pump.
Apparatus:
Series and parallel pumps demonstration unit .
2. Interface device. 3. PC with suitable software installed.
Setting the flow path

The system may be configured to drive flow using single, series or parallel pumps. The system valves are as
shown
Parallel Pumps:
Theory:
A single pump may be insufficient to produce the performance required. Combining two pumps
increases the pumping capacity of the system. Two pumps may be connected in series, so that water
passes first through one pump and then through the second. When two pumps operate in series, the
flow rate is the same as for a single pump but the total head is increased. The combined pump
headcapacity curve is found by adding the heads of the single pump curves at the same capacity.
Procedure:
1. Both pumps must be used at the same setting in this experiment, to ensure identical performance. As the
speed of pump 2 is fixed at its design operational point, pump 1 should be set to match - select 80% for a
50Hz electrical supply, or 100% for 60 Hz. 2.
2. Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system.
3. Exercise A should be performed before this experiment, and the results loaded into the software if the
software is not still open from that exercise. If the software is still open from exercise A, then create a
new results sheet by selecting the (New) icon. Rename the current (blank) results sheet to 'Parallel'.
4. 4. Select the (Go) icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the results table of the
software. 5.
5. Close the gate valve to reduce the flow by a small increment. Select the (Go) icon again. 6.
6. Continue to close the gate valve to give incremental changes in flow rate, recording the sensor data each
time. 7
7. . After taking the final set of data, fully open the gate valve. Set Pump 1 to 0% and switch off both pumps.
Observations and calculations:

Sr # Flow P1 P2 P3 Flow Pump g Density Power Power Efficiency
rate BAR BAR BAR rate head of of
RPM Q H(m) fluid electric
1 104.5 0 1.3 1.3 0.0017 13.26 9.81 1000 226.4 729 31.1%
2 115 0 1.6 1.6 0.0019 16.31 9.81 1000 306.8 991 30.93%
3 95 0 1.6 1.6 0.0015 16.31 9.81 1000 253.2 690 36.6%
10 | Supervisor:Engr.YumnaJaved
Experiment#
Objective:
To study reciprocating pump.
Principle:
Reciprocating pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a
reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder.
Diagram:
CONTRUCTION DETAILS OF A RECIPROCATIN PUMP:
Components of reciprocating pumps:-
a) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted cylinder.
b) Crank and Connecting rod: – crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power source.
Power source gives rotary motion to crank. With the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating
motion to piston in the cylinder.
c) Suction pipe: – one end of suction pipe remains dip in the liquid and other end attached to the inlet
of the cylinder.
d) Delivery pipe: – one end of delivery pipe attached with delivery part and other end at discharge
point.
e) Suction and Delivery value: – suction and delivery values are provided at the suction end and
delivery end respectively. These values are non-return values.
WORKING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
Operation of reciprocating motion is done by the power source (i.e. electric motor or i.c engine, etc).
Power source gives rotary motion to crank; with the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating
motion to piston in the cylinder (i.e. intermediate link between connecting rod and piston). When
crank moves from inner dead centre to outer dead centre vacuum will create in the cylinder. When
piston moves outer dead centre to inner dead centre and piston force the water at outlet or delivery
value.
EXPRESSION FOR DISCHARGE OF THE PUMP:-
Where: –
Q: – discharge in m3/sec
A: – cross-section of piston or cylinder in m2
L: – length of stroke in meter
N: – speed of crank in r.p.m
Experiment#
Objective:
To study the gear pump.
Theory:
A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.They are
one of the most common types of pumpsfor hydraulic fluid power applications. The gear
pump was invented around 1600 by Johannes Kepler.[2]
Gear pumps are also widely used in chemical installations to pump high viscosity fluids.
There are two main variations: external gear pumps which use two external spur gears,
and internal gear pumps which use an external and an internal spur gears (internal spur gear
teeth face inwards, see below). Gear pumps are positive displacement (or fixed
displacement), meaning they pump a constant amount of fluid for each revolution. Some gear
pumps are designed to function as either a motor or a pump.
How External Gear Pumps Work

