Asd LRFD Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems 2005 Edition PDF

ASD/LRFD EXAMPLES STRUCTURAL WOOD DESIGN SOLVED EXAMPLE PROBLEMS American Forest & Paper Association American Wood CouncilUpdates and Errata While every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this document, errors. may have occurred during development Updates or Errata are posted to the American Wood Council website at www.awe.org. Technical inquiries may be addressed to aweinfo@afandpa.org, The American Wood Council (AWC) is the wood products division of the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA). AF&PA is the national trade association of the forest, paper, and wood products industry, represeming member companies engaged in growing, harvesting, and processing wood and wood fiber, manufacturing pulp, paper, and paperboard products from both virgin and recycled fiber, and producing engineered and traditional wood products. For more information see www.afandpa.org.ASD/LRFD EXAMPLES Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems By Dan L. Wheat, Ph.D., P.E. University of Texas at Austin and Steven M. Cramer, Ph.D., P.E. University of Wisconsin—Madison Copyright © 2005, 2006 American Forest & Paper Association, IncRat mann cue Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems — ASD/LRFD Second Printing: February 2007 ISBN 0.962598. ISBN 0-962 6-9 (Volume 4) 985-8-5 (4 Volume Set) Copyright © 2005, 2006 by American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic. optical, or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system) without express written permission of the American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. For information on permission to copy material, please contact Copyright Permission AF&PA American Wood Council L111 Nineteenth St. NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 email: aweinfo@afandpa org, Printed in the United States of America AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.FOREWORD Bitrate hE nc ary ‘This document is intended to aid instruction in struc tural design of wood structures using both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD). It contains design examples and complete solutions calculated using ASD and LRED. Solutions have been developed hased on the 2005 National Design Spect- fication® (NDS®) for Wood Construction, ANSUAF &PA NDS-2005. Example problems range from simple to complex and cover many design scenarios. Solutions have bbeen developed using Mathead® 13 software by MathSoft, Inc. Some examples are posed as stand-alone problems, but there are several sets in which all examples in the set, are associated with a single structure. ‘The 2005 Wood Design Package consists of many parts that for clarity in notation are delineated here. Included in, its entirety is the 2005 NDS. This design standard carries, with it the confidence of a consensus document that has undergone review and deliberations by a wide range of engineers. The other parts of the Wood Design Package include introductory information, explanations of basic, design provisions, fire assemblies, and design details for different wood products and connections provided by several wood industry cooperators. In the solutions where a particular provision of the NDS is cited, reference is made to the NDS and the cor- responding provision number, e.g., NDS 1.4.3. The Wood Design Package includes information for nonproprietary materials such as lumber, structural glued laminated timber, wood structural panels, timber poles and piles, and shear walls and diaphragms; and proprietary materials, such as wood joists, structural composite lumber, metal plate connected wood trusses, and pre-engineered metal connectors. Itis intended that this document be used in conjunetion with competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and adequate supervision of construction. Neither AF&PA nor the authors assume any responsibility for errors or omissions in the document, nor for engineering designs, plans, or construction prepared from it. ose using this document assume all liability from its use. The design of engincered structures is within the scope of expertise of licensed engineers, architects, or other licensed professionals for applications toa particular structure. American Forest & Paper Association -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONDNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue TABLE OF CONTENTS Characteristic Problem Set.. 1, Wall Column Design 2, Solid Sawn Column Check 3. Bearing Check 4. Column Live Load Capacity 5. Floor Joist Check 6, Span of Floor Joist 7. Structural Glued Laminated Timber Beam Check 8, Section Properties for SCL Beam 9, Walkway Plank Check 10. Cantilevered Glulam Beam D 1, OSB Floor Pane! Design 12, OSB Tension Splice 13. Beam Column Cheek 14, Biaxial Beam Column Check 15. Tension-Bending Member Design 16, Nailed Splice Joint Check 17, Lateral Load on Nails Design 18. Toe-Nailing Design Check 19, Bolted Splice Joint Check 20, Bolted Connection Design Knee Brace Problem Set. 21, Knee Brace Bolted Connection Design 22. Knee Brace Member Design Beam and Column Problem Set... 23. Glued Laminated Timber Beam Design 24, Glued Laminated Timber Beam Design 25, Glued Laminated Timber Beam-Column Design Problem Page Concrete Formwork Problem Set 26. Formwork Sheathing Check 301 27. Formwork Stud Check 31 28. Formwork Wale Design 319 Long Span Heavy Timber Truss Problem Set 29. Heavy Timber Truss Top Chord Design 331 30. Truss Tension Web Connection Design 31. Truss Tension Web Design Glulam Light Pole Problem Set.375 32. Light Pole ~ Curved Section Check 375 33. Light Pole ~ Straight Section Check 383 Two-Story House Problem Set. 394 34, Roof Diaphragm Sheathing and Nai Design 395 35. Tension Chord Check 309 36. Hold Down Forces for Segmented Shear Walls ~ Top Story aul 37. Hold Down Forces for Perforated Shear Walls ~ Top Story 38. Minimum Required Shear Wall Length 39, Shear Wall Hold Down Foree ~ Bottom Story 3 40. Steps for Wind Load Design 440 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONDNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Problem 1. Wall Column De: Pick the appropriate size and grade of the 2-in, by __ Souther Pine column used in a dry environment, The column is 12-ft long, simply supported and supports unfactored axial loads of 1500-Ib dead, 1700-Ib live and 2200-Ib snow Full lateral support is provided by sheathing preventing buckling about the nominal 2-in, dir NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPE ca) ASD ASD Solution Problem 1 Loads Pgegg = 1500-1bE Phive = 170041 00-168 09 ‘See NDS Appendix B for a sample ofa set of load combinations for ASD. Note that these son may vary, depending on which building code is To tab used. This process is simple for a concentrically loaded column. The controlling combination is the one with the highest rato of axial force to duration of load factor. D+L+S controls toad = Paced * Proad = 54001bE Try 82 by 6, No. 2, Southern Phe Many stud walls consist of 2x4 studs, but the height of this wallis 12 ft. Thus, we will begin by trying a 2x6 wall stud. Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length := 12-128 Depih-= 55in = 1600psi y 5 600000psi Wide = 1 Sin Area = Depth: Wid Sm = 580000psi AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 1 Loads Pca = 1500-1 Pie = 1700-1bP Determine the critical load combination L4Paas = 7025 1b¢ Praag = 7020bf Try a2 by 6, No. 2, Southern Pine Member Information Section Properties Wid = 1 Sin Area = Depth: Width Area = 825i! LRFD NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, Determining the controlling load combination for a concentrically loaded column is a straight forward process, The controlling combination is the one with the highest ratio of axial force to time effect factor. Live load is assumed to be an occupancy load. 4,2D+1,65¢L controls Many stud walls consist of 2x4 studs, but the height of this wallis 12 ft. Thus, we will begin by trying a 2x6 wall stud. Reference Design Values 6000p E:= 1600000ps -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONPE ca) ASD Known Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.1 p= Lo Size factor Cy 1.0 Wetsenice factor Cy= Lo Temperature factor Gj= Lo Indising factor Cys Lo Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4,2 Cj 115 Lead duration factor Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.4 Kei= 10 Table G1 (Appendix) Je '= KeLength Effectve length Curceeye NDS 3.7.1 = 696 psi star = FeCp Oye Ce Cpe = 1840psi F*,, the reference compression value having been multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except for C star For sawn lumber AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Known Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cys 10 Size factor 2.:= 0.8 Time effect factor Cys LO Wet service factor }.i= 90 Compression y= LO Temperature factor b= 85 Stability C= LO Incising factor NoIs3q NWNT09 TIYM, Cy 10 Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4.2 216 Table N1 (Appendix N) Kee Table N1 (Appendix N) Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.1 K ‘Table G1 (Appendix G) 44in Effective length NDS3.7.4 \ Depth eatas = MRE KRG Cae CeCe Cy F*., the reference compression value = 2765p having been multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except for Cp. For sawn lumber -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONCalculate Adjusted Design Values Adjusted Axial Stress ep eM eer op Use 2.in by 8-in, No. 2, Southern Pine PE ca) ASD Note that «is not a symbol in the NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, it is the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller, the lower the value of NDS Eq. 3.74 ‘The adjusted design value, or the allowable stress, is lower than the actual stress due to the applied loads. Thus, the next size, a 2x8, or a higher grade must be used. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Note that u, is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckling capacity. The smaller o,, s m= the lower the value of C. Ee 8 8 E z 2 NOSEg 374 5 ‘ o 2 Calculate Adjusted Design Values Adjusted Axial Stress (eo Behe Kp oFeCyeCr Cp Cy Cp = MS psi = 851 ps Use 2-in by 6-in, No. 2, Inthe ASD sohition, a 2x8 is Southern Pine required. The difference in required size comes from LRFD load combinations, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONRat mann cue IN AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Problem 2. Solid Sawn Column Check What is the largest axial force that can be applied to a nominal 6-in, by 6-in., No, 1 Hem-fir column? Environmental conditions result in an equilibrium moisture content of 25% and room temperature conditions, Axial load, P, 8 (D+8) 2 5 g g ' 3 3 j 8 € 2 6" by 6", 2 No.1 8 Hem-fir 15 1 1 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONEt) ASD Solution Problem 2 Member information Section Properties Length := 15-12in Depth = 5 in Width = 5.5in Area = Depth: Wid Area = 30.25in" Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 eps Lis Load duration factor Cyy pei 091 Wet service factor s for F. Cy c= LO Wet service factor for € ize factor Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.4 engi, 64 Width BOR Neer ts ASD Reference Design Values for 6-in by 6-in, No. 1 Hem-fir column (Posts and Timbers) 850psi min = 470000pst y= 1.0 Temperature factor C= 10 Incising factor Cp 10 Buckling stiffness factor for truss members. NDS 4.4.2 Comments NDS Table G1 (Appendix). Most wood colurms are pinned-pinned and have an effective length factor of 1.0, but a fxed-fixed column is used to illustrate the use of K,. Effective length Slendemess ratio < 50, OK, NDS 3.7.1.4 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Solution Problem 2 Member information Section Properties Length := 15-12in Depth = 5 in Width = 5.5in Area = Depth: Wid Area = 30.25in" Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 08 Time effect factor 085 — Stability b.:=.0.90 Compression Cy= 10 Size factor Table N1 (Appendix N) Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor NDS 3.7.1 Length 1, = 90in 65 wiath LRFD Reference Design Values for 6-in by 6-in, No. 1 Hem-fir column (Posts and Timbers) B= 1300000psi 470000ps cus 10 Temperature factor custo Incising factor Cyrpe= 091 Wet senvice factor for F, Cure: 10 Wet service factor for E Keg +3 Table B1 (Appendix) Comments NDS Table G1 (Appendix). Most wood columns are pinned-pinned and have an effective length factor of 1.0, but a fxed-fxed Column is used to illustrate the use of K,. Effective length Slendemess ratio < 50, OK, NDS 3.7.1.4 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rey OHO NIWM109 NMVS arT0s‘min = "min ME CeC 470000 psi \ Depth = 1443 pai Calculate Adjusted Stresses Adjusted Axial Stress M Fey Cr ep ‘_ Atea = 22269 Ibf Axial Force Capacity = 22,270 Ibs BOR Neer ts ASD NDS 3.7.1 ‘¢ Reference compression value having been ‘multiplied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp. For sawn lumber Note that ais not a symbol inthe NDS. Itis used here to represent a physical quantity, thatis, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckiing capacty. The smaller u, the lower the value of Cp NDS Eq. 3.74 This represents the allowable axial force capacity of the column according to ASD. Itis the highest value of the service load allowed on the column: AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ‘ain Ke gEmia Cu Cr NDS 3.7.4 (4 \ Depth tar = heb Kp ol Reference compression value having been multipied by all applicable adjustment factors, tar = 1337 ps except for Cp. For sawn lumber Note that a, is not a symbol in the NDS. It is sed here to represent a physical quantity; that, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity tothe non-buckiing capacity, The smaller «i, the lower the value of Cp cp=(—— NDS Eq. 3.74 cp= 0827 Calculate Adjusted Stress Adjusted Axial Stress Fs bbe FeO pe Ce Cp Ibe Factored Axial Force This is the factored capacity Capacity = 33,450 Ibs governed by the stability limit state according to LRFD. Itis the highest, value of factored load allowed on the column, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Fry OHO NIWM109 NMVS arT0scry DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Problem 3. Bearing Check Check the adequacy of the truss top chord bearing on the nominal 2-in, by 4-in, top plate in the wall not exposed to weather or unustual temp load and 7875 Ibf of wind load. The truss top chord is top plate is a nominal 2-in, by 4-in. Southern Pine No, 3 Chord S-P-F Sel. Str., 3x6 ey a 30° \ Top Plates, S.P. No. 3, 2x4 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rT The structure is tures. The axial compressive force in the top chord is based on 2000 Ibf of nch by 6-in, S-P-F Select Structural and # MO3HO ONIEVIEety Eo Rar org ASD ASD Solution Problem 3 Equilibrium Calculations D:= 2000IbE W:= 787SIDt P= D+W ASD unfactored loads P = 9875 bf P-sin(30-deg) = 4937 Int Vertical component of axial force in chord. This is carried by bearing against the top plate, 8552 Horizontal component of the axial force in the chord. This is carried by the nails and then transmitted to the bottom chord. 11> P-sin(o-dep Bearing load tobe used in checking both the 3x6 S-P-F top chord and the 2x4 Southern Pine top plate Progg = 4937 Ibt Member Information Reference Design Values Section Properties S-PF Seledt Structural thicke. 2 i= L4OQpsi " I Southern Pine No. 3 Fe yep ap = 565psi Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Gel Incising factor Cp geri 1 Size factor for SPF Cys LO Wetservice factor Cp spi= 1.0. Size factor for SP Cost Temperature factor y= 16 Load duration factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Fry LRED Solution Problem 3 Equilibrium Calculations NOlbE Ws 87S Pi 12D+16W P = 150001bF P-sing30-deg) = 7500 Ibt Preos( 3 = P-sin(30-deg) P oad 75001bf Member Information Reference Design Values S-P-F Seleat Structural Fe pep _sp Southern Pine No. 3 F = 565psi ‘e_pep_sp Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 p= 10 Incising factor Wet service factor Cp= 10 Temperature factor Cp sppo= 1) Size factor for SPF Gp sp 10. Size factor for SP LRFD LRFD factored loads Vertical component of axial force in chord. This is carried by bearing against the top plate. MO3HO ONIEVIE Horizontal component of the axial force in the cchord. This is carried by the nails and then transmitted to the bottom chord. Factoted bearing load to be used in checking both the 3x6 S-P-F top chord and the 2x4 Southern Pine top plate Section Properties Widthy,y 4 = 35in thick3pgg2= 2.540 Time effect factor Compression resistance factor Table N1 (Appendix N) Table N1 (Appendix N) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATIONFy Eo Rar org ASD Need to check two bearing conditions: 1) 3 by 6 SPF top chord, 60 degree angle to grain 2) 2 by 4SP top plate, perpendicular to grain Design Calculations Calculations Comments Condition 1: Bearing on SPF member Ane = Widths ticks Bearing area for condition 1 Cy sor = 10 Bearing length adjustment for SPF member Fy oar = FeCpCr Cyr Cr sor Cry soe sor = 2464 pi : , The size factor and load duration factor do not re-sot = Fe pap apt CeCrCrCo er apply to beating perpendicular to grain. Ps gee spt = 425 psi Oy = WO.deg Angle between direction of oad and and direction of grain for the SPF chord NDS Eq, 3.104 Kaa sit( 5)” + Fs peop spr 205(0y Bearing in the SPF member does not check. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Need to check two bearing conditions: 1) 3 by 6 SPF top chord, 60 degree angle to grain 2) 2 by 4SP top plate, perpendicular to grain Design Calculations Calculations Comments Condition 1: Bearing on SPF member net = Widlhypy 4 thickspy Bearing area for condition 1 net = 875i Bearing length adjustment for SPF member Cp spre estar = deKy oC CoC Ce spr Cb spr Fe Fe star = 3326 psi Fe perp spt = *4oK} ¢ perp te perp spt'Crm Crh spr The size factor does not apply to bearing perpendicular to grain 2701 pi Fe perp spt = 797P ip i= Odes ‘Angle between direction of load and and direction of grain for the SPF chord perp spre") NDS Eq. 3.10-41 star sin(,) (9 = 984 psi
= 150psi Area = 16 9in? = 405psi pep \ = 1300000psi Width-Depth™ 3 31.6in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 6 Structural Analysis Bo =10 wis 12D + Lal Member Information Section Properties Width = 1.Sin Deplh:= 1125in Area = Width: Depth Widh-Depih 3 31.6in DNR are cd LRFD Unfactored loads Factored uniform load Reference Design Values No. 2, Hem-fir Fe pesp = 405psi ‘cpp E:= 1300000psi -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cre ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:cry SO Recs ASD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.4 1.0 Load duration factor C= 10 Beam stability factor 0 Wet service factor Repetitive member factor Lo Temperature factor Chaim LO Flat use facto Cp= 10 Size factor Cy= 10 Bearing area factor, NDS 3.10.4 and NDS 4.3.12 Lo Indising fact Design Calculations Calculations Comments Allowable Moment Fy Hy ep emer CCL -Cr Ca Find Maximum Span of the Beam Set the mament caused by the applied loads equal to the moment capacty M f loud = AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.4 C= 10 Beam stability factor service factor Repetitive member factor y= 1.0. Temperature factor Cp lo Set Cfyie LO Flat use factor j= 10. Incising factor Cy = 10. Bearing area factor, NDS 3.10.4 and NDS 4.3.12 208 pancy Time effect factor Resistance factors Format conversion factors Mt Fe pee $Fe_perp Design Calculations Calculations Comments Moment capacity Py Kp py by Fy Cer Cr Sy Py = 1689 psi b P M= SOP 4454 tebe Find Maximum Length of Beam Set the moment caused by the applied loads M, equal to the moment capa loud = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 43 ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:ry SO Recs ASD This expression allows for the span that causes the applied load to equal the moment capacity pan == 120 Provide a guess ofthe span for MathCAD S87 ft Solve for span using MathCAD Maximum permissable span from bending resistance is 177" [17.583 f.] ‘This sets the span in subsequent caloulations equal to the calculated value of 17-7" expressed as a decimal Check shear, deflection, and bearing with a span of 17° Check Shear Viooa = (2 Maximum shear with 17°7" span This is the shear at the support caused by the applied loads NDS Equation 3.4.2 Check Deflection Waetl?= 1 Since both the dead and live loads are uniformiy distributed, the effect of creep on the long-term deflecton is included by including a aya ll 50 percent increase in the dead|oad and Wael = B35 adding the live load. This is called Wy,y herein. See NDS 3.5.2, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Check shear, deflection, and bearing with a span of 183" Check Shear y, tht load PY KE ppb Fy uC 1, Ateipoaring = Required bearing area «pe Lengthy = bearing Required bearing length Lenglhpegring = 1 O4in ‘The minimum bearing length should be 4 Maximum span = 18'-9" Minimum bearing length = 1 in Deflection checks -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ro ASIOF HOOT 40 NVdS:48 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 49 Problem 7. Structural Glued Laminated Timber Beam Check The structural glued laminated timber roof purlin is subjected to dead and roof live loads as shown; these include the beam dead load. The 24-Ft beam is laterally supported at its ends only and there is no intermediate lateral support. The rade and has a 6-3/4-in, by 24-in. cross section, Ignore the torsion produced by the minor axis loads and determine if the beam is adequate in bending and shear Major axis loads D = 0.264 kift 4,053 kift =] Minor axis loads D=0.014 Wit Lr = 0.052 kift 2 1 Sn Le. - 6 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79Re ASD ASD Solution Problem 7 Section Properties Reference Design Values Length := 24-12.in 24F-V10 Depth = 240 Figg = 2400psi Width := 6 75:0 Pog = 25 Area = Depth: Wilh Bgs= 1800000.psi gia != 930000 ps Fy = 1450 pst Fyys= 190.psi Fy := 1500000.psi I 780000 psi 648 in® Depth Width? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 Cy= 125 Load duration factor C4qc= 107 Flat use factor for 6-3/4" width Cye= LO Wet sevice factor Cos 10 Temperature factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 7 Section Properties Length = 24-12in Depth := 24.40 Width := 6 75-n Area = Depth: Width 648 in® Depth Width? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 C4q'= 107. Flat use factor for 6-3/4" width Cye= 10 Wet sence factor c= 10 Temperature factor LRFD Reference Design Values 24F-V10 = 200psi ‘ye = 2Spsi “= 100000. pst ‘930000. psi Fyy = 1MS0-psi iy = LON pS = 1500000. min = 780000. psi 216 oss Ker 16 = 085 Key 2 hos Kpe -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION sa O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79cy Re ASD Other adjustment factors will be calculated below. This problem involves biaxial bending and the later use of the interaction equation in NDS 3.9.2. In this equation, a "1" subscript is associated with major axis bending and a "2" subscript is associated with minor axis bending. As a consequence, we will use the same designations for computed and adjusted stresses, Beam bending stresses My 5 gatos M, = 1137888intbe Ma 57024 in dbt M My f= Mt fa x Ss fy, = 1756ps1 fa = 313 psi ‘The basis for the subsequent analysis is that the maximum major and minor axis bending stresses occur at midspan. Design Calculations Calculations ‘Comments Volume Factor Nos 5.3.6 2a d= Depl b= Width Beam Stability Factor NDS3.3.3 Luc Length Unbraced buckling length for lateraltorsional buckling equals span since bracing exists at 1 ends only Depth Determine the effective bucking length for lateraHtorsional buckling, NDS Table 3.3.3. The beamis uniformly loaded with bracing at the ends only. 163-Lyy + 3-Depth 541.44in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Other adjustment factors will be calculated below. This problem involves biaxial bending and the later use of the interaction ‘equation in NDS 3.9.2, In this equation, a "1" subscript is associated with major axis bending anda "2" subscript is associated with minor axis bending. As a consequence, we will use the same designations for computed and adjusted stresses. Beam bending stresses My = 86400 instbf The basis for the subsequent analysis is that the maximum major and minor axis bending stresses occur at midspan. Design Calculations Calculations Comments Volume Factor Nos5.26 = Depth Beam Stability Factor NDS 3.3.3 sox = Length Unbraced bucking length for lateraHtorsional buckling equals span since bracing exists at ends only. Depth Determine the effective buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling. NDS Table 3.3.3, ‘The beamis uniformly loaded with bracing at the ends only. 631 + 3.Depth = 541.44in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cy O3HO INV38 Y3GWLL G3LYNINVT G3n79Re ASD ‘min = Eymin Car © Resistance to lateral torsional bucking is related to the minor axis section properties as Ops! well as the minor axis E, or E,, The lower 5 percent exclusion value of E,, Of Eyrin, iS used in stability calculations, NDS 5.4.2.1 NDS Eq.3235 Rg must be less than or equal to 50. NDS 3.3.37 br ar = Foe Carley '» in the NDS Note that ci,is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; thatis, itis the ratio of the lateral-torsional buckling capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity. The smaller c,, the lower the value ofc, NDS Eq.3.26 Use smaller of C, and C, when cy = 08s c= 0896 computing bending resistances. ‘ NDS 5.3.5 Find Adjusted Stresses Major axis n= Fue yeC-Cpmin(C,.C,) fyi Member embedtted below grade (not to scale) Loading about major bending axis Bracing about minor bending axis. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,ery CMV Ree Rar sorg ASD ASD Solu in Problem 14 This problem involves the use of the interaction equation for bending and compression in NDS 15.4.1 since the axial force is eccentric. The numerators of this equation are evaluated in the Structural Analysis section and the denominators in the Member Capacities section. +0234 (ey fn tho Feel Vay L Faz) Fe J Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length = 12-12-in 5 ‘Southern Pine, No. 1 Dei Depth == 11.25sin Width = 3.5.in Fy = 1350psi Area = Depth: Width Area = 39:38 in? ; Fy 175psi L 3 Fp Widih Depth : 800000psi 4153in’ Engin = 660000-psi Depth: Width® 4 ly = 40.20 in Width Depth” = 73.830" __ Depth Width? . 6 sy =22.97in* AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue ere LRFD LRED Solution Problem 14 This problem involves the use of the interaction equation for bending and compression in NDS 15.4.1 since the axial force is eccentric. The numerators of this equation are evaluated in the Structural Analysis section and the denominators in the Member Capacities section. +0234 (ey fn tho Fil A Lea) Fur J Member Information Section Properties Length = 12-12:in Southern Pine, No. 1 Dense Depth == 11.25sin Width == 3.5.in Fes BStpst Area = Depth: Width Fes 1700psi Area = 39.38 in? By = 175psi Width Depa? B= 1800000psi Lo atsain! Ein = 660000-psi 3 Depth: Width 4 1, = 40.20%0 Width-Depih™ * 6 S.=73.83in? _ Depih- Width” J 6 sy = 2297in* -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,122 CMa Reh Rearend ASD Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.4 Cys 16 Load duration factor c LO Size factor for compression c Size factor for bending c Temperature factor Cape 08 See NDS 4.39 Cyr re = 085 Cues 09 Loads Load combination is D+ $+ W D = sooIbt Axial oad S:= 42001 Axial load w Je Lateral wind load fi Structural Analysis comments Major axis bending lat use factor See NDS 4.4.2 Incising factor Wet service factors ‘The figure below shows the column, which is fxed at one end and with a spring at the other end. This is the problem associated with major axis bending. The spring represents the approximate stifmress imparted by the building on a representative post. The resuking spring force is approximately 300 pounds and the moment diagram for the member is consistent with this reaction on the top of the column, 500 bf Dead 4200 of Sr | ww AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Fer) LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS 4.3.4 Cp pes 10 Size factor for compression es = 0.85 Wet service factors Cp mes LI Size factor for bending C= 10 Temperature factor by O85 = 0.90 =10 See NDS 4.3.9 Kegw 2 yp 2 yy IS Case LL Flatuse factor aaa nea Cr=10 SeeNDS4.4.2 =08 c= Lo Indsing factor Loads Load combination is D +S + W Ds s00ibr Axial load Unfactored loads Si=4200IbY Axial load We Lateral wind load Structural Analysis comments Major axis bending The figure below shows the column, which is fxed at one end and with a spring at the other end. This is the problem associated with major axis bending. The spring represents the approximate stiffness imparted by the building on a representative post. The resulting spring force is approximately 300 pounds and the moment diagram for the member is consistent with this reaction on the top of the column 500 ef Dead ai its ae 4200 nf Snow Lateral Bracing ay ; wind | seam | i -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,Ferd 920: = 01,051 Moment(Height) = 300-1 Numerator terms 1 = 1287ps Minor axis bending Loin Axial load Pat = D+ S P Pasi f= M9psi CMa Reh Rearend ASD This moment is obtained from the moment diagram of the member. See figure. (124 Height Plotted Moment Values Momment(Heighe) = 7920) tite 7130 6380 5670 5000 4370] 3780 73230) 2720 2250 1820 1430 1080) 70] 500] 270] There is no axial force applied with an eccentricity, There are no side loads causing minor axis bending. Tho axial force is applied with a tin, eccentricity causing minor axis bending. All of the numerator terms in the interaction equation are now calculated AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 125 LRFD Mg mas 087920400 ‘This momentis obtained from the moment diagram of the member and it is factored by Height = 04,0 u 0.8, the load factor for wind in this combination See figure Moment(Height) := 300-Ibf-(12-ft — Height 12-8 Height)” Plotted Moment Values, Moment( Height) = 7920] IFA 7130 6380 5670 5000 4370) 3780 3230 2720 2250 1820] 1430) 1080) 500 “770 Moment(Height) 500 — 270} 8000-6300 —4600 m0 Numerator terms M, 1030 psi ey in ‘There is no axial force applied with an eccentricity Minor axis bending ‘There are no side loads causing minor axis, fa Ops bending ey LOin The axial force is applied with a tn eccentricity causing minor axis bending, Axial load Py = L2D+ LES Factored axial dead and snow loads, _ Allof the numerator terms in the interaction ‘equation are now calculated 86 psi -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,ery CMa Reh Rearend ASD Member Capacities Axial capacity, F’, Alllof these quantities are known except Cp. In order to calculate Cp, we need first to calculate Evpin Fee and F* Pos FoCy Cu pe Cr Cr pe Evin = Emin’ CeCe Cyr Evin = 594000 psi Es Iss Min The effective length factor is taken as 2.11 for the major axis stablity calculation. Ifitwere a = 10 free-standing column with one end fixed and the other free, the theoretical effective length ‘would be 2.0. If the member is part of @ post-frame stucture, as posed in this problem, the actual effective length could and should be calculated, pethaps using commercial software. The effective length considering partial fixity at the bottom was estimated and an effective length factor of approximately 2.11 was calculated. For the minor axis stabilty calculation, K, of 1.0 is conservative. Ifthe bottom were pinned, K, would be 1.0, but with ‘some partial fixity at the bottom, it ikely would be slightly less than 1.0. 1 Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. i80in Depth The larger value controls in the Fa. calculation, controled controls ma) Controlling siendemess E Fag 8 controlled by the major axis, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Member Capacities Axial capacity, F', Kp re dePeCp Cur per pe Cre Enin Epuin = Kp p65 Emin Cu Ce CC Elgin = 891000 psi Eos Iau Min = 48-in Depth control andenes Fp = 082 LRFD Alllof these quantities are known except Cp. In order to calculate C,, we need first to calculate Elgin: Fee and F*, The effective length factor is taken as 2.11 for the major axis stabilty calculation. Ifitwore a froe-standing column with one ond fixed and the other free, the theoretical effective length would be 2.0. If the member is part of a post-frame structure, as posed in this problem, the actual effective length could and should be calculated, perhaps using cormmercial software. The effective length considering arial fixity at the bottom was estimated and an effective length factor of approximately 2.11 was calculated. For the minor axis stabifty calculation, K, of 1.0 is conservative. Ifthe bottom were pinned, K, would be 1.0, but with some partial fxty at the bottom: it likely would be slightly less than 1.0. Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. The larger value controls in the F.¢ calculation, Controling siendemess. Fg 8 contolled by the major axis, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ery O3HO NWI109 WV38 TWIXVIS,128 \ Wie) = 2596 psi sta = Foy Cu pe CeCe re Fe star = 2176pst 4, = 0308 = 08 lumber Flexural Capacities, F',, and F',. Cy Cue CeCy Ce Cw CeCe P Depth CMa Reh Rearend ASD f. 767* (DHL) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLPEL SNe Re ASD ASD Solution Problem 15 Loads Dealpeigt = 10000TDE Dead yt = 770016 Root liven != 690001bf T= Deady + Root live, 1 = 76700 to Member Information Try 5 by 22-inch member This determination may be based on a variety of so-called "back-of-the-envelope" calculations, Section Properties Reference Design Values Length " Southern Pine, 24F-E1 Depth := 22in ‘gq = 2400psi_ Tension zone stressed in tension Width = $0. a Depth- Width Fg 300psi Livin? = Noopsi i ith: Depth* Eq:= 1800000 psi 1700000 Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 y= 125 Load duration factor yes 10 Wet semvice factor for all reference stresses Co= 10 Temperature factor for all reference stresses co=10 The members not curved. sind Cus lo SeeNDS5.3.7 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 15 Loads w= 10000TbF ‘0 Unfactored loads Roof vey = 690001bf T= L2-Detdasn* 1.GROOf_Hiveyxat Factored axial force T= 119640 1bf Member Information Try 5 by 22-inch member ‘This determination may be based on a variety of so-called "back-of-the-envelope" calculations, Section Properties Reference Design Values " Southern Pine, 24F-E1 Depth = 22-in = 2400psi_ Tension zone stressed in tension Width = $.0.in es Area = Depth: Width ‘= 300psi 10 in OOpsi y= 1800000:psi 1600000-psi_ Ey gag = 830000-psi = 1700000: Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 v= 10 Wet service factor for all reference stresses ‘ Temperature factor for all reference stresses, c= 10 ‘The member is not curved. Cas 10 See NDS5.37 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLFey SNe Re ASD ‘The 0.252is a weight factor from ASD/LRFD Self Weigh = 02: Dep Width Manual Table MS.4-1.Itis assumed that the moisture content ofthe Souther Pine woodis ws 12 percent Sell Weight = 27.7 n Design Calculations Comments Member Forces , These equations, from NDS 3.9.1, must be a evaluated in the solution to this problem. Fy star INote: Fy star = Fy" AND Fy, star star = Fy") ‘The first equation is a combined stress check, the second equation is a check of lateral bs ae stabilty when there is residual compression. Considering compression to be positive, if the numerator is positive, then thereis net compression on the cross section; fits negative, the relationship is satisfied and there is no net compression, If a member is fully braced to prevent Numerator terms laterattorsional bucking, then a check ofthe second equation is unnecessary \ ge = 607psi fy M = Dead 48:in + Simple beam maximum moment SOR8in bt Beam self-weight is only about 1 percent of total moment Denominator terms F;, calculation Fiyi= Fy Cy Cyr Cemin(Cy,C,) Cece AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Self_ Weight := 02: Depth: Width Self_Weight = 27.7 Design Calculations Member Forces Numerator terms h ff f= 1088psi fy M2 12 Deadpigg 48:0 + SOR8in bt Ibe ies fy = 1446p Denominator terms 'y calculation Ky nb FCarComin(C, C1) Ca LRFD ‘The 0.252is a weight factor from ASD/LRFD Manual Table M5.4-1. Itis assumed that the moisture content of the Souther Pine woods, 12 percent. Comments ‘These equations, from NDS 3.9.1, must be evaluated in the solution to this problem, INote: Fy, star = Fp” AMG FL, star star = Fy"“] ‘The first equation is a combined stress check; the second equation is a check of lateral stabilty when there is residual compression. Considering compression to be positive, if the numerator is positive, then thereis net compression on the cross section; fits negative, the relationship is salisfied and there is no net compression, Ifa member is fully braced to prevent lateral-torsional buckling, then a check of the ‘second equation is unnecessary. Simple beam maximum moment factored by 1.2 since itis all dead load Beam selfaveight is only about 1 percent of total moment -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 139 NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLErL SNe Re Volume Factor d= Dep bs= Width c Cy: min(1.0,C,) Beam Stability Factor E nin = Fy mine Car-Ce ASD Unbraced length for lateral-torsional buckling Determine the effective buckling length for lateraltorsional buckling. See NDS Table 3.3.3, [Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points] See NDS 5.4.2.1. The minor axis E is used in lateral stability calculations, Fq.335 p MOC, C,, Gy, NDS 3.3.3.8 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Volume Factor L= 12 d= Dep bs= Width Cy: min(1.0,C,) Beam Stability Factor Fc air = 2-Ky pba Cae Ce LRFD Unbraced length for lateral-torsional buckling Determine the effective buckling length for lateral-torsional buckling. See NDS Table 3.3.3, [Two equal concentrated loads at 1/3 points] See NDS 5.4.2.1. The minor axis E is used in lateral stabilty calculations. Eq. 335 Fe, no, CG, NDS 3.3.3.8 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pere NOIS3G Y3SW3W ONIGN3E-NOISNSLery f,< Fy OK Pus FeCpCeOy, Fy = 1375 psi i= 697 psi 1 P (D+S) 18—8d common nails per side 15/32-in OSB Sheathin (24/0 sheathing) 4 < Pp -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty ASD Solution Problem 16 Wood Properties Dowel bearing strengths Fem = SOs Wood Reference Design Values Southern Fine Fy s= 900psi ose. Kya = 730-8 Dimensions Depllygain = 55in Widtpygig = Sin Aredpnain = DePtgg ain’ Widen gin OSBipickness'= 33 8d Nail Properties Des 13hin Fy = 100000-psi yb nail Hength Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.4 p= 115 c=10 Cys 10 DSSS od ASD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine [Table 11.3.2) Specific gravity = 0.55 [Table 11.3.2A] Dowel bearing strength for OSB. Table 11.3.28 Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 2 by 6 ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2-2 for 24/0 span rating. Since itis uncertain whether or not the panel is applied so its stronger direction is parallel to the load, assume the smaller axial value for FA The Southem Pine is the main member Note that this is an available thickness for the 24/0 span rating 8d common nail diameter Bending yield strength of Bd nail. See NDS Table I1, Appendix | NDS Table La Load duration factor Temperature factor Wet service factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 16 Wood Properties Dowel bearing strengths E 4650:psi Wood reference design values Southern Pine Fy = 900psi Dimensions Deplbgsin = 5.5:in Widthyggig = 1-Sin Aegan = Depth Wid ain Arepain = 823.0 OSB isctncae = 8d Nail Properties Ds 1hin Fy4:= 100000-psi atlas Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 es 10 Oye LO DNR are cd LRFD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine [Table 11.3.2) Specific gravity = 0.55 [Table 11.3.2A] Dowel bearing strength for OSB. Table 11.3.28 Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 2 by 6 Table M9.2-2 in ASD/LRFD Manual for 24/0 span rating, Since itis uncertain whether or not the panel is applied so its stronger direction is parallel to the load, assume the smaller axial value for FA. ‘The Southem Pine is the main member Note that this is an available thickness for the 240 span rating 8d common nail diameter Bending yield strength of 8d nail. See NDS Table I1, Appendix | NDS Table L4 Temperature factor Wet service factor -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPry DSSS od ©, =C, = C,g= Cy =O, = 1.0. These factors do not appWy in this problem and will not be shown in later equations Southern Pine Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint ichnessgyjigg = Width, 2-088, splice ‘main thickness hicknessyjigg = 2438in 6.D=079in 6D > OSPinickness Prnain = Wilton Prmain = 1-Sia to = OSBihickness t= 0.469 in = OSBipickness m= Widthasin ASD Size factor, Table 4B NDS. Supplement Comments, Is the connection a double shear or single shear connection? Total thickness of splice equals length of nail sothe nail penetrates all three members NDS 11.1.5.5, To qualify for double shear, penetration into third member must be at least 6D, This is not the case here, so the nails are in single shear. Penetrationin main member Single shear because of inadequate penetration in third member ‘Side member dowel bearing length Main member dowel bearing length. Since the nail provudes through the third member, the thickness of which is < 6D, the I,, equals the thickness of the 2x6. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Cy = C,= Cyg=C, factors do not apply in this problem and wil not be shown in later equations Southern Pine Cys 10 Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint icknesspicc = Widlhain + 2-OSBuishnase ThicknesSpige = 2438in 6.D= 0.79in 6.1 > OSB icine Prnsin® Widthingn = OSH ts sk 2 OSBpistnens os = Wit gin LRFD Size factor, Table 48 NDS Supplement Comments Is the connection a double shear or single shear connection? Total thickness of splice equals length of nail sothe nail penetrates all three members NDS 11.1.5.5. To qualify for double shear, penetration into third member must be at least 6D. This Is not the case here, sothe nails are in single sheer. Penetrationin main member Single shear because of inadequate penetration in third member ‘Side member dowel bearing length Main member dowel bearing length, Since the nail protrudes through the third member, the thickness of which is < 6D, the |, equals the thickness of the 2 «6. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prd MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPy DSSS od ASD Yield mode calculations ‘The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B, 1.00 See Table 11.3.18 (notes) AD) := [22 if D<0.17in The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. -— yor(! + 2 Re) kyl + poeng 3 Fen ln q cen In See Table 11.318. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Yield mode calculations ‘The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B. = 100 See Table 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the dD quantity 10D dimensionless Re(I + See Table 11.318. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pec MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNet DSSS od ASD Mode |, >on Fem Ru Zhq = 49614 Mode, 2yy= 161 Zpy = 101 Zeontrat = ™it(Ztny Zisr2t1-Ztttow2i01»21V) Zeontsol = 771bE Mode ill, controls AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.2 = lst Ibe Mode tl, ke Digt R(t aR) Zag = 7 Mode tl, DNR are cd LRFD Mode lil, controls -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etre MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNrd DSSS od 2 Leonrot CDM et 2! = 88IbE Py 182! Py = 1589Ibt 1589 Ib is the capacity of the connection in terms of the ability of the nails to carry load. Check Capacity of 2 by 6 f= 198pst Fy = 1035p Pension = F'y-At %nain Prension = 85391bi Check Capacity of OSB side plates NDS. Arey je = OSB, 5sin Khickness ASD Capacity per nail There are 18 nails on each side of the splice, Actual tensile stress in rain member due to P,. Tensile stress in the 2 by 6 is much less than the material capacity. 8539 Ib is the maximum force that can be transmitted based on the material capacity of the Southern Pine main member. It is, much greater than P,. Orientation of OSB may not be known, Assume a worst-case scenario, that is, that the secondary direction is parallel to load. Grade and Construction Factors. See NDS 9.3. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 2388 Ib is the factored load that the connection can carry based on nail capacity in single shear. Check Capacity of 2 by 6 Po ‘PAPC pin Prcasion = 12830 IDE Check Capacity of OSB side plates NDS LRFD Capacity per nail There are 18 nails on each side of the splice. Actual tensile stress in main member due to P, Tensile stress in the 2 by 6 is much less than the material capacity, 12830 Ib is the maximum factored force that can be transmitted based on the material capacity of the Southern Pine main member. It is much greater than P,. Orientation of OSB may not be known. Assume a worst-case scenario, that is, that the secondaty direction is patalle! to load. Grade and Construction Factors. See NDS 8.3. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty DSSS od ASD Panel width factor is given in NDS Commentary Cy 05 Table C9.3.4. This factor is 0.5 for panels less than or equal to 8 inches wide. Fg 780 8% ‘This is F,Ain ASD/LRFD Manual Table wey M9.2-2. Ths value is based on a 1-foot width Since the panel is §.5 in. in width, the actual sf width of the 2 x 6, this value also must be wenn multiplied by §.5/12. This reduction is independent of the C, calculation ‘This is the force that can be transmitted by the (OSB per side. 411 bE Posp= Connection will be controlled by the OSB if itis, not oriented in the primary direction. Prac = 411 Ibf If the OSB is oriented in the primary direction and the designer knows that he/she can control its orientation, then the following applies. cq 10 bs Fa = 200 fe Fas Fush5 ya = LOsd bt Fas Futptw Coes Piyq = 606 bt Posp= Fa, Posy = 1212Ibf If itis known that the OSB is oriented so that the primary direction is, parallel to the applied load, then the OSB capacity is 1212 Ibf. Thus, the OSB capacity of P,,,,= 1212 Ibf would control. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Pty LRFD Cs 05 Panel width factor is given in Table C9.2.4 of the NDS Commentary. This factor is 0.5 for panels less than or equal to 8 inches wide. Tt This is F,Ain Table M9.2-2. This value is based on a 1-foot width. Since the panel is 5.5, In. In width, the actual width of the 2 x 6, this 2 value also must be multiplied by §.5/12. This reduction is independent of the C, calculation Puss Kp wrbeFur CeCe Cas This is the force that can be transrnitted by the OSB per side. = 3091bI Po Pose = 2 Fa Pan = 618 Ib Connection will be controlled by the OSB if itis not oriented in the primary direction. Prac = 618 Ibf = factored load If the OSB is oriented in the primary direction and the designer knows that he/she can control its orientation, then the following applies. gis lo ia = 1OS4Ibt Faas Ky pebrFayCyeCeCo€ Fy = 911 Pose = Fea Pose = 1822, If itis known that the OSB is oriented so that the primary direction is parallel to the applied load, then the OSB factored load capacity is 1822 Ibf. Thus, the OSB capacity of P,,.,= 1822 Ibf would control. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION MO3HO LNIOF 3O11dS GFNPty DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 17. Lateral Load on Nails De: DNR are cd Pd Determine the size, number, and placement of common nails to transfer the unfactored 1.2 kip wind load from the diagonal to the vertical, Assume two rows of faste nominal 2-in. by 6-in, member forms a 45 d =— 91/4" —+! Wood is No. 1 Souther Pine that will remain dry. The ith the 4-in, by 10-in. member. ‘ 4.2 kips Wind Load 51/2" Use 2 rows of fasteners -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1cry TYME ASD ASD Solution Problem 17 Loading Lolly igs = 120018 Assume that this isthe unfactored load due to wind oniy Try 30 penny common nails. Seek a symmetrical connection with two rows of 2 or 3 nails each as the target design. Member / Connection Information Wood Properties 1= 5550psi om NDS Table 11.3.2, k = 900psi Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 26 1700000.psi Modulus of elasticity for No. 1 Southern pine Diameter of 30d common wire nail (Table L4) knath = 4.S3in NDS Table La 80000 psi NDS Table It I= 1Ssn Length of nailin side member i= nalts ~ be p=3in Penetration of nail in the member holding the tip I= P y= 3in Length of nail in main member Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.1 Cys 10 Wet senvice factor Cy= 16 Load duration factor Cys 10 Size factor Ces 10 Temperature factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd tc LRFD LRED Solution Problem 17 Loading Lolly igs = 120018 Assume that this isthe unfactored load due to wind oniy Try 30 penny common nails. Seek a symmetrical connection with two rows of 2 or 3 nails each as the target design. Member / Connection Informa! Wood Properties ' n= 55508 NDS Table 11.3.2, k = 900psi Tensile reference strength for No. 1 Southern Pine 26 gain >= 1700000:psi Modulus of elasticity for No. 1 Southern Pine D:= 0.207.in Diameter of 30d common wire nail (Table L4) Dailngth = 4.S-in NDS Table La Fy = 80000psi NDS Table It I= 1Ssn Length of nail in side member p=3in Penetration of nail in the member holding the tip I= P y= Bin Length of nail in main member Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.4 cos Leo Cys= LO Wet senice factor “ gy= 065 y= 10 Size factor “ c= 10 Temperature factor ve -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Pury TYME ASD Design Calculations Calculations Comments Lateral capacity of the joint NDS Standard Section 1.1.5.5. Minimum penetration into side member = 6D. In this case, the penetration is 3 in., so OK for single shear. D=1.24in Yield mode calculations The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.18. in See Table 11.3.1B (notes) Ds 0.174n The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Design Calculations Calculations Comments Lateral capacity of the joint NDS Standard Section 11.1.5.5. OD= 124in Minimum penetration into side member = 6D. Inthis case, the penetration is 3 in., soOK for single shear. Yield mode calculations The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B. See Table 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. R(1+R) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etze NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry TYME ASD Ry= kp See Table 11.3.18. Model, DaFen Zam = 1341 IOP 2y = 456 Mode tt, KD Pog Zam = ae) Re(1+2R) Zari = 462 tbE Mode tl, ky Dl Fen “RR ERY AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Mode tt, ky DA, 2a a(t 2k) Zinm = 462 Mode tl, ~ RVQ=R) See Table 11.3.18. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Fer) NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Ferd TYME ay = 203 Ibi Fess = (ZZ Zar» Zam Zs 20) 2031 = 1298IbE Check Capacity of 2 by 6 [net section] Assume 2 rows of 2 nails = LSin Arey = ASD Mode IV controls. Need 4-30¢ nails This is the actual capacity of the connection with 4-30d nails Section 11.1.5.3 says thatif holes are bored. when Gis less than or equal to 0.60 [SP has a G of 0.55], then the hole diameter should not exceed 75% of the nail diameter. In this case, the bored hole diameter would be 0.75 x 0.207 0.155in, Assume a bored hole diameter of /8" or 0.125in. Appendix E, Section E.1.2, does not explicitly say that net section must be checked for a 30d nail, but that check is made here with the assumption that there are two rows with hwo nals each Z,is the capacity of the connection based on nail capacity AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ay = 203 Ibi Fess = (ZZ Zar» Zam Zs 20) Mode IV controls. Determine number of nails needed oadyina = 16L0%¢ying Loading = 1920100 “This is the factored wind load NoNails:= Z NoNails = 44 Need 5-304 nails - This is the actual capacity of the connection 2, = 2191 Ib with 5-20d nails, See if the number of nails can be reduced by using 40d common wire nails. D = 0.225 in. The calculations (not shown) are nearly identical to those above, but with D = 0.225in. [Note that the ASD solution worked with 4-30d common nails.] anal = 2246 Mode IV controls (not shown) 2 = 484 bf Determine number of nails needed = 19201b¢ This is the factored wind load Need 4-404 nails This is the actual capacity of the connection with 4-40d nails -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Per NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry TYME ASD Fs Fr€p Cr Oyr Cp Py = Mao psi ' The allowable tension stress of the 2 by 6 is Pye much greater than the actual tension stress calculated using the capacity of the 4 nails. Net section does not control. Use four 30d common wire nails with 1/8" diameter bored holes. NDS 11.1.5.6 says that edge distances, end distances, and spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. The spacings in the attached design sketch should be adequate to prevent splitting. Note the symmetry of the fastener layout. Lp 44s +! 4-30d common nails AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Check Capacity of 2 by 6 [net section] Assume 2 rows of 2 nails Section 1.1.5.3 says that if holes are bored, when G is less than or equal to 0.60 [SP has a G of 0.55}, then the hole diameter should not exceed 75% of the nail diameter, In this case, the bored hole diameter would be 0.75 x 0.225 0.169in. Assume a bored hole diameter of 1/8" oF 0.125in. 4 Appendix E, Section E.1.2, does not explicitly say that net section must be checked for a 30d nail, but that check is made here with the assumption that there are two rows with two peFeCeCye Cs nals each. 2, s the capacity of the connection based on nail capacity The allowable tension stress of the 2 by 6 is Fue much greater than the actual tension stress calculated using the capacity of the 4 nails. Net section does not control, Use four 40d common wire nails with 1/8" diameter bored holes. Note that 5/32" bored holes obviously also work. [ASD worked with four 30d nails.] NDS 11.1.5.6 says that edge distances, end distances, and spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood. The spacings in the attached design sketch should be adequate to prevent splitting. Note the symmetry of the fastener layout. Lona < Sar ta . aie ON x Ss YM « ane y - . 47/8" 4-404 common nails -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped NOIS3q STIVN NO GVOTTW831V1Fry DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd ery Problem 18. Toe-Nai if De: Determine if the nails provide adequate lateral resistance to hold the wall stud in place when subject to a wind load acting perpendicular to the wall. The 10-ft Southern Pine stud is toe nailed into Southern Pine top and bottom pl with two 10 penny box nails at the bottom and the same arrang and the studs are spaced 16-in. on center, The connections are ment at the top. The unfactored wind load is 3: and the nails are adequately spaced -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL180 BCL cn Re eg ASD ASD Solution Problem 18 Loads Wind load is 22 psf acting over a tributary width mya of 1.33 ft over the length of 10 feet. The four . ‘ nails (two on top and two on bottom) are 0 107 assumed to equally resist the ota lateral load on the stud Zao = milla Zao = 107 I Load per nail Member information Wood Properties Fag = 5550p Fag = 5550psi Des 0.128:in Appendix L Fyy:= 100000ps1 NDS Table It naiheneh NDS 11.1.5.4 Toe nails (30 degree angle with nail penetration beginning approx. 1/31d of the nail length from the stud end, See Figure 11 Nail penetration is the lesser of the remaining length of the nail or the 30 degree penetration of the nail in the 1.Sinch sill plate Maximum penetration in the 1.nch sil plate cconttols, J, = length of nail in side member 1155 in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 18 Loads Wind load is 22 psf acting over a tributary width of 1.33 ft over the length of 10 feet. The 1.6 is, the load factor for wind. The four nails (two on IT top and two on bottom) are assumed to equally resist the total lateral load on the stud. x, Zaait = 17LIbt Load per nail Member information Wood Properties Fag = 5550p Fag = 5550psi Des 0.128:in Appendix L Fyy:= 100000ps1 NDS Table It naiheneh NDS 11.1.5.4 Toe nails (20 degree angle with nail penetration beginning approx. 4/9 of the nail length from the stud end. instal See Figure 11A) Pina ‘Nail penetration is the lesser of the remaining length of the nail or the 30 degree penetration of the nailin the 1.5-nch sill plate Pingu = 1-845 in Maximum penetration in the 1.S:inch sil plate controls, length of nail in side member cost 0-deg) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ere OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOLErr Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 Cy= 16 Load duration factor Cyc= Lo Wetsenvice factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint 6D=0 Yield mode calculations BCL cn Re eg ASD cos 1 Temperature factor Comments. Minimum penetration must be at least 6D Penetrationin main member Toe nail factor from NDS 11.5.4.2 The following equations are based on the assumption thatthe dowel diameter is less. than 0.25 inches. See NDS Table 11.3.1B, See Table NDS 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 Cys 10 Wet service factor C= 10 Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral capacity of the joint 5D =. Yield mode calculations LRFD Comments Minimum penetration must be at least 6D Penetrationin main member Toe nail factor from NDS 11.5.4.2 The following equations are based on the assumption thatthe dowel diameter is less than 0.25 inches. See NDS Table 11.3.1B. See Table NDS 11.3.18 (notes) The inches in the denominator is to make the quantity 10D dimensionless. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pry OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOLPry BCL cn Re eg ky = 1.108, ‘See NDS Table 11.3.18, Zpg = 559 Model ky DlpFe Ry 2 = 2008 Mode tt, kyDly Fon ie Re RD) Zanm = 138Ibt AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 185 LRFD ky CD ‘See NDS Table 1.3.18, Mode tl, kyDiy ~ Rell aR) Zatig = 1386 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL186 BCL cn Re eg ASD Mode il, ks De Fen fae Re(2 +R) 2m, sr +R) = 101 be Zaonteot = MDZ Zt Za 2, 1 Ibe Mode IV controls 2 Locteor Cw Cp- Ce C 2) = 135 1b This is the allowable capacity per nail Z'> Znail = 107 tb Two 10d box nails placed as toe nails on the top and two nails on the bottom provide sufficient lateral resistance. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Mode tl, ky Diy Zany = 195d 7 Zay = 101 Ibe Leonie = WOE Mode IV controls, Des Ky ybe7, 2) = 1821br This is the capacity per nail Z'> Znail = 171 Ib Two 10d box nails placed as toe nails on the top and two nails on the bottom provide sufficient lateral resistance. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rd OHO NOISIG ONITIVN-SOL188 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd rc Problem 19. Bolted Splice Joint Check The bolted splice joint consisting of 1-in. diameter bolts and nominal 2-in. by 12-in. No, 2 Southern Pine lumber is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. Assuming the appropriate load combination of dead load and snow load controls, determine the y of the joint 36/8" 4 P q Pp + 4 — 5/5" 3-6/8" 4 _ ana" ana" gn gn gv gran gan gh 7" 62" - P P < > -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Erne ad ASD Solution Problem 19 Wood Properties og = 6150p = 6150psi y= 550psi By 11S.psi E = 1600000psi Wid := 11.25:in Thickness = 1.5in Area = Thickness: Width Area = 16.88in" Bolt properties Dis bin F Connection geometry Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 LO Wet service factor for tension, Table 4B Wet service factor for E, Table 48 Cy p= 0.90 Wet service factor for shear Table 4B Ct sear = Cues Wet service factor for connections, NDS Table 10.3.3 ASD Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine Reference design values for No. 2 Southern Pine Bolt diameter ‘Table I1 Bolt bending yield strength Main and side member thicknesses Lengths of bolt in main and side membe: Connection is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. ces Le Temperature factor cp 10 Size factor Cp Ls Load duration factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 19 Wood Properties og = 6150p Dowel bearing strength for Souther Pine = 6150psi y= 550psi bos Spsi Reference design values for No. 2 Southern E = 1600000psi Pine Wid := 11.25:in Thickness = 1.5in Area = Thickness: Width Area = 16.88in" Bolt properties Dis bin Bolt diameter yp = 45000psi Table |1 Bolt bending yield strength Connection geometry Main and side member thicknesses Lengths of bolt in main and side membe: Adjustment Factors NDS tebe 4.27 Connection is fabricated wet and used where exposed to weather. Cy tension #10 Wet service factor for c= 10 Temperature factor tension, Table 4B Cyrn:= 090 Wet service factor for E, Ce 10 Size factor Table 4B, Time effect factor C46 ster Wet service factor for shear, Table 48 be bere 06s Cye= 07 Wetsenvice factor for Ke Ker connections, NDS é Table 10.3.3 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etre O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Erne ad ASD Design Calculations Calculations Comments ‘Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 ns6 Number of fasteners in a row = 40in ‘Spacing of fasteners in a row The E values here are not to be modified by ‘adjustment factors in the C, calculation NDS 10.3.6. A, is tho: members, tal area of both side = 180000 (2) ° dex For bolts in wood-to-wood connections ib = 1x00 2 1 EA, w(t ~ m2") (1+Res) NDS Eq, 10.341 ya). m)— 1 +m Group action factor AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Design Calculations Calculations Comments, Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 Ayy = 27000000 Ibe A, = 54000000 Ib = 1800002 Number of fasteners in a row ‘Spacing of fasteners in a row The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors in the C,, calculation, NDS 10.3.6. A, isthe total area of both side members, For bolts in wood-to-wood connections mi =m") (1+ Rey) NDS Eq, 10.34 Group action factor -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Etry O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108try Ponts Check Fastener Spacings NDS 11.5 Edge distance check, NDS Table 11.5.1 Miicige sist Mingige gia = 1 5in Actas ai '= 3.625-in End distance check, NDS Table 11.5.18 Engg '= in End fat = 77D Fong fut = 7 in Bnd staat = 35D Enda staat = 3.5in Eadie a ext = ind ga In-row spacing actttlpacing = 8 actualyyacing = 4 spacinggy = 4-D spacing = spacing © sow = C4 inf, Cs, 057 ASD ‘The smaller of the length of fastener in the main member, or the total length in the side members, divided by the diameteris used to find the required edge spacing. Since /D <6, use 1.5), Required edge distance is less than actual edge distance of 3.625: Edge distance OK Actual end distance in main member. The end distance in the side member is 7D. Required end distance, 7D, for C, more than actual end distance of 4in., therefore, the lateral resistance must be reduced by a geometry factor, C,. End distances in side members are OK, The absolute minimum edge distance is 3.5D = 3.5in, NDS Standard 11.5.1.2 Geometry factor for end distance Table 11.5.1C. The minimum in-row spacing for C, = 118 4D, or 4 in. The absolute minimum is 3D, or 3 in, The controlling group action factor is the sivaller of C, jyq aNd Co yyy AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Check Fastener Spacings NDS 11.5 Edge distance check, NDS Table 11.5.1 Miicige sist Mingige gia = 1 5in Actas ai '= 3.625-in End distance check, NDS Table 11.5.18 Enda = 4in Enda pan = 7D End pat = 70 End rtneod = 35D Endo sedact= End Ca eat = FE a Ca ent = 0.57 Inrow spacing Aetalacing = S aetUagacng = 4 spacing '= 4D spacing = 4in spacing Cason = a= min(Cs cass Ca son) =0s7 LRFD ‘The smaller of the length of fastener in the main ‘member, or the total length in the side members, divided by the diameteris used to find the required edge spacing. Since /D <6, use 1.5), Required edge distance is less than actual edge distance of 3.625: Edge distance OK Actual end distance in main member. The end distance in the side member is 7D. Required end distance, 7D, for C,= 1, is more than actual end distance of 4 in., therefore, the lateral resistance must be reduced by a geometry factor, C,. End distances in side members are OK. The absolute minimum edge distance is 3.5D = 3.5 in NDS Standard 11.5.1.2 Geometry factor for end distance Table 11.5.1C. The minimum in-row spacing for ©, =1 is 4D, or 4 in, The absolute minimum is 3D, o 3 in The controlling group action factor is the siraller of Cong 894 Co soy -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pty O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108PCy Between-row Spacing spacingpaayaan'= in Tequiredgacing hasan = LSD Fequiredacing teowosn = 1530 Lateral Resistance Yield Limit equations = Odeg Kye 1+ Ky = 1.00 R= 1.00 Erne ad ASD NDS Table 11.5.1D The actual spacing is greater than the spacing. OK quired Bolts are in double shear |, is length of bolt in side member and |, is length of bolt in main member. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Between-row Spacing SpaCiMgey oan = in Rat mann cue LRFD NDS Table 11.5.1D Tequiredypacing brwoan = 1.S-D Fequiredypsing ernoe Lateral Resistance Yield Limit equations = Odeg Kyl Ky= 100 The actual spacing is greater than the spacing. OK quired Bolts are in double shear |, §s length of bolt in side member and |, is length of bolt in main member -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ped O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108198 Erne ad 1 min( Zan 255s ZanesZ0y) Cy Cy CeCe pttumbeaie 2: = 11050 1b Local stress checks. NDS Appendix E Net Section Check, NDS E.2 12) thickness Area != Area Arey Row Tear-Out Check, NDS E.3 ASD Lateral resistance for one bolt There are 12 bolts on each side of the splice. Adjusted lateral resistance NDS 11.14.22 The bolt capacity is checked using the net area of the main [center] member. ,> Fiy thus net section controls. The highest load that can be cartied by the bolts is 11,050 Ibs, but the highest load that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 8,857 Ibs Scigcai 8 the minimum of the end distance and the in-row bolt spacing AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Zay = 608 1bE Zeist = 2:9(Ziy %, 16 Mode |,, controls Dm Ky ge Lantat Cy Cx CoC, g MUMbET ag 2 = 16604 bt Local stress checks. NDS Appendix E Net Section Check, NDS E.2 Lin) Areaye = Area ~ 2D act Thicknes: Area = 13.69 in = 12S psi Pos 0K peOvFeOn touiow Cr € P= 950 pst Row Tear-Out Check, NDS E.3 Zyrr = BYP yt Srtical Swritcat = min(End yi Act snacing) DNR are cd LRFD Lateral resistance for one bolt There are 12 bolts on each side of the splice. Adjusted lateral resistance NDS 11.14.22 The bolt capacity is checked using the net area of the main [center] member. {,> Fiy thus net section contrls. The highest load that can be cartied by the bolts is 16,604 Ibs, but the highest load that can be cattied by the net section of the main member is 13,000 Ibs. s. the in-row bolt spacing. citca ® the minimum of the end distance and -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION PCr O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108Pry Zee z Fey uy 70281 22 ian = 14055 tbe Group Tear-Out Check, NDS E.4 Fg a CB : Zen Zen lin psp 16 Dy = 1.063 in Syow = SPS been Agrouy not = Thickness (Mog A, satin? 1} (Siow Erne ad DJ} ASD Numer of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row The total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of bolts. The capacity of 14 490 Ibs > 8,657-Ib capacity due to net section, Thus, at this point, net section controls. 2 since there are only two rows. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter. See NDSES AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Py Kp mde FC F F ‘y Thickness Sica Zen = 21120108 Group Tear-Out Check, NDS E.4 = Thickness [(n w~ 1) (Sow ~ Pa] LRFD Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row The total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of bolts. The capacity of 21,120 tbs > 13,0084b capacity due to net section. Thus, at this point, net section controls. 2 since there are only two rows. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter See NOSES -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pree O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108Pred Erne ad ASD Bolt capacity = 14,050 Ibf [Mode I Net section capacity = 8,657 Ibf Row-tear-out capacity = 14,055 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 9,815 Ibf The controlling capacity is net section in the main member of 8,657 Ibf The beneficial effects of using smaller bolts may be seen in this problem if the bolt diameter is decreased fo 1/2 in, but leaving all other parameters the same. The effect of this change is that y= 63,640 Ib/in., C, = 0.946, and C.,= 1.0. Bolt capacity = 10,539 Ibt Net section capacity = 9,606 Ibf Row tear out capacity = 14,055 bf Group tear out capacity = 10,289 Ibt In this case, the controlling capacity is still net section in the main member of 9,606 Ibf nearly 1000 Ibf higher than with the 1-in diameter bolts. It is seen that C, and C , have a deleterious effect in the case of the larger diameter bolts in this case. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Bolt capacity = 16,604 Ibf [Mode I Net section capacity = 13,009 Ibf Row-tear-out capacity = 21,120 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 14,748 Ibf The controlling capacity is net section in the main member of 13,009 Ibf The beneficial effects of using smaller bolts may be seen in this problem if the bolt diameter is decreased to 1/2 in, but leaving all other parameters the same. The effect of this change is that y= 63,640 /bf/in., C, = 0.946, and C,,= 1.0. Bolt capacity = 15,836 bt Net section capacity = 14,434 Ibf Row tear out capacity = 21,120 Ibf Group tear out capacity = 15,460 Ibt {In this case, the controlling capacity is stil net section in the main member of 14,424 Ibt approximately 1400 Ibf higher than with the 1-in diameter bolts. It is seen that C, and C., have a deleterious effect in the case of the larger diameter bolts in this case. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prey O3HO LNIOF 30MdS 431108ayy DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 20. Bolted Connection Design Determine the size, number he joint shown. The nomin 2-in, by 6-in. memb 6 by 10 Hem-fir and placement of bolts 6-in, by 10-in, Hem-fir No. 1 seasons in pla kiln-dried Southern Pine No. 1 9 1/2" 1 ! 2 Southern Pine 2 by 6's ' 2.8 kip (Unfactored) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION DNR are cd Pr eeded to transfer an unfactored 2.8-kip snow load only through but remains dry in service. The nominal ' ' Two at 1.4 kips each wetsaq Nousannoa aait08 8 |Pry eS a ASD ASD Solution Problem 20 Load SOOTb Load due toD +S Wood properties = 1900p Dowel bearing strength for main member (Hemi) is a perpendicutar-to-grain value and it depends on bot size. Assume 7/84n, dia, bots. Since the main member fs loaded perpendicular to grain, some engineers believe that the E value here should be @ perpendicular-to-grain value, However, consultation with the Commentary indicates that the parallel-to-grain value should be used because there is more redistribution of bolt forces when E is higher. This results in a more conservative, or smaller, value for C, 1g == 1300000psi 6150psi Dowel bearing strength forside members (Gouthern pine) is a parallel-to-grain value, S00 Reference tensile design value for No. 1 Fes 00psi southern pine Reference modulus of elasticity for No. 1 southern pine side members, 1000-9 Fy spi= 175.psi Ky ue i= L0-ps Wikkthayyg = 5.5m Widthpyy9 = 9.5m Thicknessiyyq = 1Ssn Thicknesseny idthzyyq-Thicknessnyq AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 20 Load P:= 1,6.28001bf Load due to 1.20 + 1.68. Assume D may be neglected. P = 4480 br Wood properties = 1900p Dowel bearing strength fo (Hemi) is a perpendicular-to-grain value andit depends on bolt size. Assume 7/Bin, dia. boks. Since the main member fs loaded lar to grain, some engineers beleve thal the E value here should be @ perpendicular-to-grain value, However, consultation with the Commentary indicates that the parallelto-grain value should be used because there is more redistribution of bolt forces when E is higher. This results in a more conservative. 1g == 1300000psi perpendi ‘or smaller, value for C,, Reference tensile design value for No. 1 Fq= 900psi Southern Pine Fy spi= 175.psi Ky ue i= L0-ps Widthayys Widthgpy == 9-5:in Thickness, = 1.S4n hicknessgyyiq = 5.5:in Areagyyg = Widthzyyg Thickness -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 6150psi Dowel bearing strength forside members (Southern Pine) is a parallel-to-grain value. 000. Reference modulus of elasticity for No. 1 ‘Southern Pine side members Prd NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.4 Cp Ls Load duration factor C= 1.0 Temperature factor Cycemin spi= LO Wet senvice factorfor SPin tension C= 1.0 Size factor for SP « spi= 09 Wet service factor for E on SP Cyi= LO Geometry factor. Assume 1 Mest for entire design process. Cuts sp= 097 Wet senvice factor for SP shear C\canue ne= 10. Wet senvice factor for HF shear 10 Group action factor. This could change tater Cua 04 Cy = 1.0 for one bolt, or Cy =0.7 for two or more bots in one row parallel to grain, See NDS Table 10.3.3, Changes in Cy will be addressed lator, if necessary Bolt properties Try 7/84n. bolts D:= 0875in 7/84n. tial bolt diameter I, Thickness Length of bolt in side member Sanyo Length of bolt in main member Fy,2= 45000psi NDS Table It Lateral Resistance The Hemfir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain, R,= 0309 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 209 LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1, 10.3.1 Cyremion sp= LO Wet service factor for SP intension y= 1,0. Temperature Factor Cyn spi= 09 Wet sence factor for € on SP Crm 10 Size factor for SP Cyt ase sp:= 0.97 Wet service factor for SP shear Cy:= LO Geometry factor. Assume 1 M shar SP for entire design process. Cytaar ne‘ 1.0 Wet service factor for HF shear hss 08 = 10 Group action factor. This could 4.5 080 = 065 change later , C= 04 Cy = 1.0 for one bolt, or Cy, = 0.7 x6 vk for two or mote bots in one row Kens Krae parallel to grain, See NDS Table a oe 40.3.3. Changes in Cy, vill be Kp wn 2tS addressed later, if necessary Bolt properties Try 7/84. bolts D= 0875.in 7/8:n. tial bolt diameter = Thickness Length of bottin side member l= 1Sia Igy i= Thickness 19 Length of bolt in main member NDS Table It 6 = 90, The Hemfir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD Bolts are in double shear Diy Pag = Mode ty Zag, = 182910 Mode |, whe ky = 3500 ky DIL “33K GR Mode Il, Zi, = 192BIE Z Mode IV toot = MiN( Ziq, Zhe, Zinte-Z1y) 829 bE Mode |, controls Bs ricor CCM 2CeCyC Adjusted lateral resistance 2) = 841 Ib Capacity per bolt Determine number of bolts needed o bolts 4 bots should be adequate, but may be able to down size bolt diameter nio_bolls AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Bolts are in double shear Pam = Mode |, Zag, = 18291bE Mode |, Mode Il = 128i ig Ly a Mode IV nil = MiN( Zig Zio, ZittrZay) Mode |, controls 829 bt ™ . Adjusted lateral resistance 2 = 126 Capacity per bott Determine number of bolts needed nio_bolts 4 bots should be adequate, but may be able no bolts = 3.5 to down size bot diameter -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 24a. NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey Try four 7/8-in bolts Assume 2 rows of 2 bolts Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 EX = Ear Arent Aedjin = Thickness eS a ASD Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 4in spacing The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors for the C, calculation, The area of the HF 6x10 main memb taken as the thickness of the 6x10 multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some ‘would use the width of the bolt group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the canter of each topmost bolt and where this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width. NDS 10.3.6. A, is the fotal area of both side members. For bolts in wood-to-wood connections NDS Eq. 10.34 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Try four 7/8-in bolts Assume 2 rows of 2 bolts Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 n=2 Number of fasteners in a row ss=40%in ‘Assume 4in spacing EA != Em’ Ate pai The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors for the C, calculation, AfCagain = Thickness; The area of the HF 6x10 main member is > taken as the thickness of the 6x10 Aegan = 30.25 in multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some ‘would use the width of the bolt group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the canter of each topmost bolt and where this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width. NDS 10.3.6. A, is the fotal area of both side members. For bolts in wood-to-wood connections NDS Eq. 10.34 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 213 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G3110824 0997 Revised Lateral Resistance 2 Lesowot Co Out erly Ca w= 89 bE p z Ojai = 3.338 Rots Establish a tentative joint detail twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distegge = 15D. Distoage = 13130 Hemfir, loaded perpendicualr to grain = 4) Distioad Distanonted ies Distipades se = 3.5in Distanoated elge = 1313 in Try 5/8in. bolts D:= 0625+in Fy 2= 2250p Lateral Resistance eS a ASD Group action factor. The C, value calculated with the latest estimate of the number and arrangement of bots is calculated Four botts stil will be required when C, is taken into account, NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.50 The required end distance will be 7D 6.125.in, Thus, the 8.5.in deep Hem-fir main member has insufficient depth to accomodate the bolts spaced at 4-In. The dowel bearing strength perpendicularto grain depends on the bolt diameter. NDS. Table 11.3.2 The hem-fir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue = 0.997 Revised Lateral Resistance B= Ky 6-Zeontot ot CeCe € ‘olbt Establish a tentative joint detail twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distgage = 1313 in Hermfir, loaded perpendicualr to grain Distoases “D Dist, Disy Dist 1313in Try 5/84in, bolts D:= 0.625-in F cm = 2250-91 Lateral Resistance LRFD Group action factor. The C, value calculated with the latest estimate of the number and arrangement of bots is calculated, Four bolts stil will be required when C, is taken into account. NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.5D ‘The required end distance will be 7D = 6.1254n. Thus, the 9.5-in deep Hem-fir main member has insufficient depth to accomodate the bolts spaced at 44n. ‘The dowel bearing strength perpendicular to grain depends on the bolt diameter. NDS. Table 11.3.2 The hem-fir main member is loaded perpendicular to grain -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prey NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey eS a ASD Mode |, Mode |, Mode Il, = 19731be Mode IV cont = min contol = 1158 ID Mode Ml, controls 5 Assume this value since likely a row may have three or more boits. This must be re-checked later. Adjusted lat I resistance AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.