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Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (I-GS, ized epithelial cells and copurify as a tight indicate that cubilin and AMN are sub-
megaloblastic anemia 1) is an autosomal complex during IF-cobalamin affinity and units of a novel cubilin/AMN (cubam) com-
recessive disorder characterized by intes- nondenaturing gel filtration chromatogra- plex, where AMN binds to the amino-
tinal cobalamin (vitamin B12) malabsorp- phy. In transfected cells expressing either terminal third of cubilin and directs
tion and proteinuria. I-GS–causing muta- AMN or a truncated IF-cobalamin–binding subcellular localization and endocytosis
tions are found in either of 2 genes cubilin construct, neither protein alone of cubilin with its ligand. Therefore, muta-
encoding the epithelial proteins: cubilin conferred ligand endocytosis. In cubilin tions affecting either of the 2 proteins
and amnionless (AMN). Cubilin recog- transfectants, cubilin accumulated in early may abrogate function of the cubam com-
nizes intrinsic factor (IF)–cobalamin and biosynthetic compartments. However, in plex and cause IG-S. (Blood. 2004;103:
various other proteins to be endocytosed cells cotransfected with AMN and the 1573-1579)
in the intestine and kidney, respectively, cubilin construct, cubilin trafficked to the
whereas the function of AMN is unknown. cell surface and endosomes, and the cells
Here we show that cubilin and AMN colo- exhibited IF-cobalamin endocytosis and
calize in the endocytic apparatus of polar- lysosomal degradation of IF. These data © 2004 by The American Society of Hematology
Introduction
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a coenzyme for the enzymes of site (CUB domains 5-8).5,6 Although cubilin has no apparent
intermediate metabolism, methionine synthase, and methylmalo- transmembrane segment or cytoplasmic tail, several studies have
nyl-CoA mutase, and deficiency of the vitamin leads to poten- shown that binding of IF-cobalamin to cubilin leads to endocytosis
tially lethal manifestations such as megaloblastic anemia and of the ligand and recycling of the receptor.2,3 Besides expression
severe combined degeneration of the central nervous system. and function in the intestine, cubilin has many-fold higher expres-
Cobalamin deficiency, which is one of the most common sion in the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubule and rodent
vitamin-deficiency diseases, is most often due to failure at a step yolk sac epithelial cells.2,3,7,8 Consistent with this pattern of
in the complicated and highly specific gastrointestinal uptake expression, cubilin is involved in reabsorption of several specific
mechanisms for dietary cobalamin rather than an insufficient nutrient-carrying proteins from renal glomerular filtrate, including
supply from food.1 albumin,9 transferrin,10 vitamin D–binding protein,11 and apolipopro-
Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein produced in the gastric tein AI,12,13 and cubilin has a crucial but not-yet-defined role in
epithelium. It tightly binds to cobalamin in the gastrointestestinal early embryonic development of rodents.14 Evidence to date
tract, and in the distal small intestine the IF-cobalamin complex is indicates that the mechanism of cubilin-mediated endocytosis is the
recognized by cubilin, a multiligand apical membrane protein that same in the various cubilin-expressing epithelia.2 Accordingly,
participates in endocytosis of the complex.2,3 IF is subsequently IF-cobalamin is effectively endocytosed in a cubilin-dependent
degraded in enterocyte lysosomes, and cobalamin is secreted into manner in the proximal tubule15 and yolk sac,16 and because these
plasma in complex with transcobalamin-II.4 tissues have higher density of cubilin in apical membranes and less
Cubilin is a large membrane protein (460 kDa) with a unique set luminal proteolytic activity than intestine, they have been the
of extracellular protein modules comprising 8 tandem epidermal preferred tissues for studying cubilin function.2,8,14-16 However, it
growth factor domains followed by 27 tandem CUB domains should be noted that ligands other than IF-cobalamin are likely to
(initially found in complement components C1r/C1s, Uegf, and be physiologically more important in the kidney and yolk sac
bone morphogenic protein-1) harboring the IF-cobalamin binding because little or no gastric IF circulates in plasma.