External gear pumps are similar in pumping
action to internal gear pumps in that two
gears come into and out of mesh to
produce flow. However, the external gear
pump uses two identical gears rotating
against each other -- one gear is driven by a
motor and it in turn drives the other
gear. Each gear is supported by a shaft
with bearings on both sides of the gear.
1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump.
Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the teeth and the
casing -- it does not pass between the gears.
3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port under pressure.
Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gear pumps are quiet-running and are
routinely used for high-pressure applications such as hydraulic applications. With no overhung
bearing loads, the rotor shaft can't deflect and cause premature wear.
Applications
Common external gear pump applications include, but are not limited to:
 Various fuel oils and lube oils

 Chemical additive and polymer metering
 Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
 Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.)
 Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
 Low volume transfer or application
Experiment#
Objective:
To study the mechanical power from pelton wheel turbine.
Theory:
In the impulse turbines, the total head available is first converted into the kinetic energy.
This is usually accomplished in one or more nozzles. The jets issuing from the nozzles strike vanes
attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel. Because of the rate of change of angular
momentum and the motion of the vanes, work is done on the runner (impeller) by the fluid and,
thus, energy is transferred. Since the fluid energy which is reduced on passing through the runner
is entirely kinetic, it follows that the absolute velocity at outlet is smaller than the absolute
velocity at inlet (jet velocity). Furthermore, the fluid pressure is atmospheric throughout and the
relative velocity is constant except for a slight reduction due to friction. The Pelton wheel is an
impulse turbine in which vanes, sometimes called buckets, of elliptical shape are attached to the
periphery of a rotating wheel, as shown in . One or two nozzles project a jet of water tangentially
to the vane pitch circle. The vanes are of double-outlet section, as shown in, so that the jet is split
and leaves symmetrically on both sides of the vane.
WORKING OF PELTON TURBINE

The amount of water striking the vanes (buckets) of the runner is controlled by providing a spear
(flow regulating arrangement) in the nozzle.
Then the efficient nozzle that converts the hydraulic energy into a high speed jet. The turbine rotor is
called runner.
The impact jet of water is striking on the runner and runner revolves at constant with the help of
governing mechanism.
The runner shaft is connected with the generator; thus the electricity is produce with the help of
generator.
Components of the Pelton turbine:

Runner with bucket: Runner (also named impeller) of Pelton turbine consists of a circular disc on the
periphery of which a number of buckets are fixed.
Nozzle:
The water coming from the reservoir through penstock is accelerated to a certain velocity by means of a
nozzle.
Spear:
The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial
direction depending upon the size of the unit. The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is
controlled the spear in the nozzle.
Casing:
Casing is used to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It is made up of
cast iron or steel plate.
Breaking jet:
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction the amount of water
striking the runner reduce to zero. However, the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time.
To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is used which directs the jet of water on the back of
buckets. This jet of water is called breaking jet.
Governing mechanism:
The speed of turbine runner is required to be maintained constant so that electric generator can be
coupled directly to turbine. Therefore, a device called governor is used to measure and regulate the speed
of turbine runner.
Observations and calculations:

Flow rate=Q=volume/time
Power input=W1=1.635 Q P
Turbine output=Wo=1.0273 F R n R=3cm
Turbine efficiency= Wo / W1 *100
Sr Turbine Volu Time( Speed( Force(spring Flow Power Powe Efficienc

