How to Calculate Center of Gravity

Co-authored by wikiHow Staff

Updated: August 10, 2019

The center of gravity (CG) is the center to an object's weight distribution, where the
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force gravity can be considered to act. This is the point where the object is in perfect
balance, no matter how turned or rotated around that point.[1] If you want to know how Calculator
Identify the Weight
to calculate the center of gravity of an object, then you have to find the weight of the
Determine the Datum
object: and any objects on it, locate the datum, and plug the known quantities into the
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equation for calculating the center of gravity. If you want to know how to calculate the Article Summary
center of gravity, just follow these steps. Related Articles
References

Method
Identify the Weight
1

1 Calculate the weight of the object. When you're calculating the center of gravity, the first thing you
should do is to find the weight of the object. Let's say that you're calculating the weight of a see-saw that
has a weight of 30 lbs. Since it's a symmetrical object, its center of gravity will be exactly in its center if it's
empty. But if the see-saw has people of different weights sitting on it, then the problem is a bit more
complicated.[2]

2 Calculate the additional weights. To find the center of gravity of the see-saw with two children on it, you'll
need to individually find the weight of the children on it. The first child has a weight of 40 lbs. and the
second child's is 60 lbs.

Method
Determine the Datum
2

1 Choose a datum. The datum is an arbitrary starting point placed on one end of the see-saw.[3] You can
place the datum on one end of the see-saw or the other. Let's say the see-saw is 16 feet long. Let's place
the datum on the left side of the see-saw, close to the first child.

2 Measure the datum's distance from the center of the main object as well as from the two additional
weights. Let's say the children are each sitting 1 foot away from each end of the see-saw. The center of
the see-saw is the midpoint of the see-saw, or at 8 feet, since 16 feet divided by 2 is 8. Here are the distances
from the center of the main object and the two additional weights form the datum:
Center of see-saw = 8 feet away from datum.
Child 1 = 1 foot away from datum
Child 2 = 15 feet away from datum

Method
Find the Center of Gravity
3

1 Multiply each object's distance from the datum by its weight to find its moment. This gives you the
moment for each object. Here's how to multiply each object's distance from the datum by its weight:
The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = 240 ft. x lb.
Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = 40 ft. x lb.
 Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. = 900 ft. x lb.

2 Add up the three moments. Simply do the math: 240 ft. x lb. + 40 ft. x lb. + 900 ft. x lb = 1180 ft. x lb. The
total moment is 1180 ft. x lb.

3 Add the weights of all the objects. Find the sum of the weights of the seesaw, the first child, and the
second child. To do this, add up the weights: 30 lbs. + 40 lbs. + 60 lbs. = 130 lbs.

4 Divide the total moment by the total weight. This will give you the distance from the datum to the center
of gravity of the object. To do this, simply divide 1180 ft. x lb. by 130 lbs.
1180 ft. x lb. ÷ 130 lbs = 9.08 ft.
The center of gravity is 9.08 feet from the datum, or measured 9.08 feet from the end of the left side of
the see-saw, which is where the datum was placed.

Method
Checking Your Answer
4

1 Find the center of gravity in the diagram. If the center of gravity you found is outside of the system of
objects, you have the wrong answer.[4] You may have measured the distances from more than one point.
Try again with just one datum.
For example, for people sitting on a seesaw, the center of gravity has to be somewhere on the seesaw,
not to the left or right of the seesaw. It does not have to be directly on a person.
This is still true with problems in two dimensions. Draw a square just large enough to fit all of the objects
in your problem. The center of gravity must be inside this square.

2 Check your math if you get a tiny answer. If you picked one end of the system as your datum, a tiny
answer puts the center of gravity right next to one end. This can be the right answer, but it's often the sign
of a mistake. When you calculated the moment, did you multiply the weight and distance together? That's the
correct way to find the moment. If you accidentally added them together instead, you'll usually get a much
smaller answer.

3 Troubleshoot if you have more than one center of gravity. Every system only has a single center of
gravity. If you find more than one, you might have skipped the step where you add all the moments
together. The center of gravity is the total moment divided by total weight. You do not need to divide each
moment by each weight, which only tells you the position of each object.

4 Check your datum if your answer is off by a whole number. The answer to our example is 9.08 ft. Let's
say you try it and get the answer 1.08 ft., 7.08 ft, or another number ending in ".08." This most likely
happened because we chose the left end of the seesaw as the datum, while you chose the right end or some
other point an integer distance from our datum. Your answer is actually correct no matter which datum you
choose! You just need to remember that the datum is always at x = 0. Here's an example:
The way we solved it, the datum is at the left end of the seesaw. Our answer was 9.08 ft, so our center
of mass is 9.08 ft from the datum at the left end.
If you pick a new datum 1 ft from the left end, you get the answer 8.08 ft for the center of mass. The
center of mass is 8.08 ft from the new datum, which is 1 ft from the left end. The center of mass is 8.08
+ 1 = 9.08 ft from the left end, the same answer we got before.
(Note: When measuring distance, remember that distances to the left of the datum are negative, while
distances to the right are positive.)