From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State National Cancer Institute (CA16058), The Plasmid Foundation, and the
University, East Lansing; Institute of Medical Biochemistry and the Department Carlsberg Foundation.
of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark;
J.C.F. and M.M. contributed equally to this work.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense University,
Denmark; and the Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer An Inside Blood analysis of this article appears in the front of this issue.
Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
Reprints: Søren K. Moestrup, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of
Submitted August 19, 2003; accepted October 10, 2003. Prepublished online Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; e-mail: skm@biobase.dk.
as Blood First Edition Paper, October 23, 2003; DOI 10.1182/blood-2003-08- The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge
2852. payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby
marked ‘‘advertisement’’ in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Supported in part by grants from the The Danish Medical Research Council,
The Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institutes of Health (DK064161), the © 2004 by The American Society of Hematology
Cobalamin deficiency is most often caused by decreased (415-430) serum (1:1000 dilution) or polyclonal antihuman cubilin anti-
production or function of IF due to acquired autoimmune disease of body. Sections were subsequently incubated with goat antirabbit immuno-
the gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), but selective malabsorp- globulin G (IgG) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase for light microscopy
tion of the vitamin may also be due to inherited defects of the or 10-nm gold particles for electron microscopy as previously.15
various components in the cobalamin uptake system. Imerslund-
Gräsbeck syndrome (I-GS; aka megaloblastic anemia 1, OMIM no. Biochemical analysis of the cubilin/AMN complex
261 100) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by
Purification of the cubilin/AMN complex from human kidney by affinity
selective malabsorption of cobalamin despite normal production chromatography was carried out as described previously.22 Briefly, total
and function of IF.17,18 Proteinuria is often an additional sign of the membrane and supernatant fractions were prepared from homogenates of
disorder.17,18 More than 200 human cases have been reported with postmortem kidney cortex. Triton X-100 (1%) was added to solubilized
familial clusters in Finland, Norway, the Middle East, and North proteins in the membrane fraction. Each fraction was applied to an
Africa.19 The same disorder has also been identified in a dog IF-cobalamin column, and the columns were washed extensively in
kindred.20 Genetic and functional studies provide evidence that phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, containing 1 mM CaCl2 and 0.6%
abnormal function of cubilin causes the disease.21-23 For instance, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS).
the majority of the Finnish patients with I-GS are homozygous for a Column binding proteins were eluted in several fractions of PBS, pH 5,
containing 5 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 0.6%
missense mutation21 that reduces IF-cobalamin binding,23 and
CHAPS. Immunoblots were prepared on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)
canine I-GS cases have abnormal processing and deficient apical
membrane after sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophore-
membrane expression of cubilin.20 However, extensive genetic sis (SDS-PAGE) on 4% to 16% or 10% gels and incubated with rabbit
analyses of Norwegian and Middle Eastern kindreds24 as well as of antihuman cubilin serum diluted 1:1000 or rabbit anti-AMN extracellular
canine I-GS cases25 have disclosed that the disease displays locus domain peptide serum diluted 1:500. Secondary antibody was antirabbit
heterogeneity. Very recently, Tanner et al24 demonstrated that IgG–alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and proteins were detected with
mutations in the amnionless (AMN) gene also cause I-GS, and P-nitroblue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. Amino-
canine I-GS shows highly significant linkage to the same locus.26 terminal sequencing of electroblotted AMN was performed as previously
AMN was initially identified by random mutagenesis27 as a described.22
protein essential for amnion and primitive streak formation in mice. For gel filtration analysis of IF-cobalamin affinity-purified proteins,
fractions containing cubilin were combined and concentrated by centrifuga-
AMN is a transmembrane 45- to 50-kDa protein of polarized
tion through a 10 000-kDa cutoff membrane. A 25-mL Superose 6 column
epithelia.24,27 The function of AMN is otherwise unknown, but it is
(Amersham Biosciences, Hillerod, Denmark) was equilibrated, loaded, and
highly expressed in cubilin-expressing tissues, including the kid- eluted variously in pH 7.4 PBS, pH 5 PBS containing 5 mM EDTA, or pH
ney, intestine, and mouse visceral yolk sac.24,27 Their coincident 7.4 PBS containing 0.2% SDS, 2 M urea, or 6 M urea. Proteins in column
tissue distribution combined with the observation that inherited fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted as above. AMN
abnormalities in AMN and cubilin have similar phenotypic conse- oligosaccharide analysis was carried out by endoglycosidase H (endo H;
quences14,20,24,27 suggest a functional linkage between these 2 gene Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F;
products. In the present study we investigated the possibility that Roche) digestion of IF-cobalamin affinity purified proteins and SDS-PAGE
the 2 proteins interact. Here we present evidence that cubilin and as described previously.20 Gel slices of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE
AMN form a tightly bound complex early in the biosynthetic were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion followed by MALDI mass
spectrometric peptide mapping as described.29,30
pathway that is essential for apical membrane localization and
endocytic functions previously ascribed to cubilin alone.
