ftiny CLadns casqo - oN pPiteae ary : TRODUCTION_ TICKLE YOUR MIND 2. What are the sources o story? ee 8. How do historians write history? 4. Who are some of the notable Filipino historians? What are their contributions to historiography? 50 DOWNLOAD . A J pe An introduction to Philippine Historiography: Sources and Discourses jae ve Neil Manial R. Santillan, Ph.D, Byes Int a wie a str re Pine ores paneer gop i cFacople abut Their past. The practic of Watorical wrth ebSigreph} Tradiional ~ YA oe ah ey tetera ae pei bs chins ene n making adept aa arn Sources of History research is utilization of sees. Thay are diveaesourcop history sources oF documents, achaeologs records, and oral antHYideo accounts. (eumienit These refer to handwsitten, printed, is. These incide books, newspapers, magazines, mtifigs, advertisements, and phot6graphs. Colonial eta form a significant porto or Sitection of i yoords such as percng rasa al aa Nem cimentshe st beat See State Tn the 200 centay and | important historical personages constitute tip to nowemoife or persia ageSunto written by important shother not documents Phifippine presidents such as Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, and memoirs to highlight their roles as nation-BUnTeers————— pet os oy &Sf a, palatine lp _ J, onesie hn, cog sets seid slat nan ns their activities, and the environment where they lived. In the Philippines, the most significant excavated hgman remains include th€ Callao Man’s\toe bone (dated 67 000 BCE) and the Tabon ‘Maly’s skul/dap (22 000 BCE), Aside from hui méins, other archaeological records are generally categorized as fyxStS and at jis are remains of gnimals, plants, and other organisms from the dist@ot past, while attifgefs are remnants of material culture developed by hyman beings. These include clothing, farm implements, jewelry, pottery and stone tools. 1d ‘account form the third kind of historical source, These are audio-visual documentation of people, events, and places, These are usually recorded in video and audi sSseltes, and compact disig. Aside from scholars, media people also use oral and video accounts as part oftheir news and publie affairs work Primary and Seconduiy Sources ‘Kinds of historical sourees/pripfory and soph Prin sources refer to documents, physical ebjects, and oral/video acofunts made W% an individual or a group resent at the time and place being “These materials provide facts from people who” ac{Ually witnessed The event. Seconlidey sources, on the other hand, are materials made by people Tong after the events being described had taken place = ‘There are Ewo gener CChronicies in a Changing World 7‘Most historical narratives today are so reliant nntary sources due to the plethora ‘written records and the lack of archaeological records and oral/video memoirs. Although having several documents about an event allows for easier counterchecking of fats, VG \nistory rusarchersgrpeononiad with ‘zpyconfronted with one basic challenge with regard primary sourees—their BS i ee eT ecole Many of our untapped archival documents here and abroad are written in Spanish. A good wht knowledge of Spanish is a huge advantage, But this skill is unusual among today’s historians who prefer to read translations of Spanish texts such as the 5-volume The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1894/(1903-1908) edited by Emma Blair and James Robertson, which is the most cited collection (of primary sources about the Philippines before the advent of the American colonial regime. The collection includes translations of portions of 16th-century chronicles such as Antonio Pigafetta’s Primo Viaggio intorno al mundo (1524), Miguel Loarca’s Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582), ‘and Juain de Plasencia’s Relacion de las Islas Philipinas (1592). Filipino historians, such as the father-daughter tandem of Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, have also compiled and translated colonial documents. They published the 10-voh Documentary Sources of Philippine History (1994). ~~ >< Aaide Tron reading the Spanish opiginal documents or translated works, another daunting task for Filipino historians is fo diseé context and historical value of primary sources beeause most of these primary documents were written by colonfalists and reflected \ festern cultural frames, For examples, derogatory terms used to label Filipinos Sach as “pagan,” ee" 7 anevitized* “sil,” and “savage” abound in these colonial docurients, Uncoverring myths and misconceptions about Filipino cultural identity propagated by the Spanish and American colonizers is extra challenging for contemporary Flipino scholars. It tnd]key Function primary source documents is fo give facts, Fecondary soure} documents, on the other hand, provide valuable interpretations of historical events. The works of eminent historians such ae Teodoro Agoneillo and Renato Constantine are good examples of secondary sources. In his interpretation of the Philippine Revolution, Agonello divided