EXPERIMENT 21 —— ee Concentrations of Solutions Goals Calculate the percent water in a fruit or vegetable. Measure the volume and mass of a salt solution. Evaporate the solution to dryness and determine the mass of the solute, Calculate the mass/mass percent and mass/volume percent concentrations for a NaC! solution. Calculate the molar concentration of the NaCl solution. Lab Questions 1, What is meant by the concentration of a solution? 2. What units are used for the solute and the solution in a mass/mass percent (m/m%)concentration? Ina mass/volume percent (m/v %) concentration? 3. What is molarity? Concepts to Review Water as a solvent Concentration expressions Percent (m/m, v/v and m/v ) concentration Molarity Discussion Many of the foods we eat are composed of large quantities of water as are the cells of our bodies which are about 60% water. We obtain water for the body primarily by drinking fluids and eating food with a high content of water. We can calculate the amount of water in a food by dehydrating a piece of food and measuring the amount of water lost. ‘The concentration of a solution is calculated from the amount of solute present in a certain amount of solution, The concentrations may be expressed using different units for amount of solute and solution. A mass/mass percent concentration expresses the grams of solute in the grams of solution. ‘The mass/volume percent concentration of a solution states the grams of solute present in the milliliters of the solution. mass/mass percent (m/m) = = grams of solute x 100 “grams of solution mass/volume percent (m/v) = grams of solute x 100 milliliters of solution 203 Concentrations of Solutions‘A molar (M) concentration deseribes a solution in moles of the solute per liter of solution molarity (M) = moles of solute \ i it liters of soh i In this experiment, you will measure outa 10.0 mL. volume of a sodium chloride solution. The mass ithe soletion willbe determined by weighing the solution in a preweighed evaporating dish: After I the sample is evaporated to dryness, itis weighed again. From this data, the mass of the salt (solute) is obtained. ‘Using the mass of the solute and the mass of the solution, the mass (sm/m) persstt Ct be calculated. From the mass ofthe solute and the volume (mL) of the solution, the mass/volume (sn/v) percent 0% cao culated, ‘The molarity of the solution is obtained by converting the mass ofthe solute to moles, and expressing the volume in liters (L). Laboratory Ac! —<—= | Put on your safety goggles before you begin this lab! Percent Water in a Food Materials needed: Slices of fruits or vegetables, paring knife, watch glass, balance, drying oven (110°C) |A.L Weigh awateh glass, Record itsmass. Doot round off |A2 Cut several thin slices of only one fruit or vegetable. Record the type of food. Arrange the Gices on the watch glass as far apart as possible. Weigh the watch glass and food slices Record, |A3 Place the watch glass and food slices in a drying oven at 100-110°C for about I Br After the Foods are dry, the instructor will tur off the drying oven and open the door. After the watch tlass has cooled, carefully remove the watch glass (it may still be hot!) containing the dried (dehydrated) food. A mitt will be helpful. Let the watch glass cool to room temperature. Weigh the cooled watch plass and dried food. Record the total mass. Do not round off Calculations AA Calculate the mass of the original food slices (A.2 - A.1). [AS Caleulate the amount of water lost through dehydration (A.2 ~A.3). AG — Calculate the percentage of water in the food. % water = massofwaterlost (AS) x 100% mass of food slices (A.4) Experiment 21 204AT Bl B2 B3 Ba Collect the values obtained by other groups of students for other foods. Using a Chemistry or nutrition handbook, look up the accepted values for the percent water in the foods that were tested. Compare your results with the accepted values. Concentration of a Sodium Chloride Solution Materials needed: Hot plate (or Bunsen burner, iron ring and wire screen), evaporating dish, NaCl solution (saturated), 400-mL beaker (to fit evaporating dish), 10-mL graduated cylinder, or 10-mL pipet, laboratory balance Weigh a dry evaporating dish. Record the mass. Do not round off Using a 10.0 mL graduated cylinder, or a 10.0 mL pipet, measure out a 10.0 mL sample of the NaCl solution provided. Record the volume. Using a pipet: Place the pipet bulb on the upper end of the pipet. Squeeze the bulb about half way. Place the tapered end of the pipet in the liquid to transfer, Allow the bulb to inflate as liquid is pulled up , the pipet. The level of liquid should rise about the volume mark, but not into the bulb. Remove the bulb and quickly cover the pipet with Fo ‘your index finger. Adjust the pressure of your finger to slowly drain the liquid until the level is at the volume mark. You may need to 4 et practice. With your finger still on the pipet, lift the pipet out of the liquid and over to the container, in this case, the evaporating dish. Let the liquid flow out. Some liquid is expected to remain in the tip. Weigh the evaporating dish and the NaCl solution. Record. Fill 400 mL beaker about one-half full of water. Set on a hot plate. Or heat with a Bunsen ‘bumer using an iron ring with a wire screen, Place the evaporating dish on top of the beaker. Heat the water in the beaker to boiling, See Figure 21.1. You may need to replenish the hot water bath as you proceed. 205 Concentrations of Solutions‘When the NaC! appears to be dry, carefully remove the evaporating dish, dry the bottom, and warm the dish directly on the hot plate or in the iron ring. Heat gently with a low flame to dry the salt completely. Cool the evaporating dish and dried NaCl for 10 minutes. Weigh the evaporating dish and the dry NaCl. Record. Do not round off: Calculations B.5 Calculate the mass of the NaCl after drying (B.4-B.1). B.6 Calculate the mass of the solution (B.3 - B.1). B.7 Calculate the mass/mass percent concentration. mass/mass percent = —_ mass of dry NaCl (B.5)_x 100 “mass of solution (B.6) B.8 Calculate the mass/volume percent concentration. mass/volume percent = mass of dry NaCl (B.5) x 100 ‘volume of solution (B.2) B9 Calculate the moles of NaCl (58.5 g/mole). gofdried NaCl(@B.S) x — Lmole NaCl 58.5 gNaCl B.10 Convert the volume of the solution to liters. mLNaClsolution(B2) x LL = LofNaCI solution 1000 mL B.11 Calculate the molarity of the NaCl solution, molarity (M) = _moles NaCl (B.9) Lof solution (B.10) Experiment 24 208