FACET Circuitos 2 Parte 1 1 PDF

AC1 Fundamentals
Basic Electricity and Electronics by

A
Instructor’s Guide
Ê>{X5è>Æ7ÀË 3091562100307
Edition 2 91562-10
SECOND EDITION
First Printing, July 2003
Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
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Table of Contents
Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1

Inventory of Workstation ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Minimum Computer Requirements.................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment and Supplies..................................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-1
Software Installation ............................................................................................................... 1-1
Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum ................................................................ 2-1
Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Screen Buttons ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources.................................................................................. 2-4
Internet Access ........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Instructor Annotation Tool...................................................................................................... 2-5
Student Journal........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Assessing Progress .................................................................................................................. 2-6
Real-Number Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 2-8
Recall Values in Text ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Safety .................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Section 3 – Courseware ............................................................................................................. 3-1
Unit 1 – The AC Waveform Generator.................................................................................... 3-1

Exercise 1 – AC Waveform Generator Familiarization.......................................................... 3-3
Exercise 2 – Generator Impedance ......................................................................................... 3-6
Unit 2 – AC Measurements ..................................................................................................... 3-11
Exercise 1 – AC Amplitude Measurement............................................................................ 3-13
Exercise 2 – Measuring With an Oscilloscope ..................................................................... 3-17
Exercise 3 – Measuring and Setting Frequency.................................................................... 3-20
Exercise 4 – Phase Angle...................................................................................................... 3-24
Unit 3 – Inductance.................................................................................................................. 3-29
Exercise 1 – Inductors........................................................................................................... 3-31
Exercise 2 – Inductors in Series and in Parallel.................................................................... 3-36
i
Unit 4 – Inductive Reactance .................................................................................................. 3-49
Exercise 1 – Inductive Reactance ......................................................................................... 3-50
Exercise 2 – Series RL Circuits ............................................................................................ 3-57
Exercise 3 – Parallel RL Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-62
Unit 5 – Transformers ............................................................................................................. 3-71
Exercise 1 – Transformer Windings ..................................................................................... 3-73
Exercise 2 – Mutual Inductance............................................................................................ 3-78
Exercise 3 – Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios ............................................................ 3-81
Exercise 4 – Transformer Secondary Loading...................................................................... 3-87
Unit 6 – Capacitance................................................................................................................ 3-99
Exercise 1 – Capacitors....................................................................................................... 3-101
Exercise 2 – Capacitors in Series and in Parallel................................................................ 3-105
Unit 7 – Capacitive Reactance .............................................................................................. 3-113
Exercise 1 – Capacitive Reactance ..................................................................................... 3-114
Exercise 2 – Series RC Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-121
Exercise 3 – Parallel RC Circuits........................................................................................ 3-126
Unit 8 – Time Constants ........................................................................................................ 3-135
Exercise 1 – RC Time Constants ........................................................................................ 3-137
Exercise 2 – RC and RL Wave Shapes ............................................................................... 3-142
Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers ................................................. A-1
Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1
Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting ....................................................... C-1
ii
Introduction
This Instructor Guide is divided into three sections and the appendices. It provides a unit-by-unit
outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training (F.A.C.E.T) curriculum.
Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of

equipment and materials required for all units in this course of study as well as installation
instructions.
Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum provides a description of the courseware

structure, instructions on getting started with the multimedia presentation, and an explanation of
student-progress assessment methods.
Section 3 – Courseware includes information that enables the instructor to gain a general
understanding of the units within the course.
♦ The unit objective

♦ Unit Fundamentals questions and answers
♦ A list of new terms and words for the unit
♦ Equipment required for the unit
♦ The exercise objectives
♦ Exercise Discussion questions and answers
♦ Exercise Procedure questions and answers
♦ Review questions and answers
♦ CMs and Faults available
♦ Unit Test questions and answers
♦ Troubleshooting questions and answers (where applicable)
Appendices include the questions and answers to the Pretest and Posttest plus additional specific
information on faults and circuit modifications (CMs).
Please complete and return the OWNER REGISTRATION CARD included with the CD-
ROM. This will assist Lab-Volt in ensuring that our customers receive maximum support.
iii
THIS
iv
SECTION 1 – WORKSTATION INVENTORY
AND INSTALLATION
THIS
AC1 Fundamentals Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation
SECTION 1 – WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION
Inventory of Workstation
Use this section to identify and inventory the items needed.
Minimum Computer Requirements

100% compatible Windows®PC with Windows98 second edition or newer, NT, 2000, Me or XP;
Pentium class CPU, (Pentium II or newer); 126 MB RAM; 10 GB HDD; CD-ROM drive; SVGA
monitor and video card capable of 32-bit color display at 1024 x 768 resolution and sound
capabilities.
Equipment and Supplies

The following equipment and supplies are needed for AC1 Fundamentals:
Quantity Description
1 F.A.C.E.T. base unit
1 AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
1 Multimeter
1 Oscilloscope, dual trace
1 Generator, sine wave
1 Student Workbook
1 Instructor Guide
Equipment Installation
To install the hardware, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
Software Installation
Third Party Application Installation

All applications and files that the courseware launches, or that are required for the course should
be installed before the courseware. Load all third party software according to the manufacturers'
directions. Install this software to the default location and note that location. (Alternatively, you
can install this software to a different location that you designate.) Remember to register all
software as required.
No third-party software is required for this course.
Installation of Courseware and Resources

To install the courseware and resources, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) and
Gradepoint 2020 (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
1-1
AC1 Fundamentals Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation
1-2
SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T
CURRICULUM
THIS
AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T CURRICULUM
Overview
F.A.C.E.T curriculum is multimedia-based courseware. The curriculum gives students hands-on
experience using equipment and software closely associated with industry standards. It provides
students with opportunities for instruction in academic and technical skills.
All courses are activity-driven curricula. Each course consists of several units containing two or
more exercises. Each unit begins with a statement explaining the overall goal of the unit (Unit
Objective). This is followed by Unit Fundamentals. Next is a list of new terms and words then
the equipment required for the unit. The exercises follow the unit material. When students
complete all the exercises, they complete the Troubleshooting section and take the Unit Test.
The exercises consist of an exercise objective, exercise discussion, and exercise procedures. The
Exercise Conclusions section provides the students with a list of their achievements. Every
exercise concludes with Review Questions. Available circuit modifications (CMs) and faults are
listed after the review questions. Additional specific information on CMs and faults is available
in Appendix B.
2-1
Getting Started
Desktop
After the Tech-Lab System is installed, the TechLab icon appears on the desktop.
1. Click on the TechLab icon.
2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name.
3. The student enters his or her password and clicks on OK. (If he or she is creating a password,
four alphanumeric characters must be entered. The system will ask for the password to be
entered again for verification. Keep a record of the students' passwords.)
4. The previous two steps are repeated until all members of the student team have logged on.
Click on Complete and then Yes.
5. When the Available Courses menu appears, students click on the course name.
6. A window with the name of the course and a list of units for that course appears. Students
click on the unit name. The unit title page appears and the students are ready to begin.
Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware

1. Clicking on Exit when in a unit returns the student to the list of units for that course.
2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it.
3. If students wish to exit F.A.C.E.T, they click on the X symbol in the upper right corner.
4. If students wish to select another course, they click on the Course Menu button. The
Available Courses menu screen appears. They may also exit F.A.C.E.T from this screen by
clicking on the LOGOFF button.
2-2
Screen Buttons
If you click on the F.A.C.E.T logo on the top right of the unit title page the About screen
appears. It acknowledges the copyright holder(s) of video and/or screen-capture material used in
the topic.
The Menu button calls these menus:

when on an exercise menu screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
when on an exercise screen, it calls the Exercise Menu.
when on a unit screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
The Bookmark button marks the current screen. A student can click on the button at any time in
the lesson. The second time the student clicks on the button, the page displayed when the button
was first clicked will return to the screen. Any bookmarks used during a lesson are not saved
when the student logs out of the lesson.
The Application Launch button opens third-party software.
Click on the Resources button to view a pop-up menu. The pop-up menu includes access to a
calculator, a student journal, new terms and words, a print current screen option, the Lab-Volt
authored Internet Website, and a variety of F.A.C.E.T help screens.
The Help button aids students with system information. On certain screens the Help button
appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help
windows (context-sensitive help).
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students will have unrestricted access to all
search engines and web sites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
Use the Exit button to exit the course.
The right arrow ⇒ button moves you forward to the next screen.
The left arrow ⇐ button moves you backward to the previous screen.
2-3
F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources

There are three ways to access F.A.C.E.T help screens and other resources.
System Help
Students access System Help by clicking on the Help button at the bottom of the screen when the
button does not appear to be depressed. The menu selections access a variety of system help,
navigation, and information windows.
Screen Help
On certain screens, the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the
Help button will access Screen Help windows. This is information specific to the content of that
particular screen.
Resources
Students click on the Resources button to access the following windows.
Calculator
F.A.C.E.T 32-Bit Microprocessor Help
F.A.C.E.T Analog Communications Setup Procedure
F.A.C.E.T Digital Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T Electronics and Troubleshooting Help
F.A.C.E.T Fiber Optic Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T Math Help
Internet Link
New Terms and Words
Print Current Page
Student Journal
2-4
Internet Access
There are two ways for students to access the Internet:
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students have unrestricted access to all search
engines and websites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
The Resources button pops up a menu that includes access to the Lab-Volt
authored Internet website. If students wish to access this site when they are not in
the lesson, then they must go to http://learning.labvolt.com.
NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering

software to block access to objectionable or inappropriate
websites.
Instructor Annotation Tool

The annotation tool gives the instructor the ability to add comments or additional information
onscreen. Refer to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide for detailed
information.
Student Journal
The student journal is an online notebook that each student can access while they are logged into
TechLab. The journal allows students to share notes with other students in their workgroups.
When used in conjunction with GradePoint 2020, the instructor may post messages, review, edit,
or delete any journal note.
2-5
Assessing Progress
Assessment Tools
Student assessment is achieved in several ways:
♦ Exercise questions
♦ Unit tests
♦ Pretest and Posttest
♦ Troubleshooting questions
Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions

Throughout the unit material, exercise discussion, exercise procedure, and troubleshooting
sections there are several types of questions with instant feedback. These questions occur in the
following formats:
♦ Multiple choice
♦ True-false
♦ Real-number entry
In most cases, when your students encounter a question set, they must answer these questions
before continuing. However, there are cases where students may progress to the next screen
without answering the questions. Lab-Volt recommends that you encourage your students to
complete all questions. In this way, students reinforce the material that's presented, verify that
they understand this material, and are empowered to decide if a review of this material is
required.
Review Questions
At the end of each exercise, there are review questions. The student receives feedback with each
entry. Feedback guides the student toward the correct answer.
Unit Tests
A unit test appears at the end of each unit. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with
the option of having feedback. The Tech-Lab System defaults to no feedback, but the instructor
can configure the test so that students receive feedback after taking the test. You can randomize
questions in the unit test. Use the Tech-Lab Global Configurator to make feedback available,
randomize questions, and select other configuration options if desired. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
2-6
Pretest and Posttest

Every course includes a pretest and a posttest. These are multiple choice tests. Refer to the Tech
Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information on how to record student competency gains.
Grading
Student grades are based on exercise questions, troubleshooting questions, a unit test, and a
posttest. The default weighting value of the unit test and the threshold for passing the unit test
can be adjusted by using the Global Configurator of the Tech-Lab System. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
Student Progress and Instructor Feedback

Unit progress is available through the Unit menu. The Progress window allows the instructor and
student to view the percentage of the unit completed, number of sessions, and time spent on that
unit. The Progress window shows whether the Unit Test was completed. If the test was
completed, it indicates whether the student passed based on the scoring criteria.
2-7
Real-Number Questions and Answers

Throughout F.A.C.E.T courses students may encounter real-number questions such as the one
shown below. Answers to real-number questions are graded correct if they fall within an
acceptable tolerance range.
The computer
saves this input
value so that it can
be recalled for use
in later questions.
The answer to the question posed in the illustration above does not involve a recall value from a
previous question. It appears in the Instructor Guide (IG) as shown in the box below.
The information in the IG tells you where the question is located and the range of acceptable
answers. In this case, the acceptable answers fall within the range of the nominal answer plus or
minus 5 percent tolerance: (15 ± 5%).
e1p1 stands for

Exercise 1 Procedure screen 1
This is the name the computer uses internally
to identify the input value. In this case, 14.5
Location: Exercise Procedure page: will be stored under the name V1.
se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
NOTE: The recall value V1 is not the same as
VS = Vdc the voltage V1. The recall label does not
appear onscreen.
Recall Label for this Question: V1
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (14.25) to (15.75) In this case, the answer to this question is not
Value Calculation: 15.000 based on a value recalled from a previous
Correct Tolerance Percent = true question. Therefore, the Value Calculation is
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5 equal to the Nominal Answer.
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5
The word "true" tells you that the tolerance is
calculated as a percent.
2-8
A second example (shown below) illustrates an answer that the computer grades using a value
recalled from a previous question.
When a real-number question is based on a recall value from a previous question, the Min/Max
Value shown in the Instructor Guide is based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest
possible recall value. It represents the theoretical range of answers that could be accepted by the
computer. (It is not the nominal answer plus or minus the tolerance.)
To find the actual range of answers that the computer will accept onscreen, you must use the
actual recall value (14.5 in this example) in your calculations; see below.
Location: Exercise Procedure page: Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a
se1p5, Question ID: e1p5c recall value from a previous question.
Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the
IT = mA computer will accept answers in the
following range as correct:
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Nominal Answer: 9.091 14.5/1650*1000 ± 25% or
*
Min/Max Value: (6.477) to (11.93) 8.79 ± 25% or
Value Calculation: #V1#/1650*1000 6.59 to 10.99
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 25 This calculated range is different from the
Correct Plus Tolerance = 25 Min/Max Value shown in the IG, which
was based upon a calculation using the
lowest and highest possible recall value.
NOTE: After four incorrect answers, students will be prompted to press <Ins> to insert the
correct answer if this feature has been enabled in the configuration settings. When the question is
based on a value recalled from a previous question, answers obtained using the Insert key may
not match the nominal answers in this guide.
2-9
Recall Values in Text

Sometimes numbers displayed on screen are values recalled from input on previous screens.
Because these numbers are recall values, they will change for each student.
The value of 10
was recalled
from a previous
screen.
The Instructor Guide lists the recall label in place of a number in this question.
This is a Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

recall label
for a value IR2 = VR2/R2
recorded in a = #V4#/3.3 kΩ
previous = mA
question.
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Min/Max Value: (2.489) to (3.164)
The correct Value Calculation: #V4#/3.3
answer will Correct Tolerance Percent = true
depend on the Correct Minus Tolerance = 4
value the student Correct Plus Tolerance = 4
recorded in the
previous question.
2-10
Safety
Safety is everyone’s responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest possible working
environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for harm, given common sense safety
rules, and instructed to follow the electrical safety rules.
Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T computer-based

laboratory may be a new environment to some students. Instruct students in the proper use of the
F.A.C.E.T equipment and explain what behavior is expected of them in this laboratory. It is up to
the instructor to provide the necessary introduction to the learning environment and the
equipment. This task will prevent injury to both student and equipment.
The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T Computer-Based Laboratory are, in themselves,
harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical shock coming as a surprise will
be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that could create injury. The students should be made
aware of the following electrical safety rules.
1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit.

2. Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If required,
have your instructor check your circuit wiring.
3. Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the documentation.
4. Never touch “live” wires with your bare hands or with tools.
5. Always hold test leads by their insulated areas.
6. Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. (However, this is not
a normal condition for your F.A.C.E.T. course equipment.) Always allow time for the
components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove them from the circuit.
7. Do not work without supervision. Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and
provide first aid in case of an accident.
8. Remove power cords by the plug, not by pulling on the cord. Check for cracked or broken
insulation on the cord.
2-11
2-12
SECTION 3 – COURSEWARE
SECTION 3 – COURSEWARE
THIS
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 – The AC Waveform Generator
UNIT 1 – THE AC WAVEFORM GENERATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Operate a basic ac waveform generator by using equipment provided.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a

Is the waveform shown an ac or dc waveform?
a. ac
b. dc

Does this ac waveform (square wave) display four complete cycles of a repeating pattern?
a. yes
b. no
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-1
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

alternating current (ac) - a flow of electricity that first increases to maximum, then decreases to
zero, reverses polarity, and reaches maximum in the opposite direction.
waveform - the shape of an electric wave as the amplitude is graphed over time.
amplitude - the level, or magnitude, of an alternating voltage or current.
cycle - one complete alternation of an ac current or voltage.
frequency (f) - the number of complete cycles in one second of alternating voltage or current;
measured in hertz (Hz).
impedance (Z) - the total opposition a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current at a given
frequency.
ac waveform generator - an electronic device that produces ac voltage of a desired frequency,
wave shape, and amplitude.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave
3-2
Exercise 1 – AC Waveform Generator Familiarization
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Operate an ac waveform generator by using equipment provided. Verify results by observing
generator waveforms on the oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a

Suppose the range of control is set to X100 and the frequency control is set to 20. The output
frequency is
a. 200 Hz
b. 2000 Hz
c. 20 kHz

Look at the generator symbols on the AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. Is the waveform
generator internal or external?
a. internal generator
b. external generator
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a

While observing the oscilloscope, increase the generator frequency control. Does the number of
cycles displayed increase or decrease as the frequency is increased?
a. increase
b. decrease
3-3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and
a. range controls.
b. amplitude controls.
c. function controls.
d. vertical controls.

2. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X10 and the frequency control is
set to 20, the output frequency is
a. 2000 Hz.
b. 20 Hz.
c. 200 Hz.
d. 20,000 Hz.

3. The amplitude control on an ac generator is usually labeled
a. MULTIPLIER.
b. FUNCTION.
c. RANGE.
d. LEVEL.

4. Which statement is not characteristic of a typical ac generator?
a. All are capable of generating ac waveforms.
b. All can vary the frequency of the waveform produced.
c. All can vary the amplitude of the waveform produced.
d. All are capable of generating a dc waveform.

5. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X1K and the frequency control is
set to 10, the output frequency is
a. 1000 Hz.
b. 10 kHz.
c. 100 Hz.
d. 1.0 kHz.
3-4
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-5
Exercise 2 – Generator Impedance
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the output impedance of an ac waveform generator. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

If RL decreased in value from 100Ω to 50Ω, would the output voltage across
RL increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease

VOPEN CIRCUIT = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Min/Max Value: (9.9) to (10.1)
Value Calculation: 10.000
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1

To measure the generator output impedance, adjust RL so that the loaded generator output
voltage is half of the open circuit voltage output. Is the output load resistance (RL) equal to the
internal generator resistance (RS)?
a. yes
b. no
3-6
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

5. Connect the channel 1 (X10) probe across R1 and R2. Do R1 and R2 represent the generator's
load (RL)?
a. yes
b. no

RL = Ω
Min/Max Value: (35) to (65)
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The load (RL) equals the output impedance (RS) of the generator when the
a. loaded output voltage equals the open circuit output voltage.
b. loaded output voltage is half of the open circuit output voltage.
c. open circuit output voltage is half of the loaded output voltage.
d. loaded output voltage is twice the open circuit output voltage.

2. The loaded output voltage of a generator is always
a. greater than the open circuit voltage.
b not dependent on the open circuit voltage.
c. equal to the open circuit voltage.
d. less than the open circuit voltage.
3-7

3. A 50Ω load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and
an output impedance of 50Ω. The generator's output voltage is
a. 10 Vpk-pk.
b. 5 Vpk-pk.
c. 20 Vpk-pk.
d. 3.3 Vpk-pk.

4. A generator has an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 600Ω. What
value of external load resistor would result in a 5 Vpk-pk output?
a. 600Ω
b. 30Ω
c. 60Ω
d. 300Ω

5. The output impedance of the generator shown is
a. 600Ω.
b. 60Ω.
c. 500Ω.
d. 50Ω.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-8
UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1

Alternating voltage and current differ from direct voltage and current because alternating voltage
and current
a. maintain a constant polarity.
b. change in level and polarity.
c. never change level or polarity.
d. are not measured in volts or amperes.

One complete repetition of an ac waveform is called
a. the amplitude.
b. a cycle.
c. the frequency.
d. polarity.

If a 20 kHz sine wave is needed on the output of an ac generator and the multiplier control is set
to X100, the frequency control should be set to
a. 20.
b. 10.
c. 100.
d. 200.

A generator has an open circuit voltage of 5 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 50Ω. What
value of external load resistor would result in a 2.5 Vpk-pk output?
a. 50Ω
b. 25Ω
c. 5Ω
d. 500Ω

A 600Ω load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 20 Vpk-pk and
an output impedance of 600Ω. The generator's output voltage is
a. 20 Vpk-pk.
b. 25 Vpk-pk.
c. 10 Vpk-pk.
d. 6.6 Vpk-pk.
3-9

What type of waveform does not change polarity with time?
a. sine wave
b. square wave
c. dc wave
d. triangle wave

The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and
a. amplitude controls.
b. multiplier controls.
c. function controls.
d. vertical controls.

When the loaded output voltage of a generator is half of the open circuit output voltage, the
external load is
a. much greater than the output impedance of the generator.
b. twice the output impedance of the generator.
c. half of the output impedance of the generator.
d. equal to the output impedance of the generator.

Which control on a generator determines the type of output waveform?
a. amplitude
b. function
c. range
d. frequency

Which control on a generator adjusts the level of the output waveform?
a. function
b. frequency
c. amplitude
d. range
3-10
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 – AC Measurements
UNIT 2 – AC MEASUREMENTS
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Take amplitude, frequency, and phase measurements of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Which of the following ac instruments can be used to measure the amplitude, frequency, and
phase shift of ac waveforms?
a. multimeter
b. oscilloscope

As in a circle, one complete cycle of a sine wave equals 360 degrees. One fourth of a cycle is
a. 180 degrees.
b. 90 degrees.
c. 270 degrees.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-11
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

phase angle - the angle of separation between two ac waveforms of identical frequency.
peak-to-peak value - amplitude between opposite peaks of an ac waveform
(Vpk-pk = Vpk x 2).
peak value - maximum amplitude in either polarity of an ac waveform
(Vpk = Vpk-pk/2).
effective value (rms) - an ac value that produces the same heating effect in a resistor as an
equivalent dc value does.
average value (avg) - the value obtained by dividing the sum of a number of quantities by
the number of quantities. For sine waves, Vavg = 0.637 x Vpk.
period - time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle (T = 1/f).
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-12
Exercise 1 – AC Amplitude Measurement
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure the amplitude of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with a
multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

If the peak-to-peak value is 15 Vpk-pk, the peak voltage is
a. 15 Vpk.
b. 30 Vpk.
c. 7.5 Vpk.

The rms value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is
a. 7.07 Vac.
b. 7.07 Vpk-pk.
c. 7.07 Vpk.

The average value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is
a. 6.37 Vpk.
b. 6.37 Vavg.
c. 12.7 Vavg.

Vrms = Vrms
Min/Max Value: (4.351) to (4.529)
3-13
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Vpk-pk
Vpk = ————= Vpk
2
Recall Label for this Question: Vpk1
Nominal Answer: 3.0
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2c

Vrms = Vpk x 0.707 = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: Vrms1
Nominal Answer: 2.1
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2e

Vavg = Vpk x 0.637 = Vavg
Recall Label for this Question: Vavg1
Nominal Answer: 1.9
3-14

8. Disconnect the X10 probe from the circuit. Turn on the multimeter and set it for ac voltage
measurement. Connect the multimeter across R1, then measure the voltage.
VR1 = Vac
Recall Label for this Question: Vrms2
Nominal Answer: 2.1

9. Compare your multimeter reading of #Vrms2#V with your oscilloscope values, shown above.
The multimeter displays values in
a. peak-to-peak.
b. peak.
c. rms.
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The effective value of an ac waveform is the
a. peak-to-peak value.
b. peak value.
c. rms value.
d. average value.

2. The peak value of an ac waveform is
a. twice the peak-to-peak value.
b. half of the peak-to-peak value.
c. 0.707 of the peak-to-peak value.
d. 0.637 of the peak-to-peak value.
3-15

3. The rms value of a sine wave is
a. half of the peak-to-peak value.
b. twice the peak value.
c. 0.637 of the peak value.
d. 0.707 of the peak value.

4. When measuring the peak-to-peak value of an ac waveform on the oscilloscope, measure from
the
a. top of a peak to the bottom of a valley.
b. top of a peak to the top of a valley.
c. bottom of a peak to the top of a valley.
d. bottom of a peak to the bottom of a valley.

5. Most digital multimeters display the
a. peak-to-peak value of a sine wave.
b. peak value of a sine wave.
c. rms value of a sine wave.
d. average value of a sine wave.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-16
Exercise 2 – Measuring With an Oscilloscope
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure voltage by using an oscilloscope and determine current and impedance by using Ohm's
law. Verify results with information found in this exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

The circuit shown uses 10Ω resistor R2 as the current-sensing resistor. If the voltage across R2
is 50 mVpk-pk, what is the circuit current?
I = V/R2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IT
Nominal Answer: 5.0

Placing the oscilloscope input directly across a component, as shown,
a. shorts out R2 and L2.
b. provides an accurate circuit voltage display.
3-17
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

I= mApk-pk
Min/Max Value: (12.04) to (22.36)

VR1 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 8.0
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The oscilloscope measures
a. voltage only.
b. voltage and current only.
c. voltage, current, and impedance.
d. current only.

2. The oscilloscope ground clip and the generator common
a. are independent of one another.
b. are of opposite polarity.
c. are virtually the same point.
d. cannot be connected together.
3-18

3. To measure, with an oscilloscope, the voltage drop across an ungrounded component in a
system with common grounds,
a. place the probe directly across the component being measured.
b. use the ALT-INVERT method.
c. place the probe in series with the component being measured.
d. use the ADD-INVERT method.

4. To measure circuit current with the oscilloscope,
a. use a current-measuring inductor.
b. place the probe in series with the circuit.
c. use a current-sensing resistor.
d. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance.

5. To determine circuit impedance,
a. divide the source voltage by the measured circuit current.
b. measure directly with a multimeter.
c. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance.
d. assume it is always a constant 50.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 7 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-19
Exercise 3 – Measuring and Setting Frequency
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure and set frequency by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in
this exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

To set the generator frequency to 100 Hz, adjust the frequency control on the generator so that
the period (T) of the waveform trace on the oscilloscope equals
a. 1 ms.
b. 10 ms.
c. 10 µ .

A waveform trace on the oscilloscope has a measured period of 0.7 ms. The frequency is
a. 1.43 kHz.
b. 1.42 Hz.
c. 14.3 kHz.
3-20
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

4. Set the time base control on the oscilloscope to 0.1 ms/div. Adjust the frequency of the
generator for a waveform cycle that is seven divisions wide along the horizontal axis (time axis).
T (period) = ms
Recall Label for this Question: T
Nominal Answer: 0.7

1
f = —— = Hz
T
Recall Label for this Question: f
Min/Max Value: ( 1000) to ( 1858)

6. Compare your calculated value of frequency (#f# Hz) with the frequency read from the dial of
the generator. The two frequencies do not agree. What method do you think results in the closest
setting of the correct frequency?
a. generator dial
b. oscilloscope (period)
3-21
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The period (T) of a waveform is
a. equal to the frequency.
b. the reciprocal of the amplitude.
c. the reciprocal of the frequency.
d. unrelated to the frequency.

