Institute of Engineering Studies (IES Bangalore] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet DC MACHINES : - Lap Winding Wave Winding (Q) Coll Span: Yes == Yos== 35 35 (2) Back Pitch Yp =U Yes Yp=U Yes (3) Commutator Pitch Yo=1 y,= 2 sve windi ? for Progressive winding for Progressffe' Maging Ne =-1 261) for Retrogressive winding Yo= a forRestrogressivelwinding (¥cMustibe integer) (4) Front Pitch Yr=¥y +2 Ye22Vo -Yp for Progressive winding Y;=¥, -2 for Retrogressive winding (5) Parallel Paths A=P Az2 (6) Conductor Current I= Ia (7) No of brushes No of brushes No of brushes = 2 © S =No of commutator segments * P=Noof poles © Us No of coil Sides "No ofipoles 22= © C=Noof coils on the rotor «A= No of arfrature patallel Baths © ig@Remature.current —Phasor sum coltemt ‘arthematicsumofcollemt are Pitchifactor (K,,) =Seomiem gectect *100% 0 0 = electrical = 7 Omechanical Distribution factor (Kg) = Armature mmf/Pole (Peak) , AT, > 5 > 6 5 s Zig pole arc AT (Compensating Winding) = 75 * Te 1 No.a Training conter for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies com@email com nlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www. facebook.com/onlineies | SteamInstitute of Engineering Studies (IESBangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet — AT(inter pole) Where Bj= Flux density in inter pole airgap Ig; = length of inter pole airgap , |tg = 41+ 10-7 — No of turns in each interpole , Ninterpole = arene pele) 2 poleare ) ZAP ‘pote pitch The Mechanical power that is converted is given by Peony STi. Where T = Induced torque —> The no of compensating conductor per pole, Ncw/pole = + © = Angular speed of the machines rotor The resulting electric power produced Peony = BAIA The power balance equation of the DC Machine is Ting tm Gzne A Torque developed in Dc machiney,Te ad oy The induced emf in the armature is\E. = bud Where 0 = Flux\pole , Z =INo of afmature conductors , P = No of poles, N = Speed in rpm, A= No of armature paralle| paths, |, = Armature current —> The terminal voltage ofthe De generator is given by V. = Ea-1aRa — The termifal Voltagélof thé DC motor is given by Ve= Ea +1, Ra —»(/Speédh regulation ofde machine is given by .SR = aun * 100 % = — * 100 % > \Voltage regulation , VR = a * 100% ‘Shunt Generator: > Fora shunt generator with armature induced voltage E,, armature current |, and. armature resistance R,, the terminal voltage V is: V=E,-lRa > The field current | for a field resistance Ris: p=VIRe 2 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph; 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-22552008 Email : onlineies.com@smail.com Site: wwnw.onlinelES.com Google+: www. gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.faccbook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet —> The armature induced voltage E, and torque T with magnetic flux ® at angular speed © are: E, =k @o = kno T=k@la = kmle where k; and km are design coefficients of the machine. Note that for a shunt generator: - induced voltage is proportional to speed, - torque is proportional to armature current. > The airgap power P, for a shunt generator is: Po = OT = Eola = kmo lo Series Generator: > Fora series generator with armature induced voltage Eayarmature current la, armature resistance R,, and field resistance Riathe terminal voltage V is: V = Ea- (laRa + laR 1 )= Es - la(Ra * Ro) The field current is equal to the armature current, > The armature induced voltage\E, and torque T'with magnetic flux ® at angular speed @ are: E, = ko Ia = km lo T=k@l,? = kml? where k; andskm are design coefficients of the machine. Note that fofia series generator: - induced voltage is proportional to both speed and armature current, - torque is Proportional to the square of armature current, ~armature current isinversely proportional to speed for a constant Es > The.airgap power P.. for a series generator is: Po = OT= Eola = kmo la? >» Cumulatively compounded DC generator : - (long shunt) (a) la=te+h, (b) Ve=Ba-Ia (Ra + Rs) (0) Loe r _(¢) The equivalent effective shunt field current for this machine is given by shunt field current 3 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@zmail.com | Ste: wamsonlineLES.com Googler: wuw.golus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook com/onlinsiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES, Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Ne tre reaction MA lee tlog + YE = aon Where N, .= No of series field turns Ny = =No of shunt field turns —> Differentially compounded DC generator : - ( long shunt) (a) =Tet+hh (b) Ve=Ea-Ta (Ra +Rs) ©) (a) Where Nz 9 = No of series field turns Ng = =No of shunt field turns Shunt Motor: — For a shunt motor with armature induced voltage E., armature current I, and armature resistance Ra, the terminal Voltage V is: V = E+ |aRo The field current | fora field resistance R is: l=V/Re > The armatufe induced Voltage", and torque T with magnetic flux ® at angular speed o are: E. =k OG=kno Tak Ok = knle wheresk + and kn, ane design coefficients of the machine. Note that for a Shunt motor: ~ induced voltage is proportional to speed, - torquetis proportional to armature current. . The airgap power P, for a shunt motor is: Pe = OT = Eala = Km la =X. Ba > The speed of the shunt motor , o = - ty 4 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0. 