Frequency control of future power systems to new control methods

The frequency in a variable power system is a real-time variable that indicates the balance
between generation and demand. In Great Britain, the national grid is the system operator
responsible for maintaining the frequency response of the power system within acceptable limits.
Two main levels define these limits: the operational limit and the legal limit a disconnection by
low-frequency relays is provided for frequency control of both the generators and demand.

The system operator uses frequency response services in the power system to stable frequency
within acceptable limits and to recover frequency after abrupt changes in demand/production
side.

Large capacity coupling generators provide the Max of inertia in the power system. The rest is
provided by lesser and demand Coupling generators. Traditional generators in the power system
are continuously operated to create a minimum level of inertia to ensure sufficient frequency
stability. This capacity is expected to enhance more than the current capacity in the next six
years. However, these generators are costly to operate and produce large amounts of
greenhouse gas emissions.

With the increasing needs of renewable energy resources, the procedure of controlling the base
frequency using only the Production side becomes noticeably costly but also technically difficult.
In addition, the combination of higher wind and solar production combined with lower demand
means that a large number of interventions by the operator of the Great Britain System should be
taken for balance and operational reasons. Therefore, there are opportunities to further develop
demand-side services during periods of low and high demand

The lack of direct coupling between the recycling machine and the power system in some RESs,
for example solar and wind because of power electronics leads to reduced inertia. Therefore, it
increases the difficulties of operating and controlling the power system. In addition, RES
fluctuations cause energy fluctuations due to unexpected environmental conditions that have a
significant impact on frequency stability.

Reduced system deadlock will increase the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) rate when the
system experiences a abrupt error such as loss or increase of demand or production. In this
condition, it is suggested to reduce response time during the error period. As a result, the need
for allied frequency control was enhanced due to the uplift of RES. Rapid frequency response by
the production is an appropriate solution to reduce the problem of increasing frequency
infringement.

The new frequency control system should provide a fast and stable response to a high Rate of
Change of Frequency (RoCoF) device. This is highly proposed. However, a rapid response carries
a risk of system Changed. A pliable in line real-time controller with the ability to identify event and
response algorithm is required for in case of any fault. This controller produce higher flexibility for
a lower cost and preferably has scalable parameters and fast control delays. This is to create a
new adaptive protection system capable of standing against frequency breakdown in modern
energy systems. This control scheme is plan to complement rather than replace the local
frequency control.

There are many chances to further develop the Demand Side services during the low and high
demand periods due to the increasing needs of the RES. However, the use of Load Side energy
for Frequency bound the services is a new Task. The task is to control these many distributed
loads, especially with EVs, residential BESSs, , cloth dryers and water heaters.

With the expanding needs of renewable energy resources, performing primary frequency control
utilizing just the generation side becomes noticeably expensive but also technically difficult. In
addition, the combination of high wind and solar output alongside with a low demand means that
a significant number of interventions by the Great Britain system operator should be taken for
balancing and operability reasons. Therefore, there are opportunities to further develop demand-
side services during both periods of low and high demand.