. inlet me t) n) balance) (N) rate( input( r y%
pressure( (V) rpm FRIGH FLEFT NET Q) W 1) outp
P) T FORCE ut
(WO)
1 0.5 7.6 12.7 1218 0 0 0 35.6 29.103 0 0
2 0.5 7.6 12.7 795 0.97 0.45 0.52 35.6 29.103 12.74 43.78
3 0.5 7.6 12.7 600 1.11 0.55 0.62 35.6 29.103 11.46 39.2
7
4 0.5 7.6 12.7 482 1.37 0.67 0.69 35.6 29.103 10.32 35.4
5 5 4
Experiment#
Objective:
To study the cavitation phenonmenon in pump.
Theory:
Cavitation is a very complex phenomenon including phase changes and viscous effects. When the
local pressure within a flow with water as medium becomes equal to the vaporization pressure of the
water, bubbles begin to form and are further transported to regions of higher pressure where they
collapse. This bubble collapse can cause material damage and erosion.
Various researchers have considerably contributed in studying the cavitation in centrifugal pumps,
applying passive flow control techniques and realizing a series of experiments. On the other hand,
there is a limited number of works regarding the effect of the blade leading edge angle on the pump
cavitation. Hirschi et alpresented the results obtained with a 3D numerical method allowing the
prediction of the cavitation behaviour of a centrifugal pump and compared this prediction to model
tests. Hofmann et al. studied experimentally the cavitation of two centrifugal pumps that can hold
different runner geometries as well as different leading edge geometries within the same runner.
Frobenius et al. realized numerical simulations and experimental investigations of the cavitating flow
through a centrifugal pump impeller of low specific speed. Coutier-Delgosha et al. investigated a
special test pump with two-dimensional curvature blade geometry in cavitating and noncavitating
conditions using different experimental techniques.
Experimental Rig and Procedure

