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Advance Physics
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Forces in Equilibrium
Advance Physics – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 3: FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
First Edition, 2020

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 3

ADVANCE PHYSICS
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
(This gives an instruction to the facilitator to orient the learners and support the parents, elder
sibling etc. of the learners on how to use the module. Furthermore, this also instructs the
facilitator to remind the learners to use separate sheets in answering the pre-test, self-check
exercises, and post-test.)
For the learner:
(This communicates directly to the learners and hence, must be interactive. This contains
instructions on how to use the module. The structure and the procedure of working through
the module are explained here. This also gives an overview of the content of the module. If
standard symbols are used to represent some parts of the module such as the objectives, input,
practice task and the like they are defined and explained in this portion.)

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 Let Us Learn!

At the end of this module, you should be able to do the following:

1. Locate the center of gravity of uniform and nonuniform objects

2. Tell whether the equilibrium of an object is stable, unstable, or neutral

3. Represent force vectors graphically

4. Determine magnitude of a force in a system of forces in equilibrium by the graphical

and component method

5. State and explain the first condition for equilibrium

6. Apply first condition of equilibrium in solving problems in statics

7. Solve for the torque produced by a given force

8. State and explain the second condition for equilibrium

9. Apply two conditions for equilibrium to

a. Muscles and joints of the human body and

b. Solve problems involving nonconcurrent forces

1
 Let Us Try!

Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer. Write your answers on
separate paper.
1. Static equilibrium is a condition in which ______________.
a. A net force is acting on the body
b. The resultant force acting on the body is zero
c. The summation of torques acting on a body is zero
d. Both b and c are true
2. The center of gravity is a point_____________.
a. Which may never be outside of an object
b. Which is located at the center of an object
c. Where the weight of an object appears to be concentrated
d. All of the above
3. The stability of an object may be increased by____________.
a. Reducing its weight
b. Raising its center of gravity
c. Reducing the size of its base
d. Lowering its center of gravity
4. The most stable of these vehicles would be____________.
a. Horse cart c. racing car
b. Jeep d. heavy cargo truck
5. Which is an example of an object in neutral equilibrium?
a. A ball on a table c. a book standing on its end
b. A tightrope walker d. a trained dog standing on its hind leg

2
 Let Us Study

3.1 Center of Gravity

Recall the definition of weight and center of gravity from your previous science class. You
know that weight is the force with which the earth pulls on an object. You learned in chemistry
that matter is made up of tiny particles. Each of these particles has weight-the force of gravity
acting on each particle. The resultant force or the sum of the weights of all the particles that
compose the matter may be considered as concentrated at one point. This point is known as the
center of gravity (CG). The whole weight of a body can be illustrated as a force acting vertically
downwards at the center of gravity.

3.1.1. Center of Gravity for Uniform Objects

Uniform objects are those that have a regular shape. The center of gravity of these
objects is at their geometric centers.

3.1.2. Center of Gravity for Nonuniform Objects

Nonuniform objects are those that have irregular shapes. The center of gravity may also
be determined in these objects by hanging and balancing, or by using the plumb line method.

The center of gravity of an irregularly shaped object is found by

balancing by hanging an object using a piece of string or wire. First,
suspend the object from any point. When the object does not balance, the
position of the string or wire is changed. Continue adjusting the position
of the string or wire until you find the point where the object does not turn
and remains in a balanced position.
The plumb line method is explained and demonstrated in Activity
3.1 of the Laboratory Manual.

Center of Gravity Outside the Body

There are times when the center of gravity will not lie within the
body. The weight of the object can still be considered to act at this point
even if it is not on the body of the object.

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 Consider the ring and the hanger in figure 3-4. The center of gravity of the ring is at its
geometric center which is not within the body. Note that the ring remains in equilibrium, an
indication that the center of gravity falls straight below the pivot point. The hanger hangs in
equilbrium also because its center of gravity is directly below the pivot point.

How much have you learned?

