Electrical Sciences

Lecture – 4
15-01-2019

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem

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Thevenin's Theorem

Any combination of batteries and resistances with two terminals can be replaced
by a single voltage source e and a single series resistor r. The value of e is the
open circuit voltage at the terminals, and the value of r is e divided by the current
with the terminals short circuited.

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 3Ω
V1 V2

1Ω 2Ω
6A 12A

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Example on Thevenin’s Theorem

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To find the Thevenin Voltage: Open Circuit Voltage

6

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To find the Thevenin Resistance:

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The Equivalent Circuit:

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To find the Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

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To find the Norton’s Current source

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To find the Norton’s Resistance:

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Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Type equation here.

𝑉𝑠2 𝑑𝑃
RL=RS
P= 2 𝑑𝑅𝐿
=0
𝑅𝑆+𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑠2 𝑃
Efficiency =𝑃𝑚 = 50%
Pm= 𝑖𝑛

4𝑅𝐿
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Linearity and Superposition Theorem

Linear Circuits: V= RI

Liner Element – Resistor

Superposition Theorem

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Linearity and Superposition

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Super node Analysis
Definition of Super Node

Whenever a voltage source (Independent or Dependent) is connected between the

two non reference nodes then these two nodes form a generalized node called the
Super node. So, Super node can be regarded as a surface enclosing the voltage source
and its two nodes.

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Expressing and in terms of the node voltages.

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
First Order Circuits – The Natural
Response
Basic RL and RC Circuits

1 First-Order RC Circuits
2 First-Order RL Circuits
3 Examples

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1 First-Order RC Circuits

Key Words:
Transient Response of RC Circuits, Time constant

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 Basic RL and RC Circuits

• Used for filtering signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others.
e.g. low-pass filter

• Any circuit with a single energy storage element, an arbitrary number of

sources and an arbitrary number of resistors is a circuit of order 1.

• Any voltage or current in such a circuit is the solution to a 1st order

differential equation.
Ideal Linear Capacitor
dq dv
i (t ) = c vc (t +) = v C (t )
dt dt
1 2
Energy stored w   pdt   cvdv  cv
2
A capacitor is an energy storage device  memory device.

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 Basic RL and RC Circuits

First-Order RC Circuits
vr(t)
+ -

R +
+
vs(t) C vc(t)
-
-

• One capacitor and one resistor

• The source and resistor may be equivalent to a circuit with
many resistors and sources.

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 Basic RL and RC Circuits
First-Order RC Circuits

Transient Response of RC Circuits

E  vc
ic 
Switch is thrown to 1 R
KVL around the loop: ic R  vC  E
R
C
dvc
C R  vc  E
 
2 dt
t


K vC  Ae RC
E
1
E
Initial condition vC (0) v C (0)  0 A  E
t t
 
vC  E (1  e RC
)  E (1  e  )

t
  RC
dvc E  Called time constant
ic  C  e
dt R
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 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits

Time Constant   RC
t
5  dvc E t /
vC  E (1  e  )  e
dt 
R
C

dvc E E
  
2
 
t 0
10V 
K dt  dvc
 1 t 0
E dt

5V R=2k
C=0.1F

SEL>>
0V
RC
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms
V(2)
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 Basic RL and RC Circuits
First-Order RC Circuits

Transient Response of RC Circuits

vc  ic R  0
Switch to 2 dvc
ic  C
dt
R
C dv
vc  RC c  0
dt
2 t
  
K vc  Ae RC

1
E Initial condition vC (0) v C (0)  E

vc  Eet / RC  Eet /
E t / 
ic   e
R
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 First-Order RC Circuits

Time Constant   RC 
t

t

vC (t )  Ee RC  Ee
5
R dvC E
C


dt t 0 
 2
 
E

K  
IS 
10V 1 dvC
E
dt t 0

5V R=2k
C=0.1F

SEL>>
0V
0s 1.0ms 2.0ms 3.0ms 4.0ms
V(2)
Time
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Basic RL and RC Circuits
First-Order RC Circuits

6.0V

4.0V

2.0V

0V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms
V(2) V(1)
Time
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