The experimental study is performed using the pump test rig shown in. The supplying tank of
the pumping installation is filled with water from the water supply. The pressure at the
examined pump inlet is measured by the absolute pressure transducer. Furthermore, the study
of cavitation is realized applying a wide range of pressures at the pump inlet that can be set by
changing the pressure in the supply tank with the aid of a vacuum pump The fluid temperature
is measured by a temperature sensor and is kept almost constant and equal to 25°C. The fluid
level in the supply tank is read from the level meter and the fluid-free surface pressure is
measured by a vacuum-pressure gauge The pump flow rate is measured using the
electromagnetic flowmeter Moreover, the flow rate regulation is obtained by throttling a
butterfly valve installed at the discharge pipe. The differential pressure between the pump
inlet and outlet is measured by the differential pressure transducer The pump is driven by a
three-phase AC electric motor of 2.2 kW and maximum rotational speed of 1410 rpm. The
rotational speed can be continuously varied by an inverter The pump suction cover and a part
of the suction pipe are made from plexiglas. Transparent parts of the pump test rig allow
observation of fluid flow inside the impeller and photography of the development of cavitation
in flow passage of the impeller. The measurement data are acquired by the data acquisition
system and LabVIEW platform. The main dimensions of the pump test rig and the regions
where the pressure transducers are installed
Blade Design Analysis:
Impeller Geometry
Three impeller geometries have been constructed using aluminium alloy 7075-T6, which is composed of zinc as
the primary alloying element. It is strong, with strength comparable to many steels and has good fatigue
strength and average machinability, but has less resistance to corrosion than many other aluminium alloys.
7075-T6 is a heat temper grade of aluminium alloy 7075. It has an ultimate tensile strength of 510–538 MPa
and yield strength of at least 434–476 MPa. In addition, the tested impellers have a removable transparent
cover disk made of plexiglas in order to observe the fluid flow and the cavitation.
Experiment#
Objective:
Calculate the efficiency of hydraulic ram pump
Apparatus:
Hydraulic ram pump
Theory:
A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-
rate and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to
develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the
water started.
The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a
need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often
useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.
Working
To use a ram pump, you must have a source of water situated above the pump. For example,
you must have a pond on a hillside so that you can locate the pump below the pond. You run
a pipe from the pond to the pump. The pump has a valve that allows water to flow through
this pipe and build up speed.
 Once the water reaches its maximum speed, this valve slams shut.
 As it slams shut, the flowing water develops a great deal of pressure in the pump
because of its inertia.
 The pressure forces open a second valve.
 High-pressure water flows through the second valve to the delivery pipe (which
usually has an air chamber to allow the delivery pipe to capture as much high-
pressure water as possible during the impulse).
 The pressure in the pump falls. The first valve re-opens to allow water to flow and
build up momentum again. The second valve closes.
 Then waste valve open and un-used water flows out.
The delivery pipe can rise some distance above both the pump and the source of the water.
For example, if the pump is 10 feet below the pond, the delivery pipe might be up to 100 feet
above the pump.
Advantages:
 These systems use completely renewable energy sources and are powered via hydraulics.
 When they’re properly designed, they can easily be produced and maintained within a local
area – this makes them ideal for providing water wells to a range of environments, as well as
a fantastic addition to any hydraulic system.
 They are also extremely effective in mountainous regions, or other areas which feature a
range of different heights and depths.
Disadvantages:
You can see that the one big disadvantage of a ram pump is that it wastes a lot of water. Typically,
only about 10% of the water it consumes actually makes it up the delivery pipe. The rest flows out of
the pump as the water builds momentum.
Experiment#
Objective:
To study the reaction turbine.(Just demo)
Theory:
Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of
the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades.A pressure casement is needed
to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in
the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for
water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube.
Main Components:
1. Spiral casing
It is a spiral casing, with uniformly decreasing cross- section area, along the circumference. Its
decreasing cross-section area makes sure that we have a uniform velocity of the water striking the
runner blades, as we have openings for water flow in-to the runner blades from the very starting of
the casing, so pressure would decrease as it travels along the casing. So we reduce its cross-section
area along its circumference to make pressure uniform, thus uniform momentum or velocity striking
the runner blades.
2. Guide vanes
Guide vanes are installed in the spiral casing, their most important function is to make sure that
water striking the runner blades must have a direction along length of the axis of turbine otherwise
the flow would be highly swirling as it moves through spiral casing, making it in-efficient to rotate
runner blades. The angle of these guide vanes is adjustable in modern turbines, and we can adjust
the water flow rate by varying the angle of these guide vanes according to the load on the turbine.
3. Runner blades
Runner blades are said to be heart of a reaction turbine. It is the shape of the runner blades which
uses the pressure energy of water to run turbine. Their design plays a major role in deciding the
efficiency of a turbine. In modern turbines these blades can pitch about their axis, thus can vary the
pressure force acting on them according to the load and available pressure.
4. Draft tube
Draft tube connects the runner exit to the tail race. Its cross-section area increases along its length,
as the water coming out of runner blades is at considerably low pressure, so its expanding cross-
section area help it to recover the pressure as it flows towards tail race.
Reaction Turbine Principle:
In the case of reaction turbine, the moving blades of a turbine are shaped in such a way that the
steam expands and drops in pressure as it passes through them. As a result of pressure decrease in
the moving blade, a reaction force will be produced. This force will make the blades to rotate.
Reaction Turbine Working:
A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades. The steam
expands first in the stationary or fixed blades where it gains some velocity as it drops in pressure.
Then enters the moving blades where its direction of flow is changed thus producing an impulse
force on the moving blades. In addition, however, the steam upon passing through the moving
blades, again expands and further drops in pressure giving a reaction force to the blades.This
sequence is repeated as the steam passes through additional rows of fixed and moving blades.
The distinguishing feature of the reaction turbine is the fact that the pressure does drop across the
moving blades. In other words, there is a pressure difference between the inlet to the moving blades
and the outlet from the moving blades.
Applications:
 Reaction turbine is used in wind power mills to generate electricity
 It is most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants, to generate electricity.
 It is the only turbine to get maximum power output from a low available water head and high
velocity other than cross-flow turbine which not that efficient.
Experiment#
Objective:
To find the effect on flow rate & velocity when jet impacts on various deflection angles
Apparatus:
1. Impact of jet apparatus
2. Hydraulic bench.
Equipment set up:
Set up the apparatus on top of the hydraulics bench with the left hand support feet of the impact of
jet apparatus located on the two left hand locating pegs of the hydraulics bench so that the
apparatus straddles the weir channel. Connect the feed tube from the hydraulics bench to the boss
on the rear of the base of the impact of jet apparatus. Fit the 5mm nozzle and the normal flat target.
out of
Fluid Mechanics Lab and explain the types of layout
Theory:
When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface the water is deflected to
flow along the surface. If friction is neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that
there are no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is unchanged. The
pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the surface.
Consider a jet of water which impacts on to a target surface causing the direction of the jet to be
changed through an angle. In the absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity across the surface
is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force exerted on the target will be equal and opposite
to the force which acts on the water to impart the change in direction.
Formula:
(1)For Plate: (2) For Hemisphere: (3) For Cone:
F=VρW1 F=2VρW1 F=W1(1+cos2α)
Procedures:
 Position the weight carrier on the weight platform and add weights until the top of the target
is clear of the stop and the weight platform is floating in mid position. Move the pointer so
that it is aligned with the weight platform. Record the value of weights on the weight carrier.
 Start the pump and establish the water flow by steadily opening the bench regulating valve
until it is fully open.
 The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet. Place additional weights onto the
weight carrier until the weight platform is again floating in mid position. Measure the flow
rate and record the result on the test sheet, together with the corresponding value of weight
on the tray. Observe the form of the deflected jet and note its shape.
 Reduce the weight on the weight carrier in steps and maintain balance of the weight platform
by regulating the flow rate in about three steps, each time recording the value of the flow rate
and weights on the weight carrier.
 Close the control valve and switch off the pump. Allow the apparatus to drain.
 Replace the 5mm nozzle with the 8mm diameter nozzle and repeat the tests.
 Replace the normal vane with the 45° conical vane and repeat the test with both the 5mm
and 8mm nozzles.
 Replace the 45° conical vane with the hemispherical vane and repeat the tests with both the
5mm and 8mm nozzles.