2. The frequency of a waveform is
a. equal to the period.
b. unrelated to the period.
c. the reciprocal of the period.
d. unrelated to time.

3. What is the period of a 2 kHz sine wave?
a. 2 ms
b. 200 µs
c. 5 ms
d. 500 µs

4. What is the frequency of a sine wave having a period of 250 µs?
a. 4 kHz
b. 2.5 kHz
c. 250 Hz
d. 5 kHz

5. The period is the
a. number of waveform cycles that occur in one second.
b. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to maximum negative value.
c. time it takes a waveform to complete one cycle.
d. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to zero amplitude.
3-22
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-23
Exercise 4 – Phase Angle
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure phase angle by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in this
exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Suppose the channel 1 oscilloscope display is adjusted so that one cycle is exactly 8 divisions
wide. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use CH 1 as the reference)?
a. 80°
b. 45°

Is the sine wave displayed on CH 2 leading or lagging the reference sine wave displayed
on CH 1?
a. leading
b. lagging
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

6. Make certain the oscilloscope trigger source control is set to CH 1. Switch the vertical mode to
ALT. Set both channel ground references to the center graticule line. Is the phase angle between
the input (CH 1) and output (CH 2) waveforms approximately zero?
a. yes
b. no

7. Slowly turn potentiometer R2 completely counterclockwise (CCW). Did a phase shift occur?
a. yes
b. no
3-24

8. Switch the vertical mode to CH 1 (display CH 1 only), and adjust the time base and variable
time base controls on the oscilloscope so that one cycle of the waveform is exactly 8 divisions.
How many degrees does each horizontal division represent?
a. 80°
b. 45°

Phase angle = (d)(45/div)
= degrees
Min/Max Value: (50.75) to (94.25)

11. Is the output (CH 2) waveform leading or lagging the reference (CH 1) waveform?
a. leading
b. lagging
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What waveform is usually used as a reference for measuring phase angle?
a. the output waveform
b. the input waveform
c. the line voltage waveform
d. the oscilloscope calibrator waveform

2. When the reference waveform is 8 divisions wide (horizontally) on the oscilloscope, how
many degrees does each division represent?
a. 90°
b. 80°
c. 45°
d. 36°
3-25

3. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)?
a. 45° lagging
b. 90° leading
c. 45° leading
d. 90° lagging

4. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)?
a. 90° leading
b. 90° lagging
c. 45° leading
d. 45° lagging

5. When you measure phase angle, both waveforms must be
a. of identical frequency.
b. of identical amplitude.
c. square waves.
d. different frequencies.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-26
UNIT TEST

A sine wave has a period (T) of 1 ms. The frequency is
a. 1 ms.
b. 100 Hz.
c. 1000 Hz.
d. 10 ms.

One complete cycle of a sine wave equals
a. 360°.
b. 270°.
c. 180°.
d. 90°.

The degree of separation between two sine waves of the same frequency is the
a. amplitude.
b. period.
c. phase angle.
d. root mean square.

The time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle is the
a. amplitude.
b. period.
c. phase angle.
d. root mean square.

The reciprocal value of the period equals the
a. phase angle.
b. peak value.
c. period.
d. frequency.
3-27

Measuring a waveform from the top of a peak to the top of a valley on the oscilloscope
accurately measures
a. peak-to-peak amplitude.
b. peak amplitude.
c. the effective value.
d. the waveform period.

The peak value of a 10 Vpk-pk sine wave is
a. 10.0 Vpk.
b. 5.0 Vpk.
c. 7.07 Vrms.
d. 6.36 Vavg.

The reciprocal value of the frequency equals the
a. frequency.
b. phase angle.
c. period.
d. peak current.

The peak value multiplied by 0.707 is the rms value of
a. sine waves only.
b. sine waves and square waves.
c. square waves only.
d. sine waves and triangle waves.

The oscilloscope directly measures
a. current only.
b. voltage and current.
c. voltage only.
d. voltage, current, and impedance.
3-28
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Inductance
UNIT 3 – INDUCTANCE
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect of inductance on a circuit by using an oscilloscope.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

What type of circuit would produce the greatest cemf?
a. dc circuit
b. ac circuit

Which wire configuration would result in the greatest inductance value?
a. coil of wire
b. straight piece of wire

What value of inductance would result in a lower circuit current for any one frequency?
a. 5 mH
b. 10 mH
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-29
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

inductance (L) - one property of a conductor that opposes change in current flow.
counter electromotive force (cemf) - a voltage developed in an inductive circuit by alternating
current. The polarity of this voltage is, at every instant, opposite to that of the applied voltage.
inductor - a conductor, usually a coil of wire, wound to concentrate its magnetic field, which
produces a predicted measure of inductance.
henry (H) - unit of inductance. An inductance of one henry will produce one volt of cemf when
ac current of one ampere at one hertz is applied.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-30
Exercise 1 – Inductors
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect an inductor has on dc and ac circuits by using measured values. Verify results
with an oscilloscope and multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

If inductance decreases, opposition to current flow will
a. increase.
b. remain the same.
c. decrease.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

RL3 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RL3meas

Idc = mA
Recall Label for this Question: Idcmeas
3-31

VL3dc = Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VL3meas
Min/Max Value: ( .459) to ( .853)

RL3cal = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RL3cal
*
Min/Max Value: (22.83) to (83.68)
Value Calculation: (#VL3meas#)/(#Idcmeas#/1000)

9. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#Ω), measured by using the resistance function
of the multimeter and the calculated coil resistance of RL3cal (#RL3cal#Ω). Based on this
comparison, is inductor L3 producing cemf with constant dc current applied?
a. yes
b. no
*
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
3-32

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iac

VL3ac = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3ac
Nominal Answer: 7.5

ZL3 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: ZL3
*
Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139)
Value Calculation: #VL3ac#/(#Iac#/1000)
*
value.
3-33

15. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#Ω) and the calculated coil impedance ZL3
(#ZL3#Ω). Based on this comparison, is L3 producing cemf when ac current is applied?
a. yes
b. no

19. Does an increase of inductance increase or decrease circuit current?
a. increase
b. decrease

21. What is the effect of an increase in frequency on circuit current?
a. remains the same
b. decreases
c. increases

25. Does the circuit current lead or lag the inductor voltage?
a. lead
b. lag
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. When constant dc is applied to an inductor, current flow is opposed by
a. cemf only.
b. coil resistance only.
c. cemf and coil resistance.
d. emf only.

2. When the CM is toggled off and on, what can you conclude about the inductance of L3 based
on the circuit current?
a. The inductance of L3 was reduced in value.
b. Changing the inductance of L3 had no effect on circuit current.
c. The inductance of L3 increased in value.
d. Changing the inductance of L3 decreased the circuit current.
3-34

3. Decreasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor
a. decreases current flow.
b. increases cemf.
c. neither increases nor decreases the current.
d. decreases impedance.

4. In an ideal inductor,
a. voltage leads current by 90°.
b. current leads voltage by 90°.
c. voltage lags current by 90°.
d. voltage and current remain in phase.

5. An increase in cemf produced by an inductor is seen as
a. a decrease in voltage drop.
b. an increase in circuit current.
c. an increase in impedance.
d. a decrease in the coil resistance.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-35
Exercise 2 – Inductors in Series and in Parallel
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors in series and in parallel. Verify
results with an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

LT = mH
Nominal Answer: 6.0

What is the total inductance (LT) in the above circuit?
a. 2 mH
b. 4 mH
c. 1 mH
3-36
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

LT = mH
Nominal Answer: 4.7
Min/Max Value: (4.653) to (4.747)

VR2
Iac = ———
R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iacc

VL3ac = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3acc
Nominal Answer: 7.5
3-37

ZL3 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: ZL33
*
Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139)
Value Calculation: #VL3acc#/(#Iacc#/1000)

LT = mH
Nominal Answer: 9.4
Min/Max Value: (9.212) to (9.588)

12. Did adding the inductor in series increase or decrease total circuit inductance (LT)?
a. increase
b. decrease

VR2
Iac = ——— = mApk-pk
R2
Recall Label for this Question: Iac1
Nominal Answer: 7.6
*
value.
3-38

VLT = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VLT
Min/Max Value: (6.272) to (11.65)

ZLT = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: ZLT
*
Min/Max Value: (615.8) to ( 2256)
Value Calculation: #VLT#/(#Iac1#/1000)

16. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition
(impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)?
a. single inductor circuit
b. two-inductor series circuit

LT = mH
Min/Max Value: (2.28 ) to (2.421)
*
value.
3-39

VR2
Iac = ——
R2
= mApk-pk
Min/Max Value: (11.97) to (22.23)

VL = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL
Nominal Answer: 5.0

ZL = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: ZL
*
Min/Max Value: (152.7) to (559.3)
Value Calculation: #VL#/(#Iac2#/1000)
*
value.
3-40

23. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition
(impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)?
a. single inductor circuit
b. two-inductor parallel circuit

24. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by pressing <CM>. Based on the
circuit's current change, was the new inductor added to the circuit in series or in parallel with L3
and L4?
a. series
b. parallel
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The total inductance of inductors in series is
a. determined from the reciprocal method.
b. the sum of the inductor values divided by two.
c. the sum of the inductor values.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors.

2. The total inductance of inductors in parallel is
a. determined from the reciprocal method.
b. the sum of the inductor values.
c. the sum of the inductor values divided by two.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors.

3. As more inductors are added in parallel,
a. circuit current increases.
b. impedance increases.
c. circuit current decreases.
d. inductance increases.
3-41

4. As more inductors are added in series,
a. inductance decreases.
b. circuit current increases.
c. circuit current decreases.
d. impedance decreases.

5. Toggle the CM off and on by pressing <CM>. Based on the circuit current change, the unseen
inductor
a. was added in parallel.
b. had no effect on circuit current.
c. was added in series.
d. caused the circuit current to increase.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-42
UNIT TEST

Inductance is the property of a conductor that
a. aids any change in current flow.
b. opposes change in current flow.
c. produces a magnetic field.
d. opposes unchanging current flow.

Increasing the number of turns on an inductor
a. decreases the inductance.
b. increases circuit current.
c. increases the inductance.

When dc is applied to an inductor, the only opposition to current flow is the
a. counter electromotive force (cemf).
b. changing impedance of the inductor.
c. frequency effect on the value of inductance.
d. resistance of the wire in the coil.

Two 10-mH inductors in parallel have a combined inductance of
a. 5.0 mH.
b. 20 mH.
c. 10 mH.
d. 3.3 mH.

A straight piece of wire has relatively little inductance because
a. it does not possess any inductive property.
b. the magnetic field is spread over a large area.
c. cemf is produced only in coils.
d. there is no core.

Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor
a. increases current flow.
b. increases the inductor impedance.
c. decreases the inductor impedance.
d. decreases the amount of cemf produced.
3-43

Two 7-mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of
a. 7 mH.
b. 3.5 mH.
c. 7.5 mH.
d. 14 mH.

Increasing the number of inductors in series
a. decreases total inductance.
c. increases impedance.
d. decreases cemf.

Increasing the number of inductors in parallel
a. decreases total inductance.
b. decreases circuit current.
d. increases cemf.

The current in an inductor
a. leads the voltage by 45°.
b. leads the voltage by 90°.
c. lags the voltage by 90°.
d. lags the voltage by 45°.
3-44
TROUBLESHOOTING
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a

Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across R1, which is the output (VR1) of the full-wave
bridge rectifier. Are both alternations of the ac input waveform being rectified to dc pulses atthe
output?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2c

VR1 = Vdc
Min/Max Value: (6.237) to (7.623)
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3

6. The faulty component is
a. T1 (an open secondary coil).
b. R1 (shorted).
c. D2 (shorted).
d. T1 (an open primary coil).
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a

Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across R1, which is the output (VR1) of the full-wave
bridge rectifier. Are both alternations of the ac input waveform being rectified to dc pulses at the
output?
a. yes
b. no
3-45
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2c

VR1 = Vdc
Min/Max Value: (6.237) to (7.623)
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3

a. T1 (an open secondary coil).
b. R1 (shorted).
c. D2 (shorted).
d. T1 (an open primary coil).
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a

Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across the output (R1 and R2). Is the output essentially
a constant dc voltage signal with no observable ripple?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2c

4. With a multimeter, mesure the dc voltage of the output (Vo).
Vo = Vdc
Min/Max Value: (17.17) to (23.23)
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3

a. CR2 (shorted).
b. CR1 (open).
c. C2 (open or not connected).
d. C1 (open or not connected).
3-46
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2a

Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across the output (R1 and R2). Is the output essentially
a constant dc voltage signal with no observable ripple?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2c

4. With a multimeter, mesure the dc voltage of the output (Vo).
Vo = Vdc
Min/Max Value: (17.17) to (23.23)
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd3, Question ID: trbd3

a. CR2 (shorted).
b. CR1 (open).
c. C2 (open or not connected).
d. C1 (open or not connected).
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 7
Fault 9
Fault 10
Fault 11
3-47
3-48
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Inductive Reactance
UNIT 4 – INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Determine the characteristics of resistive-inductive (RL) circuits by using an oscilloscope and
given information.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

If the frequency of the power source (Vac) increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, inductive reactance
(XL)
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains the same.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

inductive reactance (XL) - the opposition to the flow of alternating current by the inductance of
a circuit. It is measured in ohms.
phasor - a quantity consisting of magnitude and direction used to describe an ac waveform.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-49
Exercise 1 – Inductive Reactance
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine inductive reactance (XL) by using calculated and measured values. Verify results
with an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

If L1 is decreased from 1 mH to 0.5 mH, inductive reactance
a. increases.
b. decreases.