Establishment and characterization of stable AMN and cubilin
transfectant cells
Materials and methods The cDNA encoding amino acids 1 to 1389 of rat cubilin was ligated into
Antibodies the XbaI and HindIII sites of the expression vector pcDNA3.1/Zeo(-)
(Invitrogen), and stable, single-transfectant, Zeocin-resistant CHO cell
Two anti-AMN peptide antibodies were raised in rabbits by immunization clones were established as described.6 Establishment of stable, double-
with peptides comprising the human AMN amino acid residues 165 to 179 transfected CHO clones expressing both the truncated cubilin construct and
of the extracellular domain or residues 415 to 430 in the cytoplasmic tail. myc-labeled human AMN was carried out by transfection with a previously
Both were tested by immunoblot of kidney cortex proteins and were described cDNA plasmid24 encoding AMN and selection with 1 mg/mL
demonstrated to be AMN specific; neither cross reacted with purified Geneticin (Invitrogen). For establishment of stable, single-transfected CHO
cubilin or megalin. A previously described22 rabbit polyclonal antihuman clones expressing AMN-myc, the AMN-myc insert was ligated into the
cubilin antiserum demonstrated not to cross react with megalin or AMN HindIII and XhoI sites of the pcDNA3.1/Zeo(⫹) expression vector (Invitro-
was used on immunoblots and immunohistochemical and immunoelectron gen), and CHO cells were processed as above.
microscopic examination of kidney proximal tubule cells. Anti-myc anti-
body purchased from Invitrogen (Taastrup, Denmark) was used for
detection of the AMN-myc construct expressed in Chinese hamster ovary Analysis of expression products and IF-cobalamin
(CHO) cells, and a previously described5 rabbit polyclonal antirat cubilin endocytosis in CHO cells
antiserum was used in immunoblots of products from CHO cells expressing Expression products of all clones were analyzed by immunoblotting of
a rat cubilin construct. In cases where CHO cells were doubly stained for growth medium and cell lysates. In other experiments, porcine IF-
immunofluorescent microscopy and the available anti-IF sera was of rabbit cobalamin coupled to cyanogen bromid (CNBr)–activated Sepharose 4B
origin, a previously described mouse monoclonal anticubilin antibody14,28 beads (Amersham Biosciences), as previously described,15 was incubated
was used. A sheep antimegalin antibody9 recognizing rodent, canine, and with cell lysates of single- and double-transfected CHO cells expressing the
human megalin was used for immunoblotting. cubilin construct of amino acid residues 1-1389. Following precipitation of
the recombinant cubilin products, the affinity beads were suspended in 50
Immunostaining of human kidney cortex
mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 5.5, containing 0.01% SDS or in 20 mM Na
Cryosections of normal human kidney cortex (uninvolved sections from phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 10 mM EDTA and 0.5% Triton X-100
resected renal carcinoma) were incubated with a rabbit anti-AMN peptide and incubated overnight at 37°C with endo H or at 30°C with PNGase F,
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on August 30, 2018. For personal use only.