5 Make sure all your measurements are in straight lines. Let's say you see another "kids on the seesaw"
example, but one kid is much taller than the other, or one kid is hanging underneath the seesaw instead of
sitting on top. Ignore the difference and take all your measurements along the straight line of the seesaw.
Measuring distances at angles will lead to answers that are close but slightly off.
For seesaw problems, all you care about is where the center of gravity is along the left-right line of the
seesaw. Later, you might learn more advanced ways to calculate the center of gravity in two
 dimensions.

Community Q&A

Question

Why do we calculate centers of gravity?

Danoyachtcapt
Top Answerer

Center of gravity (CG) is very important, especially in aircraft and other vehicles like cars and trains. The Vehicle
has to be designed so the CG is within certain limits so the vehicle will be well-balanced while in motion.

Question

I have to find the center of gravity for a 1310 mm length MS Steel. How can I go about doing that?

Community Answer

Balance it on a knife edge and record the position by marking the edge. Then, turn the object approx. 30 degrees
and re-balance it on the knife edge. Record the position by marking the edge -- you should now have 2 intersecting
lines, and the intersection point will give you the center of gravity.

Question

Why is the determination of the center of gravity necessary, and where might I apply it in real life?

Community Answer

It's more useful in certain sports and careers. If you are an engineer, you don't want whatever you're building to be
off center. In sports such as gymnastics, it's easier to do harder moves if you know where your center of balance is.

Question

How do I calculate the center of gravity of an L-shaped object weighing 5 tons?

Community Answer

It all comes down to the geometry, so if you have the dimensions and the object is homogenous and homogenous
geometry e.g. extrusion, you can easily calculate the CoG. By dividing the shape into the blocks of same size (under
mass distribution homogeneity assumption this gives the blocks same weight too), you calculate the CoG position
from the weight of the block(that can be set to 1 as they are all equal) and its distance from a datum (distance from a
datum set at the corner of the shape, bear in mind you want to use half of the block size as increment of those
distances ("local block CoGs")), repeat that for two directions i.e. horizontal and vertical, following the steps in this
wikiHow.

Question

How do I know if an object on wheels is top heavy?

Community Answer
 You can use force balance (assuming the object is a point mass at the center of gravity, and being sure to include
friction) to determine if that object will slip on an incline of a certain angle.

Question

How do I find the center of gravity of a circular element?

Community Answer

Assuming equal mass distribution, the center of gravity of a circular element is always at its center. If the distribution
is uneven, typically the problem will give you enough information to calculate it. Or, if it's a real world scenario, you
can always try dangling the object at different points and noting where the lines perpendicular to the ground intersect
each other. However, this approach may be unrealistic.

Tips

The definition for center of gravity of a general mass distribution is (∫ r dW/∫ dW) where dW is the differential of
weight, r the position vector and the integrals are to be interpreted as Stieltjes integrals over the entire body. They
can however be expressed as more conventional Riemann or Lebesgue volume integrals for distributions that
admit a density function. Starting with this definition all properties of CG including the ones used in this article may
be derived from properties of Stieltjes integrals.
To find the CG of a two dimensional object, use the formula Xcg = ∑xW/∑W to find the CG along the x-axis and
Ycg = ∑yW/∑W to find the CG along the y-axis. The point at which they intersect is the center of gravity.
To find the distance a person needs to move to balance the see-saw over the fulcrum, use the formula: (weight
moved) / (total weight) = (distance CG moves) / (distance weight is moved). This formula can be rewritten
to show that the distance the weight (person) needs to move equals the distance between the CG and the fulcrum
times the weight of the person divided by the total weight. So the first kid needs to move -1.08ft * 40lb /
130lbs = -.33ft or -4in. (toward the edge of the see-saw). Or, the second kid needs to move -1.08ft * 130lb /
60lbs = -2.33ft or -28in. (toward the center of the see-saw).[5]

Warnings

Trying to blindly apply this mechanical technique without understanding the theory may result in errors. Understand
the laws/theories behind it first.

References

1. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/cg.html
2. http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/gravity_center.htm
3. https://www.sciencetopia.net/physics/center-gravity
4. https://www.space-electronics.com/KnowHow/center_of_gravity
5. https://www.flightliteracy.com/the-law-of-the-lever/