Chapter 1

Matter
�physical material of the universe.
�has mass and occupies space

Property
� allows us to recognize type of matter

Elements
�combination of matter

Atoms
� infinitesimally small building blocks of matter

Molecules
�combination of two or more atoms

�classification of matter

physical state (States of matter)

�gas (vapor)
�no fixed volume or shape
�conforms the volume and shape of its container

molecules are far apart and moving at a high speed colliding repeatedly with each other
and with the walls of container
compressing a gas - decrease amount of space of molecules therefore increases the
frequency of collisions not altering the size and shape of molecules.

� liquid
�no specific shape
� has distinct volume independent of its container

molecules are packed closely together but still move rapidly which allows
molecucompsame.t'slide over each other (easy to pour)

� solid
�has definite shape and volume

molecules held tightly together usually in definite arrangement

neither solids or liquids can be compressed to any appreciable extent

 composition

� element
� cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
� composed of none kind of atom

� compound
� composed of two or more elements
�two or more atoms

� mixture
�combination in which substance remains its identity
✌ substances making up a mixture are called components of the mixture
� heterogeneous mixture
do not have the same composition, properties and appearance
� homogeneous mixture (solutions)
Uniform throughout

Pure substance (substance)

� has distinct property and composition

Pure water
� 11% hydrogen, 89% oxygen by mass

Law of constant composition ( law of definite proportions)

Joseph Louis Proust
� elemental composition of pure compound is always the same

� Properties of matter
physical property
�can be observed without changing the identity and composition of substance
chemical property
� describe how the substance may change or react to form another substance
intensive property
� do not depend on nthe amount of the sample
extensive property
� depend on the quantity of the sample

Physical change
� changes in physical appearance but not in composition (e.g. all changes of states )
Chemical change (chemical reaction)
� transformed into chemically different substance