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www-facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES, Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet PZ, Where K = == Series Motor : —> For a series motor with armature induced voltage E., armature current la, armature resistance R, and field resistance R +, the terminal voltage V is: V=E, + IRatlRy= Eo + l(Ra + Ri) The field current is equal to the armature current. —> The armature induced voltage E, and torque T with magnetic flux ®,at angular speed © are: Ea =k Mo la = km la T= k@l? = kml? where ky and kp, are design coefficients of the machine. Note that for a series motor: - induced voltage is proportional toboth’speediand armature current, - torque is proportional to the square of armature current, - armature current is inversely, proportional to speed for a constant Ea —> The airgap power P. for a serieS\motohis» Pe = OT = Eola = Km lo” Losses: 5 constant lasses (Px) Bw: + Rio where, Pigi=No Ofloadeore loss S P= Windage Bifriction loss > Variable losses (P,) = P+ Pse + By Where Pee Copper losses = 12 Ry P,_ = Stray load loss = a I? Py = Brush Contact drop = Vola . Where Vb = Brush voltage drop —> The total machine losses , P,, = Py +Vila+ Ky 1. iency 5 No. Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 9699/0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : oulineies com@gmail com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet — The per-unit efficiency n of an electrical machine with input power Pia, output power Pou and power l0Ss Pioss iS: 11 = Pout / Pin = Pout / (Pout + Pioss) = (Pin - Pioss) / Pin —> Rearranging the efficiency equations: Pin = Pout + Pioss = Pout / = Pioss / (1 - n) Pout = Pin - Poss = nPin = nPioss / (1-1) Pros = ~ Pout = (1 = n)Pin = (1 = n)Pout/ 0, Temperature Rise: > The resistance of copper and aluminium windings increases with temperature, and the relationship is quite linear over the normal, range of operating temperatures. For a linear relationshipgif the winding resistance is R; at temperature 6; and R» at temperature 6», then” Ri / (61 - 80) = Ro / (82 - 00) 2%{Ra- Rip! (82-61) where 0) is the extrapolated temperatute for zero resistance. > The ratio of résistances Ratand Riis: Ro J Ri = (Ba Oo) (01200) — The average temperature rise AO of a winding under load may be estimated from measured values ofthe Cold winding resistance R; at temperature 6; (usually ambient temperature) and the hot winding resistance R2 at temperature 02, using: A = 03%,01 (0; - 80) (Rz- Ri) / Ri — Rearranging for per-unit change in resistance AR, relative to Ri: ARpula(Re - Ri) / Ri = (82 - 61) / (81 - 80) = 46 / (81 - G0) Copper Windings: —» The value of 80 for copper is - 234.5 °C, so that: A® = 2 - 61 = (81 + 234.5) (Ro- Ri) / Ri ‘No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : oulincies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet —> If 8; is 20 °C and A@ is 1 degC: ARpy = (Ro - Ri) / Ry = AO / (8; - Oo) = 1 / 254.5 = 0.00393 —> The temperature coefficient of resistance of copper at 20 °C is 0.00393 per degC. Aluminium Windings: — The value of 69 for aluminium is - 228 °C, so that: AO = 0» - 0; = (0; + 228) (Ro - Ri) / Ri — If; is 20 °C and A@ is 1 degC: ARpu = (Ro - Ri) / Ri = AO / (0; - 00) = 1 / 248 = 0.00403 — The temperature coefficient of resistanceiof aluminium at 20 °C is 0.00403 per degC Dielectric Dissipation Factor: — If an alternating voltage V of fréqueney f is applied across an insulation system comprising capacitance C and equivaleht setiés loss resistance Rg, then the voltage Vr across Rs and the Voltage, Vc across C due to the resulting current | are: Vp = IRs Veo = IX¢ V = (Va? AMc”)% — The dielectric dissipation factor of the insulation system is the tangent of the dielectric lossjangle,5 between Ve and V: #ANG= VR Vc = Rs /Xc = 2xfCRs Rs = Xetandj= tand/ 2nfC > The dielectric power loss P is related to the capacitive reactive power Qc by: P =\PRs= PXctand = Qctand —> The power factor of the insulation system is the cosine of the phase angle } between Vp and V: cos = Va/ V so that 6 and ¢ are related by: 5+ =90° No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlincies.com@gmail.com | Site: somwonlinelES.com Googles: www.gplus.to/onlineles FB: sw facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet — tané and cos¢ are related by: tan = 1/ tand = cosé / sind = cos / (1 - cos*)* so that when cos# is close to zero, tané ~ cos} TRANSFORMERS: > Gross cross sectional area = Area occupied by magnetic material “4 Insulation material. — Net cross sectional area = Area occupied by only magnetic material excluding area of insulation material. > Hence for ail calculations, net