BLOOD, 1 MARCH 2004 䡠 VOLUME 103, NUMBER 5 NOVEL COMPLEX OF CUBILIN AND AMNIONLESS 1575
BLOOD, 1 MARCH 2004 䡠 VOLUME 103, NUMBER 5 NOVEL COMPLEX OF CUBILIN AND AMNIONLESS 1577
structures required for membrane anchorage, biosynthetic process- of omitting or reducing megalin function in the kidney or in
ing, and trafficking to the plasma membrane, as well as putative cultured cells may be due to overlap in the cubilin and megalin
signal sequences for endocytosis and receptor recycling. The endo ligand repertoires9,11 and/or to indirect effects of megalin on cubilin
H sensitivity of Asn-linked oligosaccharides and apparent Golgi function. The latter is actually indicated by the fact that megalin-
accumulation of a functional “mini-cubilin” construct in AMN- deficient kidney proximal tubules have far fewer endocytic vesicles
negative cells indicates that the initial cubilin/AMN interaction than normal tubules, indicating that the endocytic activity is
occurs early in the biosynthetic pathway, most likely in the rough reduced overall.37 Despite these considerations, our data do not
endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the functionality in relation exclude the possibility that megalin interacts with the cubilin/AMN
to IF-cobalamin endocytosis of the highly truncated cubilin con- complex or certain cubilin ligands, and further studies are needed
struct missing CUB domains 9-27 indicates that AMN binds to a to define what may be a functional relationship rather than simple
cubilin site amino-terminal of the IF-cobalamin site in CUB correlations.
domain 5-86 (Figure 2A). In conclusion, we have discovered that AMN controls the
In addition to providing a rationale for the recently discovered trafficking of cubilin, which is a “passive” partner of AMN for
I-GS–causing AMN mutations in humans, the present model of binding carriers of vitamins and other nutrients to be endocytosed
cubilin/AMN interdependence is also consistent with previous in by polarized epithelial cells. The novel cubilin/AMN complex,
vivo observations in dogs with inherited selective intestinal IF- which we propose to designate the cubam complex, is the
cobalamin malabsorption and proteinuria (canine I-GS). Those functional receptor essential for cobalamin uptake, renal protein
studies explicitly demonstrated that I-GS–affected dogs exhibit reabsorption, and early rodent embryogenesis. Since cubilin has
failed surface expression of cubilin in intestinal and renal proximal also been detected in epithelia of other organs such as the lung and
tubule epithelial cells and renal cubilin that is retained in an early genital system,38 the function of the receptor complex may have
biosynthetic compartment in an incompletely folded form ex- even wider implications. Furthermore, it is intriguing to speculate
hibiting immature glycosylation.7,20 It was further demonstrated that AMN may be involved in the processing and transport of other
that the defects of cubilin expression were not due to a cubilin membrane proteins or endocytosis of directly bound ligands.
mutation,25 and recent genetic analysis has mapped canine I-GS to Finally, the functional interdependence of cubilin and AMN now
the AMN locus.26 fully explains why IG-S is caused by genetic defects in either the
A mechanistic explanation of cubilin endocytic function has cubilin or AMN genes.
been sought ever since transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains
were found lacking in the structure of cubilin deduced from cDNA
sequence. Previously, it was suggested that megalin, an endocytic Acknowledgments
receptor of the LDL receptor family, might assist the trafficking of
cubilin.5 This suggestion was based on the several observations that Our deep thanks go to K. Lassen for her technical assistance and
megalin strongly colocalizes5 and is coregulated36 with cubilin, that her invaluable input to improve the methods used. Furthermore, we
megalin-deficient mice have markedly decreased renal cubilin thank G. Biller, I. Kristoffersen, and G. Ratz for technical
expression and uptake of cubilin ligands, and that antibodies assistance, E. Nexø for human and porcine IF and anti-IF antibody,
against megalin reduce the uptake of some cubilin ligands.10,11 P. Verroust for anticubilin antibody, J. Gburek for assistance with
However, since the transfected cells of the present study do not microscopy, and J. A. Fyfe for fruitful discussion. The coauthor
express detectable megalin, it seems that the cubilin/AMN complex Mette Madsen has previously published under the name Mette
can function independently of megalin. The observed effects2,3,10,11 Kristiansen.
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