When a sine wave of 30 kHz is applied to n inductor of 1 mH, inductive reactance is:
a. 5000 ohms.
b. 5.31 x 10 ohms.
c. 188 ohms.
3-50
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iaca
Nominal Answer: 5.4

VL3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3a
Nominal Answer: 9.6

XL3 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: XL
∗
Min/Max Value: (928.5) to ( 3401)
Value Calculation: #VL3a#/(#Iaca#/1000)
∗
value.
3-51

7. Calculate the value of XL3.
XL3 = 2πfL
= Ω
Recall Label for this Question: XL1
Min/Max Value: ( 1718) to ( 1824)

8. Comparing your values of XL3 from the practical method (#XL#Ω) and the calculated method
(#XL1#Ω), does it appear that either method can be used?
a. yes
b. no

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IaL3
Min/Max Value: (12.32) to (22.88)

VL3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3L
Nominal Answer: 5.6
3-52

Does decreasing inductance increase or decrease inductive reactance?
a. increase
b. decrease

VL3
XL3 = ———
Iac
= Ω
Min/Max Value: (414.4) to (769.6)

14. Compare your values of inductive reactance at 60 kHz (#XL#Ω) and at 20 kHz (#XL2#Ω).
Does decreasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease inductive reactance?
a. increase
b. decrease

15. Adjust the frequency of the generator to 60 kHzand VGEN for 8 Vpk-pk. Remeasure the
circuit current (Iac) and voltage drop across L3 (VL3). Calculate XL3 with the generator
amplitude at 8 Vpk-pk.
VL3
XL3 = ———
Iac
= Ω
Min/Max Value: ( 1244) to ( 2310)
3-53

16. Compare your value of inductive reactance at a generator input of 10 Vpk-pk (#XL#Ω) and 8
Vpk-pk (#XL3#Ω). Decreasing the amplitude of the applied signal causes inductive reactance to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a

1. Locate the INDUCTANCE/INDUCTIVE REACTANCE circuit block on the AC 1
FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. Connect the circuit shown. Adjust VGEN for a 10 Vpk-pk, 60
kHz sine wave.
VL3
XL3 = ——— = Ω
Iac
Min/Max Value: ( 1244) to ( 2310)
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1c

1. CM 16 alters the value of L3. Remeasure the circuit current (Iac) and voltage drop across L3
(VL3). Calculate XL3 with CM 16 activated.
VL3
XL3 = ——— = Ω
Iac
Min/Max Value: ( 3600) to ( 7478)
3-54

1. Compare your value of inductive reactance before CM 16 was activated (#XL4#Ω) with the
value after CM 16 activated (#XL5#Ω). You conclude that CM 16
a. decreased the inductance.
b. increased the amplitude of VGEN.
c. increased inductance.
d. decreased XL3.

2. A 10 kHz, 12 Vpk-pk sine wave applied to an inductor measuring 1.0 mH has an inductive
reactance (XL) of
a. 62.8Ω.
b. 14.1Ω.
c. 590Ω.
d. 7.8 kΩ.

3. Increasing the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor
a. decreases inductive reactance.
b. has no effect on inductive reactance.
c. increases inductive reactance.
d. decreases circuit current.

4. Inductive reactance increases when
a. frequency increases.
b. inductance decreases.
c. frequency decreases.
d. amplitude increases.

5. The equation used to determine inductive reactance (XL = 2πfL) in this exercise is valid for
a. sine waves and square waves.
b. square waves only.
c. sine waves only.
d. all ac waveforms.
3-55
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17
CM 16
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-56
Exercise 2 – Series RL Circuits
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine characteristics of series RL circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

The total value of resistance (RT) in the series RL circuit shown is 1700Ω (RT = R1 + R2 + R3).
The total value of inductive reactance (XLT) is
a. 600Ω.
b. 2500Ω.
c. 1000Ω.
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4c

__________
Z = √RT2 + XLT2 = Ω
Min/Max Value: ( 2932) to ( 3114)

______________
Vac = √VRT2 + VXLT2
= V
3-57

θ= degrees
Min/Max Value: (47.52) to (58.08)
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IT10
Min/Max Value: (10.16) to (15.24)

VL3
XL3 = ——— = Ω
IT
3-58

VGEN
Z = ———— = Ω
IT
Recall Label for this Question: Z10
Min/Max Value: (550.9) to ( 1023)

8. Compare your value of Z (#Z10#Ω) with the individual values of RT and XLT. Can
impedance (Z) be determined by directly adding RT and XLT?
a. yes
b. no

VL3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3d
Nominal Answer: 7.5

VR1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vr1d
Nominal Answer: 5.9
3-59

12. Compare the applied value of VGEN with VR1 and VL3. In a series RL circuit, does VGEN
equal the sum of the individual component drops?
a. yes
b. no

13. Observe the phase angle (θ) between the circuit current (circuit current and VR2 have
identical phase) and VGEN. Use VGEN as a reference. Does the circuit current lead or lag the
applied generator voltage?
a. lead
b. lag

15. Observe the phase angle (θ) between the circuit current and VGEN. Use VGEN as a
reference. Did the added series inductor increase or decrease the phase angle between VGEN and
circuit current?
a. decrease
b. increase
REVIEW

1. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Based on
your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a series inductor to this circuit
a. increased circuit current.
b. decreased circuit impedance.
c. had no effect on circuit current.
d. decreased circuit current.

2. An RL circuit containing three series-connected inductors with reactances of 200Ω, 500Ω, and
1500Ω has a total inductive reactance of
a. 131Ω.
b. 2.5 kΩ.
c. 2.2 kΩ.
d. 150Ω.
3-60

3. In a series RL circuit, the applied generator voltage equals the
a. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the
individual resistors and inductors.
b. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistive components.
c. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the inductors.
d. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistors and inductors.

4. The total inductive reactance of inductors in series is
a. determined from the reciprocal formula.
b. the sum of the individual reactances.
c. the sum of the individual inductances.
d. the reciprocal of the individual inductances.

5. The phase angle between the applied generator and circuit current in a series RL circuit is
a. 90°.
b. 180°.
c. greater than 90°.
d. less than 90°.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-61
Exercise 3 – Parallel RL Circuits
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine characteristics of parallel RL circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

XL1 x XL2
XLT = —————— = Ω
XL1 + XL2
Recall Label for this Question: XLTP

Calculate total circuit curent (IT).
________
IT = √IR2 + IL2 = mApk-pk
Min/Max Value: (16.49) to (17.51)
3-62
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Recall Label for this Question: ITpar
Nominal Answer: 8.2

Does IT equal the sum of the individual branch currents in a parallel RL circuit?
a. yes
b. no

Does the added parallel inductor cause total inductive reactance (XLT) to increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease

Recall Label for this Question: ITpar1

10. Compare your value of circuit impedance with one inductor (# 3/(ITpar/1000)#Ω) to the
value of circuit impedance with two inductors of (#3/(ITpar1/1000)Ω). Did the added parallel
inductor cause circuit impedance to increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease
3-63
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Based on your observation of the circuit, you conclude that adding a parallel inductor to the
RL circuit
a. decreased circuit current.
b. increased circuit impedance.
c. decreased circuit impedance.
d. had no effect on the circuit.

2. An RL circuit consisting of two parallel-connected inductors with reactances of 750Ω and 75
kΩ has a total inductive reactance of
a. 75.75 kΩ.
b. 743Ω.
c. 770Ω.
d. 75 kΩ.

3. The circuit current of a parallel RL circuit equals the square root of the sum of the
a. squares of the resistive and inductive branch voltages.
b. resistive and inductive branch voltages.
c. squares of the resistive and inductive branch currents.
d. resistive and inductive branch currents.

4. The total inductive reactance of inductors in parallel is
a. the sum of the individual inductances.
c. determined from the reciprocal formula.
d. the reciprocal of the individual inductances.

5. As inductance decreases in a parallel circuit,
a. phase angle increases.
b. circuit current decreases.
c. circuit impedance increases.
d. inductive reactance increases.
3-64
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-65
UNIT TEST

Inductive reactance depends on
a. amplitude and frequency.
b. inductance and amplitude.
c. frequency and inductance.
d. inductance only.

Inductive reactance
a. lies on the negative portion of the Y axis of the X-Y coordinate system.
b. is equal to 2πfL.
c. is added to resistance to yield total circuit impedance.
d. is multiplied by resistance to yield total circuit impedance.

What inductive reactance results when a 7 Vpk-pk, 20 kHz sine wave is applied to an inductor of
10 mH (XL = 2πfL)?
a. 9.48 kΩ
b. 5.95 kΩ
c. 1.256 kΩ
d. 4.17 MΩ

Adding inductors in series to an RL circuit
b. increases phase angle.
c. increases circuit current.
d. decreases circuit impedance.

Adding inductors in parallel to an RL circuit
a. increases inductive reactance.
c. increases circuit impedance.
3-66

The equation XL = 2πfL is valid for
a. all ac waveforms.
c. sine waves and square waves.
d. sine waves only.

As inductors are added in series,
a. circuit impedance decreases.
c. inductive reactance increases.
d. inductive reactance decreases.

The current flowing through an inductor
a. leads the voltage across the inductor by 90º.
b. is in phase with the voltage across the inductor.
c. lags the voltage across the inductor by 90º.
d. lags the voltage across the inductor by 45º.

When inductors are added in parallel,
a. inductive reactance decreases.
c. inductive reactance increases.
d. circuit impedance increases.

Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor
b. has no effect on inductive reactance.
d. decreases the voltage drop across the inductor.
3-67
TROUBLESHOOTING

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across L2
(VL2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN).
VL2 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 4.6

a. L2 (open).
b. L1 (reduced in value).
c. L2 (shorted).
d. R1 (increased in value).

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across L4
(VL4) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN).
VL4 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 5.1

a. L4 (open).
b. L3 (short).
c. R1 (decreased in vlaue).
3-68
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 7
Fault 8
3-69
3-70
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Transformers
UNIT 5 – TRANSFORMERS
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another by mutual inductance.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

In the figure, which coil, or winding, is the primary?
a. L1
b. L2

What type of core is this transformer wound on?
a. air
b. ferrite
c. iron
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-71
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

mutual inductance - the ability of one coil to induce voltage into another coil in close proximity
by way of a fluctuating magnetic field.
transformer - a device used to couple energy from one circuit to another through mutual
inductance.
primary - a transformer winding connected to the source voltage.
secondary - a transformer winding connected to the load.
coupling - the transfer of energy from one circuit to another.
tap - a fixed electrical connection to a specified position on the winding of a transformer.
autotransformer - a transformer consisting of one winding that acts as both primary and
secondary.
step-down transformer - a transformer whose applied primary voltage is greater than the
secondary voltage.
step-up transformer - a transformer whose secondary voltage is greater than the applied primary
voltage.
ferrite - a nonconductive, powered, compressed, magnetic, iron-based material.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-72
Exercise 1 – Transformer Windings
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the coil resistances of a transformer by using a multimeter. Verify results with
information found in this exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

A resistance measurement with a multimeter between the primary and secondary windings
measures
a. a short circuit.
b. 100Ω.
c. an open circuit.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

2. Locate the symbol for transformer T1 in the TRANSFORMER circuit block. What type of
core is indicated by the symbol?
a. iron
b. ferrite
c. air

3. The secondary winding is the winding on the right. Is the secondary of transformer T1 tapped?
a. yes
b. no
3-73

RP = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RP
Min/Max Value: (185.5) to (344.5)

RS = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RS

6. Compare your measured values of primary winding resistance (#RP#Ω) and secondary
winding resistance (#RS#Ω) of transformer T1. Which winding has more turns (assuming that
both are made from the same type of wire)?
a. primary
b. secondary

7. Measure the resistance between the primary and secondary windings with a multimeter (leads
1 and 3 or 2 and 4). Does an open circuit exist between the primary and secondary windings?
a. yes
b. no
3-74

RS1 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RS1

RS2 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: RS2

10. Based on your resistance measurements of RS1 (#RS1#Ω) and RS2 (#RS2#Ω), and assuming
the entire secondary winding is made of the same type of wire, is the tap located near the top,
center, or bottom of the secondary winding?
a. top
b. center
c. bottom
3-75
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The winding of a transformer to which an external voltage is applied is called the
a. secondary.
b. tap.
c. primary.
d. core.

2. Which symbol indicates a transformer with a ferrite core?
a. transformer a
b. transformer b
c. transformer c
d. transformer d

3. A transformer tap may appear
a. on the secondary winding only.
b. anywhere along a winding.
c. at the center of a winding only.
d. on the primary winding only.

4. In a regular transformer, no electrical connection exists between the
a. primary leads.
b. secondary leads.
c. primary and secondary windings.
d. applied voltage and the primary.

5. The resistance in a transformer winding is related to the
a. mutual inductance.
b. gauge of the wire.
c. transformer core.
d. tap.
3-76
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-77
Exercise 2 – Mutual Inductance
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate mutual inductance by using a typical transformer. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
No Questions
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

4. Press and hold down switch S1 while you measure the dc voltage across the secondary
winding (VS). Use a multimeter. Is there any dc voltage across the secondary with a constant dc
applied to the primary?
a. yes
b. no

6. While observing the oscilloscope display, press and release the switch several times. Did
pulsing the dc supply on the primary cause a voltage pulse to be induced across the secondary?
a. yes
b. no

9. Observe the display on the oscilloscope. Does the ac voltage on the primary induce a voltage
in the secondary?
a. yes
b. no
3-78
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Voltage induced from the primary winding to the secondary is caused by
a. coil resistance.
b. mutual inductance.
c. constant dc current.
d. a center tap.

2. Voltage is induced into the secondary
a. only when a sine wave is applied to the primary.
b. only when the primary current is constant.
c. whenever constant dc is applied to the primary.
d. whenever the primary current is changing.