cross sectional area is taken sinée $ (flux) majorly flows in magnetic material. $= BA, reight off > Specific weight of tf — rating Net crosisectiofial area + Stacking/iron factor :- (k.) = Grogs Gross Sectionalaiea — k, is always less than 1 > Gross c.s Area =)Ag =éngth bréadth > Net c.s Area 2¥Ap =k, XAG > Utilization factor 6f, transformer core = EiectvecSies YF of cruciform core = 0.8 to 0.85 > Fuge = Shy, sin wt > Agcording tofaradays second law e, = —N, = —N, = (6,, sinwt) Instantatigous value | fe, = Nydby, wsin(wt ~ */2) of emf in pritiary — Transformer emf equations Ey =4.44.NyBiax nf = —— (1) Ez = 4.44 No Brnax Auf. —— (2) No.i Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@smail.com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (1ES,Bangalore] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet —> Emf per turn in 'Y = = = 4.44 BaxAnf —> Emfpertum in = 2 = 4.44 Bua Anf = Emf per tum on both sides of the transformer is same Ei Be Ni” Ne = Blot —k Transformation ratio = K = BN EN Turns ratio=+= Ny: No — For an ideal two-winding transformer with primary voltage V; applied across N; primary turns and secondary voltage V2 appearing across N> secondary turns: Vi Vo = Ni I No > The primary current |; and secondaty current |2 are related by: 17 ly = No /Ny = Vo/ Vi — For an ideal step-down auto-transfermer with primary voltage V, applied across (N: + N2) primary turns and sécondaty,voltage V2 appearing across N2 secondary turns: Vi V2 = (Ni + No) No — The primary (input) currefitily and secofdary (output) current |p are related by: Ty Ip = No J (Ny # No) = Va / Vin — Fora single-phase transformer with rated primary voltage Vi, rated primary current |, rated secondary, voltage V2 and rated secondary current Iz, the voltampere rating Sis: S=Vik ‘ala, > Fona balanced mphase transformer with rated primary phase voltage V, rated primary current |;, rated secondary phase voltage V2 and rated secondary current lo, the voltampere rating S is: S=mVili = MVolo > The primary circuit impedance Z; referred to the secondary circuit for an ideal transformer with N, primary turns and Nz secondary turns is: Zia = Zs(No/ Ni) 9 No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlincies.com@gmail.com Site: www onlinelES.com Googles: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) > During operation of transformer :- No load /shunt branch, > No load current = Ip Ty = Tp C08 bo In = Tosingo > No load power = vjIg COS do = Vi lytsilfon losses. No load power Ro vi 4+Ty = Ip = Transferring from IL to! Ry Ro” WV A From 1° to IY :- 1?R, = 17.Ri 10 ‘No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineles FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) | Electrical Machines Formula Sheet > Total resistance ref to primary= R, + Ry Ror = Ry + Ro/k? > Total resistance ref to secondary = Ry + Ry Roo = Ro t+ K?Ry > Total Cu loss 2 Roa Per unit resistance drops : —> P.U primary resistance drop = BS > Total P.U resistance drop ref to I1"¥ = 252 > The P.U resistance drops on both sides of the t/Fissame I:Ror _ IsRoz By Be Losses present in transformer Copper k vf Windings “opper tosses ffigjor 185ses 2. Iron losses s/f ere cu parts Stray load losses ‘Ton parts Poe ‘minor losses ‘S insulating materials. 1. Cu lossesiin vf? Total Cu 1088) LR, + 1?R; TPRor 1? Roa > Rated current on #'y = YAtetngot vt a sami Va rating of Vf Similarly current on 1° = “AeSee ott > Cu losses & 1,2 oF 12. Hence there are called as variable losses. 11 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0. 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-2552008 Email : onlincies.com@smail.com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore] FL Culossin watts > PLU Fulll load Cu loss Roy Eh + IVA rating of vfs taken as base then P.U Cu loss o¢ 1,? as remaining terms are constant. —> | P.U Cu loss at x of FL =x? x PU FL Cu loss _, P.Uresistance drop refto FY ( _ Ror ya or Ey P.U resistance ref to I" 12Rox Exh P.U Resistance drop = P.U FL cu loss % FL Cu loss ‘Resistance drop. Iron (or) Core losses in tf :~ 1. Hysteresis loss = Steinmetz formula :- WaS|n Brox f®.\v Area under one hysteresis loop. ‘Where 1) = stienmetz coefficient Byyax = max. flux déisity in tlansformer core. = frequency of fiagneticlteversal = supply freq. v= volume of Gore material x= Hysteresis coef (or'stienmetz exponent 6 (Si Ob CRGo steel) 2. Eddycuttent loss! Eddy current 1088,(W,) & Reg x 1? As area decreases in laminated core resistance increases as a result conductivity decreases. We = 2 2 + Bra i > thickness of laminations. Constant SUPPIY frea (itis a function of o ) No.1 Trnining center for GATE/IES/STO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / of!0-32552008 Email: onlineies com@smail.com | Ste: ssw online FS com Googles: www gplus.to/onlineies FR: wn facebook com/ontineesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet ‘During operation of transformer :- y, By « Case ( constant, Byqx = Const we « f? We = Bf ¥ Const. Wn + We When Byax = const. Af+ Bf? Case (ii) = “2 + constant, Bm # const Va)? p2 we & (4) fF We « Vy? Wi = Wh + We ave pe wi + BV,? P.U iron loss :- ‘on loss in watts ‘VAtating Oft/f > P.U iron loss = > As VA rating ig(@hiosen fs basélthen the P.U iron loss are also constant at all load conditions. To find out constant losses :- > Wo = Lossesiin 1/f under no load condi = Iron losses + Dielectric loss + no load primary loss (Io? Ry) mn > Constant losses = Wo — Ip?Ry. Where, Ry =LV winding resistance. To find out variable losses Wye = Loss in v/f under S.C condition 13 No. Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email: onlineies.com@gmail.com | Site: view onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook, com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet = F.L Cu loss + stray load losses (Cu and Iron) + Iron losses in both wdgs > Variable losses = Ws¢ — Iron losses corresponding to Vec OC test = Vy rated —> W; S.C test == Vsc —> (Wise Wy x Vy? Wi 'y rated)? wie OE Vsc_\? (wse = Wi x (FES vse _\? + Variable losses = Wsc — (Wise (=) > Ve rated Under the assumption that small amount offiron losses corrésponds to Vs¢ and stray load losses are neglected the wattmeter reading in\S.C. test can be approximately taken as FL. Cu losses in the transformer. lee =~ FL Cu loss 2 isc” «Rox ‘output power input pawer output power ‘utput powertlosses Ep lacosty i Iz cos, FL culostestivon losses Ep pcos Neu ~ Eizcosé,+ > Bfficiency of transformer tsgiven by n = Ros + Wi x (Ep le) cosa Ns of FX (Eyl) cose +X? (h” Rea) + Wi S.Ctest 0. test 14 No.i Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlincies.com@gmail.com | Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet > Transformer efficiency = —YA*co#@ EVA x cos + wit Gulosses 5x MVAx PF. > Efficiency = n = Fivax Pr we xm wi + Total losses in transformer = G- 1) output — Condition for maximum efficiency is, Cu losses = Iron losses > Total losses at n,,,,. = 2; —+ %load at which maximum efficiency occurs % x 100/%= [Ben NS*100 % — KVA corresponding to Naa, = F-L KVA ‘ourput energy in kw > Nanaay = = hrs > Voltage drop in Uf at a Specific loadip.f = TaR¢2 Cos > deeoXo2 sino > % Voltage regulation = 12 Bez If the voltage regulation in the tf.is zero, thétf voltages are maintained at their nominal values even under load condition % Regn = (% R) cos $, + (%X)sin > For zero regulation => occurs at leading,p.F8) (% R) cos $, — (%X) sin >, =O ~ 2R Tan dus 28 ea (8) — fan 4, = Tan? (3)> Ta) leading. — Atzeroregillation condition: ¢, — Tan (Z2) = Tan? Ge Me _ Roz Ry Nor — Regulation at xof FL =x [% R cosh, + % X sin 2] =x* F.Lregn Regulation at U. Regulation at UPF = % R = % F.L Cu loss No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email ; onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesPir Vam = 0.866 Vy Van = (%) = 0.577 v1 Ven = 0.866 V, — 0.577 V, = 0.289a, Van ? Van = 0.577 V; : 0.289 Vy 1 — If a neutral pt is located on 36 side, such, that, woltage between any terminal to that neutral point is 0.577 V, then such neutral point divides the primary of teaser transformer in the ratio of 2:1 —> Location of neutral point from top = 0.866, x 2 > Location of neuftal point frompbottom!®0.866 Ny x + Operation of Scott Connection with2¢ balanced load at UPF :- Teaser tif :- LetN,: Ny—a:1 Ta = 115i, Main vf Inc No. Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0.99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email ; onlineies.com@gmail.com | Site: sncvonlinell's.com Googles: wrwrw.gplus.to/onlineles FB: wnv facebook.com/onlinciesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet ig~Tse— Ty, Te~ —Twc Tay, > Capacity of Scott Connection :- (KVA)scote = V3 Vil Wav bah “ L — Vol. rating of 1-9 tf Current rating of 1-9 tf (KVA) scott = V3 (KVA) scott = V3 (KVA)1— 9 (RVA)scor > Utilization factor = <7 econ — = 244 - 0.866 > Utilization factor of Scott connection with 2 identical 1 - $\vf's 1S 86.6% AUTO TRANSFORMER: — Primary applied voltage, Vay ~ SecondaifVyoltae V> referred to primary + primary leakage impedance drop + secondary leakage impedance dropaef. to primary. Vav = (32) ve + GPRS GD (re + 1x2) ( zi — K of auto transformer = (RVA)induétion (Vi V2) Ti WP KVASV: P (RWa)inditxion _ (Vs V2) We KVA Val, 1-K 1-K) ip KVA (KVA) induction (KVA) conduction = ip KVA ~ (KVA)ina (KVA) conduction = K x Ip KVA 18 ‘No. Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com | Site: susw.onlinelES.com Google+: www. gplus.to/onlineies FB: ww-facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore} lectrical Machines Formula Sheet —> Wt of conductor in section AB of auto t/f & (Ny — Nz) > Wt of conductor in section BC of auto t/f & (Iz ~ 1)N2 + Total wt, of conductor in auto t/f is & Ty(Ny — Nz) + (Iz — L)Nz 2 (Ny — Na) ly > Total wt. of conductor in 2 wdg transformer & IN, + Ip No x21Ny wtof conductor in an auto t/f _ 2(Ns—No)Ix ‘wrof conductor in 2 wag t/f ‘Wt. of conductor in auto t/f = (1 — K) (wt. of conditetor in 2 wdg v/f) ‘Thus saving of conductor material if auto — t/fis uS€d} > Kex {conductor wt in 2 wdg transformer. (% FL losses) auto tyr = (1 — K)(% FL 1088€3)2 wag t/t (% Dar = AW) (% Da wagyt (KVA) ar = FZ (KVA)2 wag vt ude SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES: — Principle of operation :~ Whenever a condUletor éutts thé\magnetic flux, an emf is induced in that conductor” — Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. — Coil span (B) : Ihis the distance between two sides of the coil. It is expressed in terms of degrees, polépitchyno. of slots / pole etc > Pole)pitch -- It is the distance between two identical points on two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is always 180° e = slots / pole. Gctec = £ 8mech, Slot pitch or slot angle :- (T)Slot angle is the angle for each slot. For a machine with ‘P’ poles and ‘s’ no. of slots, the slot angle = y = yaa ) + + ‘ No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet — Pitch factor or coil span factor or chording factor :- (Kp) = The emf induced | coil in short pitched winding Kp = “fhe emfinduced [olin full pitched winding = The vector sum of induced emf] coll “Arithmetic eumof induced emé| coil PE cose/2 Kp = 2s? P Ea Ky = cos /2 > Pitch factor for n'® harmonic i] x, —> chording angle to eliminate n'® harmonics (a)2= > coil spam to eliminate n'* harmonies ,(p),4180\() —» Distribution factor | spread factor | belf factor | breadth factor(kd) = The emfinduced when the winding is distribitted ‘The emf induced when the winding ie concentrated Ka Vector sum of emfinduced > To eliminate n‘ harmonics ,phase spread (my) = == > Generally, KVA rating, power output « kd and E,,(induce emf) o kg .Tpn- | BVA Poutyo (0 Bao *RvAneG@= 0) Pouteso(3@) — Keisg sint=® ™ “tmgq simG0" No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangslore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onineies com @gmail.com Site: wwwonlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook. com /onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) KvAgo(36) _ Poutso(34) _ Kiyo _ SIPS 90 BVAs«(20) ~ Poutoor20) ~ Kilgo sint® Go = 1-06 Sheet KvAgs (4) _ _Poutys(38)__ Keg, SiN RVAre0(18) — Poutiso(I-@) elise sin Poutgs _ klgg __sin90/2 Poutias — Kdlago sini80/2 = 1.414 —%) 1 —> Speed of space harmonics of order (6k # 1) is GA5.Ne where N, = synchronous speed = 122f P The order of slot harmonics is (= + 1) where S = no. of slots , P = no. of poles — Slot harmonics can be eliminated by skewing the armature slots and fractional slot winding. The angle of skew = @, = y (slot angle) 2 harmonicipole pitches: slot piteh. > Distribution factor for slot harmonics, ka Bt 1) in ™Y, anv he., same that of fundamental Is kay . 24 4)aK = — Pith factor for slot hatmonits, k(t 1) =kp, = cos%/y — The synchronous Speed N, and synchronous angular speed 1, of a machine with p pole pairs,running on a supply of frequency f, are: (5 = 2760 = Slips= as Where Ns = a = synchronous speed —> The magnitude of voltage induced in a given stator phase is E,= V2 TN, 0f=KOw 21 ‘No. Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0.99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-2552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlinoIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facobook.com/onlineiesinstitute of Engineering Studies (IES.Bangalore)/IESEEEESHSI Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Where K = constant > The output power Pp, for a load torque Tm ist Ppp = OsTm > The rated load torque Ty for a rated output power Py is: Tu = Pu / @s = Pu p/ 2nfs = 120Pm/ 2nNs Synchronous Generator: > For a synchronous generator with stator induced voltage Ex)stator current |, and synchronous impedance Z,, the terminal voltage V is: V=E-IZ5= Es -Is(Rs + iXs) where R, is the stator resistance aft, isithé synchronous reactance E = /Weosh+ Ry)? + sin pal, XE +> lag pt — = leading pf. Synchronous Motor: > Forassynchfonous motor With stator induced voltage E,, stator current |, and synchronous impedance Z., the terminal voltage V is: V = Est loZs = Eat Io(Rs + jXs) wheré)R; is the stator resistance and X; is the synchronous reactance Voltage regulation = eI Iv Mt 5100 > % regulation = E-V=1,2, 2 % regulation = y No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Banglore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Fh: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlincies.com@smail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Ze x 100 « regulation o Z, . AS Z, increases, voltages regulation increases. Condition for zero | min. voltage regulation is, Cos (6 + ) = —ae Condition for max. Voltage regulation is, = 8 Short circuit ratio (SCR) = = + 1 + + + ZeladjusteDlunic — Xs(adjusted)Iunit SCR «2 x = iq “ Armature reaction Voltage regulation « Armature reaction a Voltage regulation = SCR& « Small value of SCR represent poor regulation. armature mmt reluctance &, But reluctance « Air gap __ armature mme ea = airgap 1 ba x Air gap length Armature reaction hoc # ‘airgap length A(SCR « 4 ___>> & Airgap length ‘Arniature feaction Air gap length & SCR «= Machine size « SCR. Cost « SCR Power = sin 1 =>Pet «SCR 23 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www-facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Power & SCR « Large value of SCR represent more power output. > Synchronizing power coefficient or stably factor P,, 1s given as Py 357 ae (sm) = Fcosé P,y is a measure of stability + Stal o Pay But Py « 2 « SCR Stability &¢ SCR Stability « SCR « Air gap length + Stability o Air gap length —> When the stator mmf is aligned with the'd.