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9 Circle PDF
9 Circle PDF
Properties of
the Circle
TERMINOLOGY
Arc: Part of a curve, most commonly a portion of the Radius: A radius is the distance from the centre of a circle
distance around the circumference of a circle out to the circumference (radii is plural, meaning more
than one radius)
Chord: A straight line joining two points on the
circumference of a circle Subtend: Form an angle at some point (usually the centre
or circumference of a circle)
Concentric circles: Circles that have the same centre
Tangent: A straight line external to a curve or circle that
Concyclic points: Points that lie on the circumference of
just touches the curve or circle at a single point
the same circle
Cyclic quadrilateral: A cyclic quadrilateral is a figure
whose four vertices are concyclic points. The four vertices
lie on the circumference of a circle
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 499
INTRODUCTION
IN CHAPTER 4, YOU STUDIED the geometry of angles, triangles, quadrilaterals
and other polygons. This chapter shows you some properties of the circle.
Parts of a Circle
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was a great artist, scientist and inventor. He studied geometry,
and many of his model drawings show this influence. His drawings included designs for
flying machines, spring-driven automobiles, bridges and weapons. Leonardo’s designs were
revolutionary, and the scientists of his time did not have the knowledge needed to make the
models work.
Proof
Let two equal arcs have lengths l 1 and l 2, and subtend angles of a and b at the
You will study the formula
centre of the circle. l = r i in Chapter 5 of
Using l = ri , l 1 = ra and l 2 = rb the HSC Course book.
But l 1 = l 2
` ra = rb
` a=b
The converse is also true:
EXAMPLE
Solution
Since arc CB = arc BD,+COB = +DOB
Let +COB = +DOB = x
Then +AOC = 180c - +COB (+AOB is a straight angle)
= 180c - x
Also +AOD = 180c - +DOB (similarly)
= 180c - x
` +AOC = +AOD
502 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Proof
OA = OC (equal radii)
OB = OD (similarly)
AB = CD (given)
` by SSS, DOAB / DOCD
` +AOB = +COD (corresponding +s in congruent Ds)
Equal angles subtended at the centre of the circle cut off equal chords.
EXAMPLE
Solution
Since AB = CD, +AOB = +COD
Let +AOB = +COD = x
Then +BOC = 180c - (x + x) (+AOD is a straight +)
= 180c - 2x
OB = OC (equal radii)
` D OBC is isosceles with +OBC = +OCB
+OBC + +OCB + 180c - 2x = 180c (+ sum of DOBC)
+OBC + +OCB = 2x
` +OBC = +OCB = x
` +OBC = +AOB
But these are equal alternate angles
` BC < AD
Proof
EXAMPLES
Solution
x = 40 (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
Reflex +BOC = 360c - 80c (+ of revolution)
= 280c
` y = 140 (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
Solution
Let +OAC = x
+BOC = 2+OAC (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
= 2x
OA = OC ^ equal radii h
` +OCA = +OAC = x (base +s of isosceles D)
` +BOC = 2+OCA
Proof
EXAMPLE
Prove D ABC and D DEC are similar. Hence find the value of y correct to
1 decimal place.
Solution
+ABC = +DEC (+s in same segment)
+BCA = +ECD (vertically opposite +s)
` D ABC ||| D DEC
ED EC
` =
BA BC
y 6 .5
=
1 .7 1.2
1 .2y = 1 . 7 # 6. 5
1 .7 # 6 .5
y=
1 .2
= 9.2 cm correct to 1 decimal place.
Proof
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 507
EXAMPLE
Solution
+ACB = 90c
` AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2
9 2 = AC 2 + 2 2
81 = AC 2 + 4
77 = AC 2
` AC = 77 m
9.1 Exercises
(a)
508 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(d)
(a)
(g)
(b)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
(j)
510 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(e) (j)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 511
8. Evaluate x, giving reasons for 11. Find x, giving reasons for each
each step in your calculation. step in your calculations.
C
O y
A x
38c
33c B
D 114c
C
512 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
14. A circle has centre O and radius r 15. The circle below has centre O and
as shown. +DAB = i.
A
i
A
B O
O
B C D
C
(a) Show that triangles AOB and Show that +DAB and +BCD are
ABC are similar. supplementary.
(b) Show that BC = 2 r.
Chord Properties
Proof
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 513
EXAMPLES
Solution
AB = 11
` AC = 5.5 (OC bisects AB)
Also OA = 6 (radius-given)
OA = AC + OC
2 2 2
6 2 = 5.5 2 + OC 2
36 = 30.25 + OC 2
5.75 = OC 2
` OC = 5.75
= 2.4 cm
CONTINUED
514 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
+OYX = 90c (OY bisects XZ)
+XOY = 180c - (90c + 54c) (+ sum of DOXY)
= 36c
Proof
Let CD = AB
+OEB = +OFD = 90c (given)
OB = OD (equal radii)
AB = CD (given)
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 515
1
BE = AB (OE bisects AB)
2
1
DF = CD (OF bisects CD)
2
` BE = DF
` by RHS DOEB / DOFD
` OE = OF (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
The converse is also true:
Class Exercise
Prove that chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
EXAMPLE
Solution
35 2 = 28 2 + OF 2
35 2 - 28 2 = OF 2
441 = OF 2
` OF = 441
= 21 mm
` OF = OC (chords equal when equidistant from the centre)
So AB = DE.
516 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
AE: EB = DE: EC
Proof
EXAMPLE
Given chord AB = 12.3 cm, EB = 2.7 cm and DE = 10.6 cm, find the
length of EC, correct to 1 decimal place.