the revolution into two phases: the Gist phase covers the years from the start ofthe revolution in August 1896 to the Might of Emilio Aguinalde and company to Hong Kong as a result ofthe Pact of Bak-ne- Bato, while the eeond phase sans from Aiinald's gti to Manila from Hong Kong until his surrender to the Ainericans in March 1901. However, Constantino refuted Agoneillo's leader-centrie scheme of dividing the revolution into ovo phases by stressing Chet AgancllQ's ViewpomUTmpled Um. the revolution came toa halt when ‘Aguinaldo let the country: Coustanitine disputed the soundness of Agoneillo's two-phase scheme iy by =e that the war of in yntinued even without Aguinaldo's presence in the \y/ country Aside i the issue on OF notes Reyplution, there are other contending issues in Philippine history such pythe venuo of the rat Chalten manein the ouy and te question of. who med national hero. By and large, interpreta as tools of disceri they should be cautious of frames of analysis usey Introduction 3Historical Criticism Many documents have primary and secondary segments. For instance, examining a newspaper 28 ahistorical Source entails g discerning mind to identify its primary and sesondary compogsnts ‘Anews iter waitten by a witness of an event is considered as a primary sarc, while a feaCare ‘alice is usually considered as a secofdary material. Similarly, ‘book published a long time J ‘igo does not necessarily render it as a primary source. It requires ‘a meticulous reading of the, document into. L_~"rVascertain the apthenticity and reliability of vsti, stringy el of and iujernal criticism. EXC@Phal Criticism hnswers concerns and questions perlinent The Zsa «historical source by identifying wha gfenpsed tne satel maar loe e ary sources to be used in erafting & Torical eriticism, namely, external criticism value. 2 < 7 Internal criticism, the other hand, deals with the erediity and reliabibey of the content of given Historical source. Tis kind of criticism focuses on understanding the substance and ‘message thet jhe historical material wants to convey by examining how the author fine the inienf and meaning of a composed material Locating Primary Sources ‘Thore grgpubstantial primary sources about the Philippines here and abroad. In the country. government aatitutions such as the National Library and the Nationgl“Archives are major Fepositories of documentary sources. S Tana bres complete microfilm copies of the Philippine Revolutionary ‘Records (1856-1901), a compilation of eaptured documents of Emilfo Aguinaldo's revolutionary government, and Historical Data Papers (1952-1953), a collection of “history and cultural life’ trall towns in the county spearheaded by public school teachers during President Elpidio Quirino’s term. The Manuscripts Section of the National Library's Filipinians Division contains the presidential pajSrs of different administrations from Manuel Quezon to Joseph Ejercito. Search aids such as the “Checklist of Rare Filipiniana Serials (111-1914),” “Fiipiniana Serials in Microfilin,” and sevetal registers of Philifipine presidential papers are provided for faster and ‘easier way to look for historical materials. ; elatnaTArcivs] on te oer hand, holds substantial alleen of catalogued and uneatalogued Spanish documents about the Philippines composed from 1552 to 1900. "hese consist of 432 document categories such as Administracion Central de “Rentas y Propiedades (Central Administration of Rentals and Properties), Administracion de Hacienda Publica (Administration of Publie Finance), Aduana de Manila (Customs Office of Manila), ‘Almacenes Generales (General Stores), Aswntos Criminales (Criminal Matters), Ayuntamiento ide Manila (Town Councit of Manila), Colera (Cholera), Padron General de Chinos (General Register of Chinese), and Presos (Prisoners). Fér local historians, valuable materials from the National Archives inchide Cabezas de Barangay (Heads of Barangay), Ereccion de los Pueblos (Establishment of Towns), Guid Oficial (OMicial Guide), and Memorias (Official Reports of Provincial Governors), Aside from Spanish soiirees, the National Archives is also the repository _ 4 Chronicles in Inging World 7ee cr ig records: There are also some sources writtl document n Tagalog such asthe documents pertinent to Apolinario de la. Gruz, the leader of the Confradia de San Jose in the 19th century. Jezel santero suchas the University ofthe Philippines in Di tengo de Manila Uni sity in Quezon City, University of Santos Tomas in Manila, Silliman University ty, and University of San Carlos in Cebu City have also substantial library and ‘al holdings. ‘The Media ‘Services Section of the UP Maiti Library has microfilm copies of Philippine Radical Papers, a compilation of documents relevant to the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) and its allied organizations as well as People’s Court Proceedings, a colléction of court procecaings against Filipino leaders who cooperated with the Japanese during their short lived occupation. The