Observations and Calculations:
Q=V/t
W1=Discharge/Area
Sr. No. Flow Rate Velocity(w1) Calculated Measured Force

Ltr/sec m/s Force (N) (N)
1 0.264 5.25 2.77 2.7

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Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual Department of Mechanical Engineering (UOS)

University College of Engineering and Technology

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering F-17

Name: ZIA UR REHMAN

Sr. No List of experiment

Draw the lab layout of Fluid Mechanics Lab.

1 Calculate the efficiency of hydraulic pump.

2 To calculate the energy loss in bends and pipe fittings

4 To investigate the result on discharge and total heat of operating pump in

5 To investigate the result on discharge and total heat of loss operating

7 Demonstration of the operation and characteristics of three different basic

8 To study the reciprocating pump (just demo)

9 To study the gear pump (just demo)

10 To study the reaction turbine (just demo)

11 To study the mechanical power from Pelton wheel turbine

1) – Hydraulic Bench Apparatus.

Observation and calculation

Setting the flow path

Series pump performance:

Observation and calculations:

Sr Flow P1 P2 P3 Flow Pump g Density Power Power Efficiency

Setting the flow path

Observations and calculations:

CONTRUCTION DETAILS OF A RECIPROCATIN PUMP:

Components of reciprocating pumps:-

a) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted cylinder.

WORKING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

EXPRESSION FOR DISCHARGE OF THE PUMP:-

A: – cross-section of piston or cylinder in m2

L: – length of stroke in meter

N: – speed of crank in r.p.m

How External Gear Pumps Work

 Various fuel oils and lube oils

WORKING OF PELTON TURBINE

Components of the Pelton turbine:

Observations and calculations:

Sr Turbine Volu Time( Speed( Force(spring Flow Power Powe Efficienc

Experimental Rig and Procedure

Blade Design Analysis:

Reaction Turbine Principle:

Reaction Turbine Working:

Equipment set up:

F=VρW1 F=2VρW1 F=W1(1+cos2α)

Sr. No. Flow Rate Velocity(w1) Calculated Measured Force

1 0.264 5.25 2.77 2.7

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