How much have you learned?
1. What is the center of gravity of an object?
1. What is the center of gravity of an object?
2. If you and your friends are carry a tapered pole by its ends, then which end of the
2. If you and your friends are carry a tapered pole by its ends, then which end of the
pole would you choose to carry? Why?
pole would you choose to carry? Why?
3. Suggest ways of determining the center of gravity of the following objects:
3. Suggest ways of determining the center of gravity of the following objects:
a. Tablespoon
a. Tablespoo
b. Box
c. book

3.2 Equilibrium
An object is in equilibrium if it is in a state of balance. If the
body is in uniform motion, then it is in dynamic equilibrium; if the
body is at rest, then it is in static equilibrium.

3.2.1. Static Equilibrium

If you ask why things move as they do, the answer that you
would probably get is because there are forces that push or pull
them. Force is always recognized by the motions that results, but
this does not mean that force exists only on moving objects.
Figure 3-5a and 3-5b show that forces also act on objects
that are not moving. What do you think is the difference between
the forces acting on objects that are in motion and those that are
at rest? In figure 3-5a, force W (weight of the book) is balanced by
FN (the force exerted by the table on the book). In figure 3-5b, the
weight of the load W, is balanced by T, the force on the string that
pulls the load up. In both systems (a and b), the resultant force is
zero.
A force that causes an object to move is called the net (or
(a)
unbalanced) force. If you examine figure 3-5c, you will note that
force W, the weight of the box, is balanced by the force FN,
exerted by the floor on the box. The figure also shows that there
is no force that balanced F1: therefore F1, is the net force in the
system-one that creates motion on the box.
Figure 3-5a and 3-5b are examples of systems that are in
static equilibrium. This is a condition wherein all forces acting on
the body cancel out or are balanced, thus causing the body to
remain motionless.

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3.2.2. Factors that Affect Equilibrium Condition
An object at rest may be in one of the three states of equilibrium-stable, unstable,
neutral. These three conditions are shown in figures 3-6, 3-7, ad 3-8. (a)

The illustrations show that the equilibrium condition is affected by the position of object’s
center of gravity. When the CG of an object is at its lowest possible position, then it is said to be
In stable equilibrium. The equilibrium is unstable if the CG is at its highest possible position and
neutral if the CG is neither lowered nor raised when the object is slightly disturbed.
There are other factors that affect the equilibrium condition of an object. Examine figures
3-9, 3-10, and 3-11 and find out what these factors are and how they affect the stability of an
object.

How much
How much have
have you
you learned?
learned?

1.
1. When isis aa body
when bodyin instable
stable equilibrium?
equilibrium?
2.
2. What can
What can affect
affect the
the stability
stability of
of an
an object?
object? Give
Give examples
examples of
of objects
objects and
and illustrate
illustrate
their stability.
their stability.
3. Why
3. Why dodo you
you think
think humans
humans areare less
less stable
stable than
than four-legged
four-legged mammals?
mammals?

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3.3 Conditions of Equilibrium
What is needed to keep an object at rest? For an object to be
in static equilibrium, it must meet two conditions.

3.3.1. First Condition of Equilibrium

Examine closely the objects given in the examples that follow
to understand better what balanced forces exactly means. The forces
shown in figures 3-12 and 3-13 are called concurrent. These are forces
whose lines of action meet at a common point. The discussion in this
section will be limited to concurrent forces that are coplanar, that is,
they have only x- and y- components.
In figure 3-12, there are four forces acting on he ring. If the
ring is to remain at rest, F1 must be balanced by F2 so that the ring
does not move in the x direction. The ring will not move in the
direction y if F3 is balanced by F4. In this case, no net force is acting on
the ring, thus it remains motionless. The net force on the ring is equal
to the resultant force of all the forces acting on the ring.

The resultant force of a system of forces is a single force which,

acting alone, will produce the same effect as the system. The resultant
force of the system of forces acting on the ring in the x-axis can be obtained by a vector addition
as shown below.

Rx = (-F1) + (+F2)
=0
The zero-resultant force in the horizontal direction indicates that F1 and F2 are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. Since Rx is zero, this means that the ring will not move
horizontally.
Similarly, the resultant force of a system of forces in the y-axis may be calculated as
follows:
Rx = (+F3) + (-F4)
=0
The zero-resultant force in the vertical directions means that F3 and F4 are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. The ring will likewise not move vertically.
Since the x- and y-component of R both are equal to zero, the ring is said to be in static
equilibrium.
Consider another situation as shown in figure 3-14. If the signboard does not fall, then it
is in equilibrium condition-all forces acting in it are balanced. How is the equilibrium condition
attained in this case?