Ateneo de Manilas Rizal Library houses the American Historical Collection that consists of vital documents relevant to the American experience such as the Reports of the Philippine Commission (1901-1909), Annual Reports ie Governors-General of the Philippine Islands (1916-1935), and records of the Philippine Tegislature from 1907 to 1934.) Toromp alter mescone tnd oats such as the. AyalfeAtuseum in Mgkati and Lopez Museum in Pasig City, have also considerable historical resources. Religiou! tions such as the Augustinians, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects also have extensive archival holdings that reinain untapped. @ steer 2 [Outside the Phitifpines,]there are several documents about the country found in Spain and in Dumaguete Gi the Unifed Statés, The bulk of Spanish documents are found at the Archivo General de Indias in Sevilla, Spain. Important American sources are available at the Manuscript Division of the United rary of Congress, Harvard University's Houghtou Library, United States National Archives, and the University of Miehiga In this age of Internet, there arefo such as the extensive digital Filipinia manuseripts and photographs of ino history and culture, collection Wf the University of Michigan, which consists of ly part of 20th-century Philippines. Another rich online source of primary documents is the University of Illinois at Chicago Field Museum. It houses the extensive photographic collection of Dean Worcester, the secretary of Interior of the American. colonial government in the country from 1901 to 1913. istoriography 9g Philippine historiograpiy has change significantly since the 29th century. Foalong time, (Gpanish coloniéer5presented our history in two parts: ssid of des or bchvardnes before they arrived and a consequent period of ad ment or-enlightenment Wl cam SpaniefrchTOTIceote n lot about Une Philippines bul. their MSs accounls emphasized the primacy of colonization to liberate Fitipinos from their backward “barbaric” lifeways. In the Ssine mance MGT elonsal THIGH alan shared the some worldview of thei predecossers by tsialsing thar Stotenon ot Fh jpinos as a way to teach the natives the “civilized | lifestyle” which they seid the Spaniards forgot to impart including persorial hygiene and public a ininsatjor¥Colonial narratives have portrayed Filipinos as a people bereft of an advanced c pectabie history. This perception eballenged Filipino intellectuals beginning in the ch eultural bias ar prejudice, In(1890) Jase Rizal came out with an annotation To lotreuetion 5 wrote Y 1800s tyrectit}of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands), a booke lly published in 1608. ile used de Morga’s book, a rare Spanish publication that positively ynial Filipino culture, as a retort to the arrogant Spaniards. However, cultural bias culture continued even after Rizal's death and the end of Spanish colonialism. i A ose Rizal ‘Sucesos de las Islas Filpias Learning from the fate ofits colonial predecessor, the United States did not only use brute force but also effected ingenious ways of pacification cosh as eGo aan tal 0 i Coutrol their subjects and inesiase political and economic power of tie-lite fev, These colonial instruments were so ingrained amoni{Filipinos that they perceived their colonial past in two ‘eayss initially maltreated by “wicked Spain” bu Tater rescued by "benevalent America." This kind of historical consciousness has effectively erased from the memories of Filipino generations the bloody Philippine-Amercan War as exemplified by the Balangiga Massacrein Kastern Samar | and the Batile of Bud Bagssk in Sulu, Consequently, such perception breathes new life to the two-part view of story: a period of darkness before the advent of the United States and an era of hhis view has resonated with Filipino enlightenment during the American colonial administration, scholars even after the Americans granted our independence in 1946. Philippine Historiogrephy after World War II ‘The stark reality of Filipine historians thinking like their colonial counterparts during the ‘postcolonial period troubled a small group of professors and cultural workers wha were mostly alumni of thg University of the Philippined This spurred the emergence of Filipino scholars ~ Nar challenged the narrowsiew of colonial narratives and developed historical writing from the iewpointora a = In the 1950, Teod highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and revelu -0-Agoneill-ioneered nationalist historiography in the country by ii jonaries from 1872, the year that saw the execution of the Gomburza priests, to the end of the Philippine Revolution as the focal point of the country’s nation-building narrative. Two of his most celebrated books focus on the impact of the Phiippine Revolution: The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan Chronicles in 9 Changing World 7(1956) and Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic (1960), His izing Spanish colonial period writings veered