= 2598 DkyDIeF Ko Zig = 1158160 its cont = min( 2K, +R) us Zs Rat mann cue LRFD Mode |, Mode |, Mode Il, Mode IV Mode Il, controls Assume this value since likely a row may have three or more bolts, This must be re-checked later. Adjusted lat I resistance -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pred NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prey eS a ASD opens = 5.533 Try 6 S/8.in. bolts, two rows of three bolts each. Since more bolts are required, an in-row spacing of 4D = 2.S:n [see Table11.5.1C] will be tried Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 nd Number of fasteners in a row 25in Assume 24n spacing now instead of 4n since more bolts are required = Ey Atta” The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation. The area ofthe HF 6x10 main member & taken asthe thickness ofthe Aretgaig = 30.25; 6x10 multipied by the width ofthe SP 218. This decision belongs to the designer. Some would use the width of the bot group, others would draw a 45-degree fine from the center of each topmost bolt and where ths intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width Aegan Thickness 9: Width Egy = Hoy ATE gin Arye 2 NDS 10.3.6. A, is the total atea of both side members, BA, = 280Son001b¢ BA Y= 1402 c For bolts in wood-towoad connections AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Hops = 58 Computation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 Ai Aegan Thickness 9: Width Aredquin = 30.25 in EA = Ey Are 1 Area EA, = 280S00001ht LRFD Try 6 5/8.in. bots, two rows of three bolts ‘each. Since more balls are required, an in-row spacing of 4D = 2.Sin [see Table 11.5.1C] will be tied. Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 24n spacing now instead of 4n since more bolts are required, ‘The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation, The area of the HF 6x10 main member is taken as the thickness of the 6x10 multiplied by the width of the SP 2x6. This decision belongs to the designer. Some would use the width of the bok group, others would draw a 45-degree line from the center of each topmost bolt andwhere this intersects the bottom of the 6x10 would define the width of both NDS 10.3.6., isthe tolal ar side members, For bolts in wood-to-wood connections -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 219 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD | ‘ c=] NOS Ea. 10.21 [ 1 c= 0994 Group action factor. yas = 5.286 Still require 6 5/84n, bolts Bola = 317816 Bolt capacity > P Establish a new tentative joint detail for Itwlbe asumed inthe bolt deta SiB-n, bots. determination thatC, = 1 Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controling VD is for the ta48 side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge D distance = 1.5D_ Distoage sp = 1D gp = 0.9380 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD NDS Eq. 10.31 C,= 0.994 Group action factor. Still require 6 5/8-in. bolts. 6 Ibi Bolt capacity > P = 4480 Ib. twill be asumed in the bolt detail Establish a new tentative joint detail for Hotermination that Ct 5i8-in, bolts. Edge Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain NDS Table 11.5.1. The controlling I/D is for the ‘side members and itis less than 6. Thus, edge distance = 1.5D Distaage sp = 0.938 in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pore NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Prd eS a ASD Hemefir, loaded perpendicular to grain Distoadeé sige ne = 4D Distunoaded edge ne != 15D Distoadeé sige ne = 2:5in Disttoa ie = 0938in End Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Distanceaga sp!= 7-D Dista 4375in Hem-fir loaded perpendicular to grain—end distance does nat apply here. Spacing in a row Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain posing Sb= 4D) Hem-fir, loaded perpendicular to grain, controlled by SP spacing, Spacing between rows Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Bovnrow = 15D BiwnroW acing sp = 0.938 in Hem-fir, loaded perpendicular to grain This is the length of bolt that controls YD [See footnote to tables 11.5.1A and 1.5.10). Controling VD is 4.8, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Hemefir, loaded perpendicular to grain Distioadst tgs HF = +D Dist =15D Disthogds otge HF = 2.Si0 Dist = 0.938in End Distance Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain D Distancesga sp = Distancesea sp = 4 Hem-fir loaded perpendicular to grain—end distance does not apply here. Spacing in a row Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain InPOWepacin Inr0W spacing $P Herfir, loaded perpendicular to grain, controlled by SP spacing. Spacing between rows Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Bownnowy 18D BiwnroW pacing sp = 0.938 in Herfir, loaded perpendicular to grain b= 24 This is the length of bolt that controls V/D [See footnote to tables 11.5.1 and 1.5.10} I=3in D=0625:in _ Conttoling VD is 4.8, BownroWspaciag HF = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a ASD TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: ‘Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/4 in Min, end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in ‘Min. spacing ina row = 2.5 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, spacing btwn rows = 0.938 in USE 3in Hemsir Min, loaded edge distance = 2,5 in USE 2-4/2 in Min, unloaded edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/2 in Min, end distance Does not apply Min, spacing ina row = controlled by SP USE 3in ‘Min, spacing btwn rows = 2,656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements, Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 +18) tuamesng NOS 114.22 Aredgee = ATI: 6 = 6.1910" The net section is checked assuring half of the applied load is carried by each side member P= FoCM soni sh CCC = 1035psi AXilagai, net section = 2° AFC FY The highest load that can be carried by the bok is 3,180 Ibfs, but the highest load AXihagucig, net sexien = 12808 1B that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 12,808 Ibfs, Both are higher than the appied load of 2,800 Ibt Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDS E.3 Zev = FS citcalY sot = min(Distancesag sp+IN0Wepacng st) Scitea) 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 225 LRFD TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: ‘Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/4 in Min, end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in ‘Min. spacing ina row = 2.5 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, spacing btwn rows = 0.938 in USE 3in Hemsir Min, loaded edge distance = 2.5 in USE 2-4/2 in Min. unloaded edge distance = 0.938 in USE 1-1/2 in ‘Min. end distance Does not apply ‘Min. spacing ina row = controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements, Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 (+12) chatnoig, NOS 11122 Areague = Area ,6 = 619in" The net section is checked assuring half of the applied load is cantied by each side member. c= 1555p The highest load that can be cartied by the Awtal apc, ot sexi = bots is 4,776 Ibfs, but the highest load sca that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 19,246 Ibfs, Both are higher than the applied load of 4,480 Ibf Row Tear-Out Check in the SP ‘Member, NDS E.3 Zev = FS citcalY in sv) Scitcai 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing, Swritaat = 2.5 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry Group Tear-Out Check in SP Fy spCp-Ct shar ser Cr Cr Member, NDS E.4 Dy = 0.68% speci 2 Zr I}(Sou eS a ot ASD Numer of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row This is the total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of boks in one side member. This is the total row tear out capacity for both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 2,800 Ib 2 since there are only two rows. ‘See NDS E.6 for this formula. D,, is the actual bolt hole diameter. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue PS Kp mde ly set Cyc F sp Cu stear CeCe Zig = 3300101 Zin = 6600Ibf Zip ta sides = 13200106 Group Tear-Out Check in SP Member, NDS E.4 2 ' Faris +P Agony 2pm Zen Zer SE Age Agroup net = Thicknespy6[(Orow — 1)-(Som ~ Pa) by=bs 2 we Pee Dy = 0.6881 Sow = spacing LRFD Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row This is the total row tear out capacity for two identical rows of boks in one side member. This is the total row tear out capacity for both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 4,480 Ib. n=2 since there are only two rows See NDS E.6 for this formula. D, is the actual bolt hole diameter. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 227 NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108Pry eS a 1}S.e0 ~ Ds] Zinn Pars > FreAgaup st Zier = 5786Ib Zt hath sides = 11573 bE Check shear in the Hem-fir member. See NDS 3.4.3.3{b). It is assumed that the connection is more than 5d from the end of the member. / \ v, Pybdy Py = 195psi b:= Thicknessyi0 b=5sin dge= Widtiggyrq ~ LS-in d= 8in d= Witney ASD This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the apped load of 2,800 ib. Assuming that the 2800bf force is applied at the midspan of the Hem-fir member, the shear to be carried is 1400 Ib NDS Eq.3.47 Vy = 1,400 Ibf, thus it is OK on shear. vy AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 1}S.e0 ~ Ds] 7389 Ibt Check shear in the Hem-fir member. See NDS 3.4,3.(b). It is assumed that the connection is more than 5d from the end of the member. = Thicknessyiys0 b=5sin dee Widthgggrq ~ LS-in = 8in d= Wid, V, = 8604 Ibe LRFD This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 4,480 Ib ‘Assuming that the 4,480bf force the midspan of the Hem-fir mem tobe carried is 2,240 lof applied at the shear NDS Eq. 3.4-7 V,, > Vina = 2,240 Ibf, thus it is OK on shear -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION PPT NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108230 eS a ASD ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS: Southern Pine: edge distance = 0,938 in USE 1-1/4 in end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in spacing ina row=2.5 in USE 2.3/4 in spacing btwn rows = 0.938in USE 3 in loaded edge distance = 2.5in USE 2-1/2 in unloaded edge distance = 0.938in USE 1-1/2 in end distance Does not apply Min. spacing ina row= controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirements. 41/2" f = fe 114" 1 trie tin Lo zai" Po Lee 23/4" ‘ T e e 1 21/2" a o3na- Ot Six 5/ oy dia. bolts ' ' y 2.8 kips Two at 1.4 kips each (unfactored) WO BETAS 62¢! AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS: Southern Pine: edge distance = 0,938 in USE 1-1/4 in end distance = 4,375in USE 4-1/2 in spacing ina row=2.5 in USE 2.3/4 in spacing btwn rows = 0.938in USE 3 in loaded edge distance = 2.5in USE 2-1/2 in unloaded edge distance = 0.938in USE 1-1/2 in end distance Does not apply Min. spacing ina row= controlled by SP USE 3 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 2.656 in USE 2-3/4 in ‘The southern pine member must extend 3 in above the top of the hem-fir member in order to meet end distance requirement 4112" i 11a ' tte @ 112 1 1 2 au . 4 2314" | ° t 2112" ~ 3\= Six 5/8-in dia. bolts ' y ' 2.8 kips T it 1.4 ki h (unfactored) woa Ps eact -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 231. NOIS3q NOLLO3NNOD G31108232 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 233 Problem 21. Knee Brace Bolted Connection Design The knee brace shown in the figure experiences an unfactored axial load of 4.0 kips under a wind load event, Load reversals are possible so the 4.0 kip load can be tension or compression, Determine the mumber of 5/8-in. bolts needed to resist the load. As the knee brace will be in the interior of building, it will remain dry with normal temperatures. The knee brace is 2- by 6- in., M-12 Southern Pine and is sandwiched between a double 2- by 10-in, spaced column post and a double 2- by 8-in. truss bottom chord. The post and bottom chord are also Southern Pine Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL). b—-l 9 7 *” N 5 nominal 2 by 6 Knee Brace 2by6 k Knee Brace , sy Side Members - = 11" -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD Solution Problem 21 Load P= 40001 Member Information Wood Properties 2x8 main member Thicknessy)y¢ = 1.S-in Widhryy Areanyyo = Thicknesszyy6:Widlhyyy6 Aretayys = 825in0 Fem = 6150-p5i F peap = 3250psi Fe spi= 75.psi Eq = 1600000psi Fy 850.ps1 2x 10 side members Dowel bearing strength calculations for side members, ‘The vertical post and truss bottom chord act as side members in the knee brace connections. Wa, Spovioomal = ata 4 53.1dey Sportal = ASD Southern Pine M-12, Dowel bearing strength for main member parallel to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) ‘Dowel bearing strength formain member perpendicular to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) NDS Supplement Table 4C. This is for the knee brace only. Dowel bearing strength forside members is at ‘an angle to grain on both the top and bottom of the knee brace (Southern Pine) Oeste Ffets to the angle at the bottom of Kneebrace and @jninqt fferS to the angle at the top of the knee brace. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 21 Load P= 1,6-40001bF P = 6400br Member Information Wood Properties 2.x 6 main member Thicknessyqyg = 1Ssn Widthyyyg = 5.5:in Areagyys = Thi Areagys = 8. Fege= 6150-psi Fe perp = 325081 Fy sp: 175-psi 000psi Eqs 850.psi 2x 10 side n Thicknessy4y10 = Dowel bearing strength calculations for side members. ‘The vertical post and truss bottom chord act as side members in the knee brace connections. wa) deg LRFD Factored load Southern Pine M12 Dowel bearing strength for main member parallel to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) Dowel bearing strength for main member perpendicular to grain (NDS Table 11.3.2) NDS Supplement Table 4C. This is for the knee brace only. Dowel bearing strength forside members is at fan angle to grain on both the top and bottom of the knee brace (Southern Pine). 6 serial Fofers to the angle at the bottom of kneebrace and Ojoinyat fefers to the angle at the top of the knee -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 235 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM236 Cea eae ME 8 hvizontat = 3915 psi Bolt properties Adjustment Factors NDS Table 43.1 Group action factor, assumed for now, Cy= Le Load duration factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral Resistance NDS 11.3.1 orzo = 1S vente = 1S. ASD Cyc LO Wet.use factor Cos Lo Temperature factor Comments, Consider the attachment of the knee brace to 1@ russ bottom chords. This will be the controlling connection because the angle of load to grain is larger than that where the knee brac intersects the post. Both the post and the trus bottom chords are M-12 grade Southern Pine. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 8 hvizontat = 3915 psi Bolt properties d= in ‘ye = 45000psi Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 C_= 10 Group action factor, assumed for now, Cyc LO Wetuse factor Ces LO Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Lateral Resistance NDS 11.3.1 Ko = L148. LRFD Comments Consider the attachment of the knee brace to the truss bottom chords. This wil be the controlling connection because the angle of load to grain is larger than that where the knee brace intersects the post. Both the post and the truss bottom chords are M-12 grade Southern Pine. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 237 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM238 4K) ay Zyy = 18021 comeot = ml ys 25. Zt Zane = 1256 IbE C= 10 2:= 2IoIbi Zx) Cea eae ME ASD Mode |,, NDS Eq. 11.3.7 Model, NDS Eq. 11.38 Mode Ill, NOS Eq. 11.3.9 Mode IVNDS Eq, 11.310 Mode |,, controls For the connection detail and design, assume 0 that the geometry factor, C. , is still assumed to be 1.0 at this point until a connection detail is established. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD 1256 bt Mode |,, NDS Eq. 11.3.7 Mode |, NDS Eq. 11.9.8 IDS Eq. 11.3.9 2yy = 18021 Mode IV NDS Eq, 11.310 Mode |, controls For the connection detail and design, assume that the geometry factor, C, C,, is still assumed to be 1.0 at this point until a connection detail is established. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 239 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM240 Cea eae ME Determine number of 5/8-in. diameter bolts required p Naot Nowe = 19 nno_bolts = Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 hicknessy.y¢-Widthayys Eg != ov AFC F, := 1600000-psi EA, == Ey Widthopy EA, = 26400000 bf = 88939 ASD Use 2 bots Assume that there will be 2 botts in one row of the knee brace. Number of fasteners in a row ‘Assume 2:n spacing now. The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C, calculation. This is the reference E of the side member. Although the memberis loaded at an angie with respect to the grain, the pubfshed E is used. The width of the side member Is taken as the Width of the 2 x 6. The area of the side member is taken as the thickness of both 2x10 side ‘members multiplied by the width of the 26 main member. There Is no unique choice in this. dedsion. For bolts in wood-towood connections AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Determine number of 5/8-in. diameter bolts required p Nita = z Nine = 2.359 rno_bolls = Ds= 075.in Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 EAg = Eq Arent Agia = Thickness yy Width sys ‘Ateagyin = 825 in” Fay AFEtpain EAg = 13200000168 ‘= 1600000-psi EA, = By Widlthajyg 2-Thickness4 EA, = 26400000tbE LRFD ‘The ASD solution indicated that 2 5/8-in, bolts would work. We have two choices at this stage. One is to retain the 5/8-in. bolt and design a detail around that, and the other is to select a larger diameter bolt. Since we are now assured that the LRFD solution will require more 5/8-in bolts, we will select the larger bolt option and detail the connection accordingly. With a 3/4-in bolt, Z, cra = 1507 tb, and the number of required bolts = 1.986, or 2 bolts. We will not reproduce the calculations, but they are similar to those above, Controlling lateral resistance and number of fasteners in a row Assume 2.5:in spacing now. The E values here are not to be modified by adjustment factors forthe C,, calculation. This is the reference E of the side member. Although the memberis loaded at an angie with respect to the grain, the published E is used, The width of the side member is taken as the width of the 2 x 6, The area of the side member is taken as the thickness of both 2x10 side members muitiplied by the width of the 26 main member. There is no unique choice in this decision. For bolts in wood-towood connections -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pore NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD [ mim NDS Eq. 10.34 0.997 Group action fact Revised Lateral Resistance 2 = Legaest CoCr CeCy€, 2! = 2008Ib¢ = 1.997 Still require two 6/84. bolts. Bolt capacity > P = 4,000 Ibf Establish a joint detail for two 5/8.in. bolts. twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C Edge Distance Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel ta grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controling I/D is for the side mernbers and itis less than 6, Thus, edge distance = 1,5D AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD s(t ) ee or zi R m= 08% [. mt =m? Res) ce] NDS Eq, 10.34 ” (14 Revm®).c1 +m - ms oss Group action factor Revised Lateral Resistance 2 Ky by? = 303716 r pay = 1977 Stil require two 3/44n, bolts Bolt capacity > Prursreg = 8.400 lof Establish a joint detail fortwo 3/44n. bolts. twill be asumed in the bolt detail determination that C Edge Distance Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel ta grain NDS Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and its less than 6, Thus, edge distance = 1.5D -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 243 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPry Cea eae ME ASD Distaige = 15D. Distaige = 0.938in ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded 53.1 degrees with respect to grain Dist, =4D Dis, = Dist, End Distance ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain Distancegy = 7) Distance ‘Southern Pine side member loaded perpendicula grain-end distance does not apply here. Spacing in a row ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain 4D Southern Pine side member, loaded perpendicular tograin, controlled by main member spacing. SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS FOR 5/8" BOLTS. Main member Min, edge distance = 0.938 in USE 2-3/4 in Min, end distance = 4.375in USE 4-1/2 in Min. spacing in a row = 2.5 in USE 2-4/2 in Side member Min, loaded edge distance = 2.50 in USE 3-3/4 in Min, untoaded edge distance 938in USE 3 in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Py LRFD Distaige = 15D. Distaige = 1.125 in ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded 53.1 degrees with respect to grain Distysdot stye = 4D Dist, alge = Distt tye = 30 Distonoaded Lsin End Distance ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain Distance = 7D Distance = 5.25in Southern Pine side member loaded perpendicular to grain-end distance does not apply here. ‘Spacing in a row ‘Southern Pine main member, loaded parallel to grain OW epycing = 4D Southern Pine side member, loaded perpendicular tograin, controlied by main member spacing, ‘SUMMARY OF FINAL SPACING REQUIREMENTS FOR 3/4" BOLTS Main member ‘edge distance = 1.125in USE 2.5/8 in end distance = §.25 in USE 5-1/4 in Min, spacing in a row USE 3in Side member Min, loaded edge distance = 3 in USE 3in Min, unloaded edge distance = 1.125in USE 3 in -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NM246 Cea eae ME ASD . ays ot 7B BAY z Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 Areage, = 6.19in) c= Fey Zyop = Fyre P< isn NOS Eq.£.24 NDS 11.14.22 Compute resistance Net jon does not contro! AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Pry LRFD olathe - 33 fe v 3. eg egy ae Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Check for SP, NDS E.2 bop =Py wseqent area Acne -2(0+ “) hts wos 11422 . \ 16 vets Netencion does not contol -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPoy Cea eae ME Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDSE.3 Distancegyg sp!= 4.5: = min(Distaneeegg sp. INOW eseCoG Fy = 280psi Zany = ny Fy Thickness 6° Sy 21008 ASD Sgugea) § the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing. Number of bolts in the row Row tear out capacity of one row Applied load is greater than tear out capacity The proposed design fails to achieve required tear-out resistance by a large margin emphasizing the importance of this design check. A redesign is necessary that would increase the shear area of the connection. This might be achieved by increasing the spacing between bolts and/or the end spacing ‘or by adding more bolts. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDS E.3 Distanoeagg sp 4S:in Zeer = 1) Pet S ea aa sp+INFON pacing SP) S.igcat the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing, Number of bolts in the row Zigry = ny Fy Thicknessyy6 Sica Zany = 34024 Row tear out capacity of one row P> Zien Factored load is greater than the factored tear out capacity The proposed design fails to achieve required tear-out resistance by a large margin emphasizing the importance of this design check. A redesign is necessary that would increase the shear area of the connection. This might be achieved by increasing the spacing between bolts and/or the end spacing or by adding more bolts. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 249 NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO G31108 3Ovus 33NMPra DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Problem 22. Knee Brace Member De: DNR are cd Prze As in the previous problem, the knee brace shown in the figure experiences an unfactored axial load of 4.0 kips under ‘a wind load event. Load rev the knee brace is zero under dead load only. Determi e force in race assuming two bolts conne: sals are possible so the 4.0 kip load can be tension or compression. Assume he adequi the knee brace at the top and the bottom (see Problem 21). As the knee brace will be in the interior of the building, it betw na double main dry with normal temperature The knee brace is 2- by 6-in. M-12 Southern Pine and is sandwiched column post and a double 2- by 8-in. truss bottom chord, The post and bottom y 10-in. spac chord are also Southem Pine Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL), hominal 2 by 6 Knee Brace 2by6 Knee Brace Side Members - = 1412" -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NHPry CNet ASD ASD Solution Problem 22 Member Information Section Properties Reference Design Values Length = $:12in Grade M-12.SP Length = 60 in Width = 55in jg = 16TSpsi thickness = 1.Sin 600000psi Area = Thickness: Width , " in = 750000-ps Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cp 16 Load duration factor C= 10 Incising factor Cys 10 Wet service factor oes te Temperature factor Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor Kp=09 NDS Appendix G, Table G1, The connection provides some rotational resistance, 6 Slendemess < 50, OK (NDS 3.7.1.4) Thickness E Ein = 750000 psi d= Thickness J,/d, dis based on width, because this is the axis about which bending would occur, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.LRED Solution Problem 22 Member Information Section Properties Length := $:12in Length = 60in Width == 5.sin Thickness = 1 Sin Area := Thickness: Width Area = 8.25in? Adjustment Factors NDS Table 4.3.1 Cys LO Wet service factor c= 10 Temperature factor c= 10 Incising factor Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor hicknes E rnin = Kes ¢sF min CM Ce Gi Ejqin = 1125000 psi DNR are cd LRFD Reference Design Values Grade M-12 SP psi 600000 Comments NDS Appendix G, Table G1. The connection provides some rotational resistance, Slendemess < 50, OK (NDS 3.7.1.4) |,Jd, dis based on width, because this is the about which bending would occur -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 253 NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NHPry CNet 476 psi Fee ‘c_star Calculate the slenderness factor, Cp cp=017 Calculate Axial Capacity Axial Compression Fey Oy Gp 459 psi load = 40005 \F in| \16) | Thickness ASD F, 's the tabulated compression value muttipied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp Note that « used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity, The smaller ci, js not.a symbol inthe NDS. Itis 1¢ lower the value of Cp, For sawn lumber The 2x 6 member is Insufficient to carry a compressive force of 4000 Ib in compression Area minus the area of the bolt with a 1/16-in AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue « star = 3618psi ‘c_star Calculate the slenderness factor, Cp Calculate Axial Capacity Axial Compression boF Cyl Cee = 1.6-40001b¢ oF, Net section tension width -|{ LRFD F, 's the tabulated compression value muttipied by all appicable adjustment factors, except for Cp Note that «., is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantty; thatis, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller x, the lower the value of C,, For sawn lumber Factored compression force The 2 x 6 member is insufficient to carry a factored compressive force of 6400 Ib in ‘compression Area minus the area of the bolt with a 1/16-in oversize. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pry NoISaq U3GW3W 3OVES 33NH256 CNet ASD Py = 1360psi oad = 4000In¢ {, 10 NG Thedeskn process israel a dros bri ty Repeated calculation with the aid of (Pets) software should be expected Try a 5-in by 8-1/4 for the new depth. glulam. Calculations similar to those above are repeated Geometric Description Wid Depa? iz ah AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Pre LRFD This is the flexural resistance of the member and it is the denominator of the second term in the interaction equation. brs eRe phe Fe Cae Cemin(Cy,¢ Spsi Emin 4 1@ major axis controlled slendemess. \ Depth Structural Analysis Ds Mp), = 38034 in-Ib¢ ey = 225:in = Depth 1 |= Der 6875 in 4) pai Interaction Equation bos bes fof soon ( I li ] w lous >10N@_ Thedesg process israel a roc bri ty Repeated calculation with the aid of (Pets) software should be expected Try a 5-in x 8-1/4-in glulam. Calculations similar to those above are repeated for the new depth. Geometric Description 1), Wid Depa? iz ah -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NWN109-WV38 USL G3LVNINVT G3779NR Uke eT 292 ASD rea = Width: Depth Area = 41.25 in Design Calculations Comments Calculations Member Capacities Axial capacity, F’, All of these quantifies are known except Cp. In order to calculate Cp, we need frst to calculate Fug and F*, . ep ewer Cp Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. The larger value controls in the Fi, calculation, contr 336 Controlling slendemess is controlled by the minor axis. control tendemess AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue 293 LRFD rea := Width: Depth Area = 41.25 in Design Calculations Calculations Comments, Member Capacities Axial capacity, F', em Pky pede tele cy ep Allof these quantiies are known except C.. In order to calculate Cp, we need fist to calculate e end F*, Ein mnin = Ky_Emin’®s Emin eC. uy = Tonal i= Teng Ke Ke = Keyl et = Ker tut 1680 el he Slendemess for major and minor axes < 50. L064 The larger value controls in the Fe calculation Depth \ Width "Depth, conttol jendomess = 33-6 Controlling slendemess F..¢ is controlled by the minor axis. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NWN109-WV38 USL G3LVNINVT G3779Pye NR Uke eT Fey Cee 2645psi = 09 glulam Flexural Capacity, F',, Fy Fy Ce Comin, Cy) Ca Foe Depth = 18hIy 309% ASD Note that cis not a symbol inthe NDS. Itis used here to represent a physical quantty; itis, the ratio of the lateraHtorsional buckling capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity The smaller, the lower the value of C,. NDS Eq.3.74 This small value for C,, is indicative of the column slenderness. Thisis the axial capacity of the member and itis the denominator of the first term in the interaction equation. All of these quantities are known except C, In order to calculate C;, first calculate Fre andF’, Unbraced length for lateral torsional buckling assodated with major axis bending ‘See Table 3.3.3 in the NDS. This table gives effective lengths for various beam load and boundary conditions. Footnote 1 in Table 3.3.3 was applied here since the column's support conditions are not clearly specifed in the table otherwise, NDS Eq.3.35 Ra must be less than or equal to 50. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary o=09 glulan Flexural Capacity, F',, mnn(C1Cy} Cnt Py = Ke pty oe cenglh Depth l= 18H 309in Depth Rp v Ry= 101 LRFD Note that wis not a symbol in the NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantty; itis the ratio of the lateraltorsional buckling capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity, The smaller a, the lower the value of Cy. NDS Eq.3.74 This small value for Cp is indicative of the column slenderness. This is the axial capacity of the member and itis the denominator of the first term in the interaction equation. All of these quantities are known except Cy. In order to caloulate C,, we need fist to calculate Fy; and F, Unbraced length for lateral torsional buckling associated with major axis bending, See Table 3.3.3 in the NDS. This table gives effective lengths for various beam load and boundary conditions. Footnote 1 in Table 3.3.3 was applied here since the column's suppott conditions are not clearly specifed in the table otherwise, NDS Eq.3.35 Ra must be less than or equal to 50. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 295 NOIS3G NWN109-WV38 USL G3LVNINVT G3779Pry NR Uke eT ASD tat For combination symbol 54, the E, ,, and Ry E nin Vales are the same, Cyy, Cy, or C, are not applied in F%, calculation, . Note that c, is not a symbolin the NDS. Itis used here to represent a physical quantity; itis, the ratio of the lateraltorsional buckling soon capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity, * ‘The smaller cy, the lawer the value of Cy NOS Eq. 336 (22ia_) ) Depth y= 1041 cys 10 The maximum value for Cy is 1.0 PaL= Fea CueCemin(Cy.Cy) This isthe flexural resistance of the 5 second term in the interaction equation. Ppp = I7Upsi The major axis controlled slendemess. \ Deptt) AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Prin Byes Loo For combination symbol 54, the E, ,, and Ry E pin Vales are the same, Fg = 18351 ps Be Fy star Kp ppdy Pi Caree Cyy, Cy, or C, are not applied in F%, calculation, br Note that «4, is not 2 symbol in the NDS. Iti used here to represent a physical quantty; itis the ratio of the lateraHtorsional buckling th = 7.08 capacity to the non-buckling bending capacity, The smaller «,, the lower the value of C,. NDS Eq.3.36 \Tengh) (Dep) wiath ) v The maximum value for Cy is 1.0 Thisis the flexural resistance of the member and it is the denominator of the second term in the interaction equation. Fg = 0.822 — The major axis controlled slendemess. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Prd NOIS3G NWN109-WV38 USL G3LVNINVT G3779Pry NR Uke eT ASD pe foctlfreoae( 2) The §-in by 8-1/4.in combination §4, Southern Pine glulam provides sufficient resistance. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 299 LRFD Structural Analysis Ppygy, = 21096168 Mpg, = 38034 intb ey == 2254in dy == Depth ey=0 4) =825in Interaction Equation The §-in by 8-1/4.in combination 64, Southem Pine glulam provides sufficient resistance. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G NWN109-WV38 USL G3LVNINVT G3779Err DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 301, Concrete Formwork Problem Set The following set of problems pertains to design of sheathin; system shown, Key design param supporting studs, and wales in the conerete formwork 8 are as follows: + Single-wse formwork sys +: + Wallis 14 fehigh ; f + Concrete placement temperature will be 60°F Tt [7 2bye stud + 5000-tb col ties are used tT 44 #Unfaetored load deflection limit is span/360 «All wood subject to wet use 3 [Goran am own [5 | Pima Fam #3-3/4in, square tie washers bear on the wales iy -arade Sheathing with 2 3/4-in, spacing between the wales 3 Concrete side 14 | of formwork Design of a concrete formovork system accomplished using provisions of the 2005 NDS, but 3 additional information concerning loads generate by plastic concrete is also needed. Sources for additional design guidelines specific to formwork include APA’s Concrete Forming and M. 3 | Hurd, Formwork for Concrete, SP #4, 7” Ed., Double wales American Conerete Tnstitute 2005. L t i Ground level Problem 26. Formwork Sheathing Check Determine the adequacy of 7/S-in-thick, form-grade plywood sheathing for the formwork system shown in the problem setup. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO ONIHLVSHS HAOMINYOSEne Re Rad ASD ASD Solu in Problem 26 The ASCE 7-02" load standard does not specifically address construction loads in general nor those associated with formwork. ASCE's Design Loads on Structures During Construction, SEVASCE 37- 02, was used in the solution of this problem in addition to ASCE 7-02. The primary challenges here are how to determine loads associated with concrete within formwork and the factors that should be applied to such loads, Standard procedures for determining allowable stress design loads for formwork have been presented by the American Concrete Insitute in Special Publication #4 (see reference in problem statement) and APA's Concrete Forming’. ‘These loads have a long history of Salisfactory use in allowable stress esign. Designers frequently encounter stuations which are not fully addressed by design specifications. and building codes, Careful consideration anda conservative approach are recommended in providing designs for these situations American Society of Civil Engineers. 2002. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE 7-02. New York, NY. * APA The Engineered Wood Assoc, 2004. Concrete Forming. APA. Tacoma, WA, Structural Analysis Wall Pressure and Loads Height = 14.8 Height of formvork i This equation forthe maximum design pressure ( pt ‘comes from, Concrete Forming, published by 2 the APA-The Engineered Wood Assoc. Itis ibe a cg} 150% 4 9000 available at wwrw. apawood.org. This expression t applies to walls 14 feet or less in height and with normal internal vibration, C, = 1. for Typel coment; C,,= 1.0 for concrete with 150 pef unk weight Pras R= rate of pour, feet per hour ‘T= concrete temperature, °F is 1.0 for concrete having a unit weight, w between 140 and 150 pet. Cis 1.0 for Types I I, oF Ill concrete without relarders. Note: This is not the curvature factor as defined by the NDS. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD LRED Solution Problem 26 ‘The ASCE 7-02! load standard does not specifically address construction loads in general nor those associated with formwork. ASCE’s Design Loads on Structures During Construction, SEVASCE 37- 02, was used in the solution of this problem in addition to ASCE 7-02. The primary challenges here are how to determine loads associated with concrete within formwork and the factors that should be applied to such loads. ‘Standard procedures for determining allowable stress design loads for formwork have been presented by the American Concrete Institute in Special Publication #4 (see reference in problem statement) and APA's Concrete Forming’. These loads have a long history of satisfactory use in allowable stress design. Designers frequently encounter situations which are not fully addressed by design specifications and building codes. Careful consideration and a conservative approach are recommended in providing designs for these situations, " american Society of Civil Engineers. 2002. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-02. New York, NY. * APA The Engineered Wood Assoc. 2004. Concrete Forming. APA. Tacoma, WA, Structural Analysis Wail Pressure and Loads Height := Ltt Height of formwork r bo This equation for the maximum design pressure R= comes from, Concrete Fonning, published by the APA-The Engineered Wood Assoc. Itis available at www. apawood.org. This expression J applies to walls 14 feet or less in height and with normal intemal vibration. C, = 1. for Typel cement; C,, = 1.0 for conerete with 150 pef unit weight. sp. ltt fi = ¢y-Cy) 50-2 + 9000 T Pax R= rate of pour, feet per hour ‘T= concrete temperature, °F Cy is 1.0 for concrete having a unit weight between 140 and 150 pef, Cy 10 Cis 1.0 for Types I, I oF Ill concrete without relarders. Note: This is not the curvature factor as defined by the NDS. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Err O3HO ONIHLVSHS HAOMINYOSEne Pmax = 60> SpaMbend = span g = 15+ 0.28)in Span gear = (12 ~ 1.S)in Adjustment Factors c Ms c M stiffness c= 10 cps 14s Design Calculations Calculations Flexure Re Rad ASD Design pressure ‘See NDS 9.4.1 for span definitions NDS Commentary Table C9.3.3 NDS9.3.3 This value of 1.45 is associated with 2-hour cumulative load duration. Note that APA's Concrete Forming document has a recommended 1.625 duration, This is the conventional construction factor of 1.25 multiplied by 1.30, based on “experience. Wind load is associated with a 10 min. duration, The authors believe the value should be less than that associated with wind as itis well established concrete sets in times of 1 to 2 hours. Comments All calculations are based on a 1-foot width of sheathing in a three-span continuous beam, Threo-ply sheathing is assumed for this tial design. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD The construction of the wall occurs at a rate 5 such that there will not be a full head of concrete, thus from ASCE Design Loads on Structures During Construction, SEVASCE 37-02, we use a 1.5 value for C, for the load factor on the concrete pressure load. This is not to be confused with the concrete hydration factor from APA's Concrete Forming. Ce toad_ factor Factored design pressure. The C.. i tector 8 the load factor in this case. Design pressure SPAM pend See NDS 9.4.1 for span definitions span g = (12 = 15 +.0.25)in spaingjeqe = 2 ~ 1.5)in Adjustment Factors NDS Commentary Table 9.3.3, NDS9.3.3 ° Atime effect factor of 1.0 is associated with short-term loads, such as wind and earthquake. > Roof live loads, which are construction loads, . are associated with ), = 0.8 and an accumulated duration of approximately one month. The concrete load duration falls in between and therefore a conservative value of 0.8 has been chosen Design Calculations Calculations Comments All calculations are based on a 1-foot width of sheathing in a three-span continuous beam, Three-ply sheathing is assumed for this trial Flexure dean -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ET O3HO ONIHLVSHS HAOMINYOSEn Re Rad Fys_4g_24 = S45:Ibf-in Fos as 48 24D, Fg 4g 24 = 919 bin Mond ?= Pras’! tt Whoad = 500 Mioad = 91 oad P"Mbend Migad = 720b1-in Check Shear Check the 3-ply 48/24 span rating for shear. The design span for shearis the clear span, or 12°-1.5" ASD Construction Grace Factors (C) apply to Structural! sheathing only. For other sheathing, this influence is already incorporated into the tabulated values Panel width factor. See NDS Commentary Table C9.3.4. The actual panelis greater than 24 in. and there would be no danger to human life if there were a failure FS = 845 Ibf in per foot of width for 3-ply 48/24 span rating. ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2-1, ‘See NDS Table 9.2.1 for appropriate adjustment factors, This is the bending capacity Load along the ‘1-tstrip of pane! Maximum moment for a 3-span continuous beam with spans of 12 in. The maximum moment < bending capacity, ‘The 48/24 panel is OK in bending. 10.5". The maximum shear is 0.6 wL, where L is the clear span spar Sin ‘shear = Vinax'= 06 ¥ioac(%Psrear) Fs_IbQ:= 3001br Maximum shear force based on clear span of supporting joists. See NDS 8.4.1, This is F,(b/Q) in ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2-3. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD Construction Grace Factors (C) apply to Structural! sheathing only. For other sheathing, this influence is already incorporated into the tabulated values. = 1.0 Panel width factor. See NDS Commentary ‘Table C9.3.4. The actual panelis greater than 24 in, and there would be no danger to human life i there were a failure sag. 24° 845.Ibf in FS = 845 Ibf in per foot of width for 2-ply 48/24. span rating. ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2-1, Fos as_24 = Kr_bey ves, ‘See NDS Table 9.3. for appropriate adjustment factors. Fys_as_o4 = 12524biin This is the bending capacity, Moad = Pmax’ hf ‘oad = 09 Factored load along the 1-1 strip of pane! Migad = 1 MoadSPM pend” Maximum moment for a 3-span continuous beam with spans of 12 in. O80 Ibt-in The maximum moment < bending capacity, The 48/24 panel is OK in bending. Check Shear Check the 3-ply 48/24 span rating for shear. The design span for shearis the clear span, or 12"-41.5"= 10.5", The maximum shear is 0,6 wL, where L is the dear span. Maximum shear force based on clearspan of supporting joists. See NDS 9.4.1 Vana = 473 1b Fs. IbQ:= 300Ibr This is F,(1b/Q) in ASD/LRFD Manual Table M9.2.3. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION End O3HO ONIHLVSHS HAOMINYOS308 Re Rad ASD Fs IbQ:= Fs IbQC H.C yy rena Ct ° ‘Allowable shear capacity, pounds per foot Fs ThQ = 326 bt of panel width Vine e_perp Check bearing where wales are supported by the tie washers ad = LB pate PAthvae = 415Ibi ad AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ty = 440 psi Check bearing where wales and studs are in contact ‘auds Lint Factored stud load in Uniform load 43-Weruas SPMg Maximum reaction for a 4-span sud 4, 1.5in, c= 125 b ‘c_pep ‘c_pep Check KE pearing’ Fe_perp’Cb’°M_pem'© = 887 psi Area hear bearing where wales are supported by the tie washers Pload J LB Wyvate Payal -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION continuous beam with uniform load Era NoIS3q 31VM WYOMWOSEP Caer ASD 2.3/4 inch square tie washers bear upon the Hength year '= 3750 wales. The ties run between the two wales A 5 creating a 3/4-inch space for a 1/2.inch tie. Widlhyggg = 15-2in Thus 1-1/2 inches of bearing width exists on each wale. Aree = Pe perp > fe peep Use double 3-in by 4-in Construction Grade Southern Pine for wales [assuming ties are spaced at 24 inches]. Although the main components of the formwork system have been designed, lateral load bracing of the entire system would also be needed to complete the design. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD length pene = 3.75-in 2.3/4 inch square tie washers bear upon the wales. The ties run between the two wales Widlhpoge = LS-2-in creating a 3/4-inch space for a 1/2.inch tie. Thus 1-1/2 inches of bearing width exists on Areajgegr = Iengthtyeay Wid peg each wale. Aredyeqy = 1.25 in? = Ee b= Cp Fe perp = Kr_bearing Me_perp’Cb Pe perp = HOSpsi ‘e_perp k ic_perp Pe perp > e_perp Use double 3-in by 4-in Construction Grade Southern Pine for wales [assuming ties are spaced at 24 inches]. Although the main components of the formwork system have been designed, lateral load bracing of the entire system would also be needed to complete the design. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION erry NoIS3q 31VM WYOMWOSFED DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd FETE Long Span Heavy Timber Truss Problem Set A long span heavy timber truss consisting of structural glued laminated timber members and steel gusset plate connections has been analyzed and member forces have been determined for the snow load condition shown, In the analysis, it was assured that joint details are such that the truss behaves as if pin-connected. The following problems pertain to design of several components of the truss. Member forces associated with two subsequent problems are shown in the Dead load = 480 pif, Snow load = 600 pif t_4_1_4_1_1_+_1_t_¥__1¥__+ Compressive farce” 9 panels at 5° = 45 Problem 29. Heavy Timber Truss Top Chord De: A panel of the heavy timber truss top chord consists of two 3-in.