— axis of field poles then flux 4 perpole is set up and the effective reactance offered bysthe allernator is. Xq = Bema vetage = Wolpe crits) = Direct axis reactance —> When the stator mmf is alignedlwith the. ~ axis of field poles then flux ¢, per pole is set up and the effective reactance offerediby the alternator is x,, = tninimum voltge “Qu. Ve Tite (at maximum ta) Xq 7 cpasimunigoliees 5 i.Gar) Quadrature axis reactance > Oflindricallrotor'Synchrenous machine , Eee Thelper phase power delivered to the infinite bus is given by P = =" sin 5 + Salient pole synchronous machine , The per phase power delivered to the infinite bus is given by ‘No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com /onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Condition for max. power:- — For cylindrical rotor machine :- At constant Vv, and Fy, the condition for max. power is obtained by putting 22 = Env Steoss = 0 Cosd=0 3=90° Hence maximum power occurs at 5 = 90° 5 ine. — For salient — pole synchronous machine :- 52 = 0 = BEtcos8 + v2 (& - 3) cos 26 = 0 __& Erxy Cos 6 = — a lanes zal The value of load angle is seed to be lessthan 90% max. power occurs at 3 < 90° —» Synchronizing power = Py. A 5. == x 0o5 5.A5. Synchronizisi@Bower —> Synchronizing torque = s Power flow in Alternaton:- > Complex power = SSP +jQ= Viz WhaFerActive powerflow (P) = EXcos(@ ~ 6) ~ Ecos e: Reactivelpowerflow (Q) = E¥sin(@ — 5) ~ sine ; > Condition for max. power output :- P = Eo8@ f5)- Feoso ae 22 = 0 for max power condition ie @-3=0 e=6 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0.99003 9699/0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies com@gmail com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www_gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook. com /onkineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Ev v Pmax = 5, ~ 7, 608 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS: > Speed regulation = Bae Bee x 100 = NsoNs ASST % 100 = 0% > The speed can be controlled by varying the frequency vt Lox F ratio control is preferred for rated torque operation Power flow in synchronous motor is given\by complex power ip s = p + jQ= VI, where P = Resl power flow , Q = Reactive power flow Ecos 0? Zcbs(o + Dt [O-Fsino - Zsinco + 5) SHER, = OMZH= X35, 0 908 sind Q Bi Ks [Vv —Ecos6] + Condition for max power = Py Bekacds6 — Xcos(o + 8) ze Zs 9 Pin = as = 0+ sin(o + 8) =0 Sin (8 +3) = 0 = sin 180° 5=180°-0 26 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore! Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.golus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesExpression for mechanical power developed :- — Mechanical power developed = P,, = active component + [E I," =] Pa = Keos(o — 8) + Ecos > Condition for max. mechanical power developed :- pm — Yn — 3) = bn = Fe sin(@— 6) =0 Sin (@-5)=0=sin0 5=0 EV Promax ~ 7s = — F080 This is the expression for the mechanical power developed interms of load angle and the internal machine angle 6, for constant Voltage V,., and constant E i.e., excitation > Condition for excitation when motor develops Pax = For max power developed is “en? ore, e _ & [Feeos(@ — 8) ~ Fcose] = 0 > Condition for excitation when motor develops Pinax iS Ep = S22 The corresponding value of max. power is Prox #2 - _Power flow 27 synchronous motors ‘No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-32552008 Email: oulineiescom@enail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (1ES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Ty = Pin 2nNs 60 Bn Stator ‘Mechanical power Friction V3 Vi b.cos => copper loss —=> developed in armature and Iron. (input) 3 laph Ra Pin = 3Epph - laph COS 1osse&) + +8) Tae + ve lead Pout -ve for lag en ® Pout output — For leading pf ta [Xqcos+ Rasin d] tan B= i Begain = Ra cond] —> The mechanical power developed,per phase is given by, s = Fo¥pn, ‘we +) Py = besind + “Ble sin 2, INDUCTION MACHINES? —> The power flow diagratinof 3 S¢p induction motor is Power ip to stator . pone Rotoflip power Mechanical power { Sairzap Dower, r developed, Py | l rower I ] r= = * rotor shait StatOF Stator Rotor Rotor core loss Friction loss Windage ER. core PR (negligible for atbearings loss oss loss Joss small slips) and sliprings, of (ifany) No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@zmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Googlet: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (1ES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Ns Nr Ne Where N, is synchronous speed in spm n, is synchronous speed in rps = N= Ne(1—s) => Ny—N,=SNy + Rotor frequency, fy = 7588 = s PRs = spy For an induction machine with rotor resistance R, and locked rotor leakage reactante x,, the rotor impedance Z, at slip s is:Z, = R, + jsX, The stator circuit equivalent impedance Z, for a rotor / stator frequency ratio s is? 2 = Rys/S + Xs For an induction motor with synchronous angular speed oi runninglat angular speed , and slip s, the airgap transfer power P,, rotor copper loss P, and gross output power P,,, for a gross output torque T., are related by: P.