away Trai P and regarded events before 1872 as part ofthe couric 75 “lost RRS Tn dscourge of Tost istry” was HOT aopis FY nother known scholar, Renato Constantino, whos? published work entitled “ignshestgn ofthe nino * became a staple reading for academies and activists beginning in the lafe 1960s. Constantino advanced ihe idea of @ “Geople’s history —a study analyze society by searching out people's voi colonial histori that typically render ‘8a decedent, inept and vile Hollowing this mode of historical inquiry, he authored The piesa Ban Rta (13) a lege too that aoaaea sere cetical reading. of Philippine history compared to yore’ History ofthe Filipino People (1973) Undoubtes Teodoro Agonci these two nationalist scholar: Renato Corstanina ~ Gree other Filipino nor set new directions in redefining Pippin striograpy i the as 4 ens of the 20th century ‘The first of these scholars i who coneeptuatized “Pantayong Panangw” a5 an 3 to aoe he pat Tones apk laa ea ond language. He emphasized the v value of our Austranesidn roots ultur ncouraged other scholars to ding historical researches in Filipino such a6 thewerk of Jaime Veneracian’s Kasaysayan ng Bulacan (1986). i Equally important i 86 > Zeus Salazar contribution of fteynaldo verte about his *histony from below” york, Pasyon and Revolution: Poplar 910 (1979). In this work, Neto endeavored to recog alternative historical go ‘works spurred new interpretations of common topics such as Jose Rizal, Philippine-American War, and American colonization. Reynaldo eto 5 4 Introduction 7 v7.€ ‘There is alsol re | Z umuel Tan, another prolific \istorian wh aming the role and relevance of iping ‘Muslims iy the countey'snational history His definitive or Tia pine Musi, Armed Struggle, 1900-1972 (1978), e the struggle of F i L uggle of Filipino Muslims in context of 20 yt eae ee of ore eentu tury nation-building dynamics during the American colonial regime and : rc iri Finiatar ge ene and subsequent postcolonial Filipino administrations. In hi 00k, A History of the Philippines (1987), national history reflective of the ‘ot only of lowland Christianized Filipinos iferent cultural communitie’ in the ‘Tan attempted to write historical experiences n but also of the other dit archipelago. Since the latter part of the 20th century, there have been Serr! ta considerable changes in the way historians compose our national 2 History, However, contemporary Philippine historiography still eaptinten to be characterized by the dominance of political narratives, colonial histories, elite-centrie perspective, and patriarchal orientation as well as emphasis on lowland Christianized Filipinos. Political Narratives ‘Most of our national histories tadzy favor narratives that deal with the political aspects of nation-building such as.the legacies of pol shment of governments, Questions such as the following are focal points in these narratives: Who was | the first Spanish governor-general vital in implementing the encomienda polivy? Who was the governor-general responsible for the massive employment of Filipinos in the American colonial ‘bureaucracy? Who served as the last president of the Philippine Commonwealth and the inaugural chief executive of the Third Republic? Who was the Philippine president responsible for the declaration of martial law? The challenge for present-day historians is to presenta more holistic history that goes beyond polities by means of integrating other aspects of nation-building sach a8 its economic anf cultural aspects, Colonial Histories in Historical Narratives Another weakness of most national histories is the importance given to colonial histories. This cdntinues tq breed Filipinos who are more farniliar with stories about our colonial history rather than stories of our precolonial past. Up to now, some social studies textbooks misrepresent sncient Filipinos 9 saves o1-barhurians by portraying colonizers, especially the Spaniards and Americans, as Jiberators of the Filipinos from cultural backwardness.-The key to uncover such cultural prejudicrs is to examine available historical sources and to write about our past by understanding the myths and miscanceptions that characterize the Filipino. lture for centuries, ‘Chronicles n a Changing World 7Blke-centric Perspective in Historival Narratives 0 a : Sate aes Tecate Filipinos) fought for in the 19th century or how the local politicians Seepaaie with her American counterparts to obtain an, independencé law during the first half of the tury. Though eminent historians sich as Constantino ax@ Hetp reiterated the inuportanice of & “people's history” and “hi * respectively, 90 much has to be done in terms of writing about the roles played Patriarchal Orientation in Historical Narratives Most of the country’s historical narratives highlight the heroism of men in different ways: leading revolts and wars against colonizers, championing the eauée.of independence svcl spearheading political and economic development-Women, on the other hand, are viewed by several