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 Figure 3-14. A signboard held in equilibrium by three forces

directions. Each of these forces has two effects on the object due to their components, as shown
in figure 3-14c.
At equilibrium condition, F1x balances the pull of F2x (F1x = F2x), while W balances the sum
of the upward forces F1y and F2y (W = F1y + F2y).
Therefore,
Rx = (-F1x) + (+F2x)
=0
y = -W+(-F1x) + (+F2x)
=0
You have learned from the given illustrations (figures 3-12 and 3-
13) that for a body to be in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on the
body in both x and y directions must be zero. In symbols, ƩF = 0. This also
means that the sum of all forces acting along the x-axis must be zero, and
the sum of all the forces on the y-axis must be zero for a body at rest or in
static equilibrium. In symbols,
ƩFx = 0
ƩF = 0
ƩFy = 0
The above equations are the mathematical expressions of the first
condition for equilibrium. If the forces are concurrent, this is the only
condition that must be met.
Study the following examples which show the first condition of
equilibrium is applied in solving problems in statics involving concurrent
forces. Note the logical steps involved.

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Example 3.1. Find the tension in the rope in figure 3-15.

Vector diagram:
T

W = 500 N

Given: Wboy = 500 N

Find: Trope

Solution:
Consider the x- and y-component of all the forces acing on the body.
For T: Tx = 0; Ty = T
For W: Wx = 0 W = 500 N (along the -y-axis)
Applying the first condition of equilibrium:

ƩFx =0 ƩFy =0
= Tx + Wx = Ty + Wy
=0+0 0 = T + (-500N)
=0 500 = T
T = 500 N

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Example 3.2 Find the tensions in the ropes that hold the signboard
in equilibrium as shown in figure 3-16.

Given: Wsignboard = 30 N

θ = 60o

Find: T1 and T2

How is the equilibrium condition attained in this case?

Examine the vector diagram on the right.

Tension forces T1 and T2 are pulling the object towards the x

and y directions. Each of these forces has two effects on the object
due to their components. These components are shown in figure 3-
17 and 3-18.

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 You can check your answers by finding the
resultant of T1 and T2 by the graphical method or by
the component method. (see figure 3-19.) Compare
the magnitude of the resultant with the weight of the
signboard (30 N). They must be equal since the
signboard is at equilibrium. The weight of the
signboard is balanced by resultant of T1 and T2. This
balancing force is called the equilibrant. The
equilibrant force is equal in magnitude to the
resultant, but opposite in direction.

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 Torque
Forces can cause objects to rotate but their effectiveness in
producing rotation depends on how they are applied. Consider a
uniform rod suspended at its center of gravity (see figure 3-20).
The rod will remain at rest (no turning effect) because the lines
of action of forces T and W pass through the pivot point or axis
of rotation. T and W are called concurrent forces. These forces
have lines of actions that meet at a common point.

The forces, F1 and F2, acting in the uniform rod in figure

3-21 are nonconcurrent forces. These forces have lines of actions
that do not meet at a common point. Although the sum of F1 and
F2 may be zero, the rod may not be in equilibrium. This is
because of the possible turning or rotational effects of the
forces.

If a weight F1 is suspended at the left end of a meterstick

and the pivot set at its center 50 cm mark, it will rotate in a
counterclockwise direction. This turning effect can be prevented
by hanging another equal weight on the other end as shown in
figure 3-22.

In figure 3-23, the weight on one end of the meterstick (F1= 100N) is to be balanced by
another weight twice as heavy as the first (F2 = 2F1 = 200 N). To keep the meterstick from turning
counterclockwise, F2 should be placed at 75 cm mark.
The previous illustrations show that the turning effect of a force depends on its
magnitude and distance from the axis of rotation also called the pivot point. (see figures 3-22
and 3-23.) the distance, known as the lever arm I, is perpendicular to the line of action of the
force.
The lever arm (sometimes called moment arm) is very important in the calculation of
torque. Torque (also called moment of force) is equal to the product of the force acting on the
body and its lever arm. It is a measure of the turning effect of the force on the body. In symbols
it is expressed as:
𝜏 = 𝑭𝑙

