Pneumonia is an acute infection that affects lung tissue (alveoli).

Infection can be
caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Pneumonia can also occur due to accidents due to
inhalation of liquids or chemicals. Populations prone to Pneumonia are children less than 2
years old, more than 65 years old, or people who have health problems (malnutrition,
immunological disorders). (Profil Kesehatan Jawa Tengah, 2017)

This infection begins with disrupting our upper respiratory system (nose and throat).
Then the infection will move towards the lungs, which then inhibits the movement of air in the
lungs, so you will increasingly experience difficulty in breathing. Most pneumonia can be
treated until healed within one to two weeks (pneumonia due to viruses generally takes longer).
But our condition will certainly be worse if we experience pneumonia coupled with the
presence of other diseases in our body.

Somewhat different from pneumonia in general, pneumonia in children in some cases

is not marked by an increase in the tempo of breathing, especially if the pneumonia attacks the
lower lung. Symptoms that occur are generally just fever, vomiting and pain in the lower
abdomen.

Some other symptoms that indicate your child is attacked by pneumonia include:

• Fever,

• Cough, which may be dry and may also phlegm followed by mucus or mucus in green or
yellow.

• Breathing in a high tone,

• Difficulty breathing. Generally your child will still feel difficulty breathing even when he is
resting.

• Throws up,

• Pain in the chest.

• Abdominal pain that can occur because your child's efforts are too hard to breathe normally.

• Decreased activity.

• Loss of appetite.

• In more severe conditions your child's lips and nails will turn blue.
• Sweating

At the age of children, pneumonia can be prevented by routinely getting a vaccine that
will usually be given since he was about two months old. But as mentioned above, pneumonia
will have a worse impact when the attack comes along with other diseases. Especially if
comorbidities are chronic diseases that come with relapses such as heart disease or asthma.

Although pneumonia is not an infectious disease, the microorganisms that cause this
disease can spread through droplets of water when sneezing or coughing. So that the child
should:

• Close the mouth every time someone with cough pneumonia or sneezing nearby

• Wash hands with soap, to prevent the spread of any bacteria or viruses.

Pneumonia is an infectious disease which is the leading cause of death in infants in the
world. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2007 reported that under-five mortality in
Indonesia reached 15.5%. Until now, pneumonia is the leading cause of infant mortality in the
world. It is estimated that there are 1.8 million or 20% of child deaths caused by pneumonia,
exceeding deaths from AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. 1 In Indonesia, pneumonia is also the
second cause of death in children under five after diarrhea. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas)
reported that the incidence of pneumonia in the last month (period prevalence) increased in
2007 by 2.1 ‰ to 2.7 ‰ in 2013. By definition, pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue
(alveoli) that is I. The causes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, exposure to chemicals or physical
damage from the lungs, as well as indirect effects from other diseases. The bacteria that
commonly cause pneumonia are Streptococcus and Mycoplasma pneumonia, while the viruses
that cause pneumonia are adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, viral influenza, respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV) and the influenza virus. (Anwar. All., 2014)

The occurrence of pneumonia is characterized by symptoms of coughing and / or

breathing difficulties such as rapid breathing, and the pulling of the lower chest wall inward.
In general, pneumonia is categorized as an infectious disease transmitted through air, with the
source of transmission is pneumonia patients who spread germs in the form of droplets to air
when coughing or sneezing. Henceforth, germs that cause pneumonia enter the respiratory tract
through inhalation (inhaled air), or by means of direct transmission, ie splashes of droplets
released by patients when coughing, sneezing, and talking directly inhaled by people around
the sufferer, or holding and use objects that have been affected by respiratory secretions of
sufferers.

Many factors can influence the increasing incidence of pneumonia in infants, both from
the individual aspects of the child, the behavior of parents (mother), and the environment. The
physical environment of a house that does not meet health requirements and fuel use behavior
can increase the risk of various diseases such as TB, cataracts and pneumonia.7-9 Dense
housing, indoor air pollution due to the use of solid fuel (fuel wood / charcoal ), and smoking
behavior from parents is an environmental factor that can increase the susceptibility of toddlers
to pneumonia.

The proportion of the population in Indonesia who live in homes that meet the
requirements of a healthy home is still low, namely 24.9% .10 According to the 2013 Riskesdas
report, residents who live in homes with ceiling roofs are only 59.4%, walls made of walls are
only 69, 6%, and non-land floors 93.1% .3 Behavior that can pose a risk of indoor air pollution,
such as the use of unsafe fuels (kerosene, fuel wood, charcoal, coal) and smoking habits in the
home, the proportion still quite high. As many as 64.2% of households in rural areas still use
charcoal and firewood for cooking and 76.6% (of 28.2% smokers) smoke inside the house
when together with other family members.