-wide ghilams spaced 3 in. apart to accommoda single member webs, ‘The members are Southern Pine Combination #58 subject to dead and snow | Attached sheathing provides continuous bracing along the top. Determine the minimum required top based on axial and lateral force interaction only. cds as shown, ed depth 0=480 pif $=800 pit 4.9 kips 543.8 kips Roof Deck 3" 3" -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3q GUOHD dO SSNUL YaSWWLL AAVSHErr PRR ena ASD Solution Problem 29 Structural Analysis be Weal = 480 oat = YSaon* Meat stat = 10802 i Protal = Psnow * Ppead Peal = 787ODIbE sl “total sao Proad = Poa 393501 Length := 5.1 M, M load ASD Uniform loads applied to top chord. Axial forces from a structural analysis. Assume each member carries half of the load from the analysis. Member carrying half of the compressive load Simple beam maximum moment. Since the top chord is continuous over all of the panel points ofthe tuss, this is a conservative estimate AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD LRED Solution Problem 29 Structural Analysis Snow = OOF Unfactored uniform loads Ib Dead *= 480 R Pgnoy = 438001bf Unfactored axial forces from an analysis, Pread = 3490016 Wo Factored uniform loads Protal = | 2Pead + LP Snow Factored axial forces ‘Assume each member carties half of the load 2 from the analysis. load = Member carrying half of the compressive load Pioad = 55980 1b Length = 5.12in Mioag =~ Simple beam maximum moment. Since the top " 8 cchort is continuous over ail of the panel points of the truss, this is a conservative estimate. Mag = 28800 in Ibe load -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 333 NOIS3q GUOHD dO SSNUL YaSWWLL AAVSHFerd PRR ena ASD Member Information Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 €)y= 115. Load duration factor Cjy i= 1.0 Flat use factor Cys Lo Wetsenice factor Coss 10 Curvature factor Cy= Lo Temperature factor C= 1.0. Beam stabil factor. The member is braced by the sheathing to prevent lateral-torsional buckling Reference Design Values, ip = 2400p Combination 58 Assume 4 or more laminations and bending 2400psi about the x-« axis, 2200000-psi Section Properties Width = ‘Specified in problem statement Mion set Syoc eat = 8-M4in? The estimated section modulus is smaller than any tabulated. Try a 3 in. by 6-7/8 in (42) section firs. Depth := [6+ = jin Urs Depth? So = With PL Sq = 2368 Area:= Widih: Depth AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Member Information Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 Cys 10 Wet Service Factor cle Temperature Factor qs 10 Beam Stabilty Factor. The member is braced by the sheathing to prevent lateral-torsional buckling, k= 08 Time Effect Factor. See NDS N.3.3, 1.20+1,68 Reference Design Values ‘p= 2400psi Ein *= 140000 p Section Properties Wik := 3in M toad As eit = Depth:= (6+ 2 in Depth? Seg Wid PEE Igs= Width 24in Area:= Width-Depth LRFD Cyyi= 10 Flat Use Factor Cys 10 Curvature Factor bp 98S Gy: 0.90 = 08S Combination 58 Assume 4 of more laminations and bending about the x-x axis, ‘Specified in problem statement The estimated section modulus is smaller than any tabulated. Try a 3in. by 6-7/8 in, section first -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION FEC NOIS3q GUOHD dO SSNUL YaSWWLL AAVSHEELS Design Calculations Calculations Column Stability Factor Fe star = FeCy Cue Fy star = 2760psi min'= Emin’ o'Ce min = 1140000 psi Kos 10 th PRR ena ASD Comments, F*, is defined as the value of F', without C, in the calculation. NDS 3.7.1 The top chord isa continuous member wath ‘equally spaced supports. A theoretical elastic buckling analysis for the continuous member such as this under a compressive load would have each span bucking in a single sinusoidal curve, Thus, we will fake K, = 1.0. See Appendix G, Table G1. |, (dis less than 50, NDS 3.7.1.4. The top chord is braced by the sheathing to prevent minor axis buckling, The depth resisting major axis buckling is the depth of the member in this case. NDS 3.7.1.5 Note that «is not a symbol inthe NDS, Itis used here to represent a physical quantity; thet Is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller «,, the lower the value of Cp. 0.9 for glulam. NDS 3.7.1 NDS Eq.3.74 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Design Calculations Calculations Comments Column Stability Factor F*, is defined as the value of F', without C, in the calculation. NDS 3.7.1 beKy ke estar min’= Kp_Emin'?s Emin MC Ke= 10 The top chord isa continuous member wath ‘equally spaced supports. A theoretical elastic buckling analysis for the continuous member KeLength such as this under a compressive load would have each span bucking in a single sinusoidal curve, Thus, we will fake K, = 1.0. See Appendix G, Table G1. d= Depih 6 = 6875in aw |, (dis less than 50, NDS 3.7.1.4. The top a chord is braced by the sheathing to prevent minor axis buckling, The depth resisting major axis buckling is the depth of the member in this case. NDS 3.7.1.5 Note that cis not a symbol inthe NDS, Itis c_star used here to represent a physical quantity; that Is, tis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling capacity. The smaller «,, the lower the value of Cp. 0.9 for glulam. NDS 3.7.1 NDS Eq.3.74 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ferd NOIS3q GUOHD dO SSNUL YaSWWLL AAVSHEEL PRR ena Volume Factor Widih Interaction Equation Pload = FC Cp Cy Cr ig = 2685 psi Mioad 3 b= int = 857 psi = FCO Cran Cemin((y Cy) k f le) ib a (Fern) Check Deflection deflection = $-w— 8 3a ASD NDS Eq.5.34 0, the maximum allowed value, NDS. Compression due to axial load 1, wom GR} min(Ztem24s-2111s-21V) bf Capacity per bolt Mode |, controls Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.4 Cy= 115 Load Duration Factor Cgy= 10) Diaphragm factor ov Wet Service Factor Cy 10 Toe nail Factor cee Temperature Factor c ) End Grain Factor ‘Assume that C, = 1 unless, upon further calculation, it is found that end distances and within-row spacings must change. Also, assume that Cg bolt arrangement are determined. nfl a required number of bolts and a tentative 4 Adjusted lateral resistance AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Mode Il, Zqy = 4615161 Mode IV Zeonwot = (Zt Zs>21s Zeontsol = 317 1b Capacity per bolt Mode |, controls Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 8 See NDS TableN.3.3 for load Wet Service Factor combination 1.2D+1.88. Temperature Factor c ) End Grain Factor 10 Diaphragm factor Cy 10 Toe nail Factor ‘Assume that C, = 1 unless, upon further calculation, itis found that end distances and within-row spacings must change. Also, assume that Cg bot arrangement are determined. Until a required number of bolts anda tentative =10 \ 2:=1Kp by ZeontrolM xt Sela Adjusted lateral resistance -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Ere NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO 83M NOISN3L SSNULcry Se ee OnE] ASD Determine number of bolts needed Padead ‘= S100IDE Pgoyy = E400 P= Paoad + Psnow Thisis the unfactored axial force [D+S] in “ the web member no_bolts = 5.6 Try 6 bolts in a tentative connection design. Most likely, 2 rows with 3 bolts per row should be examined. See Problem 31. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD Determine number of bolts needed L Paead 0 This is the factored axial force [1.2D+ 1.68] in the web member. Pie 1.2Pgead + LOP ano) no_bolts := = Try 6 bolts in a tentative connection design. Most likely, 2 rows with 3 bolts per row should be examined. See Problem 31. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Er) NOIS3G NOILO3NNOO 83M NOISN3L SSNULery DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd cr Problem 31. Truss Tension Web Design Determine minimum member depth for the tension web that is 3 in. thick and must resist a tensile force of 20.49 kips, In the determination of the member depth, consider the 3/4 in, bolts from the previous problem, their spaci 1d net section stresses in the wood. Use Southern Pine Combination # usset plate extends into the requirements, and local detail can apply at either end of the member. It is assumed that the web member at the connection at the top and bottom, f the wood -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULcry ASD Solution Problem 31 Problem Parameters Main Parameters 490Ibt Tension force, D+ S Width == Sin Glulam with 1 Bolt Diameter Reference Design Values F (= 1800psi Fogg = 87000-psi Fog = 6150-psi Fy = 45000-psi E main °= 29000000. psi Ege = 2200000. psi side P Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 p= 115 Load duration factor yy LO Wet sence factor y= 10 Temperature factor t Design Calculations Calculations Find Member Size for Pure Tension = Heep eM 2070 psi Toad et rq 1 Sa ORD ASD main = 0.25in Main member thickness, steel plate teide'= 1375in Side member thickness. This will be modified in calculations below to ‘account for the groove dimensions, Reference stresses for combination #58 Southern Pine Ghulam, NDS Supplement Table 5B, Dowel bearing strength for A36 steel, NDS. Table 116, footnote 2 Dowel beating strength for Southem Pine, specific gravity = .55, NDS Table 11.3.2 Yield strength for A36 bots, NDS Table I1 (Appendix |) E of steel main member E of SP side member, NDS Supp. Table 58 cy lo \ ©, to be computed later Comments Required net area of member AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRED Solution Problem 31 Problem Parameters Main Parameters Unfactored tension force, D + S Tgead = 91001bf Varo = 1390-16 "Load = 12 Tgead + 6 T snow Vjoad = 29144 Ibf Factored axial tension force Width := 3in Glulam width Bott Diameter Reference Design Values F (= 1800psi y= 300 ps Fog = 87000-psi Fy = 6150-ps Fyy = 45000-psi Exain = 29000000. psi Faue= psi Adjustment Factors NDS Table 10.3.1 eyes he Wet service factor cy 10 Temperature factor t cya 10 \ C, to be computed later Design Calculations Calculations Find Member Size for Pure Tension Fy skp pede CeO F, = 3110p Ay Toad req 1 LRFD Main member thickness Sin Side member thickness. This will be modified in calculations below to account for the groove dimensions. t side Reference stresses for combination #58 ‘Southern Pine Glulam, NDS Supplement Table 5B, Dowel bearing strength for A36 steel, NDS. Table 116, footnote 2 Dowel bearing strength for Southem Pine, specific gravity = .55, NDS Table 11.3.2 Yield strength for A36 bolts, NDS Table I (Appendix i) E of steel main member E of SP side member, NDS Supp. Table 58 =08 Time effect factor for 1.2D+1.6S Comments, Required net area of member -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cd NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNUL358 Sa ORD ‘net_req = 9-910 A : et reg Deptipog i= hig 3in Depiyeg = 3.3in ASD Required depth of section Given this small required depth, the depth is estimated based on bolt spacing requirements. From Problem 30, assume 2 rows of 3 bolts each. Determine member depth based on bolt spacing. As in Problem 30, there is a 1/4-in. thick leg of a steel gusset plate embedded in the center of the member. See NDS 11.5 and establish a tentative joint detail Ital be assumed in the bolt detail determination that C,, Edge Distance, NDS Table 11.5.1 Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Ig:= L34dsin Distige = 15D Dist, 251m edge =! End Distance, NDS Table 11.5.18, Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain in tension Distanes =7D mnd_SP Distance, 5.2510 ‘end_SP 1 A groove is cutin order to insert the 1/4” steel plate as 2 main member, The groove should be cut 1/16" wider than the plate, thus the remaining side member thickess wll be 4-11/32" or approximately 1.344" In this calculation, the total length of the side members is used. See footnote 1b in Table 11.5.1. The controlling V/D is for the side members and it less than 8. Thus, the minimum edge distance = 1.5D Assume that C. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd EEC LRFD A 94in® ‘net_roq, A : net_req Depithyyg = ES Pitre 3in Depthgy = 3 Lin Required depth of section Given this small required depth, the depth is estimated based on bolt spacing requirements. From Problem 30, assume 2 rows of 3 bolts each. Determine member depth based on bolt spacing. As in Problem 30, there is a 1/4-in. thick leg of a steel gusset plate embedded in the center of the member. See NDS 11.5 and establish a tentative joint detail twill be assumed in the bolt detail determination that ©, = 1 Edge Distance, NDS Table 11.5.1 Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain = Lin ‘A groove is cut in order to insert the 1/4" steel plate as a main member. The groove should be cut 1/16" wider than the plate, thus the remaining side member thickess willbe 1-11/82" ot approximately 1.344" 3584 Inthis calculation, the total length of the side members is used. See footnote 1b in Table 11.5.1A. The controlling I/D is for the side members and itis less than 6, Thus, the minimum edge distance = 1.5D End Distance, NDS Table 11.5.18. Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain in tension Assume that C= 1 Distancegng_sp!= 7-D Distance, end_SP = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULEro Sa ORD ASD Spacing in a row, NDS Tablet1.5.1C ‘Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Inrow LD wcing_SP ‘spacing SP = Spacing between rows, NDS Table 11.5.1D Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Brwnrowy y= 15D pacing_S Boynrow = 1.125in spaci TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF MINIMUM SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: Min, edge distance = 1.125 Min, end distance = 5.25 Min. spacing in a row = 3,00 in Min. spacing btwn rows = 1.125in 3/8 in Thus, the minimum depth is 2 x the edge distance +the spacing between rows The smallest depth for a 3-in, wide SP glulam is §-1/2 in [See Table 1D in the NDS Supplement.] Try a 34n by 5-1/2:in, SP glulam member, combination 58. Edge distance = 1-1/2 in End distance = 5-1/4 in Spacing in a row = 3in Spacing between rows = 2-1/2 in< 5 in OK per NDS Table 11.5.1D Verifiy that spacings are appropriate for the steel plate per AISC Recalculate the Lateral Resistance Depth := 5.Sin The SP member is loaded parallel to grain. Bolts are in double shear AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD Spacing in a row, NDS Tablet1.5.1C ‘Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Inrow LD wcing_SP ‘spacing SP = Spacing between rows, NDS Table 11.5.1D ‘Southern Pine, loaded parallel to grain Bownto% spacing spi= 1SD Brwnrow >= 1.125 in spacing_S TENTATIVE SUMMARY OF MINIMUM SPACING REQUIREMENTS Southern Pine: Min, edge distance = 1.125 Min. end distance = 5.25 in, Min. spacing in a row = 3,00 in, Min. spacing btwn rows = 1.125 3/8 in, Thus, the minimum depth is 2 x the edge distance +the spacing between rows The smallest depth for a 3-in, wide SP glulam is §-1/2 in [See Table 1D in the NDS Supplement.] Try a 34n by 5-1/2:in, SP glulam member, combination 58. Edge distance = 1-1/2 in End distance = 5-1/4 in Spacing in a row = 3in Spacing between rows = 2-1/2 in< 5 in OK per NDS Table 11.5.1D Verifiy that spacings are appropriate for the steel plate per AISC Recalculate the Lateral Resistance Depth == 55.in 0:5 Odeg The SP member is loaded parallel to gral Bolts are in double shear -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ETre NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULcry Sa ORD ASD Zim Mode Ip 2jyy = 407BIbE Mode I, y= 11969 2D, Fem TK GFR) ee Mode Il, av = 4613Ibt Mode IV Zeontrol = ™in{Ztrp, Z control = 3100 tb Mode Is controls Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 nas Number of fasteners in a row PA = En At nai a Aredain = ‘main’ Depth Afetn gin = 1:375i 7 EA = Emain’A ain EA ott AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue cry LRFD Zim Mode Ip 2jyy = 407BIbE Mode I, y= 0969 2D, Fem TK GFR) ee Mode Il, av = 4613Ibt Mode IV Zeoninat ~ 3100168 Mode Is controls Calculation of group action factor, NDS 10.3.6 nisi Number of fasteners in a row EAgq = 39875000 bf -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULcry Sa ORD ASD Areayge'= | With ~ (‘gain + 22 )] 222 We are adding 1/16" tothe groove dimension to L Wj] 2 allow for dimensional changes in the wood. = 7.391 in? side MEG gg?? NDS 10.3.6. A, is the total area of both side members, thus the 2 mule EA, = 325187S01b1 EAy rA. For bolts in wood-tometal connections veterd(L. 21 EAn =| mt NOS Eq 10.341 ” (eRpym)-c em -1+m" Cg= 0991 Group acon factor 2'= Leontrot Cm Cr Cg Ca, Adjusted lateral resistance r= ssn Capaciy per bot Revised Lateral Resistance Since C, is now known for the bolt configuration, the required number of bolts is re-computed AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue cr LRFD Areagge =| Watt ~ (‘yin + 222)) DB We are adding 1/16" tothe groove dimension to L we) 2 allow for dimensional changes in the wood. Bade Metyige? NDS 10.3.6.A, isthe total area of both side members, thus the 2 multiplier. EA. = 32518750%b8 For bolts in woodto-metal connections mt — m2" ] (1+ Rea) Cee ten) I A) Nos eq. 10.24 . mn). emy— tear] om 7 Ream). | y= 0991 Group action factor B= DRE pte Zeonvot Me Cg Ca Agjusted lateral resistance 2) = S307 Ibe Capacity per bolt Revised Lateral Resistance Since C, is now known for the bolt configuration, the required number of bolts is re-computed -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULcry Sa ORD Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Tension Check for SP, NDS E.2 ea Lin Aree = Ares D4 ae het side 7 Dye = 2-Areayer Zyyp = 21555 br Row Tear-Out Check in the SP Member, NDSE.3 Zen Serial = Min(Pistaneeeng sp NOW eing SP) Scritical ASD ‘Six 3/4" bots stil will be required when taken into account. NDS 11.1.22 The highest load that can be carried by the bolts is 21,192 Ibs [6 x 2], but the highest load that can be carried by the net section of the main memberis 21,555 lbs. Both are higher than the applied load of 20,490 Ib. OK Sciscai 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing Number of bolts in the row txs, Row tear out capacity of one row AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Local stress checks, NDS Appendix E Net Section Tension Check for SP, NDS E.2 ea Area = APCasige — Arey gg = 5.21 in Serial = Min(Pistaneeeng sp NOW eing SP) Scritical = 3" VF Ky py Oy Hy Cee S18psi Zr = Py Seritical Ziggy = S271 IE LRFD ‘Six 3/4" bots stil will be required when taken into account. NDS 11.14.22 The highest load that can be carried by the boks is 31,842 Ibs [6 x 2, but the highest load that can be carried by the net section of the main member is 32,389 Ibs. Both are higher ‘than the factored applied load of 29,144 Ib. OK Sejgeai 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing, Number of bolts in the row 1X Soisca an area Row tear out capacity of one row -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cd NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULcry Sa ORD ASD 2er=2Zer This is the total row tear out capacity for two 2p = SM6lbt identical rows of bots in one side member. 29 both_sides =? RT Zt oth sides = }6692IbE This is the total row tear out capacity for both pe skie members and is less than the applied load of 20,490 Ib. Options: 41) Increase the thickness of the member from 3 in. Assume that architecturally, itis desired to have all truss members with a 3-n. thickness. 2) Select a glulam grade with a higher shear capacity. This would require re-visiting all of the previous calculations. 3) Increase the bolt spacing within a row from 3 in. to4 in. This lengthens the connection, but itis not such a painful option. NOTE: Changing the in-row spacing changes C, from 0.991 to 0.988, still would result in 6 required bolts. p= Asin spacing SP Zev Pvt Seritical Serica = MiN(PISIMe Eng SPs INTO acing SP) Seat 1 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing. Serica = Fy > Our Py = 5 psi 2 Number of bolts in the row Zar mF yt Seitcal UX Sayyou 5 an area Zippy = 556641 Row tear out capacity of one row 2er=2Zen1 This is the total row tear out capacity for two 2yyy = WN2BIE identical rows of bots in one side member. This isthe total row tear out capacity for Zeer oth sides = 22k both side members. This s greater than the applied load of 20,490 Ib. 2 yet posh sides br AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD 2er=2Zer This is the total row tear out capacity for two 2p = 125411 identical rows of bots in one side member. 29 both_sides =? RT 25082 Ibi ‘This is the total row tear out capacity for both side members and is less than the factored applied load of 29,144 Ib. 237 oth_sides = Options: 41) Increase the thickness of the member from 3 in. Assume that architecturally, itis desired to have all truss members with a 3-n, thickness. 2) Select a glulam grade with a higher shear capacity. This would require re-visiting all of the previous calculations. 3) Increase the bolt spacing within a row from 3 in. to4 in. This lengthens the connection, but itis not such a painful option. NOTE: Changing the in-row spacing changes C, from 0.991 to 0.988, still would resultin 6 required bolts Trey pos din sp spac Zuri = Fy" Seitical Serica = MiN(PiSuMeL ang SP: IY Spacing SP) Serncns 8 the minimum of the actual end distance and the actual in-row bolt spacing. Seyitieat = Fy ike pyby Fy CMG Fy = SINpsi a; Number of bolts in the row Zari = mF yt Seriticat Ux Saygou 6 an area Zyeqy = 836 1 Row tear out capacity of one row 2er=2Zen1 This isthe total row tear out capacity for two 2yyy = W6T2DINE identical rows of bots in one side member. , , This isthe total row tear out capacity for both RT oth_sides = 2-2" side members, This is greater than the factored applied load of 29,144 Ib. ZR both_sides = -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ETc NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNUL370 Sa ORD Group Tear-Out Check in SP Member, NDS E.4 _ Zen Zor Zen Zer1 Aeroup net = Tickness[ (oy —!)(Srow PA) ogt2in sroup_net = 1}(Srow ~ Pu) = 2.268in? Zeri | 7RT2 ma * Pe Agroup_net Ziggy = 1o2s9tbt Z.GT_both_sides = 22g = 205181 ZEA _both_side ASD ‘See NDS E.56 for this formula, , is the actual bolt hole diameter. This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the applied load of 20,490 Ib AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue EYE LRFD Group Tear-Out Check in SP Member, NDS E.4 Zer2= Zen . Agroup_net = Thiekness{ (poy ~1)(Ssow~Ph)]" See NDS E.6 for this formula Dy D+ 8 Dis the actual bolt hole ameter Dy=08 spacingetween " np net = “(row !}(Srove~ Pad] ‘group_net = 2.268 in” pre ZR, ZR Gi group_net Zep = A 2 by ‘GT_botb. sides = 221 2'GT_both_ sides = 308301bt ‘This is the group tear out capacity considering both side members. This is greater than the factored applied load of 29,144 Ib, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNULEI Sa ORD ASD Final details Use a 3-in by 5-1/2-in SP glulam, Combination 58. There must be six 3/4" diameter bolts at each end of the 1/4-in steel gusset plate inserted into a 5/16-in wide groove cut as shown in the figure. All bolt spacing values as shown in the figure below. Stee! Plate S, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Final details Use a 3-in by 5-1/2-in SP glulam, Combination 58. There must be six 3/4" diameter bolts at each end of the 1/4-in steel gusset plate inserted into a 5/16-in wide groove cut as shown in the figure. All bolt spacing values as shown in the figure below. Steel Plate s, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 373 NNDIS3G 83M NOISNAL SSNUL374 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Problem 32. Light Pole - Curved Section Check Check the curved portion of the light pole for bendin hhung from the pole tip. n Pine, Consider only ime exterior exposure and temperatures les id than 100°F fora @ ad and neglect axial-bending interaction, Rr | (to centetine of A section) F 10 1/2" + A ~ T ” 14 @ 3/4 * 200 Ib laminations light =10 1/2" 20° * Section A-A Glued laminated light pole -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION , shear, and radial stress if'a 200-Ib (unfactored) light fixture lulam combination 0 ‘MOaHO NOLLOIS G3AUND - 310d LHOTcry Tee oka og ASD Solution Problem 32 Structural Analysis Depth = 10.5in Width >= 10 Si R Tt in ‘center R 88in center R Weithtyyyed = ee Depth Witt 40-2 = Pload "Reenter + Weithleuved Beenter Member Information Section Properties Area = Depth: Width Width-Depih™ ASD t= 0.75.in Lamination thickness Dept Rinside = Reenter ~ —— Rinside (OK. The ratio of UR,, 4g Must be less than or equal to .01 for Southern Pine. NDS5.38 This is the weight of the curved portion assuming a unit weight of 40 pet. Maximum moment occurs where the straight and curved portions meet. Reference Design Values - 16F-V5 SP NDS Supp. Table 5A. Fy tension = '600pst = 1600p 1500psi 300psi AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRED Solution Problem 32 Structural Analysis Depih== 105i Widih == 10.Si R Tt in ‘center R 88in center R Weithtyyyed = ee Depth Witt 40-2 ‘oad Reenter + Wetshtouryed Reenter) = 14(h 742 in. IbE Member Information Section Properties Area = Depth: Width Width-Depih™ LRFD tu=0.75.in Lamination thickness Dept Rinside = & ‘center = Rinside OK. The ratio of UR,, ij. must be less than ‘or equal to .01 for Southern Pine. NDS 5.3.8 This is the weight of the curved portion assuming a unit weight of 40 pet. Maximum moment occurs where the straight and curved portions meet The 1.4 is a load factor for 1.4D load combination. Reference Design Values - 16F-V5 SP NDS Supp. Table 5A. Fy tension = '600pst = 1600p 1500psi 300psi -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cra ‘MOaHO NOLLOIS G3AUND - 310d LHOTEI Tee oka og Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 cy 09 Load duration factor cs ke Temperature factor 1 CM bend = 8 Wet service factor, bending Cy pe 0.833 Wet service factor, E 33 Wet service factor for compression perp. to grain CML perp = 0875 Wet service factor CM. shear shear Cyandc, be computed later Design Calculations Calculations Volume Factor Curvature Factor NDS 5.3.8 ASD Cy 10. Flat use factor The wet service factors are in Table 5A of the NDS Supplement, C= 10 Beam stability factor. The depth ‘and width are equal, so lateral stabiity does not need to be checked. Comments, NDS 5.3.6, Assumption: Length for use in Cyis at curved section instead of the length between points of zero moment, of which there is only The maximum value of C, is 1.0 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 Chys= 10 Flat use factor p= O85 dy 078 = 1 Temperature factor = og Wet sence factor. The wet service factors are in Table 5A of the M_bend ‘upplement bending NDS Supplement Cy_pi= 0833 Wet service factor, E 206 Time effect factor Cit perp'= 053 Wet senvice factor for compression perp. to Format conversion grain factors Ls73 CM shear Wet service factor St pep = ° shear “ Gyand G, to be computed later C= 10. Beam stability factor. The depth and width are equal, so lateral stabifty does not need to be Design Calculations checked Calculations Comments Volume Factor s.2sin\” NDS 5.3.6, Assumption: Length for use in Cyis (wien) at curved section instead of the length between points of zero moment, of which there is only one, y The maximum value of C, i 1.0. Curvature Factor NDS 5.3.8 co= 1 - 2000f— p= 0836 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION ETE ‘MOaHO NOLLOIS G3AUND - 310d LHOT380 Calculate Allowable Loads Bending Design Shear Stress Weight, Vioad = Pload 76 Ibe Fy3= Fue COM shear’. Check Radial Stress NDS 5.4.1 3Mmax D Roemer Aree ‘e_perp = Fe_perp"©M 4 = 345 psi ‘c_pep Section is Adequate Tee oka og ASD Use lesser of C, and C, - NDS 5.3.6 kin bending The highest shear force will be at the crown of the serricircular arch. kin shear NDS Eq.5.4-4 This very small radial stress would be radial compression given the direction of the applied loads. This is compared with the adjusted compression perpendicular to grain stress for radial compression, See NDS 5.4.1.3. The bearing area factor, C,,, is assumed to be 1 and Is not shown herein, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Calculate Allowable Loads Bending Design 7-KE pending toh tension CM ber Shear Stress Weigh ) igh euived Vioad = 14 oad = 4 7S MI, = RP shear by Foy CM shew Check Radial Stress NDS 5.4.1 3Minax TR oemter Area enter psi ‘e_perp = KY perp'be’Fe_perp’°M_perpCt F = 388 psi ‘e_perp Section is Adequate LRFD Use lesser of C, and C, - NDS 5.3.6 The highest shear force will be at the crown of the semicircular arch, This is the factored shear force with the 1.4 as the load factor. NOS Eq5.44 ‘This very small radial stress is radial compression given the direction of the applied loads. This is compared with the adjusted compression perpendicular to grain stress for radial compression. See NDS 5.4.1.3. The bearing area factor, C,, is assumed to be 1 andis not shown herein. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION erry ‘MOaHO NOLLOIS G3AUND - 310d LHOTEred DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd Ere) Problem 33. Light Pole - Straight Section Check Check the adequacy of the straig vertical portion of the light pole for combined bending and axial force interaction, Assume exterior exposure and temperatures less than 100°F for a glulam combination of 16F-V5 Souther Pine. Consider only dead load and self weight ofthe curved portion, Rr | Go cemteine of A section to A 7 ~ 1 1200 Ib 14 @ 3/4" light laminations =10 1/2" 20' | Section A-A Glued laminated light pole -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHONery Pere Cao ASD Solution Problem 33 Structural Analysis Depit:= 10.5in Width == 10.Sin Reenter = 88in teurved esate os witsodll Weighlyaived = 353 Ib oad = 2001bf Mmax = load? Reenter + We'bturved Reenter Mynay = 66244 in IoC Pinas = Pload * Welablourved Praag = S53bE Member Information Section Properties Depth: Wich = 110in sumin "= 730000 psi ASD t:=0.75.in Lamination thickness: ‘This is the weight of the curved portion assuming a unit weight of 40 pet. This was computed in Problem 32. Applied dead load at tip of curved section. Maximum moment occurs where the straight and curved portions meet, This was computed in Problem 32 This is the axial force applied to the straight portion by the weight of the curved portion and the apptied dead load. Reference Design Values, 16F-V5 Southern Pine Fy tension = 1600psi compression '= 1608psi = 1500psi By 200ps Fy pexp = 50s ‘e pap This value will be needed to determine the allowable axial force associated with column buckling. In general, the designer needs to USC the Eqn, OF Eymn Which combined with the effective bucking length, yields the minimum Fi These calculations are shown below. Emin aNd Eygiy in this case are sin AMG Erin equal AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD LRED Solution Problem 33 Structural Analysis Deplt = 10.5in (:=075.in Lamination thickness ‘Width = 10.Sin Rooter = 88 omy bf This is the weight of the curved portion Weightcuryed ‘= * Depth Width 40. assuming a unit weight of 40 pet Weight » 5 Applied dead load at tip of curved secton. oad = 2 Maximum moment occurs where the straight and curved portions meet. This was computed in Problem 32. This is a factored moment and the 1.4 is the load factor for load combination 1.4D. hn R, ‘curved Reenter Pynax'= !{Phoad + The 1.4 is a load factor. Prnay = 774100 ‘This is the factored axial force applied to the straight portion by the weight of the curved Member Information portion and the appfed dead load, Section Properties Reference Design Values, 16F-V5 Souther Pine Area = Depth: Wi = 110 3in” b_tension = 160s = 1604 Fy_compression % Fy = 1500psi Fyx!= 300ps1 Fe ern = 650psi pap This value will be needed to determine the allowable axial force associated with column bucking. In general, the designer needs to use the Eye OF Emin Which combined with the effective bucking length, yields the minimum F,-. These calculations are shown below. E, equal Egmmin = 730000-psi erin 0 E yyy ih this case are -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cr OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHONcry Pere Cao Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 cy =09 Load duration factor =10 Temperature factor Ct bend “= 08 Wet service factor, bending yy j= 0833 Wet service factor, mod. of a elasticity Wet Service Factor, ‘compression parallel to grain Cy to be computed tater cys 10 Design Calculations Calculations Volume Factor gength = 20-8 ASD Cyy= 10 Flat use factor The wet service factors are in Table 5A of the NDS Supplement. 153 Wet service factor for M_perp = compression perp. tograin Wet senvice factor, shear c M_ shear cs 10 Beam stability factor. The depth and width are equal solateral stability does not need to be checked. Comments, NDS 5.3.6, Assumption: Length for use in Cys the length of the straight section instead of the length between points of zero moment, of which there are none, In Problem 32, C, was calculated using just the length of the curved portion. Thus, the straight and curved parts are treated as independent, but an argument co.uld be made that the length used should be the sumof the two. Other options are at the discretion of the designer AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Adjustment Factors NDS Table 5.3.1 = 10 ‘Temperature factor Wet service factor, bending CMC bend = 08 Wet service factor, mod. of Cyt pe 0.833 J elasticity Wet service factor, ‘compression paralle!to grain Me =o Gy 10 be computed later Kp axial = “mt Design Calculations Caleu ions Volume Factor Length (120 Depth LRFD Cy 10 Flat use factor Cy perp'= 053 Wet service factor, ° compression perp. to grain CM shear = 0875 Wet service factor, shear The wet service factors are in Table 5A of the NDS Supplement. Beam stability factor. The depth and width are equal, so lateral stability does not need to be checked. C= 10 y= 085, Ky amin = [> Comments NDS 5.3.6. Assumption: Length for use in Gyis the length of the straight section instead of the length between points of zero moment, of which there are none. In Problem 32, C, was calculated using just the length of the curved portion. Thus, the straight and curved parts are treated as independent, but an argument could be made that the length used should be the sumof the two. Other options are at the discretion of the designer. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cd OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHON388 Pa Sout oe Assuming uniaxial bending, the following interaction eqation must be evaluated. This is Eq. 3.9-3 in the NDS, fi ‘, calculation Pos Fotp Cu ret Column Stability Factor, C, NDS 3.7.1 217 psi ASD Although the axial force is small, the column slendemess is quite large, as wil be noted later. Thus, we will evaluate the interaction equation, NDS Appendix G, Table Gt The buckling length of the member is 20°, the height before the curved section, The maximum slendemess ratio, I/d, is 50, sowe ate close to the limit. See NDS 3.7.1.4 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Enc LRFD Assuming uniaxial bending, the following interaction eqation must be evaluated. This is Eq. 3.9-3 in the NDS. Although the axial force is small, the column o slendemess is quite large, as wil be noted later. Thus, we will evaluate the interaction equation fi F', calculation Cure Seep Column Stability Factor, C, NDS 3.7.1 Ky=2 NDS Appendix G, Table G1 = 201K, The buckling length of the member is 20’, the . height before the curved section, 48 ‘The maximum slendemess ratio, |,/d, is 50, sowe are close to the limit, See NDS 3.7.1.4 min’= Bp_Emin'®sEsmin’CM_ EC = 912138psi \ Deptt} -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHON390 Pa Sout oe ASD ‘- allowable compression force without factoring in column stability Note that cis not a symbol in the NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that Is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling material capacity. The smaller the lower the value of Cp, NDS Eq, 3.7-1 with 9 for glulam. = Fey f,1 calculation Mmnax The moment in the 20-ftlong straight portion is fy = \ constant over its length, by = 343 psi F', calculation PF tension’ CDM bend’ Ce AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Fo star= *Kp_ asia Se"¥e' CM, 1419 psi Fo star 18 9 & c= KP axial Pe Fem Fe Crop g= 36psi fy1 Calculation Minax mo in) = 481 psi ", calculation ‘F_bending'’hFh tension’ ©M_bend’Ce'Cr Cha Evaluate the interaction equation LRFD F*, Allowable compression force without factoring in column stability Note that «is not a symbol inthe NDS. It is used here to represent a physical quantity; that is, itis the ratio of the buckling capacity to the non-buckling material capactty, In this case, the buckling capacity is much lower than. approximately 17 percent of, the material capacity, Therefore, expect a low value for C,, NDS Eq, 3.741 with ¢ 0.9 for glulam. The moment in the 20-ft long straight portion is constant over its length, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 391, OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHONEred Pa Sout oe ASD Components of the interaction equation The axial termis essentially zero and all of the contribution comes from the bending term despite the slendemess of the column. The member checks This problem is obviously simplified since other loads, such as wind in two directions have not been investigated. The purpose of the problem is to introduce curvature effects and the simplified problem illustrates those concepts. Also deflections have nat been checked or limked in the design. The structure is deflection-sensitive, Under just the 200b dead load at the tip, the first-order vertical deflection at the tip would be on the order of 1.2.in. andthe first-order horizontal deffection to the left would be approximately 0.9-in, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD Components of the interaction equation The axial termis essentially zero and all of 0304 the contribution comes from the bending term despite the slendemess of the column. fa The member checks This problem is obviously simplified since other loads, such as wind in two directions have not been investigated. The purpose of the problem is fo introduce curvature effects and the simplified problem illustrates those concepts. Also deflections have not been checked or linked in the design. The structure is deflection-sensiive. Under just the 200-b dead load at the tip, the first-order vertical deflection af the tip would be on the order of 1.24in. andthe first-order horizontal deflection to the left would be approximately 0.9, -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION erry OHO NOLLO3S LHBIVELS ~ 310d LHONery SOS rag Two-Story House Problem Set Problems 34 through 40 are related to the two-story structure shown on the next page. The dimensions to be used for the calculations are shown in the figure; those that do not affect the solution are omitted. Reference: American Forest & Paper Association's American Wood Council, Wood Frame Construction Manual (WECM) for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2001 Wind loads will be determined from the WFCM in order to keep the calculations to a minimum. However, loads alculated from ASCE 7 or other means could be used as well. Only wind perpendicular to the ridge will be considered in Problems 34 through 40, but wind parallel to the ridge must be checked in practice. All loads shown below are unfactored, Location: Gulf Coast Three-second gust windspeed: 120 mph Terrain category; Category C, open flat First floor wall height: 10 ft Second floor wall height: 9 ft Inter-story depth: 1 ft Roof pitch: 9/12 House dimensions: 32 ft deep x 44 ft wide ‘Shear walls only at the ends, none on the interior Materials All material is Southern Pine Roof: Plywood panels are applied to roof trusses spaced 2-ft apart. The roof trusses have a top chord of 2-in. nominal lumber. The plywood panel pattem of application will be discussed later. Walls: 2:in. nominal wall studs spaced at 16 in. Floors: 2-in. nominal joists spaced at 16 in. Diaphragm chords: Stud grade SP 2x4 members Wind toad calculations for the roof diaphragm with wind perpendicular to the ridge See Table 2.5A in the WECM. For a 3-second gust wind speed of 130 mph, a roof span of 32 ft, and a roof pitch of 9/12, the interpolated value of unit lateral load is 293 pif = Wroof. Footnote 2: Since the second floor wall height is 9 f, Wrgo¢ = 293 x 9/8 = 330 pif [For roofs with pitch greater than 5/12, these values can be very conservative since the H/8 factor Is applied both to the wall component and to the vertical projection of the pitched roof (See WFCM Commentary on Table 2.54). Below the 5/12 pitch, the contribution to the roof diaphragm load of the projected roof is insignificant and will be ignored.] Footnote 3: ‘The mean roof height = 20 + 0.5 x 16 x 9/12= 26 fl. From Table 1.1, the interpolated multiplier of the 330 pif value is 1.32, Thus 32x 330 Wroot 36 pit. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue Er Wind toad calculations for the floor diaphragm with wind perpendicular to the ridge Table 2.5A gives wfgor a8 257 pif modified as follows: Footnote 2: Wfloor = 257 x (8/2 + 1012)/8 = (9.5)/8 x 257 pif= 305 pif [Use average 1st and 2nd story wall height - 1 ft interstory is already included in the 257 pif value] Footnote 3: ‘The same interpolated value as above, 1.32, may be used. Thus, Whloor = 1.32 x 305 = 403 pit © wae ‘ 44 a rr Problem 34. Roof Diaphragm Sheathing and Nailing Design Assume an unblocke a Select sheathing diaphragm and C | determine the nailing schedule for the roof diaphr t panel application. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION NOIS3G ONITIVN ONY ONIHLV3HS WOVUHAVIG 300dcry Cea Gr ee SUD nO ne ASD ASD Solution Problem 34 Reference: Supplement - Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic [SDPWS] Calculations Comments Ls ant Lis the span of the diaphragm and Wis the depth.The diaphragm may be considered to be Wis 32tt a simply supported beam with a span of L and a depth of W. Check diaphragm aspect ratio. See Table 4.2.4 in SDPWS = 138 For an unblocked diaphragm constructed with wood structural panels, the limit is 3. OK See Table 4.2.4 in SDPWS. W Calculate the unit shear Soot = From the introduction Hon = Nigat The diaphragm acts as a simply supported beamwith support at each end wall. We are assuming no interior shear walls inthis case. reaction = 9592 hf UHllsnear = unit, 30H Select sheathing and determine nailing schedule See Table 4.2B and Section 4.2.7.1 in the SDPWS. Diaphragm is unblocked. Assume Case 1 panel application. This table is entered with the unit shear and the panel grade, nail size, and nailing schedule are determined. For ASD, the tabulated values must be divided by 2.0 according to Section 4.2.3 Options: [All options require 6-in spacing on panel edges and 12-in spacing on intermediate framing, or in the field as some say. See Section 4.2.7.1] 4. Use &d common wire nails with 3/8” Structural | panels. 2. Use 10d common wire nails with 15/32" Structural! panels 3. Use 8d common wire nails with 3/8" Sheathing or Sinale-Floor panels. 4. Use 8d or 10d common wire nails with 15/32" Sheathing or Single-Floor panels. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD LRED Solution Problem 34 Reference: Supplement - Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic [SDPWS] Calculations Comments Laan Lis the span of the diaphragm and Wis the depth. The diaphragm may be considered to = 3241 be a simply supported beam with a span of L and a depth of W. ‘Check diaphragm aspect ratio. See Table 4.2.4 in SDPWS = 138 For an unblocked diaphragm constructed with wood structural panes, the limitis 3. OK See Table 4.2.4 in SDPWS. Ww Calculate the unit shear Wyoot = 16436 From the introduction, W,.9,= 436 pif, but ‘ assuming the load combination 1.2D + 1.6W with D = 0, we have the 1.6 load factor on the wind . L ‘The diaphragm acts as a simply supported Feaclion = Woof > beam with support at each end wall. We are assuming no interior shear walls in this case. reaction = 15347 hf Unilyear = = 40 Mt unit, ‘hear Select sheathing and determine nailing schedule See Table 4.28 and Section 4.2.7.1 in the SDPWS. Diaphragms unblocked. Assume Case 1 panel application. This table is entered with the unit shear and the panel grade, nail size, and nailing schedule are determined. For LRFD, the tabulated values must be multiplied by 0.80 =, according to Section 4.2.3. Options: [All options require 6-in spacing on panel edges and 12-in spacing on intermediate framing, or in the field as some say. See Section 4.2.7.1,] 1, Use 8d common wire nails with 3/8" Structural | panels. 2. Use 10d common wire nails with 15/32” Structural panels 3. Use 8d common wire nails with 3/8" Sheathing or Single-Floor panels. 4. Use 8d or 10d common wire nails with 15/32" Sheathing or Single-Floor panels. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cr NOIS3G ONITIVN ONY ONIHLV3HS WOVUHAVIG 300dEr DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd ETC Problem 35. Tension Chord Check Assume that the chords of the roof diaphragm consist of two Stud grade Southern Pine 2 x 4 members. Check the adequacy of the chord for axial tension only and design the splice using 16d common nails. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Lcnr ASD Solution Problem 35 Berna ASD Reference: Supplement - Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic [SDPWS] Material properties = 47S. psi o7S-psi Adjustment Factors eps 16 Load duration factor Wet service factor Temperature factor Calculations Laan Wes 324 Calculate the axial force in the chord Woof = 36 force yxial = “root EW force yg) = 3297 bt Calculate Tensile Capacity F epee er G Fi = 760ps Determine Required Area of the Chord ee Stud Southern Pine 2 by 4 LO Size factor. See Table 48 of the NDS Supplement C= LO Incising factor Comments Lis the span of the diaphragm and Wis the depth. The diaphragm may be considered to be a simply supported beam with a span of L anda depth of W. Lateral load on diaphragm from introduction ‘The moment in the diaphragm is cartied by the chords acting as a couple. Thus, the cchord force is the moment divided by the depth of the diaphragm, This is the maximum axial force that exists in the chord and its location corresponds with the point of maximum moment, or midspan. ‘The required area is less than the area of one 2x 4 [5.25 in?]. Thus, use two 2x 4 top plates as in standard construction. A minimum splice length is needed to form a continuous top plate. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary cree LRFD LRED Solution Problem 35 Reference: Supplement - Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic [SDPWS] Material properties = 47S. psi Stud Souther Pine 2 by 4 o7S-psi Adjustment Factors eM Wet service factor Cp:= LO Size factor. See Table 48 of the G ‘Temperature factor NDS Supplement =10 Time effect factor Incising factor 216 216 $= 0:80 = 065 Kr pe = ” FRO x He by Calculations Comments Ls 44th Lis the span of the diaphragm and Wis the depth. The diaphragm may be considered to Wis 324 be a simply supported beam with a span of L anda depth of W. Calculate the axial force in the chord Ii Factored lateral load [1.6 is the load factor] on diaphragm from introduction. The moment in the diaphragmis carried by the chords acting as a couple. Thus, the factored chord force is the moment divided by the depth of the diaphragm. = 1.6436) “pot L Foret yxiat = + ‘axial = “rool Gay S276 Ib) This is the maximum axial force that exists in the chord and its location corresponds with the point of maximum moment, or midspan. Force iat = axial Calculate Tensile Capacity E C= Kp pede Feta Cp € Determine Required Area The required area is less than the area of ‘one 2x 4 [5.25 in?]. Thus, use two 2x 4 top plates as in standard construction. A = minimum splice length is needed to form a rel continuous top plate. eg -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Lcred Determine the length of a nail splice in order to form a continous top plate, Connection parameters lags 1S length, Nail passes through side member Dis 0.162 Yield mode calculations. The following equations are based on the assumption that the dowel diameter is less. than 0.25 inches. See Table 11.3.1B. Berna ASD Specific gravity of SP = 0.55 NDS Table It See Table 11.3.18 (notes) Inches in the denominator makes the quantity 10D dimensionless. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue erry LRFD Determine the length of a nail splice in order to form a continuous top plate. Connection parameters lags 1S Specific gravity of SP = 0.55 “ Fgs= 850 dna = 3538 . =1 Sin Nallpasses trough side member. = 90000-psi NDS Table It b= 0162i9 Yield mode calculations The follwing equations are based on the assumption thatthe dowel dlameters less than 0.25 inches, See fale 11.218 kon at 1 kes x Kyi 1 +025 Kyo by [22 it D<017In S00 Tabo 11.348 (oes) Das it D>017in Inches in tho denominator makes the in aan 109 dimensiones Kp 80) Kp=22 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Lcnr Berna ASD Ro (I+R)) Ry Ky See Table 11.32.18. 2yy = 254 bs Mode tt, AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Loo) Ry = Kp Model, DiayFem Z Im 2 Ztgy = 613 IDE Model, DAF zis Ry py = 613 1b Is Mode tt kp DAgF L 2 It Ry yp = 254 tb i Mode tt, ky Dy F “Mim Rel + 2k, DNR are cd LRFD Ro (I+R)) See Table 11.3.18. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION cr O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Lcry Berna ASD anim Mode ml, 4 ls Zits = 223 Ibe ls Mode lv nin(Ztpy-Z19241-2Ath7Ith»71V) Zeonisol = 154 Ibt Mode IV controls. This is the same value that would be obtained from NDS Table 11N. Table 11N, however, requires 10D penetration. Since 10D is not achieved in the 1.54n, a reduction factor is required if Table 11Nis used byitself, See footnote 2. 2 = 246 bE Capacity per nail I there are two nails per foot, or 2 x 241 be as follo 492 Ib capacity per foct, then the spli length would splice = AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd rd LRFD Att Mode i, Zins Zag = 223160 ls Zpy = 158166 Zeonteot = min(2 Attn “101 21¥) Zconteol = 154 bt Mode IV controls. This is the same value that would be obtained from NDS Table JAN. Table 11N, however, requires 10D penetration. Since 10D is not achieved in De bKy phe Lege Cae C the 1.54n, a reduction factor is required if F282 Zonta OM. Table 11N is used by itself. See footnote 2. 2) = 332IbI Capacity per nai If there are two nails per foot, or 2 x 332 = 664 Ib capacity per foot, then the splice length would be as follows. length fice = Fengthgtice = eth splice -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Lcry Berna ASD The minimum splice length is 7 ft. This is the distance between splices in the two adjacent layers of the top plate, or diaphragm chord. See sketch. Some codes have a minimum specified splice length; if used, the chord force must be transmitted through that length and the nail spacing adjusted accordingly. This calculation is based on the splice being centered on the midspan of the diaphragm where the chord force is a maximum. The chord force decreases away from the midspan of the diaphragm and it is the designer's choice on how to handle the splice locations and details NOTE: The splice length could be controlled by checking the chord in question as a drag strut for wind load parallel to the ridge. Chord Splice FEELEELTTT 4 2-16d nails per foot AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD The minimum splice length is 8 ft. This is the distance between splices in the two adjacent layers of the top plate, or diaphragm chord. See sketch. Some codes have a minimum specified splice length; if used, the chord force must be transmitted through that length and the nail spacing adjusted accordingly. This calculation is based on the splice being centered on the midspan of the diaphragm where the chord force is a maximum. The chord force decreases away from the midspan of the diaphragm and it is the designer's choice on how to handle the splice locations and details. NOTE: The splice length could be controlled by checking the chord in question as a drag strut for wind load parallel to the ridge. Chord Splice EEEEEELEE EEE 2-46d nails per foot -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION erry O3HO GYOHO NOISN3Ler DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd aaa. Problem 36. Hold Down Forces for Segmented Shear Walls - Top Story Calculate the hold down forces for the second floor walls #1 hat the shear wall segment method is to be used. See Tab and Two-Family Dwellings for all of the limitations of the method. In the calculations, average weight of the walls is 12 psf and that the load combination 0.6D + W applies for 1.6W for the LRFD solution [See ASCE 7-02, Section 2.3, 2.4 and NDS Appendix N}. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION assuming that they are full-height walls and ¢ 3B in the Wood Frame Construction Manual r On will be assumed that the ne ASD solution and 0.9D AYOLS dOL - STIVM UVHS G3INIWDIS YOd $IONOS NMOG GIOHced ASD ASD Solution Problem 36 watt Wau bt Weighty = 12 8 Hyon Lys 4n Hy ON Lys 120 Dy := weighty a Ey L Dy: weightyaypyHy-L d= D9 = 12961 ‘The D, are the respective wall weights Unit Shear Values and Calculations (See WFCM Table 2.5-1) Roof Diaphragm - wt w2 ws L Hold dove for segmented 4 shear wall (6 required) Floor Diaphragm 277 Ibi = (403"H)/32 Load path or hold we shown { 1154 im Door | Giass wa window | ys rc Brick) r 7 Window Hold downs for segmented shear wall (5 requited ) AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL. Pe seo Reed 436 oem 300 tbr = (4ser$y2 480 tbtit = (436"Y)/20 480 low 403, oat 2nd floor rim joist not (300 + 277)LRFD LRED Solution Problem 36 Walt weighty it = ‘ehh yall Myson Dy = weight, 1 = wei D, = 4320br i Lyset walt Hy DNR are cd waz wall 3 tbe weight yf2 = ot Hy= 9M Lp = 128 Hy = 94t Ly:= 4st Dy = weight DN 2 = Weigh yatta 3 Dy = 12961bf Dy = 432 Ib ‘The D; are the respective wall weights. Unit Shear Values and Calculations (See WFCM Table 2.5-1) W1 Roof Diaphragm 2436 tbo 300 Ibyn = (4364/02 ~ a 7, 480 ibem = (436"¥)/20 wa ws Hold downs for segmented + Ibtfft shear wal 6 required) Floor Diaphragm 2403 int 277 loti = (403°S)/32 Load path for hold down forces from wi wa Bick Window | 2nd floor rim joist not shown 1154 Itt = (300 + 277)"76 window | ys =H Hold downs for segmented 4 shear wall (6 required) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rary AYOLS dOL - STIVM UVHS G3INIWDIS YOd $IONOS NMOG GIOHreed Pe seo Reed ‘Summing moments about the toe of each wall gives the following equilibrium equations for each wall Wall L ih 1 490-2 ty.) -o6D)—- ThE <0 u 2 root(f(TL), TH) = 41901b¢ = Ube root(t(T2), 12) = 3931 Ihe T2:= root{f(T2), T Wall 3 ASD The fist term in the equilibrium equation is W ‘and the second term is 0.6D in the load combination 0.6D + W. Find T1 from the equilibrium equation A guess to start the process Hold down force for Wall 1 ‘The first term in the equilibrium equation is W and the second term is 0.6D in the load combination 0.6D + W. ind T2 from the equilibrium equation. Hold down force for Wall 2 The first termin the equilibrium equation is W and the second term is 0.6D in the load combination 0.6D + W. ind T3 from the equilibrium equation. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Rat mann cue LRFD ‘Summing moments about the toe of each wall gives the following equilibrium equations for each wall Wall’ L The fist term in the equilibrium equations 1.6W 1 and the second term is 0.9D in the load combination 0.9D + 1.6W. . ary 1640-41, 090, -T Find T1 from the equilibrium equation, This Mbt A guess to start the process root({(T1), TH) = 6T18Ib¢ Hold down force for Wall 1 ‘The first term in the equilibrium equationis 1.6W 2 and the second term is 0.9D in the load combination 0.9D + 1.6W. ind T2 from the equilibrium equation. Hold down force for Wall 2 Wall 3 The first term in the equilibrium equation is 1.6W and the second term is 0.9D in the load combination 0.9D + 1.6W. Find T3 from the equilibrium equation -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION erry AYOLS dOL - STIVM UVHS G3INIWDIS YOd $IONOS NMOG GIOHeres Pe seo Reed ASD TS := Ube root(h(T3),T3) = 4190 Ibs 3 = root(ltT3), 13 3 = 4190Ibf Hold down force for Wall 3 Wall 1: 4190 Ibf Wall 2: 3931 Ibf Wall 3: 4190 Ibf The hold downs on each end of the wall segments would have to be designed for the same tension forces to anticipate load reversals. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd red LRFD T3 == Ube raot(t(T3),T3) = 6718 Ib 3 root(t(T3), 13 5 67istor Hold down force for Wall 3 Wall 4: 6748 Ibf Wall 2: 6329 Ibf Wall 3: 6718 Ibf The hold downs on each end of the wall segments would have to be designed for the same tension forces to anticipate load reversals. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION AYOLS dOL - STIVM UVHS G3INIWDIS YOd $IONOS NMOG GIOHcry DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd ery Problem 37. Hold Down Forces for Perforated Shear Walls - Top Story Using the perforated shear wall method, calculate the hold down forces at each end of the perforated shear wall system for the second floor walls #1, #2, and #3 as in Problem 36, See Table 3B in the Wood Frame Construction Maral (WECM) for One- and Two-Family Dwellings for limitations of the method. Also see the Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS). -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION AYOLS dO - STIVM BV3HS G3LVUOSUId Hod SIONOS NMOG CIOHcry De eae EL ASD ASD Solution Problem 37 Percent Full-height Sheathing, PFS width = 4th width '= 12.8 width = 4.0 length otal PES PES = 0.625 Percent full-height sheathing = 62.5 percent ‘Maximum Opening Height Ratio, MOHR MOHR = 41 This is the window height. Adjusted Shear Capacity See Table 3B in the WFCM or Table 4.3.2.1 in SOPWS. Since the percent full height sheathing is 62.5, and the window height is 4 ft the interpolated value of the shear capacity adjustment factor is interpolated to be 0.89. ‘The interpolation with respect to full height sheathing and H/3 and H/2 window heights follows the scheme: ‘% full height sheathing HS Hi 60.0 1.0 0.83 62.5 1.0 x 70.0 1.0 0.87 x= 0.84 For % full height sheathing = 62.5, H/2 = 0.84. ‘The window height in this problem is neither H/3= 3.0 nor H/2 =4.5. Thus, interpolating to get the shear capacity adjustment factor [SCAF] for the 4-t [H/2.25] window height has the following scheme: SCAF H3 =3.0 10 2.25 x H2=45 0.84 x= 0,89 This is the shear capacity adjustment factor. y= 089 DLs width + widthy + widths = 208 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD LRED Solution Problem 37 Percent Eultteight Sheathing, PFS idth + width + width PES lengthotal Percent ful-height sheathing PES = 0.625 ‘Maximum Opening Height Ratio, MOHR MOHR:= 4-1 This is the window height Adjusted Shear Capacity See Table 3B in the WFCM or Table 4.3.2.1 in SOPWS. Since the percent full height sheathing is 62.5, and the window height is 4 ft, the interpolated value of the shear capacity adjustment factor is interpolated to be 0.89. ‘The interpolation with respect to full height sheathing and H/3 and H/2 window heights follows the scheme! % full height sheathing HS HiZ 60.0 1.0 0.83 62.5 1.0 x 70.0 1.0 0.87 x= 0.84 For % full height sheathing = 62.5, H/2 = 0.84. ‘The window height in this problem is neither H/2= 3.0 nor H/2 =4.5. Thus, interpolating to get the shear capacity adjustment factor [SCAF] for the 4 [H/2.25] window height has the following scheme: SCAF H3=2.0 10 2.25 x H2=45 0.84 x=0,89 This is the shear capacity adjustment factor. Cg := 089 DLj t= width + widthy + width ML; = 208 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pore AYOLS dO - STIVM BV3HS G3LVUOSUId Hod SIONOS NMOG CIOH422 De eae EL ASD Vin oon hea force tobe cae by parted wal a vat hit ' v S T= a0 Thisis the hold downforce at each end of the perfoted sheer wal UNit year force = ws wit face = For a given load transmitted to the perforated wall by the appied wind load parallel to the wall, the unit shear is greater than that calculated by the segmented shear wall method. Stated another way, for a given unit shear capacity, the perforated shear wall method would give a lower shear force capacity. For these same walls, the segmented shear wall method gives 480 pif along the top of each segment, while the perforated shear wall method gives 539 pif. However, in the perforated shear wall method, this is the ‘maxinrium shear that would occur on any one wall segment of the perforated wal, itis not simuRaneously applied along the entire perforated wall. These calculations ignore the weights of the perforated wall segments, but their inclusion is simple. In summing moments about the toe of the perforated wall system to get T, subtract from V x h 60 percent of the weight (WECM 2.2.4) times the centroidal distance of each wall from the toe of the perforated wall Hold Down Force: 4850 Ibf ee aT ASD 4 wt wa wa 4g 12) gt Wt, W2 and WS are perforated shear wall segments 1 down AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD Factored shear force to be carried by perforated wall assuring 0.9D + 1.6Wis the load baon combination Wall height Thisis the hold down force at each end of the perforated shear wall. Ui car unit ‘shear force For a given load transmitted to the perforated wall by the appied wind load parallel to the wall, the unit shear is greater than that calculated by the segmented shear wall method. Stated another way, for a given unit shear capacity, the perforated shear wall method would give a lower shear force capacity. For these same walls, the segmented shear wall method gives 1.6 x 480= 768 pif along the top of each segment, while the perforated shear wall method gives 862 pif. However, in the perforated shear wall method, this is the maximium shear that would occur on any one wall segment of the perforated wall; it is not simultaneously applied along the entire perforated wall These calculations ignore the weights of the perforated wall segments, but their inclusion is simple. In summing moments about the toe of the perforated wall system to get T, subtract from Vx h 90 percent of the weight times the centroidal distance of each wall from the toe of the perforated wall. V includes a 1.6 load factor on the W, and the 0.9 is the load factor on dead load, assuming the lead combination is 0.90 + 1.6. Hold Down Force: 7760 Ibf aie I sow we ws I a t Vy 2 wg ey joid | Hold bok Wt, We and WS are perforated shear wal segme | tes -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pry AYOLS dO - STIVM BV3HS G3LVUOSUId Hod SIONOS NMOG CIOHory DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 425 Problem 38. Minimum Required Shear Wall Length Determine the minimum required lengths of shear wall for the second floor wall forthe assumed wall materials listed below. Assume that the wall studs are nominal 2-in. material spaced at 16 in, on center and that the shear wall segment method is used, See the Supplement Spectal Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDP WS). ) 3/8-in, Douglas-fir-larch oriented strand board sheathing with 84 common wire nails spaced at 6 in, on panel edges and 12 in, on intermediate members, b) 7/16-in. Southern Pine str 12 in, on intermediate members. 1ral | plywood panels with 8d common wire nails spaced at 6 in. on panel edges and ©) 7/16-in, Southern Pine structural | plywood panels on both sides of the wall with 8d common wire nails spaced at 6 in, on panel edges and 12 in, on intermediate members. 4) 15/32-in, oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing pancls on one side of the wall and 1/2-in. gypsum wall board. (blocked) on the other. The OSB is attached to the studs with 8d nails spaced at 6 in. on panel edges and 12 in. on intermediate members. The gypsum wall board is attached with 1-1/4-in.-long, no. 6 type S drywall screws, with 4-in spacing on panel edges and 16 in, on intermediate members. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION HLONST TIVM BV3HS G3uINdaY WAWININ,cry SO Oe CURL ASD ASD Solution Problem 38 Calculations Comments ,_ tof Viotal = 4365-4 This is the total shear force between the roof diaphragm and the shear walls at the second Viotat = 9592 Ibf floor. a) 3/8-in Douglas-fir-arch oriented strand board sheathing with 84 common wire nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members, SDPWS Table 4,3A, The "2" in the denominator comes from SDPWS 4.3.3, vA otal Wall —_— length_a 2" YDFL_a Wallength_a= 31 Minimum required wall length Only 20 ft are available at the 2nd floor level. The 3/8-in Douglas-firarch sheathing will not work unless nail spacing is reduced to 3-in at panel edges. )7/46-in Southern Pine structural | plywood panels with 8d common wire nails spaced at 6-in ‘on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members, SDPWS Table A.4.3A, The °2" in the denominator comes from SDPWS 4.3.3. Vrotal YDFL_b Walliength_b = Walliongth_b = 27% Minimum required wall length AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD LRED Solution Problem 38 Comments Calculations Somments lot Viotal = 16436 5-H4 ‘This is the factored total shear force between the roof diaphragm and the shear walls at the second floor. Viotal = 15347 Ibt a) 3/8-in Douglas-fir-arch oriented strand board sheathing with 84 common wire nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members. SDPWS Table 4.34. The "0.8" multiplier is the YDFL_a= 08615: diaphragm phi factor from SDPWS 4.3.3. VDFL_a vy otal Wallength_a = ahs YOFL_a Waltength_a = 31% Minimum required wal length Only 20 ft are available at the 2nd floor level. The 3/8-in Douglas-fr-larch sheathing will not work, unless nail spacing is reduced to 3-in at panel edges. b)7/46-in Southern Pine structural | plywood panels with 8d common wire nails spaced at G-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members, vp poss! SOPWS Tobie A... The"0. map i t the diaphragm phi factor from SDPWS 4.3.3 we YDFL_b v oa Woligngth b= hength_b 19th? VOFL_b Willengtn b= 27 Wirirnum required wal ength -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION rd HLONST TIVM BV3HS G3uINdaY WAWININ,cory SO Oe CURL ASD Only 20 ft of wall segments are available at the 2nd floor level. The 7/16-in Southern Pine sheathing will not work unless nail spacing is reduced to 4-in at panel edges. }7/16-in Southern Pine structural | plywood panels on both sides of the wall with 84 common wire nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members. ‘or 2 SDPWS Table A.4.3A. Twice the allowable 2 capacity is available when the wal is sheathed with identical material on each side. See SDPWS 4.3.2.2. The "2"in the denominator comes fram SDPWS 4.3.3, Walhength.¢= 13 ‘The available length of wall segments is 20 f ‘ength > 13 ft ‘The available wall length of 20 ft is more than 13 ft required for the 7/16-in sheathing and &d nailing. 4) 15/32-in Douglas-firarch oriented strand board sheathing panels on one side of the wall and 1/2-in gypsum wall board (blocked) on the other. The OSB is attached to the studs with 8d nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members. The gypsum, wall board is attached with 1-1/4-in long, No. 6 Type S drywall screws, with 4-in spacing at panel edges and 16.in on intermediate members, SDPWS Tables 4.2A and 4.38. See SDPWS YFL_a = 4.3.3. for reductions. DFL_d = 3655 yp OF Wwe = M +y OFLA ‘we 3" Noyp ‘See SDPWS 4,3.3,2.2. This section applies to walls sheathed with two different materials on opposite sides of the wall. See Exception AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD Only 20 ft of wall segments are available at the 2nd floor level. The 7/16-in Southern Pine sheathing will not work unless nail spacing is reduced to 4-in at panel edges. €)7/16-in Southern Pine structural | plywood panels on both sides of the wall with 84 common wire nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members. ~ogris SDPWS Table A.4.3A, Twice the allowable YDFL_c = 08 715- capacity s available when the wall is sheathed with identical material on each side. See ‘bt SDPWS 4.3.3.2. The "0.8" multiplier is the \ = diaphragm phi factor from SDPWS 4.3.3. FL t phragm pI vi total Walt eS hength_c an VOFL_e Wallength_o= tt The available length of wall segments is 20K> 13 ft ‘The available wall length of 20 ft is more than adequate for the 7/16-in sheathing and 8d nailing. 4) 15/32-in Douglas-firdarch oriented strand board sheathing panels on one side of the wall and 1/2-in gypsum wall board (blocked) on the other. The OSB is attached to the studs with 8d nails spaced at 6-in on panel edges and 12-in on intermediate members. The gypsum wall board is attached with 1-1/4-in long, No. 6 Type S drywall screws, with 4-in spacing on panel edges and 16-in on intermediate members, ayo 22! onl SDPWS Tables 4.98 and 4.98. The "0.8" YDFL_d= 08730 Vgyp = 083207 multiplier isthe diaphragm phi factor from SDPWS 4.3.3. sey bf Vor a= S42 vyyp= wo’ YOFL_4 * Yayp See SDPWS 4.3.3.22. This section applies to. walls sheathed with two different materials on ayy OF opposite sides of the wall. See Exception. Wyo 0 -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION 429 HLONST TIVM BV3HS G3uINdaY WAWININ,PED SO Oe CURL ASD Veotal Wallengthd Wve The available wall segme ft OK Walhengthd = !8ft length is 20 ft> 18 ‘The available wall segment length of 20 ft is adequate for 15/32-in Douglasir-larch OSB on one side and 1/2.4n gypsum wall board on the other with attachment as described above. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD vy otal Wathengthd 5 The available wall segment length is 20 ft> Walhengthd = '8f 181 OK The available wall segment length of 20 ft is adequate for 15/32-in Douglas-fir-arch OSB on one side and 1/2-in gypsum wall board on the other with attachment as described above. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION Pere HLONST TIVM BV3HS G3uINdaY WAWININ,432 DNR are cd AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd ery Problem 39. Shear Wall Hold Down Force - Bottom Story Calculate the hold down force for wall #5 using the seg he walls. nented shear wall approach, Include the 12 psf self-weight of -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION AYOLS WOLLOS ~ 30UO4 NMOG GIOH TIM YV3HSery Cae R aL ce Cd ASD ASD Solution Problem 39 Roof Diaphragm - 438 tn 300 Itt = (4364492 ~~ oe ~. aso tbat = (436"2y20 wi we ws “Tt et ——t 480 L. fold downs for segmented om shear wal (8 requred Floor Diaphragm 2408 Load path fornolg@ 227 tnt = (408-202 down orees fom 2nd floor tim joist not wn shown | 1186 btn = (300 + 277) L tase wa “window | wg Brick Window Hold dovins for segmented shear wall (6 required ) 480 te 674 tot (1154-4 19 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd 435 LRFD LRED Solution Problem 39 Roof Diaphragm 436 ~—-—- — 300 tit = (496-102 —— a ~ "ago to wi we ws Hold dove fr segment -| tor shear wall (6 required } Floor Diaphragm 2TT hott = (403"4 32 Load path for hold ° down forces trom 2nd floor tim joist not wi shown 1154 tee = (300 + 27) |_Door | clase wa _wandow | ys Bick Hold downs fore shear wall (Srequred 480 loft. 674 bth (1154-480) -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION AYOLS WOLLOS ~ 30UO4 NMOG GIOH TIM YV3HS436 Ran eet Lg ASD The 480 pif applied to the top of the 9-f high wall comes from the roof diaphragm, and the 674 pif applied to the top of the 10-ft high wall comes from the 2nd floor diaphragm. The 674 pif includes the portion of shear from the roof that must be carried by wall 5 because no wall exists under wal 1 Wall walls Ibs lb weighty a3 = weighty ants = Hye Of Lg: 4 Dg = weighty aq}3-Hy-L5 D5 != weighty atts 432 Ib 480 Ibe ‘The D, are the respective wall weights. interstory 2= Lt ‘Assumed depth of 2nd floor framing ‘Summing moments about the toe of wall § for the two-story stack consisting of walls 3 and § gives the following equilibrium equations for each wall tht Ib 480. E Ly (lly + Hs + Intastory) + 674 The load combination is 0.6D + W. The first two terms in the equilibrium equation are W: the third and fourth terms are 0.6D. Find T from the equilibrium equation, Ibs le A(T) = 480. Ly (lly +H + Inerstony) + 674-—L 5 Hs ~ O6Dy—> ~ 06D5 Pes Libr This is a guess to start the process. rootlf(T),T) = 16066 Ibt T= roottlD),T) T= 16066 1bf This is the anchorage force on wall. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary LRFD ‘The 480 pif applied to the top of the 9-ft high wall comes from the roof diaphragm, and the 674 pif applied to the top of the 10-ft high wall comes from the 2nd floor diaphragm. The 674 pif includes the portion of shear from the roof that must be carried by wall 5 because no wall exists under wall 1 ‘These forces are unfactored at this point Wall’3 wall5 weighty 13 = yvall3 weigh Hy = 9 Lg 40 = 1 = weight, Dg = weightyy 137 watts 5 480 Ib The D, are the respective wall weights. Interstory = Lt Assumed depth of 2nd floor framing, ‘Summing moments about the toe of wall § for the two-story stack consisting of walls 3 and 5 gives the following equilibrium equations for each wall 3 1 bt 3 (2s +H + Interston) + .6.678-T Ls Hs ~ 09D, 09:5. 16-480. The load combination is 0.90 + 1.6W. The first {wo terms in the equilibrium equation are 1.6WV; the third and fourth terms are 0.90. Find T from the equilibrium equation, RY) = Ledso. = Ls-(Hy + Hs + Interstoy) + Pes bbe This is a guess to start the process, rootiT),T) = 4b potttiT),T) This is the anchorage force on wall 5. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION red AYOLS WOLLOS ~ 30UO4 NMOG GIOH TIM YV3HS438 Ran eet Lg ASD If the dead load is ignored, the Dy Ds =0 following anchorage force is obtained. L5H -06D,;— - 06 = Lbs This is a guess to start the process, T= roottl(T),T) T= 16340 bt This is the anchorage force on wall 5 if dead load is neglected. An alternate solution is to calculate the anchorage force on wall 3, using a 10-ft wall height, since this includes the interstory distance between the walls. This force then would be applied upward on wall 5 in addition to a shear force of 114 pif on the top of wall 5 (as shown in the figure at the beginning of the solution). The same values of anchorage forces would be found, T= 16066 Ibf with dead load included AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.DNR are cd LRFD If the dead load is ignored, the following anchorage force is obtained. T= Libr This is a guess to start the process, oot(H(T), TH This is the anchorage force on wall 5 if 25152 bf dead load is neglected. An alternate solution is to calculate the anchorage force on wall 3, using factored loads and a 10-4 wall height, since this includes the interstory distance between the walls. This force then would be applied upward on wall § in addition to a shear force along the top of wall 5 of 1.6 x 480 pif [from wall 3}+ 1.6 x 674 pif [from the 2nd floor diaphragm] = 1846 plf. The same values of anchorage forces would be found. T= 25734 Ibf_ with dead load included -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION PED AYOLS WOLLOS ~ 30UO4 NMOG GIOH TIM YV3HSer Beer Problem 40. Steps for Wind Load Design In outline form, itemize the key design checks that would be necessary for a complete wind load evaluation of the two-story house. Problems 34 through 39 include only portions of a full wind load analysis and design, Assumptions * Roof system framing consists of metal-plate-connected trusses that have been designed by a truss suppl + All wind loads have been determined; both Main Wind Force Res Cladding [C&C] pressures are known, isting System [MWFRS] and Component and AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.Bitrate hE nc ary Problem 40 Solution Diaphragms [MWERS}] Roof ‘+ Select panel thickness and nailing schedule for wind parallel and perpendicular to the ridge. Note that continuous gaps in the roof decking may be parallel to the direction of the wind in the latter case, The pattern of roof panel application may affect design shear values. Care must be taken to insure that bracing and nailing accord with design assumptions ‘+ Check diaphragm chords as collectors for wind in both directions, Depending on the dimensions of the structure parallel and perpendicular to the wind, the chord may only need checking for the longer dimension Floor ‘* Select panel thickness and nailing schedule for wind parallel and perpendicular to the ridge. Note that continuous gaps in the floor decking may be parallel to the direction of the wind in the latter case. The pattern of floor panel application may affect design shear vaties, Care must be taken to insure that bracing and nailing accord with design assumptions ‘+ Check diaphragm chords as collectors for wind in both directions, ‘+ Proper consideration must be given to openings in the floor diaphragm. ‘Shear Walls [MWERS} ‘+ Determine required shear wall segment length at frst and second floors for given wall coverings considering wind both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge. ‘+ Select panel thickness and naifng schedule for appropriate shear walls for wind parallel and perpendicular to the ridge. Care must be taken to insure that bracing and nailing accord with design assumptions. ‘+ Design hold downs and provide force continuity from second floor walls to first floor walls Ceiling Diaphragm [MWERS} + Panel thickness and method of attachment must be determined for the material selected for the ceiling diaphragm for wind parallel to the ridge. * Insure proper attachment of any gable end walls to the ceiling diaphragm. Roof Design [C&C and any gravity loads} ‘+ Roof panel attachment to roof trusses must be adequate for negative pressures [suction] applied perpendicular to the roof surface. ‘+ Roof panels must be checked for bending, shear, and stiffness for gravity loads applied to the roof surface. ‘Studs to be checked for bending using C&C pressures only. '* Studs to be checked for the simultaneous application of axial force due to wind, gravity loads, and bending using MWFRS wind pressures [C&C usually controls} ‘Special framing may be required to brace the gable end wall above the 2nd floor tine. The attachment of wall panels must be checked for wind suction. -AVERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION core NOIS3G G¥OT GNIM Hos Sd31Scred Beer Special Connections ‘Shear transfer between floors. These connections may involve the bottom plate of the 2nd story walls, the band joist, and the top plate of the 1st story walls [MWFRS] «Roof trusses to 2nd floor top plate [MWFRS]. 2nd floor wall studs to 1st floor wall studs [MWFRS} ‘* Bottom plate anchor bolts to the foundation for in-plane shear, uplift, and lateral load perpendicular to the wall [MWFRS] ‘© Wal studs to top and bottom plates for lateral wind load [C&C]. Connections around wall openings. Comment: Design to resist wind loads should place an emphasis on continuity of load paths from roof, to wall, to foundation. The entire process, when property done, is one that can be lengthy, but is essential for a proper design. Use of the WECM engineering option can speed the process if a given structures falls withing the bounds of applicability. AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL.American Wood Council Engineered and Traditional Wood Products AWC Mission Statement To increase the use of wood by assuring the broad regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing design tools and guidelines for wood construction, and influencing the development of public policies affecting the use of wood productsAmerican Forest & Paper Association American Wood Council 1111 19th Street, NW Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 www.awe.org awcinfo@afandpa.org AERPAS ‘America’s Forest & Paper People” Improving Tomorrow's Environment Today” ISBN 0-9625985-6-9

Asd LRFD Structural Wood Design Solved Example Problems 2005 Edition PDF

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