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 The force F, may cause the object to rotate in a clockwise direction, or counterclockwise
(CCW) direction. F1 and F2 in figure 3-22 produce torques shown below:

𝜏𝑭1 = 𝜏Fccw 𝜏𝑭2 = 𝜏Fcw

𝜏𝑭1 = F1l1 𝜏𝑭2 = F2l2
𝜏F1 = F1(50 cm) 𝜏F2 = F2(50 cm)

On the other hand, F1 and F2 in figure 3-23 produce torques that are computed as

𝜏𝑭1 = 𝜏Fccw 𝜏𝑭2 = 𝜏Fcw

𝜏𝑭1 = 100 N (50 cm) 𝜏𝑭2 = 200 N (25 cm)
𝜏𝑭1 = 500 N.cm) = 500 N.cm

Second Condition of Equilibrium

You have seen from figure 3-23 that even if the magnitudes of the noncurrent forces are
not equal, the state of balance can still be achieved. This is when the torque produced by the
forces balance each other. This condition is referred to as the second condition of equilibrium
and may be expressed in symbols as:

Ʃ𝜏 =0

Figure 3-24. The lever arm l is the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the applied
force. (a) A uniform wooden plank balanced on a fulcrum is caused to rotate by a torque produced by a
load F on one end; (b) The forces exerted by the children produce torque that tend to rotate the seesaw
plank. The child on the left side produces a counterclockwise torque which is balanced by the clockwise
torque created by the other child on the right side. Thus, the seesaw is in static equilibrium.

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 This means that for an object to be in equilibrium, the sum of the torques acting on it
must be equal to zero. It also means that the total clockwise torque is equal to the total
counterclockwise torque.

In symbols:

Ʃ𝜏cw = Ʃ 𝜏ccw

If one of these torques is greater than the other, then the system is not in equilibrium
and it will tend to rotate.

Look at figure 3-24b. The first child weighs 200.0 N. and sits on the left end of a 4m long
seesaw. The second child sits 0.6 m away from the right end. Computing for the torques
produced by their weights.

𝜏F1 = 𝜏Fccw
(200.0 N) (2 m) = 400.0 N.m

𝜏F2 = 𝜏Fcw
(285.7 N) (1.4 m) = 400.0 N.m

Applying the second condition of equilibrium

Ʃ𝜏cw = Ʃ𝜏ccw
400.0 N.m = 400.0 N.m

Since the torques are equal, the seesaw will not move. A state of equilibrium is attained,
and the two children will remain at rest until they change their position, or another child will be
added to the system.
Study the other examples below to understand how the
second condition is applied to objects in equilibrium.

Example 3.3. A car weighing 2 000 N on a bridge is 6 m from one

of the bridge piers and 4 m from the other. How much
force does each pier of the bridge exert to support the
car?

Given: Wcar = 2 000 N

I1 = 4 m
I2 = 6 m
Find the F on each pier of the bridge.

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Vector diagram:

Solution:
Applying the first condition

ƩFx = 0 F1 + F2 + W = 0
F1 + F2 + (-W) = 0
F1 + F2 + (-2 000 N) = 0

Before the second condition can be applied, one of the points should be assumed as the
pivot point. Theoretically any point on which a force acts can be chosen, but to make
computations easier a point on which an unknown force acts shall be chosen.

Assume the point where F1 acts as the pivot point. See figure 3-25. In this case F1 will
cause no turning effect, so the torque 𝜏1 due to F1 is equal to zero.

𝜏2= F2 (l2)
= F2 (10 m)
(positive because F2 tends to rotate the
Bridge counterclockwise)

𝜏w=- W (lw)
= -2000 N (4 m)
= - 8 000 N.m
(negative because W tends to rotate
The bridge clockwise)

Applying the second law:

Ʃ𝜏 = 0
𝜏2 + 𝜏w = 0
F2 (10 m) – 8 000 N.m = 0
F2 (10 m) = 8 000 N.m

8 000 𝑁.𝑚
F2 = = 800 N
10 𝑚

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 In the equation obtained from the first condition, the value of F2 is substituted.
F1 + F2 – 2000 = 0
F1 + 800 N – 2 000 N = 0
F1 = 2 000 N – 800 N
F1 = 1200 N

If the point of F2 is chosen as the pivot point, F1 will be found first and F2 will be
determined from the first condition equation.