3. A fluctuating magnetic field surrounding the primary
a. induces a voltage in the secondary.
b. induces a voltage in the transformer core.
c. is produced by constant dc current.
d. is produced by a tapped secondary.

4. An ac waveform applied to the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary because ac
a. is unchanging.
b. is changing.
c. does not produce a changing current.
d. maintains constant amplitude.

5. When a dc source connected to the primary of a transformer is pulsed on and off by a switch,
voltage is induced into the secondary because
a. the pulsing dc current causes the magnetic field to fluctuate.
b. only dc current causes a voltage to be induced into the secondary.
c. the switch causes the primary and secondary to be directly connected.
d. the pulsing dc current prevents mutual inductance.
3-79
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-80
Exercise 3 – Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the turns and voltage ratios of a transformer by using calculated and measured values.
Verify results with an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Suppose a transformer has a primary voltage of 90V and a secondry voltage of 30V. The turns
ratio (and voltage ratio) would be
a. 10:1
b. 3:1
c. 30:1

Applying a 100V sine wave to the primary (leads 1 to 2) of this step-down transformer results in
what secondary output if you measure from the center tap to one end (leads 3 to 5 or 4 to 5) of
the secondary winding?
a. 50V
b. 100V
c. 25V
3-81
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

3. Using an oscilloscope, measure the voltage across the entire secondary winding (VS).
VS = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VS1
Nominal Answer: 4.0

4. Comparing the input voltage (VGEN = 8 Vpk-pk) to your measured secondary voltage (VS =
#VS1# Vpk-pk), is transformer T1 a step-up or step-down transformer?
a. step-up
b. step-down

VP VGEN
Voltage Ratio =  = 
VS VS
=
Recall Label for this Question: VRatio1
Nominal Answer: 2.0
∗
Min/Max Value: (1.492) to (2.943)
Value Calculation: # 8 / VS1 #
∗
value.
3-82

VS = V
Recall Label for this Question: VS2
Nominal Answer: 2.0

VP VGEN
Voltage Ratio =  = 
VS VS
=
Nominal Answer: 2.0

8. Compare your calculated voltage ratio (#VRatio1#, VGEN = 8 Vpk-pk) with your other
calculated voltage ratio (#VRatio2#, VGEN = 4 Vpk-pk). Did the voltage ratio remain the same
or did it change when the primary voltage was changed from 8 Vpk-pk to 4 Vpk-pk?
a. changed
b. remained the same

VTAP = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VTAP
Nominal Answer: 2.0
3-83

10. Compare your measured value of VTAP (#VTAP# Vpk-pk) with your previously measured
value of VS (#VS1# Vpk-pk). Is the secondary winding tapped at the center?
a. yes
b. no

VP VGEN
Voltage Ratio =  = 
VTAP VTAP
=
Nominal Answer: 4.0
∗
Min/Max Value: (2.985) to (5.886)
Value Calculation: # 8 / VTAP #

12. What voltage ratio would produce the smallest secondary voltage for an 8 Vpk-pk primary
voltage?
a. 2:1
b. 4:1
∗
value.
3-84
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A transformer with 1800 turns of wire on the primary and 900 turns on the secondary has a
turns ratio of
a. 1:2.
b. 1:3.
c. 2:1.
d. 3:1.

2. The voltage ratio equals the
a. current ratio.
b. turns ratio.
c. power ratio.
d. inverse of the turns ratio.

3. The secondary voltage measured from the center tap
a. increases the voltage ratio of a step-down transformer.
b. decreases the voltage ratio of a step-down transformer.
c. decreases the current ratio of a step-down transformer.
d. increases the voltage ratio of a step-up transformer.

4. The voltage ratio is independent of the
a. turns ratio.
b. current ratio.
c. secondary voltage.
d. amplitude of the applied signal.

5. A transformer having a greater voltage across the secondary than it has across the primary is
a(n)
a. step-down transformer.
b. iron core transformer.
c. step-up transformer.
d. autotransformer.
3-85
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-86
Exercise 4 – Transformer Secondary Loading
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the effect of secondary loading by using a typical transformer. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

A transformer with a voltage and turns ratio of 10:1 has a secondary current (IS) of 100 mA.
What is the primary (IP) current?
a. 1000 mA
b. 10 mA
c. 1 mA

An ideal step-down transformer with a voltage ratio of 10:1 has input power (PP) equal to 500
mW. What is the power out (PS)?
a. 50 mW
b. 5000 mW
c. 500 mW
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

IP = VR1 /R1
= µApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IPNL
Min/Max Value: (141.5) to (424.5)
3-87

IP = VR1 /R1= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IPL
Nominal Answer: 1.9

5. Compare your calculated values of primary current with no load across the secondary
(#IPNL# µApk-pk) to the primary current with a 1 kΩ load (#IPL# mApk-pk). Did the primary
current increase or decrease with the addition of a load (R2) across the secondary?
a. increase
b. decrease

8 Vpk-pk
VGENrms =  x 0.707 = Vrms
2
Recall Label for this Question: VGENrms
Min/Max Value: (2.745) to (2.915)
3-88

VR1 pk-pk x 0.707
IPrms = 
2 x R1
= mArms
Recall Label for this Question: IPrms
Min/Max Value: (0.476) to (0.884)

PP = mW
Recall Label for this Question: PP
∗
Min/Max Value: (1.267) to (2.654)
Value Calculation: #VGENrms#*#IPrms#

VR2 pk-pk
VR2rms =  x 0.707 = Vrms
2
Recall Label for this Question: VR2RMS
Min/Max Value: (0.777) to (1.443)
∗
value.
3-89

14. Determine the secondary rms current.
VR2rms #VR2RMS2#
ISrms =  =  = mArms
R2 1000
Recall Label for this Question: ISRMS
∗
Min/Max Value: ( .754) to (1.486)
Value Calculation: #VR2RMS#

PS = VR2rms x Isrms
= mW
Recall Label for this Question: PS
*
Min/Max Value: ( .568) to (2.209)
Value Calculation: #VR2RMS#*#ISRMS#

PS
efficiency % =  x 100
PP
= %
Recall Label for this Question: %
*
Min/Max Value: (20.76) to (179.6)
Value Calculation: (#PS#/#PP#)*100
∗
value.
3-90

17. Your calculated value of efficiency for T1 is #%#%. If T1 were an ideal (perfect)
transformer, would the percentage of efficiency be higher or lower?
a. higher percent
b. lower percent
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A transformer is a
a. nonregulating device.
b. self-regulating device.
c. nonconductive device.
d. self-inhibiting device.

2. Adjust VGEN for an 8 Vpk-pk, 1 kHz sine wave. Using the oscilloscope, measure the voltage
drop across R2 (VR2). Convert your peak-to-peak measurement to an rms value.
Vpk-pk x 0.707
VR2rms = 
2
= Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: VR2CM
Min/Max Value: (0.581) to (1.079)
3-91

ISrms = mA
Recall Label for this Question: ISCM
∗
Min/Max Value: (1.797) to (3.406)
Value Calculation: (#VR2CM#/320)*1000

2. The secondary power (PS) of T1 equals
a. 9.4 mW.
b. 2.1 mW.
c. 0.4 mW.
d. 94.0 mW.

3. The current ratio between the primary and secondary equals the
a. voltage ratio.
b. power ratio.
c. inverse of the power ratio.
d. inverse of the voltage ratio.

4. If the load resistance on the secondary increases, the
a. voltage ratio increases.
b. primary current increases.
c. primary current decreases.
d. current ratio increases.
∗
value.
3-92

5. A transformer with 5 mW of power in the primary and 5 mW of power in the secondary has an
efficiency of
a. 50%.
b. 100%.
c. 25%.
d. 10%.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 5
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-93
UNIT TEST

An inductor can induce a voltage into another inductor in close proximity
a. if the current through the inductor is constant.
b. only if the inductors are wound around an iron core.
c. if the current through the inductor is changing.
d. only if one of the inductors is tapped.

The voltage in the secondary winding of a transformer is caused by
a. mutual inductance.
b. constant dc voltage in the primary.
c. a center tap.
d. the secondary load.

A transformer with 1200 turns on the primary and 12,000 turns on the secondary has a voltage
ratio of
a. 2:1.
b. 10:1.
c. 1:10.
d. 1:2.

A transformer that has a greater voltage across the primary than it has across the secondary is a
a. step-up transformer.
b. ferrite core transformer.
c. power transformer.
d. step-down transformer.

A transformer with a current ratio of 3:1 has a voltage ratio of
a. 3:1.
b. 1:3.
c. 1:1.
d. 1:1.5.
3-94

An iron or ferrite core in a transformer
a. provides a direct electrical connection between the primary and secondary windings.
b. concentrates the magnetic field surrounding the windings.
c. suppresses the magnetic field surrounding the windings.
d. produces a magnetic field.

A tap may appear
a. only at the center of the primary.
b. anywhere on the secondary winding.
c. only at the center of the secondary.
d. anywhere along any winding.

If the load resistance on the secondary decreases, the
a. primary current increases.
b. voltage ratio decreases.
c. primary current decreases.
d. current ratio increases.

A transformer is a self-regulating device because the
a. primary winding is not connected to the secondary.
b. secondary voltage remains constant when the primary voltage changes.
c. primary automatically compensates for changes in the secondary load.
d. secondary current remains constant when the load changes.

In an ideal transformer, the turns ratio equals
a. the current ratio.
b. the power ratio.
c. twice the current ratio.
d. the voltage ratio.
3-95
TROUBLESHOOTING

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across R2
(VR2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN).
VR2 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 3.3

a. a shorted turn on the primary.
b. an open turn on the primary.
c. a shorted turn on the secondary.
d. an open turn on the secondary.

VR2 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 3.3

a. a shorted turn on the primary.
b. an open turn on the primary.
c. a shorted turn on the secondary.
d. an open turn on the secondary.
3-96
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 4
Fault 5
3-97
3-98
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Capacitance
UNIT 6 – CAPACITANCE
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect of capacitance on a circuit by using an oscilloscope.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

A dc voltage source of 25V is applied to a capacitor, and then the voltage source is removed.
What is the charge (voltage) across the capacitor?
a. 0 volts
b. 25 volts

Capacitor C1 is fully charged. What is the voltage drop across R1?
a. 0 volts
b. 15 volts
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

capacitance (C) - the property of a capacitor to store charge.
capacitor - a device consisting of two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material
and possessing a predicted amount of capacitance.
farad (F) - unit of measure for capacitance. A farad equals one coulomb of charge stored at a
potential of one volt.
leakage current - a small, undesirable amount of current that flows through the dielectric of a
capacitor.
dielectric - the insulating material between the two plates of a capacitor.
3-99
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-100
Exercise 1 – Capacitors
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect a capacitor has on dc and ac circuits by using measured values. Verify results
with a multimeter and an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

If the value of C1 were increased to 0.9 µF, the circuit current (IC1) would
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.

If the frequency of the signal source were changed to 5 kHz, circuit current (IC1) would
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

5. While monitoring the oscilloscope for voltage across C1, close S1. Does the capacitor charge
up when the dc voltage is applied?
a. yes
b. no

Does the charge on C1 remain even after the dc source is removed?
a. yes
b. no
3-101

9. While monitoring the multimeter display, hold S1 closed for about 15 seconds. Repeat several
times (discharge C1 each time by using S2). Based on the reaction of the multimeter display, was
current flowing while capacitor C1 was charging?
a. yes
b. no

10. Based on the reaction of the multimeter display, did current stop flowing after the capacitor
became fully charged?
a. yes
b. no

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iac
Nominal Answer: 4.5

13. Does the current flowing in the circuit indicate that C3 is passing ac?
a. yes
b. no

15. CM 10 is activated to increase the capacitance of C3 from 0.1 µF to 0.2 µF. While observing
the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Does an increase in
capacitance increase or decrease circuit current?
a. increase
b. decrease
3-102

16. Monitor the circuit current on the oscilloscope. Increase the generator frequency. Does
increasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease circuit current?
a. decrease
b. increase

18. Observe the phase angle (θ) between the circuit current (VR2) and VC3. Does the
circuit current lead or lag the capacitor voltage?
a. lead
b. lag
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A capacitor
a. blocks ac and passes dc.
b. blocks dc and passes ac.
c. passes ac and dc.
d. blocks ac and dc.

2. What can you conclude based on the reaction of the circuit current?
a. The capacitance of C3 increased in value.
b. Changing the capacitance of C3 had no effect on circuit current.
c. The capacitance of C3 decreased in value.
d. Changing the capacitance of C3 increased circuit current.

3. Decreasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor
a. decreases current flow.
b. has no effect on current flow.
c. increases current flow.
3-103

4. In a capacitor,
a. current lags voltage by 90º.
b. current leads voltage by 90º.
c. voltage leads current by 90º.
d. voltage and current remain in phase.

5. A capacitor allows dc current flow
a. only while it is charging.
b. when it is fully charged.
c. only while it is discharging.
d. while it is charging or discharging.
CMs AVAILABLE
CM 10 TOGGLE
CM 9 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-104
Exercise 2 – Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine total capacitance by using circuits that have capacitors in series and in parallel. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

What is the total capacitance (CT) of this circuit?
a. 5 µF
b. 10 µF
c. 2.5 µF

What is CT?
a. 0.8 µF
b. 8.0 µF
c. 80. µF
3-105
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iacc
Nominal Answer: 4.5

VC3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vc3
Nominal Answer: 7.2

VC3
ZC3 = ——— = Ω
Iac
Recall Label for this Question: Zc3
∗
Min/Max Value: (852.9) to ( 3001)
Value Calculation: #Vc3#/(#Iacc#/1000)
∗
value.
3-106

C1 x C2
CT = 
C1 + C2
= µF
Min/Max Value: (0.049) to (0.051)

10. Did adding the capacitor in series increase or decrease CT?
a. increase
b. decrease

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iaccc
Nominal Answer: 2.8

VCT = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vct
Nominal Answer: 8.9
3-107

14. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition to
current flow (impedance) for the same input signal (VGEN)?
a. single-capacitor circuit
b. two-capacitor series circuit

17. Determine CT in the two-capacitor parallel circuit.
CT = C3 + C4
= µF
Nominal Answer: 0.2

18. Determine Iac by using current-sensing resistor R2.
Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Nominal Answer: 5.8
3-108

19. Measure the voltage drop across parallel capacitors C3 and C4 (VC).
VC = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vc
Nominal Answer: 4.6

21. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest impedance for the
same input signal?
a. single-capacitor circuit
b. two-capacitor parallel circuit

24. Based on the change in circuit current, was the new capacitor added to the circuit in series or
in parallel with C3 or C4?
a. series
b. parallel
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is
b. the sum of the individual capacitor values.
c. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the capacitors.