= oT = Py/'S = Pm/ (1-5) P.= SP1= SPm/(1-s) Pm = @mTm = (1 = 8)Pr The power ratios are: Per Pr: Pm=t:s:(1-s) The gross motor efficiency nm, (neglecting statonand mechanical losses) is: Tm = Pm/ P= 1-s Rotor emf, Current Power, :- At stand still, the Télativé speed \between rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors is synchronous spéed Nyjunder this condition let the per phase generated emf in rotor circuit be E>. 2 Ep/ph=4.44°Npnr Oh KahKpr E,/ph = 4.44 None, fr Kier Kye = Rotor Winding\factor —> But during running conditions the frequency of the rotor becomes, running with speed N, of « Emf under running conditions is E = V2Tf, Kw, Npned, = SE, 29 ‘No. Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0.99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@smail.com | Site: weconlinelES.com Googles: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www facebook com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet —> Rotor leakage reactance = 21 (Rotor frequency) (Rotor leakage Inductance) . Rotor leakage reactance at stand still = 217 fil x20 > Rotor leakage reactance at any slips = 21 1, — Rotor leakage impedance at stand still — Atany slip s, rotor =r? + (8x2)? + Per phase rotor current at stand stil zB —> Per phase rotor cilftent at any slipys is given by _ _YSEz BE eS Wirt Gat Vater > The,rotor cuitrent |, lags the rotor voltage E, by rotor power factor angle @, given by 6; = tan BS > Per phase power input to rotor is, P, =WEgilgieos 8, cos6, = Petphase rotor resistance Per phace rotor impedance ras ° Torro" a No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0.99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@zmail.com Site: yaww.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineles FB: ww. facehook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Bol % Teer GaP Ey Terra * 2 2 2 — P; is the power transferred from stator to rotor across the air gap. There fofé'Py is called air gap power ys Went 12 FS] P, = (Rotor ohmic loss) + Internal mechanical power developed in rotor (Ps,) =SP,+ (1—S)P, & Pm = (1S) Py = 1? re [ES Rotor ohmic loss = (Fed Pin = SBy. — Internal (or gross) torque developed per, phase is given by Internal mechanical power@e¥aloped nrotor ‘Rotor speed inimechanieal radian per #6@ Te Q=9)Pp Pg WSs Os > Electromagnetic torqtle,T. Can also be expressed as (3) slip Rotar ohmic ose (@s) slip > Power available at the shaft can be obtained from P, as follows. Output or shaft power, P.1, = Pm — Mechanical losses > Mechanical losses implies frication and windage losses 31 ‘No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@zmail.com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onkineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES, Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Psn = Py — Rotor ohmic loss — Friction and windage losses = Net mechanical power output or net power output Output or shaft torque T., = Toe max — Ifthe stator input is known. Then air gap power P, is given by Py = stator power input — stator I? R loss - stator core loss. —> Ratio of Rotor input power, rotor copper losses and gross mechanical olltputis 1? Ro/s 1? Re: Ie?Re [2- 1] =[s-a-s) -. Rotor copper 1osses = S * Rotor input Gross mechanical output =(1 - S) « Rotor input. Rotor copper losses = (Gross Mechanical output). Efficiency of the rotor is approximately Eat = SSE Rotor input Nrotor ~ 3 Total torque is pee EO =x a [Res 2] Get xe mis the number of stator phases. Torque equation can be written as T, Se 1? x = ts = T= = x rotor input per phase. Thus the slip Sy, at which maximum torque occurs is given by Ser [Re + xX? Substituting the value of maximum slip in the torque equation, gives maximum torque 32 No.1 Training center for GATE/TES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-32552008 Email : onlineies com@zmail.com Site: www.onlinelES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www-facobook.com/onlineiesSheet If stator parameters are neglected then applying maximum transfer theorem to r2/s then = =x. Slip corresponding to maximum torque is Sm= 2 (Breakdown slip) Ns(l— Sm) Ns (1 Ro/X2) Nu is the stalling speed at the maximum torque Starting torque:- At starting, slip S = 1.00, starting torque is given by = mve fe Test Oe * Tense Motor torque in terms of Tem? > The torque expression of an induction motorcan also be expressed in terms of maximum torque