Equilibrium in Muscles and Joints in the Human Body

The human body, like machine, is also subjected to large forces.

Hence, it has developed strong muscles which are attached to strong
bones. Bones are flexibly connected at a joint such as the elbow, knee,
ankle, and shoulder. Figure 3-26 shows how equilibrium is attained when
muscles and joints are at work.

Example 3.4. Determine the upward force that the biceps exert
when a 50 N load is held in the hand when the arm is at a 90o angle. The
weight of the forearm and hand combined is assumed to be 20 N and acts
at the center of gravity in the forearm.

Given: Warm = 20 N
Wload = 50 N

I(Fj and Fm) = 0.05 m

I(Fj and Warm) = 0.16 m
I(Fj and Wload) = 0.36 m

Find: Fm

To make computation easier, assume the point

where Fj acts as the pivot point.

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Vector diagram:

Torque equation for each force involved:

Applying the second condition of equilibrium to solve for Fm.

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 Compare the weight of the load lifted by the
hand with the force exerted by the biceps to keep
the forearm in equilibrium. You will notice that
with a small load (50 N in the example), a large
force is needed to keep the forearm in a state of
balance. This explains why some of us suffer from
muscle pain after doing work.

Consider the muscles that support the trunk

when bending (see figure 3-27). The lowest part
you bend. When the force of gravity acts on the upper part of the body through a long lever arm,
large forces need to be exerted by the trunk muscles when bending forward. This is the reason
why people whose work requires much force exerted by the muscles at the back. To minimize
muscle pain, lifting a load may be best done from squatting position.

Physics in Action

Equilibrium Condition in Architecture

Architecture is an art and profession of designing buildings. Architects design many kinds
of structures like houses, schools, hotels, hospitals, factories, and office buildings. In designing a
structure, the architect is not only responsible for its artistic qualities but also for the safety of
the people who will use it. The architect’s understanding of the quality of materials to be used
and the nature of forces to which the structure will be subjected is critical to the success of the
design.
Gravity is not the only force considered when designing a building to meet the conditions
necessary for equilibrium. Buildings are also designed to withstand, with the least damage,
strong typhoons, and earthquakes. These natural forces act horizontally on the building. Their
effects on stability depend on how long they act, and the form and structural characteristics of
the building. Vibrations caused by these natural forces can result in the bending or swinging of a
building. If the elastic limit of the material used in construction has been surpassed and then
displacement increases with each swing the building can collapse.

17
 Let Us Practice
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Do not forget to write the title and
page number of the test.

1. Draw a concept map for the following terms:

a. Concurrent forces
b. Resultant force
c. X-component
d. Y-component
e. First condition of equilibrium
2. A 100 N weight is suspended at the center of a clothesline
causing it to sag 10o from the horizontal. Find the tension in
the line. (neglect the weight of the clothesline.)
3. A girl weighing 620 N sits in the middle of a 2.8 m long
hammock which sags 1.2 m below the point of support. What
force is exerted by each of the two ropes supporting the
hammock?
4. Determine the tension in two nylon cords used to support a
2000 N chandelier as shown in the figure at the right.

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 Let Us Practice More
Show your complete solutions neatly and clearly on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Carlo and Hazel balanced each other on a seesaw. Hazel is heavier than Carlo. Who is
sitting closer to the fulcrum (pivot point) of the seesaw? Explain.
2. Indicate the following in the diagram of the
wrench.
a. Force
b. Axis of rotation
c. Lever arm
3. A uniform bar is 4 m long. It weighs 300 N. at one end, 1 m from the pivot point, there is
a resisting weight of 2 000 N. what force must be applied at the other end to produce
equilibrium?

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 Let Us Remember
Fill in the blank.