2. The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is
b. the sum of the individual capacitor values.
c. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the capacitors.
3-109

3. As more capacitors are added in parallel,
a. circuit current decreases.
b. impedance increases.
c. capacitance decreases.
d. circuit current increases.

4. As more capacitors are added in series,
a. circuit current decreases.
b. impedance decreases.
c. circuit current increases.
d. capacitance increases.

5. Based on the reaction of the circuit current, the unseen capacitor
a. was added in parallel.
b. had no effect on the circuit current.
c. was added in series.
d. caused the circuit current to increase.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 10 TOGGLE
CM 9 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-110
UNIT TEST

The total capacitance of two capacitors in series is
a. determined using Ohm's law.
b. always less than the smallest individual capacitor value.
c. the sum of the individual capacitor values.
d. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two.

Capacitance is the ability to
a. produce a cemf.
b. induce voltage.
c. hold electric charge.
d. produce a magnetic field.

A capacitor allows dc current to flow only when it is
a. charging or discharging.
b. charging.
c. discharging.
d. fully charged.

Two capacitors in series, one 2 µF and one 1 µF, have a combined capacitance of
a. 3.0 µF.
b. 1.5 µF.
c. 2.0 µF.
d. 0.66 µF.

Two capacitors in parallel, one 1 µF and one 3 µF, have a combined capacitance of
a. 3.0 µF.
b. 4.0 µF.
c. 2.0 µF.
d. 0.75 µF.
3-111

Increasing the number of capacitors in series
a. decreases impedance.
d. increases total capacitance.

Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor
a. has no effect.
d. increases circuit current.

Increasing the number of capacitors in parallel
a. decreases circuit current.
b. increases impedance.
d. decreases total capacitance.

A capacitor will
a. pass only ac.
b. block dc and ac.
c. pass only dc.
d. block ac.

The phase difference between the applied voltage and current is
a. 45º.
b. 360º.
c. 90º.
d. 180º.
3-112
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 7 – Capacitive Reactance
UNIT 7 – CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Determine the characteristics of resistive-capacitive (RC) circuits by using an oscilloscope and
given information.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals Page: sf1, Question ID: f1a

If the frequency of the power source (Vac) increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the capacitive
reactance (XC)
a. increases.
b. decreases.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

capacitive reactance - the opposition to current flow due to capacitance.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
3-113
Exercise 1 – Capacitive Reactance
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine capacitive reactance (XC) by using calculated and measured values. Verify results
with an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a

If C1 is increased from 0.1 µF to 0.8 µF, capacitive reactance
a. increases.
b. decreases.
Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3c

When a sine wave of 1 kHz is applied to a capacitor of 0.2 µF, what is capacitive reactance?
a. 5000Ω.
b. 1.25 x 10-3Ω.
c. 796Ω.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iaca
Nominal Answer: 4.5
3-114
Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4c

5. Measure VC3 with the oscilloscope.
VC3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vc3a
Nominal Answer: 7.2

VC3
XC3 =  = Ω
Iac
Recall Label for this Question: Xc
Nominal Answer: 1600
∗
Value Calculation: #Vc3a#/(#Iaca#/1000)

1
XC3 =  = Ω
2πfC
Recall Label for this Question: Xc1
Min/Max Value: (1574.1) to (1605.9)
∗
value.
3-115

8. Comparing your values of XC3 from the practical method (#Xc#Ω) and the calculated method
(#Xc1#Ω), does it appear that either method can be used?
a. yes
b. no

9. CM 9 is activated to decrease the value of C3 to 0.05 µF. If necessary, readjust VGEN for a 10
Vpk-pk sine wave at 1 kHz. Determine the total circuit current (Iac).
Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iacb
Nominal Answer: 2.8
∗

10. Measure the voltage drop across C3 (VC3) with the oscilloscope.
VC3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vc3L
Nominal Answer: 8.9

12. Compare your values of capacitive reactance with C3 equal to 0.1 µF (#Xc#Ω) and 0.05 µF
(# ( Vc3L / ( Iacb / 1000 ) )#Ω). Does decreasing capacitance increase or decrease capacitive
reactance?
a. increase
b. decrease
∗
value.
3-116

VC3
XC3 =  = Ω
Iac

14. Compare your values of capacitive reactance at 1 kHz (#Xc#Ω) and 500 Hz (#Xc2#Ω). Does
decreasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease capacitive reactance?
a. increase
b. decrease

VC3
XC3 =  = Ω
Iac
Nominal Answer: 1600
∗
Value Calculation: #Xc#
∗
value.
3-117

16. Compare your values of capacitive reactance at a generator input of 10 Vpk-pk (#Xc#Ω) and
at 8 Vpk-pk (#Xc3#Ω). Decreasing amplitude of the applied signal causes capacitive reactance to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a

VC3
XC3 =  = Ω
Iac
Recall Label for this Question: XC4
Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1c

VC3
XC3 = ——— = Ω
Iac
Recall Label for this Question: XC5
Min/Max Value: (556.5) to (1033.5)
3-118
Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. Compare your value of capacitive reactance before CM 10 was activated (#XC4#Ω) with the
value after CM 10 was activated (#XC5#Ω). You conclude that CM 10
a. decreased the capacitance.
b. increased the amplitude of VGEN.
c. increased capacitance.
d. increased XC3.

2. A 750 Hz, 12 Vpk-pk sine wave applied to a capacitor measuring 0.3 µF has a capacitive
reactance (XC) of
a. 708Ω.
b. 1.41Ω.
c. 59Ω.
d. 7.8 kΩ.

3. Increasing the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor
a. decreases capacitive reactance.
b. has no effect on capacitive reactance.
c. increases capacitive reactance.

4. Capacitive reactance decreases when
a. frequency increases.
b. capacitance decreases.
c. frequency decreases.
d. amplitude increases.

5. The equation used to determine capacitive reactance in this exercise is valid for
a. sine waves and square waves.
c. sine waves only.
d. all ac waveforms.
3-119
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9
CM 10
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-120
Exercise 2 – Series RC Circuits
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine characteristics of series RC circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

The total value of resistance (RT) in the series RC circuit shown is 2750Ω (RT = R1 + R2 + R3).
The total value of capacitive reactance (XCT) is
a. 666Ω.
b. 3000Ω.
c. 1000Ω.
Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4c

Using the values of RT and XCT, calculate the impedance of this series RC circuit.
___________
Z = √ RT2 + XCT2
= Ω
Min/Max Value: (5102.5) to (5205.5)
3-121

______________
Vac = √VRT2 + VXCT2
= V
Min/Max Value: (11.18) to (11.41)

θ= degrees
Min/Max Value: (36.96) to (68.64)
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Recall Label for this Question: IT10
Nominal Answer: 4.5
3-122

VGEN
Z =  = Ω
IT
Recall Label for this Question: Z10
Min/Max Value: (1555.4) to (2888.6)

8. Compare your value of Z with the individual values of RT and CT. Can Z be determined by
directly adding RT and CT?
a. yes
b. no

VC3 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vc3d
Nominal Answer: 7.3

10. Connect the oscilloscope as shown and use the ADD-INVERT method to measure the
voltage drop across R1 (VR1).
VR1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Vr1d
Nominal Answer: 6.9
3-123

12. Compare your value of VGEN (#( ( ( Vr1d ^ 2) + ( Vc3d ^ 2 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) # Vpk-pk) with the
individual voltage drops of VR1 (#Vr1d# Vpk-pk) and VC1 (#Vc3d# Vpk-pk). In a series RC
circuit, does the applied voltage (VGEN) equal the sum of the individual component drops?
a. yes
b. no

13. Observe the phase angle (θ) between the circuit current (circuit current and VR2 have
identical phase) and VGEN. Use VGEN as a reference. Does the circuit current lead or lag the
applied generator voltage?
a. lead
b. lag

16. Did the added series capacitor increase or decrease the phase angle between VGEN and the
circuit current?
a. decrease
b. increase
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Based on
your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a series capacitor to this circuit
a. increased circuit current.
b. decreased circuit impedance.
c. had no effect on circuit current.
d. decreased circuit current.

2. An RC circuit containing three series-connected capacitors with reactances of 200Ω, 500Ω,
and 1500Ω has a total capacitive reactance of
a. 131Ω.
b. 2.5 kΩ.
c. 2.2 kΩ.
d. 150Ω.
3-124

3. In a series RC circuit, the applied generator voltage equals the
a. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the
individual resistors and capacitors.
b. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistive components.
c. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the capacitors.
d. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistors and capacitors.

4. The total capacitive reactance of capacitors in series is
c. the sum of the individual capacitances.
d. the reciprocal of the individual capacitances.

5. The phase angle between the applied generator and circuit current in a series RC circuit is
a. 90º.
b. 180º.
c. greater than 90º.
d. less than 90º.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-125
Exercise 3 – Parallel RC Circuits
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine characteristics of parallel RC circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

XC1 x XC2
XCT = —————— = Ω
XC1 + XC2
Recall Label for this Question: XCTP
Min/Max Value: (742.5) to (757.5)

Calculate total circuit current (IT).
________
IT = √IR2 + IC2 = mApk-pk
Min/Max Value: (23.76) to (24.24)
3-126
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

IT = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: ITpar
Nominal Answer: 9.1

Does IT equal the sum of the individual branch currents in a parallel RC circuit?
a. yes
b. no

Does the added parallel capacitor cause total capacitive reactance (XCT) to increase or to
decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease

8. Determine the new total circuit current (IT) by using sensing resistor R2.
Recall Label for this Question: ITpar1
3-127

10. Compare your value of circuit impedance with one capacitor (#10/(ITpar/1000) #Ω). to the
value of circuit impedance with two capacitors (#10/(ITpar1/1000)#Ω). Did the added parallel
capacitor cause the circuit impedance to increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Based on your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a parallel capacitor
to the RC circuit
a. decreased circuit current.
b. increased circuit impedance.
c. decreased circuit impedance.
d. had no effect on the circuit.

2. An RC circuit consisting of two parallel-connected capacitors with reactances of 750Ω and 75
kΩ has a total capacitive reactance of
a. 75.75 kΩ.
b. 743Ω.
c. 770Ω.
d. 75 kΩ.

3. The circuit current of a parallel RC circuit equals the square root of the sum of the
a. squares of the resistive and capacitive branch voltages.
b. resistive and capacitive branch voltages.
c. squares of the resistive and capacitive branch currents.
d. resistive and capacitive branch currents.

4. The total capacitive reactance of capacitors in parallel is
a. the sum of the individual capacitances.
c. determined from the reciprocal formula.
d. the reciprocal of the individual capacitances.
3-128

5. As capacitors are added in parallel,
a. phase angle increases.
c. circuit impedance increases.
d. capacitive reactance increases.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 10 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-129
UNIT TEST
Location: Unit Test Page: sut1, Question ID: ut1

Capacitive reactance depends on
a. amplitude and frequency.
b. capacitance and amplitude.
c. frequency and capacitance.
d. capacitance only.

Capacitive reactance
a. lies on the positive portion of the Y axis of the X-Y coordinate system.
b. equals 1/(2pfC).
c. is added to resistance to yield total circuit impedance.
d. is multiplied by resistance to yield total circuit impedance.

What capacitive reactance results when a 7 Vpk-pk, 20 kHz sine wave is applied to a capacitor of
12 pF [XC = 1/(2πfC)]?
a. 94.8 kΩ
b. 595 kΩ
c. 663 kΩ
d. 4.17 MΩ

Adding capacitors in series to an RC circuit
a. decreases capacitive reactance.
b. increases phase angle.
d. decreases circuit impedance.

Adding capacitors in parallel to an RC circuit
a. increases capacitive reactance.
c. increases circuit impedance.
3-130

The equation XC = 1/(2πfC) is valid for
a. all ac waveforms.
d. sine waves only.

As capacitors are added in series,
a. circuit impedance decreases.
c. capacitive reactance increases.
d. capacitive reactance decreases.

The current flowing through a capacitor
a. lags the voltage across the capacitor by 90º.
b. is in phase with the voltage across the capacitor.
c. leads the voltage across the capacitor by 90º.
d. lags the voltage across the capacitor by 45º.

When capacitors are added in parallel,
a. capacitive reactance decreases.
c. capacitive reactance increases.
d. circuit impedance increases.

Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor
a. increases capacitive reactance.
b. has no effect on capacitive reactance.
c. decreases capacitive reactance.
d. increases the voltage drop across the capacitor.
3-131
TROUBLESHOOTING

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across C2
(VC2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN).
VC2 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 4.5

a. C2 (shorted).
b. C1 (increased in value).
c. R1 (shorted).
d. C2 (open).

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across C2
(VC2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN).
VC2 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 4.5
3-132

a. C2 (shorted).
b. C1 (increased in value).
c. R1 (shorted).
d. C2 (open).