historians as merely support to men. Let us take for example the women leaders such as Gabrie g, Tandang Sora, and Corazon Aquino, Silang assumed the leadership of the Tlocos revolt after her husband was murdered in May 1763, Tandang Sora’s decision to offer her barn and farm to revolutionaries in August 1896 was linked to hér son’s irivolvement in the Katipunan. Aquino rose to prominence as a martyr’s widow who led a movernent to depose a dictatorship in Bebruary 1986. ‘Phese representations show women’s roles as consequences of their connection to the men in their lives. With this bias in mine, itis imperative for contemporary historians to use igender-rensitive approaches in understanding history to avoid typecasting women as dependent, ‘emotional, less important, passive, submissive, and weak. Emphasis on Lowland Christianized Filipinos National histories tend to show partiality toward lowland Christianized Filipinos at the capense of other cultural communities such og Muslim Filipinos and other fdigshous eoples ‘Siich as the Manobos of Mindanao, Tbaluis of Cordillera, and Mangyans of Mindoro. Celebrated “figures of our past are all lowlander Christians and predominantly Tagalogs including Jose Rizal, the leading propagandist; Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan founder; Emilio ‘Aguinaldo, the revolutionary leader who declared independence; and Manuel Quezon, the first président of the Philippine Commonwealth. Non-Christians and highlanders remain unrecognized in historical rarratives. Muslim Filipi varticular, have been subjected to negative characterization, by lowland Christians in published works such ag history books. This is caused by the culture. of istrust that developed between Christians and Muslims during-the-célonial periods. Mustinu Filip ,ferdciois, and vicious a8 exemplified by their attacks of Christian towns. (his narrow-minded view has to be reevaluated in order to correct Inisrepresentations of Muslim Filipinos in this age of political correstness and cultural sensitivity Dacause of the need to reassess our national histories, many local stories—narratives about, origins and development af a barangay, town, city, province, or an ethnolinguistic community— have been written in +he last three decadés. The writing of these stories broadens the scope of of ‘our national history reflective of the roles played by the country’s cultural communities in nation- building. 101 tire depicted as brutal, a IntroductionSearch the Internet for online archives and libraries on Philippine history and culture. Explore wéjs of getting historical infomation from varied digital sours. Present your findings Af ina PowerPoint presentation with profiles of Web sites detailing their collection of sources and providing important information on how to access their files. BRING IT ON, 1. What are the benefits of using primary sources? 2. Why do you think most history textbooks are secondary sources? 3. . What are the advantages and disadvantages of accessing online primary sources? 4. What are the challenges of understanding our country’s past mindful of the problems that characterize the writing of our national history? Level Up! 1. You work as part of a research team at the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. ‘The team is composed of four to five researchers who will take part in en annual conference of Filipino historians aimed to analyze the country’s national symbols utilizing primary sources ‘Your group should Le able to-explain the meaning of the different symbols and colors of the Philippine Dag by showing excerpts of the English translation of the country’s declaration of independence originally written in Spanish. Then you are to compare and contrast the past sand present meanings that, we attach te the symbols and colors of the Philippine flag. Your presentation will be graded based on accuracy of information and flow of presentation. ‘You work at a broadcasting company. Your station manager has gelected you to annotate for a video highlighting the recollection of veterans during the administration of President, Ferdinand Marcos. You have to conduct an interview or « series of interviews with an’ individual or a group of individuals who were witnesses to the changes in Philippine society between 1965 and 1986. Write your script for a three-minute video presentation. Your presentation will Le graded based on its content, ereativity, and impact. 3. You have been assigned to write a brief history about your family, organization, school, or village. The objective of the projectis to examine the available primary documents such as letters, minutes of the meeting, pictures, and other memorabilia that you ean use in making historical account. [is important to identify and explain the turning points oF highlights of your historical narrative. Your paper will be graded based on extensiveness of the primary documents to be utilized and organization of the historical account. 10 Chronicles in a Cranging World 7