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 517
Solution
AE = AB - EB
= 12.3 - 2.7
= 9 .6
AE: EB = DE: EC
9.6 # 2.7 = 10.6 # EC
9 .6 # 2 .7
` EC =
10.6
= 2.4 cm
9.2 Exercises
(a)
(e)
(b)
(f)
(c)
518 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(i)
5. Show AB = CD.
(j)
6. AC = 20 cm and AD = 26 cm.
Find OB, correct to 1 decimal
place.
A O
pronumerals. 2r + 4r 2 - x 2
Show that CD = .
2
10. A
B
D
Concyclic Points
Cyclic quadrilaterals
Proof
Join B and D to O.
Obtuse +DOB = 2+A (+ at centre is doubl e
Reflex +DOB = 2+C +at circumference)
Obtuse +DOB + reflex +DOB = 360c (+ of revolution)
` 2+A + 2+C = 360c
` +A + +C = 180c
Similarly, it can be proven that +B + +D = 180c by joining A and C to O.
The converse is also true:
Proof
Let +A = x
Then +BCD = 180c - x (opposite +s supplementary
in cyclic quadrilateral)
` +BCD + +BCE = 180c (+DCE straight angle)
` +BCE = 180c - (180c - x)
= 180c - 180c + x
=x
` +A = +BCE
EXAMPLE
Evaluate a, b and c.
Solution
OB = OD (equal radii)
` +ODB = 20c (base + s of isosceles D equal)
a + 20c + 20c = 180c (+ sum of D)
` a = 180c - 40c
= 140c
b = 70c (+ at centre double + at circumference)
c = 180c - 70c (opposite + s in cyclic quadrilateral)
= 110c
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 523
9.3 Exercises
(a)
(f)
(b)
(g)
(c)
(h)
(d)
(i)
524 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(j) (e)
118c
yc
xc O xc
46c 111c
(f)
2. Find the values of all
pronumerals.
(a)
(g)
(b)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
(j)
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 525
(a) A D
D
58c C i
B 58c
(b) C A
B
Tangent Properties
The perpendicular
distance is the shortest
distance — any other
distance would be greater
than the radius.
Proof
Join OB
+A = +C = 90c (tangent = radius)
OB is common
OA = OC (equal radii)
` by RHS, DOAB / DOCB
` AB = CB (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
EXAMPLE
Solution
OA = 10 (radius)
+OAB = 90c (tangent = radius)
` OB 2 = OA 2 + AB 2
26 2 = 10 2 + AB 2
676 = 100 + AB 2
576 = AB 2
` AB = 576
= 24 cm
Proof
EXAMPLE
Two circles touch at A and the larger circle has centre O. Prove
(a) TABC and TAOD are similar
(b) CB < DO
(c) BC = 2DO.
Solution
(a) OA is a diameter of small circle (line through centres passes
through point of contact)
` +ODA = 90c (+ in semicircle)
Since AB is a diameter of the larger circle,
+BCA = 90c (similarly)
` +BCA = +ODA
+A is common
` D ABC ;;; D AOD
(b) +BCA = +ODA [from (a)]
These are equal corresponding angles.
` CB < DO
(c) AB = 2 OA (OA radius)
AB
` =2
OA
AB AC BC
` = = =2 (by similar Ds)
OA AD DO
` BC = 2DO
Proof
EXAMPLE
Evaluate x and y.
CONTINUED
530 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
+ABC = 180c - (95c + 50c) (+ sum of D )
= 35c
` x = 35c (+ s in alternate segment)
y = 35c ( y and +ABC in same segment)
Proof
EXAMPLE
AB is a tangent to the circle and CD = 1.3 cm, BC = 1.7 cm. Find the
length of AB, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
BD = 1.3 + 1.7
=3
AB 2 = BC: BD
= 1 .7 # 3
= 5 .1
AB = 5.1
= 2.3 cm correct to 1 decimal place.
9.4 Exercises
(a)
532 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(c) (h)
(d) (i)
y
x 38c
O
(e)
(j)
(f)
(b) (g)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
63c
xc
O yc
(j)
(e)
cm
15
13 cm
9 cm
O
y
P
(f)
534 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(c)
(d)
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 535
(e) (i)
(f) (j)
(g)
7. Find the values of all
pronumerals.
(a)
(h)
(b)
536 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(c) (h)
(d)
(i)
(e)
(j)
(f)
8. Find AB, given AD = 4.9 m,
BC = 5.1 m and CD = 7.8 m.
(g)
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 537
Test Yourself 9
1. O is the centre of the circle. Evaluate i. 5. Evaluate x, y and z, giving reasons for
each step of your working.
9. Find the length of the radius of the 13. Calculate the length of AB to 3
circle. O is the centre. significant figures, given that A and B are
the centres of the circles.
17. Evaluate x and y, giving reasons for your 19. Prove that DBCD is similar to DABC.
working.
Challenge Exercise 9
1. Find the length of the radius, to the 2. In the circle below with centre O,
nearest centimetre, if AC = 10 cm and OD = DC. Prove +AOE = 3+DCB.
BD = 3 cm.
540 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
4. Three equal circles touch each other, as 6. Two chords AB and CD intersect
in the figure. at 90c Prove, for obtuse
(a) Prove that the triangle with vertices +AOD,+AOD + +COB = 180c where O
the centres of the circles is equilateral. is the centre of the circle.
(b) Find the perimeter of the curved
figure DEF in terms of the radius r of the
circles.
(c) Find the exact area of the shaded
region.
8. A large circle with radius R is surrounded 9. Prove that if an interval subtends equal
by 7 smaller circles with radius r. A circle angles at two points on the same side of
is drawn through the centres of the it, then the endpoints of the interval and
3r the two points are concyclic.
smaller circles. If R = , find the shaded
2
10. Prove that if both pairs of opposite angles
area in terms of r.
in a quadrilateral are supplementary,
then the quadrilateral is cyclic.