VR3 = Vpk-pk
Nominal Answer: 1.0
Min/Max Value: (.7) to (1.3)

a. C4 (increased in value).
b. C4 (open).
c. R1 (decreased in value).
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 9
Fault 10
Fault 11
3-133
3-134
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 8 – AC1 Fundamentals
UNIT 8 – TIME CONSTANTS
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the effects of time constants on ac and dc circuits by using calculated and measured
values.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

The sixth harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is
a. 400 Hz.
b. 100 Hz.
c. 600 Hz.
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf2, Question ID: f2c

Harmonic frequencies that are first, third, fifth, etc. multiples of the fundamental frequency are
a. even harmonics.
b. odd harmonics.
c. fundamental harmonics.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-135
NEW TERMS AND WORDS

fundamental frequency - the principal component of a wave; the component with the lowest
frequency or greatest amplitude. For example, the fundamental frequency of a 100 Hz square
wave is 100 Hz.
harmonic frequencies - sinusoidal waves having frequencies that are integral (positive whole
number) multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, a wave with twice the frequency
of the fundamental is called the second harmonic.
even harmonics - harmonic frequencies that are even multiples of the fundamental frequency.
For example, 200 Hz and 400 Hz waves are even harmonics of a 100 Hz wave.
odd harmonics - harmonic frequencies that are odd multiples of the fundamental frequency. For
example, 300 Hz and 500 Hz waves are odd harmonics of a 100 Hz wave.
time constant - time required for voltage or current to rise or fall by 63 percent. It results from
the ability of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) to store energy.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-136
Exercise 1 – RC Time Constants
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the time constant of an RC circuit by using calculated and measured values. Verify
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

τ= ms
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3c

In this example, the time required for the capacitor to fully charge (or discharge) is
a. 250 ms.
b. 50 ms.
c. 99 ms.

The voltage across the capacitor (C1) should be what percent of the original value (10 Vdc) after
three time constants?
= percent
Nominal Answer: 5.0
3-137
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

2. Locate the RC TIME CONSTANTS circuit block, and connect the circuit shown. While
monitoring the voltage across R1 (VR1) with an oscilloscope, press and hold (close) S1. Based
on your observation, did the voltage across R1 develop instantaneously or was there a time
constant delay?
a. delayed
b. instantaneous

4. Connect the oscilloscope input across C1. Make sure the probe is set to 10X. Measure the time
required for the capacitor to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) S1 and using the
second hand of a watch or clock. Begin timing at the instant you close S1.
Charge time = seconds
Recall Label for this Question: tc
Nominal Answer: 5.0

6. Compare your measured value of total charging time (#tc# seconds) to the calculated value of
one time constant. Was the total time required to charge C1 to 15 volts approximately equal to
five time constants?
a. yes
b. no

τ= seconds
Nominal Answer: 2.0
3-138

8. Use the universal time constant chart to determine the percentage of voltage across C1 and C2
(VC) after VA is applied for two time constants.
Voltage = percent
Min/Max Value: (84.28) to (87.72)

9. Make sure the capacitors are discharged by pressing S2 (zero volts across C1 and C2). Make
sure your probe is set to 10X. Determine VC after 2 time constants (4 seconds) have expired by
pressing S1, releasing it after 4 seconds, and immediately taking the measurement.
VC after 4 seconds = volts
Recall Label for this Question: vc85
Min/Max Value: (8.385) to (17.42)

10. Compare your measured voltage of VC (#vc85#) with the percentage of applied voltage
across C1 and C2 by using the universal time constant chart. Can you accurately predict the
voltage across a capacitor by using the universal time constant chart?
a. yes
b. no
3-139
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. While observing an oscilloscope connected across C1, press S1 and measure the time required
for the capacitor to charge to 15 Vdc (TC). Start timing at the instant S1 is closed.
TC = seconds
Recall Label for this Question: tc1
Nominal Answer: 5.0

1. Make sure C1 is completely discharged by pressing S2 until you measure zero volts across C1.
CM 3 is activated to reduce the value of C1. Remeasure the time required to charge C1.
TC = seconds
Recall Label for this Question: tc2

1. You conclude that
a. decreasing the capacitance increased the RC time constant.
b. changing the capacitance had no effect on the RC time constant.
c. decreasing the capacitance decreased the RC time constant.
d. the more capacitive the circuit, the shorter the RC time constant.
3-140

2. A circuit with resistance of 75 kΩ and capacitance of 4.7 µF has an RC time constant of
a. 1.59s.
b. 353 ms.
c. 3.53s.
d. 159 ms.

3. Increasing the value of resistance in an RC circuit
a. causes the time constant to increase.
b. has no effect on the time constant.
c. causes the time constant to decrease.
d. increases the dc current flow through the circuit.

4. A capacitor is considered to be fully discharged after
a. one time constant.
b. six time constants.
c. two time constants.
d. five time constants.

5. Use the universal time constant chart to determine
a. charge and discharge times of RC and RL circuits.
b. charge and discharge times of RC circuits only.
c. only charge times of RC and RL circuits.
d. only discharge times of RC and RL circuits.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 3
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-141
Exercise 2 – RC and RL Wave Shapes
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the effects of time constants on RC and RL circuits by using square waves as the
applied ac waveforms. Verify results with a universal time constant chart.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION

With one time constant equal to 2 ms, how long will it take to fully charge the capacitor (C) to
the peak voltage of the square wave input?
a. 2 ms
b. 10 ms
c. 4 ms

If the value of the resistor (R) increased in value, would the time to fully charge the capacitor
increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease

If the value of the inductor (L) decreased in value, would the charge and discharge time of the
inductor increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease
3-142
EXERCISE PROCEDURE

5. If each major division along the horizontal axis equals one time constant, how many time
constants are required for the capacitor to fully charge?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5

VC1 = V
Nominal Answer: 6.8

VC1 = V
Nominal Answer: 1.1

Connect the oscilloscope across C1, and toggle CM 4 off and on by clicking on <CM>. What
type of waveform results when CM 4 is activated?
a. square wave
b. sawtooth wave
c. sine wave
3-143

12. Judging from the waveforms displayed, would you say current flow is maximum at the
beginning or at the end of the charge and discharge times?
a. beginning
b. end

Using the oscilloscope, measure the voltage level across the inductor (VL1) after it has charged
for 1 time constant (10 µs).
VL1 = V
Nominal Answer: 3.0

19. Do positive voltage spikes across L1 occur on the rising edges or on the falling edges of
VGEN?
a. rising edges
b. falling edges

22. Judging from the displayed waveforms, would you say current flow is maximum at the
beginning of a charging cycle or at the end?
a. beginning
b. end
3-144
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Based on your observation of the current waveform, what can you conclude about the circuit?
a. The RC time constant increased.
b. The value of the capacitor increased.
c. Changing the value of C2 had no effect on the current.
d. The value of the capacitor decreased.

2. Decreasing the value of inductance in an RL circuit (τ = L/R)
a. increases the RL time constant.
b. has no effect on the RL time constant.
c. decreases the RL time constant.
d. prevents voltage spikes from occurring when a square wave is applied to the circuit.

3. The current in an RL circuit is
a. minimum at the beginning of charging time.
b. maximum at the beginning of charging time.
c. minimim at the end of discharging time.
d. maximum at the beginning of discharging time.

4. Applied to an RL circuit is a square wave with a period much longer than the RL time
constant. The inductor voltage produces a
a. sine wave.
b. cosine wave.
c. sawtooth wave.
d. voltage spike.

5. The voltage across the capacitor in an RC circuit is
a. maximum at the beginning of charging time.
b. minimum at the end of charging time.
c. minimum at the beginning of charging time.
d. zero at the end of charging time.
3-145
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 4 TOGGLE
CM 7 TOGGLE
CM 6 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-146
UNIT TEST

One time constant is the amount of time required for current in an inductive circuit or for voltage
in a capacitive circuit to reach approximately what percent of its maximum value?
a. 10
b. 86
c. 63
d. 98

You can determine the time constant of an RC circuit by using the equation
a. R/C.
b. R x C.
c. C/R.
d. 1/RC.

You can determine the time constant of an RL circuit by using the equation
a. R/L.
b. L/R.
c. RL.
d. 1/RL.

A capacitor in an RC circuit is considered to be fully charged after
a. 4 time constants.
b. 1 time constant.
c. 3 time constants.
d. 5 time constants.

A series RC circuit consisting of a 4.7 µF capacitor and a 4.7 kΩ resistor has a time constant
value of
a. 22.1 ms.
b. 45.3s.
c. 221 ms.
d. 4.53s.
3-147

A series RL circuit consisting of a 22 mH inductor and a 3.3 kΩ resistor has a time constant
value of
a. 13.8 ms.
b. 6.67 µs.
c. 667 µs.
d. 1.38 ms.

In an RC circuit having a time constant of 3 ms, the capacitor will fully charge (assuming there is
no initial charge) in
a. 9 ms.
b. 3 ms.
c. 6 ms.
d. 15 ms.

The circuit current in an RC circuit is
a. maximum at the beginning of charging time.
b. minimum at the beginning of charging time.
c. maximum at the end of charging time.
d. minimum at the beginning of discharging time.

An RC circuit has an applied square wave with a period that is too short to allow the capacitor to
fully charge and discharge. The capacitor voltage produces a
a. square wave.
b. sine wave.
c. sawtooth wave.
d. cosine wave.

The second harmonic of a 200 Hz square wave is
a. 200 Hz.
b. 600 Hz.
c. 800 Hz.
d. 400 Hz.
3-148
TROUBLESHOOTING

2. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for the
capacitors to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) switch S1. Use the second hand of a
watch or clock to begin timing at the instant S1 is closed.
Charge time (t) = s

a. C1 (shorted).
b. R2 (decreased in value).
c. R2 (open).
d. C1 (open).

capacitors to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) switch S1. Use the second hand of a
watch or clock to begin timing at the instant S1 is closed.
Charge time (t) = s
3-149

a. C1 (shorted).
b. R2 (decreased in value).
c. R2 (open).
d. C1 (open).

3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for C1 to
charge to VGEN (8V).
Charge time = ms
Nominal Answer: 5.0

a. R1 (increased in value).
b. C1 (shorted).
c. R1 (shorted).
d. C1 (increased in value).
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2a

voltage across R2 (representing circuit current) to go to zero.
time = ms
Nominal Answer: 5.0
3-150
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd3, Question ID: trbd3

a. C2 (decreased in value).
b. R2 (shorted).
c. C2 (shorted).
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe2, Question ID: trbe2a

voltage across R4 (representing circuit current) to go to maximum.
time = µs
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe3, Question ID: trbe3

a. R4 (open).
b. L2 (decreased in value).
c. R4 (decreased in value).
d. L2 (shorted).
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 1
Fault 2
Fault 3
Fault 6
Fault 12
3-151
3-152
AC1 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers
APPENDIX A – PRETEST AND POSTTEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Pretest Questions
1. One complete repetition of an ac waveform is
a. the amplitude.
b. the frequency.
c. a cycle.
d. the polarity.
2. Which oscilloscope control setting is used to measure time?

a. trigger mode
b. hold off
c. level
d. time base
3. To view two waveforms on a dual trace oscilloscope simultaneously, you must set the
vertical mode to
a. ADD.
b. CHOP.
c. ALT.
d. either CHOP or ALT.
4. AC voltage and current differ from dc voltage and current because ac voltage and current
a. are not really electricity.
b. never change.
c. change polarity.
d. maintain a constant polarity.
5. When a X10 probe is in use, an oscilloscope screen displays an ac waveform that is ten times
a. smaller.
b. larger.
c. slower.
d. faster.
6. An oscilloscope can directly measure ac

a. and dc voltage.
b. voltage only.
c. and dc voltage and current.
d. voltage and current.
A-1
7. The oscilloscope screen is divided by a gridwork of horizontal and vertical scale lines called
the
a. graduate.
b. time base.
c. graticule.
d. grate.
8. The maximum amplitude of an ac waveform in either polarity is the

b. effective amplitude.
c. peak amplitude.
d. average amplitude.
9. Which value of an ac waveform delivers the same amount of power as the dc waveform of
the same amplitude?
a. absolute value
b. rms value
c. average value
d. peak value
10. The reciprocal of the frequency of an ac waveform equals the

a. phase angle.
b. peak value.
c. current.
d. period.
11. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, the reference waveform should
a. not be used as the trigger source.
b. be a square wave.
c. be used as the trigger source.
d. not be a sine wave.
12. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, a lagging waveform is

a. shifted toward the left of the reference waveform.
b. smaller in amplitude than the reference waveform.
c. shifted toward the right of the reference waveform.
d. larger in amplitude than the reference waveform.
13. How many degrees are in one half of one cycle of a sine wave?
a. 90°
b. 180°
c. 360°
d. 200°
A-2
14. When the magnetic field surrounding a conductor fluctuates due to changing current flow,
a. counter electromotive force is produced.
b. additional current is produced.
c. electromotive force is produced.
d. the conductor emits light.
15. Inductance is measured in

a. henries.
b. ohms.
c. hertz.
d. angstroms.
16. Winding a conductor into a coil

a. cancels out eddy currents.
b. concentrates the magnetic field.
c. reduces inductance.
d. cancels out the magnetic field.
17. The voltage across an inductor

a. leads the current by 45°.
b. leads the current by 90°.
c. lags the current by 90°.
d. lags the current by 45°.
18. When inductors are connected in parallel

a. current flow decreases.
b. total inductance increases.
c. impedance increases.
d. total inductance decreases.
19. When inductors are connected in series,

a. current flow increases.
b. inductive reactance decreases.
c. impedance decreases.
20. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RL circuit increases,

a. impedance decreases.
b. inductive reactance increases.
c. current flow increases.
A-3
21. A phasor
a. has magnitude only.
b. is a phase angle.
c. has magnitude and direction.
d. is measured in cycles per second.
22. Inductive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane?
a. negative Y
b. negative X
c. positive Y
d. positive X
23. An increase in the measure of inductance

b. increases current flow.
24. Total impedance of an RL circuit is determined from the equation

