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Physics XII PDF
Physics XII PDF
Physics XII PDF
is an early measuring
INVESTIGATORY
instrument used for the
measurement of electric
Although historically ancient travelers made abundant use of the unknown current to the
earth’s magnetic field for the exploration of the earth, they were
magnetic field of the
ignorant of its origin. In many respects the earth’s magnetic field
exhibits characteristics similar to those of a bar magnet; nonetheless, Earth. It gets its name
the mechanisms responsible for generating each are vastly different.
from its operating
Magnetic field lines appear to originate near the south geographic pole,
i.e. magnetic north pole, and terminate near the north geographic pole, principle, the tangent law
i.e. magnetic south pole. It is interesting to note that in the vicinity of
of magnetism, which
Wilmington, North Carolina the magnetic field lines enter the earth at a
relatively steep angle. The angle of inclination or dip angle, which is the states that the tangent of
angle that a compass
the angle a compass
needle makes with respect to the plane of the horizon, is approximately
needle makes is
60. In this experiment principles of magnetostatics and elementary
vector analysis are used to determine the earth’s magnetic field in the proportional to the ratio
vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina.
of the strengths of the
two perpendicular
Pouillet in 1837.Who
sensitive form of
galvanometer to verify
Ohm’s law.
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Certificate
2016-17
…………….………. …………….……….
Internal Examiner External Examiner
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The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil is B; the magnitude of the horizontal
component the Earth’s magnetic field is B’. the compass needle aligns itself along the vector sum of B
and B’ after rotating through an angle Ø from its original orientation. The vector diagram shows that tan
Ø = B/B’. since the magnetic field of the Earth is constant, and B depends directly on the current, the
current is thus proportional to the tangent of the angle through which the needle has turned.
Topviewofa
tangentgal
vanometer
madeabout
1950.Thein
dicatornee
dle
ofthecomp
assisperpen
diculartoth
eshorter,bl
ackmagnet
icneedle.
TangentgalvanometermadebyJ.H. BunnellCo.around1890
5
Rheostat
6
THEORY
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for small electric currents. It consists of a coil
of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on the principle
of the tangent law of magnetism. When a current is passed through the circular coil, a magnetic field
(B) is produced at the center of the coil in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The TG is
arranged in such a way that the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (Bh) is in the direction of
the plane of the coil. The magnetic needle is then under the action of two mutually perpendicular fields.
If θ is the deflection of the needle, then according to tangent law,
Let I is the current passing through the coil of radius a with n turns, then the field generated by the
current carrying circular coil is,
Now from equation (3) & (5), the horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field Bh is,
APPLICATIONS
o T.G can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic
field.
o The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constants.
PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is the key, E the battery, A the
ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and T.G the tangent galvanometer. The commutator can
reverse the current through the T.G coil without changing the current in the rest of the circuit. Taking
the average of the resulting two readings for deflection averages out, any small error in positioning the
TG coil relative to the earth’s magnetic field Bh .
1. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the leveling screws.
2. The compass box alone is rotated so that the 90-90 line in the compass box is in the plane of
the coil.
3. The T.G as a whole is rotated till the Aluminium pointer reads 0-0.
4. Note down the number of turns in the coil.
5. A suitable current is allowed to pass through the coil.
6. Note down the currrent as well as the deflection in T.G.
7. Reverse the current and note the deflection again.
8. Repeat the procedure for different values of current.
9. Plot the graph.
10. Measure the radius of the coil from its perimeter by using a thread and rotating it around the
round circle.
11. Determine the reduction factor and horizontal intensity of earth's magnetic field.
The Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (Bh) can be calculated using the formula,
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RESULT
The reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer, K =............A
FACTS
APPLICATIONS
T.G. can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic
field.
The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constants.
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