There were 1,229 people (1.5%) had been diagnosed by health workers and 2,091
people (2.5%) had symptoms of pneumonia in the last 12 months from the interview (Table 1).
81,205 people were never diagnosed (98.2%) and 232 people did not know (0.3%). A total of
79,233 people (95.8%) did not experience symptoms of pneumonia and 115 people (0.1%) said
they did not know. The incidence of pneumonia in children under five is based on a diagnosis
by health workers and perceived / observed symptoms, amounting to 3,320 people (4.0%).

Based on sociodemographic characteristics, the characteristics of individuals with the

incidence of pneumonia in sex between men and women were almost the same, men as many
as 41,925 were only slightly more contentious than women, which was as many as 40,695.
Toddlers' homes are mostly in rural areas compared to urban areas, education for mothers of
children under five is generally junior high school and above. Mother of a toddler who does
not work more nearly half of working mothers. The economic level of under-five households
measured by the ownership index quintile, is mostly in the middle to upper levels (middle to
upper) compared to the lower middle (lower and lower middle).
 The incidence of pneumonia in children under five based on a diagnosis by a health
worker or perceived / observed symptoms is 4%. Based on the results of multivariate analysis,
the factors that influence pneumonia in children under five are gender, type of residence,
maternal education, economic level / quintile of ownership index, kitchen location, presence /
habit of opening bedroom windows and ventilation. This means that social, demographic,
economic and home environment factors together contribute to the incidence of pneumonia in
infants in Indonesia.

The discovery and treatment of pneumonia sufferers in toddlers in Central Java in 2017
amounted to 50.5 percent, decreasing compared to the 2016 achievement of 54.3 percent. An
overview of the trends in the discovery and treatment of pneumonia sufferers in infants can be
seen in the figure. 3.1

Figure 3.1 Discovery of Handling Pneumonia Patients in Toddlers in Central Java

Province 2013-2017

Figure 3.2. Severe Pneumonia & Pneumonia Cases by Age Group 2013-2017
 The number of cases of pneumonia and severe pneumonia based on the age of the
sufferer has increased in 2017.

Figure 3.3 Semarang Pneumonia Underfive Cases in 2027 According to Gender

In 2017 toddlers pneumonia cases mostly occur in the age group 1 – 5 year, a total of
6,830 cases (20%), in the <1 year age group there were 2,756 cases (51%), the remaining 29%
around 3,882 cases occurred in the age group> 5 years. According to gender cases of
Pneumonia Toddlers in Semarang City in 2017 appear to be the case Toddler pneumonia in
women (46%) is less than pneumonia cases toddlers in boys (54%).
Morbidity (IR = Incidence Rate) pneumonia is the number of sufferers toddler
pneumonia per number of toddlers times 10,000. IR pneumonia in 2017 is as big as 542 per
10,000 toddlers increased compared to 2016. Increased IR pneumonia shows the number of
people with pneumonia and severe pneumonia found more a lot, this is influenced by the active
participation of the community to want to bring it the recipients went to the Puskesmas earlier
when they were sick, as well as the active role of the Puskesmas officers and health cadres
provide counseling in the community so that knowledge about the prevention of pneumonia
increases.
Coverage of patient discovery is the number of people with pneumonia and pneumonia
the weight found is divided by the number of targets. Coverage of patient discovery severe
pneumonia and pneumonia who went to the Puskesmas in 2017 by 150% increased compared
to 2016 (111%). The mortality rate (CFR) due to pneumonia and severe pneumonia in the city
of Semarang based on data from RS in 2017 of 0.06%, in 2016 amounted to 0.02% while in
puskesmas there were no cases of pneumonia or severe pneumonia that died (CFR0%), this
indicates that the referral system has been implemented properly.
 Refference
Anwar, Athena &Ika Dharmayanti. 2014. Pneumonia Pada Anak Balita di Indonesia. Jurnal
Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional Vol. 8, No. 8.Jakarta
Pneumonia Pada Anak. https://hellosehat.com/parenting/tips-parenting/pneumonia-pada-
anak/ Rabu, 6 Maret 23.23
Profil Kesehatan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang. 2017. Semarang: Dinas kesehatan Kota
Semarang.
Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah. 2017. Semarang. Dinas kesehatan Provinsi Jawa
Tengah.