T,,, and dimensidn léss ratio f- In order to get a simple and approximate expression, stator resistance.r,, ofthe stator equivalent resistance R,, is neglected. te are es? Br Tom (REP, + Sinceimor Reis neglected Te Qe re Tem Yr © > The'Siip at which maximum torque occurs is Smeg #12 = SmurX x SmrX No.a Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@zmail.com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FR: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore)| Electrical Machines Formula Sheet Power slip characteristics :- > The total internal mechanical power developed is Py, = m(1 — S)Py = mI? rz FE] w Maximum power transfer theorem is invoked again to obtain maximum Value Ofyinternal mechanical power developed. Since P,, per phase is the power deliveredito rz [=], internal mechanical power developed is maximum, when Gsm) RE Sme Smp = (Ret rz)? + Xt + ry In order to get maximum power P,,,substitute 24—="2), in place of 22 in power equation = Pian = —_——Bre____ ‘mn OiRet rat (Ret Pade In order to get maximum power output from afiinduetion generator, the rotor must be deiven at a speed given by Ng re | JRp+ v2)? + XE + ry Losses and efficiency :~ There are thrée ¢@ses Injiron losses. Casei(ips.if the ratio of voltage to frequency is constant and flux is also constant then Iron loss = Hystéresis [08s + eddy current loss Phe Ky + Bae P.= Kf? By? Given is constant. As By, « % = B,,iSi€onstant oe | Phe and | P. of? Case (i): If the ratio of voltage to frequency is not constant and flux is also not constant =F # const # const Ph = Ky f Bur ® P. = K, f? B2, 34 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph; 0.99003 99699/ 097419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email :onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www-facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (1ES.Bangalore) IEESERESEE] Electrical Machines Formula Sheet 16 ¢-06 =| Phy Pe oc v? Case (ii): If frequency is constant and voltage is variable then Py, = Ky f Bie P, = Kyf? BZ, ue =knt (3) Py ovis P. & vy? —> Short circuit current with normal voltage applied to stator is = xy Toler * ae | = short circuit current with normal voltage Ip, = Short circuit current with voltage Vi, — Power factor on short circuit is found from, Pye = V3 Vix Tyr €08 4, The blocked rotonimpedanceiis Vor Tor + Blocked rotor, reactance = Xi. feu? — R,2 Efficiency of InductioRymachines :- Generally efficiency = =P Pee= y ey, ‘input power + Efficiency 6fiinduction motor = Zor = Net mechanical output Electrical power input Net electrical output «. Efficiency of Induction generator = et stecticaloutbat— Squirrel cage rotor: Stator Cu loss = 31,2r = 31,27 35 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangslore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph; 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlincies.com@smail.com Site: www.onlineTES.com Google+: www.gplus.to/onlineies FB: www.facebook.com/onlineiesInstitute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Electrical Machines Formula Sheet = Rotor Cu loss = Pyo— 31g 7% GD _ Pye 3g GF” ahen ‘Wound rotor (effective rotor to stator turns Ratio) 1258 Tn CEffective rotor to stator turns ratV@)aa > Per phase short — circuit current at stand still (or at starting) is, Where Zc = (P+ r+ i x2) Here shunt braneh patameters of equivalent circuit are neglected. > Therefore, for direct Switch ler = lee = Ze Stator Fesistor (or reactor) starting :- ‘Since per phasé voltage is reduced to xv, the per phase starting current I.: is given by — In an induction motor, torque o (voltage)? "36 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / o80-g2552008 Email : oulineies.com@email.com | Site: yoew.onlineIES.com Googles: yeww.gplus.to/onlineies FB; www,facebook,com/onlineiesElectrical Machines Formula Sheet Institute of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) eva) ._ | starting torque with reactor starting _ [xv] “| Farting torque with direct switching [vy Auto transformer starting :- —> Par phase starting current from the supply mains is I, Per phase starting current in motor winding a Test Ten Per=phase motor ilowd current Ton ale Tea Tt *Sa ‘Tese with an autotransformer __ [xv,]2 Ey - 2 "Text with direct switching Star — delta method of starting : “starting torque with star delta starter > “Srarting torque with direct switching in delta —fal “MF 3 + star delta starfépalso geduces,the statting torque to one — third of that produced by direct switching in delta, With star — delta startétya mBtor beliaves as if it were started by an auto transformer starter with x 5 8 ith 58% tapping. Fly _ [Fterale _, LBearting tongue With star Metta starter Te se FaljoadtorquawithstanorwindingindeltaTena (aq) laa? x Sa 37 No.1 Training center for GATE/IES/JTO/PSUs in Bangalore @ Malleshwaram & Jayanagar of Bangalore: Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email: onlineies.com@gmail.com | Site: wszonlineIES com Google+: www gplus.to/onlineies FB: sw: facebook. com onlineies