__________
a. √ R + XL2.
2
b. R + L.
c. RL.
d. R2 + XL2.
25. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor

b. increases inductive reactance.
d. does not affect inductive reactance.
26. The reciprocal value of a waveform's period is its

a. phase angle.
b. amplitude.
c. frequency.
d. peak value.
27. The peak value multiplied by 0.707 yields the rms value of
a. sine waves only.
d. any ac waveform.
A-4
28. Two 6 mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of

a. 3 mH.
b. 0.33 mH.
c. 12 mH.
d. 24 mH.
29. You can determine the total inductance of several inductors in series by
a. adding the individual inductances.
b. the product-over-sum method.
c. the reciprocal method.
d. multiplying the individual inductances.
30. The equation XL = 2πfL is valid for

a. all ac waveforms..
c. sine waves and square waves..
d. sine waves only.
31. A transformer works on the principle of

a. self-inductance.
b. mutual conduction.
c. mutual inductance.
d. self-conduction.
32. In a transformer, a voltage appears across the secondary windings only when the voltage
across the primary is
a. changing.
b. dc voltage.
c. ac voltage.
d. unchanging.
33. In a step-down transformer, the voltage on the primary is

a. equal to the voltage on the secondary.
b. zero.
c. greater than the voltage on the secondary.
d. less than the voltage on the secondary.
34. The transfer of energy from one circuit to another is

a. the conduction angle.
b. coupling.
c. decoupling.
d. inductance.
A-5
35. The turns ratio of a transformer equals the

a. current ratio.
b. power ratio.
c. voltage-to-current ratio.
d. voltage ratio.
36. Capacitance is the ability to

a. induce voltage.
b. produce a magnetic field.
c. produce an electric field.
d. hold electric charge.
37. Which type of capacitor uses a molecularly thin metal oxide to produce relatively high values
of capacitance in a very small space?
a. electrolytic
b. mylar
c. ceramic
d. mica
38. The voltage across the capacitor

a. lags the current by 45°.
b. lags the current by 90°.
c. leads the current by 90°.
d. leads the current by 45°.
39. When capacitors are connected in parallel,

b. total capacitance decreases.
d. total capacitance increases.
40. A charged capacitor

a. blocks dc current and passes ac current.
b. blocks ac current and passes dc current.
c. blocks both ac and dc current.
d. passes both ac and dc current.
41. When capacitors are connected in series,

b. capacitive reactance increases.
A-6
42. When the capacitance of an RC circuit increases,

43. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RC circuit decreases,

b. capacitive reactance decreases.
44. Capacitive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane?
a. negative X
b. negative Y
c. positive X
d. positive Y
45. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor

b. increases capacitive reactance.
d. does not affect capacitive reactance.
46. A capacitor is considered to be fully charged after how many time constants?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
47. The first harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is

a. 200 Hz.
b. 10 Hz.
c. 100 Hz.
d. 1000 Hz
48. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RL circuit, current flow is

a. minimum at the end of charging time.
d. maximum at the end of charging time.
A-7
49. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RC circuit, current flow is

b. maximum at the end of charging time.
c. maximum at the beginning of charging time.
d. minimum at the beginning of discharge time.
50. The time constant (τ) of an RL circuit is determined from the equation
a. R x L.
b. L/R.
c. R/L.
d. 1/(R x L).
A-8
Posttest Questions
1. Which value of an ac waveform delivers the same amount of power as the dc waveform of
the same amplitude?
a. absolute value
b. rms value
c. average value
d. peak value
2. How many degrees are in one half of one cycle of a sine wave?
a. 90°
b. 180°
c. 360°
d. 200°
3. The oscilloscope screen is divided by a gridwork of horizontal and vertical scale lines called
the
a. graduate.
b. time base.
c. graticule.
d. grate.
4. The voltage across an inductor

a. leads the current by 45°.
b. leads the current by 90°.
c. lags the current by 90°.
d. lags the current by 45°.
5. When the magnetic field surrounding a conductor fluctuates due to changing current flow,
a. counter electromotive force is produced.
b. additional current is produced.
c. electromotive force is produced.
d. the conductor emits light.
6. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, the reference waveform should

a. not be used as the trigger source.
b. be a square wave.
c. be used as the trigger source.
d. not be a sine wave.
A-9
7. When a X10 probe is in use, an oscilloscope screen displays an ac waveform that is ten times
a. smaller.
b. larger.
c. slower.
d. faster.
8. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, a lagging waveform is

a. shifted toward the left of the reference waveform.
b. smaller in amplitude than the reference waveform.
c. shifted toward the right of the reference waveform.
d. larger in amplitude than the reference waveform.
9. An oscilloscope can directly measure ac

a. and dc voltage.
b. voltage only.
c. and dc voltage and current.
d. voltage and current.
10. When inductors are connected in series,

b. inductive reactance decreases.
11. The reciprocal of the frequency of an ac waveform equals the

a. phase angle.
b. peak value.
c. current.
d. period.
12. AC voltage and current differ from dc voltage and current because ac voltage and current
a. are not really electricity.
b. never change.
c. change polarity.
d. maintain a constant polarity.
13. When inductors are connected in parallel

b. total inductance increases.
d. total inductance decreases.
A-10
14. Inductance is measured in

a. henries.
b. ohms.
c. hertz.
d. angstroms.
15. The maximum amplitude of an ac waveform in either polarity is the

b. effective amplitude.
c. peak amplitude.
d. average amplitude.
16. One complete repetition of an ac waveform is

a. the amplitude.
b. the frequency.
c. a cycle.
d. the polarity.
17. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RL circuit increases,

a. impedance decreases.
b. inductive reactance increases.
c. current flow increases.
18. The reciprocal value of a waveform's period is its

a. phase angle.
b. amplitude.
c. frequency.
d. peak value.
19. A phasor
a. has magnitude only.
b. is a phase angle.
c. has magnitude and direction.
d. is measured in cycles per second.
20. Which oscilloscope control setting is used to measure time?

a. trigger mode
b. hold off
c. level
d. time base
A-11
21. Winding a conductor into a coil

a. cancels out eddy currents.
b. concentrates the magnetic field.
c. reduces inductance.
d. cancels out the magnetic field.
22. Total impedance of an RL circuit is determined from the equation
a. √ R2 + XL2.
b. R + L.
c. RL.
d. R2 + XL2.
23. To view two waveforms on a dual trace oscilloscope simultaneously, you must set the
vertical mode to
a. ADD.
b. CHOP.
c. ALT.
d. either CHOP or ALT.
24. The equation XL = 2πfL is valid for

a. all ac waveforms..
c. sine waves and square waves..
d. sine waves only.
25. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor

b. increases inductive reactance.
d. does not affect inductive reactance.
26. Capacitance is the ability to

a. induce voltage.
b. produce a magnetic field.
c. produce an electric field.
d. hold electric charge.
27. A transformer works on the principle of

a. self-inductance.
b. mutual conduction.
c. mutual inductance.
d. self-conduction.
A-12
28. Two 6 mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of

a. 3 mH.
b. 0.33 mH.
c. 12 mH.
d. 24 mH.
29. Inductive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane?
a. negative Y
b. negative X
c. positive Y
d. positive X
30. In a transformer, a voltage appears across the secondary windings only when the voltage
across the primary is
a. changing.
b. dc voltage.
c. ac voltage.
d. unchanging.
31. An increase in the measure of inductance

b. increases current flow.
32. The voltage across the capacitor

a. lags the current by 45°.
b. lags the current by 90°.
c. leads the current by 90°.
d. leads the current by 45°.
33. The turns ratio of a transformer equals the

a. current ratio.
b. power ratio.
c. voltage-to-current ratio.
d. voltage ratio.
34. The peak value multiplied by 0.707 yields the rms value of
a. sine waves only.
d. any ac waveform.
A-13
35. When capacitors are connected in series,

36. A capacitor is considered to be fully charged after how many time constants?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
37. Capacitive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane?
a. negative X
b. negative Y
c. positive X
d. positive Y
38. In a step-down transformer, the voltage on the primary is

a. equal to the voltage on the secondary.
b. zero.
c. greater than the voltage on the secondary.
d. less than the voltage on the secondary.
39. A charged capacitor

a. blocks dc current and passes ac current.
b. blocks ac current and passes dc current.
c. blocks both ac and dc current.
d. passes both ac and dc current.
40. The first harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is

a. 200 Hz.
b. 10 Hz.
c. 100 Hz.
d. 1000 Hz
41. When capacitors are connected in parallel,

b. total capacitance decreases.
d. total capacitance increases.
A-14
42. You can determine the total inductance of several inductors in series by
a. adding the individual inductances.
b. the product-over-sum method.
c. the reciprocal method.
d. multiplying the individual inductances.
43. The transfer of energy from one circuit to another is

a. the conduction angle.
b. coupling.
c. decoupling.
d. inductance.
44. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RC circuit decreases,

b. capacitive reactance decreases.
45. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RC circuit, current flow is

b. maximum at the end of charging time.
c. maximum at the beginning of charging time.
d. minimum at the beginning of discharge time.
46. Which type of capacitor uses a molecularly thin metal oxide to produce relatively high values
of capacitance in a very small space?
a. electrolytic
b. mylar
c. ceramic
d. mica
47. When the capacitance of an RC circuit increases,

48. The time constant (τ) of an RL circuit is determined from the equation
a. R x L.
b. L/R.
c. R/L.
d. 1/(R x L).
A-15
49. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RL circuit, current flow is

a. minimum at the end of charging time.
d. maximum at the end of charging time.
50. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor

b. increases capacitive reactance.
d. does not affect capacitive reactance.
A-16
AC1 Fundamentals Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)
APPENDIX B – FAULTS AND CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS (CMS)
CM SCHEMATIC FAULT ACTION

SWITCH NO.
– 21 1 opens C1
– 22 2 shorts C1
– 23 3 R1 = 0Ω
– 24 4 opens T1 primary
– 25 5 opens T1
secondary
– 26 6 R2 = 0Ω
– 27 7 shorts L2
– 28 8 opens L4
– 32 12 opens R4
3 3 – places 1 µF in
series with 10 µF
C1
4 4 – R1 = 1 MΩ
5 5 – places 470Ω in
parallel with 1 kΩ
R2
6 6 – places 0.001 µF in
series with 0.01 µF
C2
7 7 – places 1 mH in
parallel with 10
mH L1
16 16 – L3 = 14.7 mH
17 17 – places 1 mH in
parallel with
4.7 mH L3
B-1
AC1 Fundamentals Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)
B-2
AC1 Fundamentals Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting
APPENDIX C – BOARD AND COURSEWARE TROUBLESHOOTING
Circuit Board Problems

The F.A.C.E.T. equipment is carefully designed, manufactured, and tested to assure long,
reliable life. If you suspect a genuine failure in the equipment, the following steps should be
followed to trace a problem.
A. ALWAYS insert the board into a base unit before attempting to use an ohmmeter for
troubleshooting. The schematic diagrams imprinted on the boards are modified by the
absence of base unit switch connections; therefore, ohmmeter checks will produce erroneous
results with disconnected boards. Do not apply power to the base unit when you perform
resistance checks.
B. Information describing fault switch functions is provided in Appendix B in this instructor
guide.
Courseware Problems
The F.A.C.E.T. courseware has been written to meet carefully selected objectives. All exercises
have been tested for accuracy, and information presented in discussions has been reviewed for
technical content. Tolerances have been computed for all procedure and review question answers
to assure that responses are not invalidated by component or instrument errors.
Nevertheless, you or your students may discover mistakes or experience difficulty in using our
publications. We appreciate your comments and assure you that we will weigh them carefully in
our ongoing product improvement efforts.
As we address courseware problems, we will post corrections for download from our web site,
www.labvolt.com. Select the customer support tab, and then choose product line: F.A.C.E.T.
Select a course, select from a list of symptoms that have been addressed, and follow the
instructions.
C-1
AC1 Fundamentals Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting
We will do our best to help you resolve problems if you call the number below. However, for
best results, and to avoid confusion, we prefer that you write with a description of the problem.
If you write, please include the following information:
• Your name, title, mailing address, and telephone number (please include the best time to
reach you).
• Publication title and number.
• Page number(s), and step and/or figure number(s) of affected material.
• Complete description of the problem encountered and any additional information that may
help us solve the problem.
Send your courseware comments to:
techsupport@labvolt.com
Lab-Volt Systems
P.O. Box 686
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
ATTN: Technical Support
If you prefer to telephone regarding hardware or courseware problems, call us between 9:00 AM
and 4:30 PM (Eastern time) at: (800) 522-4436 or (888)-LAB-VOLT.
C-2
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AC 1 Fundamentals Instructor Guide

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AC1 Fundamentals

Basic Electricity and Electronics by

First Printing, July 2003

Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.

Lab-Volt and F.A.C.E.T.® logos are trademarks of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.

Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1

Unit 1 – The AC Waveform Generator.................................................................................... 3-1

Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1

Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting ....................................................... C-1

Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of

Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum provides a description of the courseware

♦ The unit objective

SECTION 1 – WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

Minimum Computer Requirements

Equipment and Supplies

Third Party Application Installation

No third-party software is required for this course.

Installation of Courseware and Resources

SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T CURRICULUM

1. Click on the TechLab icon.

2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name.

Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware

2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it.

The Menu button calls these menus:

The Application Launch button opens third-party software.

Use the Exit button to exit the course.

F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources

NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering

Instructor Annotation Tool

Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions

Pretest and Posttest

Student Progress and Instructor Feedback

Real-Number Questions and Answers

e1p1 stands for

Recall Values in Text

This is a Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T computer-based

1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit.

UNIT 1 – THE AC WAVEFORM GENERATOR

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

Exercise 1 – AC Waveform Generator Familiarization

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

Exercise 2 – Generator Impedance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1