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Complex Numbers PDF
Complex Numbers PDF
z = a + jb j = −1
or in polar (exponential) form
where
2 2 −1 b
A= a + b φ = tan
a
Im
z
b
a Re
z* = ( a + jb ) * = a − jb
so that
z ⋅ z* = ( a + jb) ⋅ ( a − jb)
2 2 2
=a +b = z = A2
The polar form is more useful in some cases. For instance, when
raising a complex number to a power, the Cartesian form
n
z = [ A exp( jφ)] = An exp ( jnφ )
n
π π
j = exp j − j = exp − j
2 2
A = A exp ( jφ )
A cos ( ω t + φ )
∂ V ( t)
= −ωV0 sin ( ω t + φ )
∂t
= Re { jωV0 exp ( jφ ) exp ( jω t )}
∂ V ( t)
⇒ jωV0 exp ( jφ ) = jω V is the phasor of
∂t
L R
v (t) i (t) C
d i(t) 1 t
v( t ) = L + R i + ∫ i( t ) dt
dt C −∞
d v( t ) d2 i( t) di 1
=L + R + i( t )
dt dt 2 dt C
If we assume a time-harmonic excitation, we know that voltage and
current should have the form
{ }
L Re −ω2 I exp ( jω t ) + R Re { jω I exp ( jω t )}
1
+ Re { I exp ( jω t )} = Re { jωV exp ( jω t )}
C
Finally, the transform phasor equation is obtained as
1
V = R + jω L − j I=ZI
ωC
where
1
Z = R + j ωL −
ω C
Impedance Resistance
Reactance
V V
I= = = I0 exp ( jα I )
Z 1
R + jω L − j ω C
which readily yields the unknowns I0 and αI .
i( t ) = Re { I0 exp ( jα I ) exp ( jω t )}
= I0 cos ( ω t + α I )
i(t)=? I=?
Anti-
i(t) Transform I
1 1
ωr L = ⇒ ωr =
ωr C LC
This is a resonance condition. The reactance cancels out and the
impedance becomes purely resistive.
V0
I0 =
2
| I0| 2 1
R + ωL −
ω C
IM
ωr ω
I L
R
C
V
−1
1 jω L
Zin = R + + jω C = R+
jω L 1 − ω2 LC
When
ω=0 Zin = R
1
ω= Zin → ∞
LC
ω→∞ Zin = R
1
ωr =
LC
the part of the circuit containing the reactance components
behaves like an open circuit, and no current can flow. The voltage
at the terminals of the parallel circuit is the same as the input
voltage V.