1. _______________________________is the point at which the total weight of the body

may be considered as concentrated.
2. _______________________________ is the condition in which the object is at rest
because no net force is acting on it.
3. The three states of equilibrium according to the location of the center of gravity are
a._________________
b. ________________
c. ________________

4. The factors affecting the stability of an object are

a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
5. ____________ is something that produces motion and causes a change in the motion of
an object. It has both magnitude and direction, so it is a vector quantity.
6. _____________________ are forces that act at a common point in a body or forces
whose lines of action meet at a common point.
7. _____________________ are forces whose lines of actions do not meet at a common
point.
8. __________________ refers to the sum of all forces acting on a body. It is found by
vector addition.
9. _______________ is the product of the force times the lever arm 𝜏 = Fl.
10. The conditions of equilibrium are
a.__________________________
b. __________________________

20
 Let Us Assess

Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer. Write your answers on
separate sheet of paper.
1. Static equilibrium is a condition in which _______________.
a. a net force is acting on the body
b. the resultant force acting on the body is zero
c. the summation of torques acting on a body is zero
d. both b and c are true
2. The center of gravity is a point_____________________.
a. which may never be outside of an object
b. which is located at the center of an object
c. where the weight of an object appears to be concentrated
d. all the above
3. The stability of an object may be increased by _________________.
a. reducing its weight
b. raising its center of gravity
c. reducing the size of its base
d. lowering its center of gravity
4. The most stable of these vehicles would be _____________________.
a. Horse cart c. racing car
b. Jeep d. heavy cargo truck
5. Which is an example of an object in neutral equilibrium?
a. a ball on a table
b. a tightrope walker
c. a book standing on its end
d. a trained dog standing on its hind leg
6. The stability of an object is dependent on ______________.
a. the object’s weight
b. the broadness of the base
c. the location of the center of gravity
d. all the above
7. The center of gravity of a meterstick is approximately______________.
a. near the left of the stick
b. near the right of the stick
c. at the midpoint of the stick
d. at the right end of the stick
8. What must be true about the forces acting on an electric post as
shown in figure if the post is to remain motionless?

21
 9. In the figure besides, how many forces are acting on the
picture frame to keep it in equilibrium condition?

a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 6
10. To balance two boys of equal weights on a
seesaw__________.
a. the two should be equally near the center
b. the lighter boy should sit nearer the center
c. the heavier boy should sit nearer the center
d. both should be equally away from the center
11. Which of the following illustrations shows that a uniform bar supported at the center is
in equilibrium condition?

For number 12 to 14, refer to the problem below.

Lito and Nonong pull two

ropes attached to a big box
with forces (F1 and F2) of 100 N
and 150 N, respectively. Which
vector diagram represents
forces that pull the box in:

12. the same direction

13. the opposite direction
14. at right angle to each
other

22
 For numbers 15 to 17, refer to the problem below.

A farmer sells sweet potatoes in the market. He and his son place sweet potatoes in a sack
and carry it on a uniform piece of bamboo 3 m long. The bamboo weighs 19.6 N and the sack
with potatoes weighs 490 N. The farmer carries a load of 294 N. (The bamboo is carried at the
ends by the farmer and the son.)

15. The vector diagram that represents the problem is ___________________.

a. c.
3m

Fs Ff = 294 N 19.6 N 490 N Fs

Ff =294 N 19.6 N 490 N
294N
b. d.

Fs Ff = 294 N 19.6 N 490 N Fs

Ff =294 N 490 N 19.6 N
294N

16. The son carries a load of _________________.

a. 196 N c. 314 N
b. 216 N d. 470 N
17. The load is suspended_________________.
a. 2.00 m from the son c. 1.18 m from the farmer
b. 1.50 m from both ends d. 1.26 m from the farmer

For numbers 18 to 20, refer to the problem and figure.

A force Fn is applied to an athlete’s biceps to support a 0.38 m

forearm that carries a 39. 2 N weight held at 90o.
Assume that the forearm weighs 21.56 N and that the muscle
is attached to the bone which is 0.05 m from the joint.

18. How far is the load from the center of gravity?

a. 0.14 m c. 0.20 m
b. 0.19 m d. 0.33 m
19. The torque of the weight of the forearm is _______________.
a. -19.00 N.m c. +4.10 N.m
b. -14.90 N.m d. +37.98 N.m
20. The magnitude of the force Fm is ____________.
a. 61 N c. 380 N
b. 190 N d. 410 N

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