Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemists
Second Edition
Peter Tebbutt
2 Special Functions 52
2.1 Introduction 52
2.2 Logarithms 52
2.2.1 Definition 52
2.2.2 Uses of Logarithms 53
2.2.3 Uses of Logarithms in Chemistry—the 'p' Scale 54
2.2.4 Logarithms in Thermodynamic Equations 57
2.2.5 Logarithms in Kinetic Equations 63
2.2.6 The Dependence of Rate on Temperature 65
2.2.7 Absorption of Light—the Beer-Lambert Law 65
2.2.8 Using Logarithms to Find Relationships between Variables 66
2.3 The Exponential Function 67
2.3.1 Definition 67
2.3.2 Properties of the Exponential Function 69
2.3.3 The Exponential Function in Chemistry—the Boltzmann Equation 71
2.3.4 Spectroscopy 73
2.3.5 Kinetics 73
2.3.6 Electrochemical Kinetics 73
2.3.7 Gas Kinetics 76
2.3.8 Thermodynamics 77
2.3.9 Statistical Thermodynamics 78
2.4 Trigonometric Functions—Sine, Cosine and Tangent 78
2.4.1 Definitions 78
2.4.2 Properties of Sine and Cosine—Waves 80
2.4.3 The Uses of Sines and Waves in Chemistry 83
2.5 Concluding Remarks 85
Problems 85
3 Practical Statistics 88
3.1 Introduction 88
3.2 Statistics for Data Analysis 88
3.2.1 Summarising Data—Mathematical Approach 88
3.2.2 Summarising Data—Graphical Approach 90
3.2.3 Accuracy and Precision 93
3.2.4 Errors—Definitions 96
3.2.5 Presentation of Errors 97
3.2.6 Significant Figure Notation 101
3.2.7 The Line of Best Fit 103
3.3 In Conclusion 106
Problems 107
CONTENTS
xi
Appendix 2—Solutions and Hints for Selected Problems 268
Index 273