Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 1
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Use quantum numbers to describe an electron in an atom
(STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-52)
 Determine the magnetic property of the atom based on its electronic
configuration (STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-57)
 Draw an orbital diagram to represent the electronic configuration of
atoms (STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-58)
Subject Matter: The Quantum Mechanical Description of the Atom and
Its Electronic Structure
References:
Boudreaux, Kevin A. “Quantum Numbers, Atomic Orbitals and Electron
Configurations.” Accessed June 11, 2020
https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/general/quantum_
numbers/Quantum_Numbers.htm
Whitten, Kenneth W, Raymond F. Davis, M. Larry Peck and Geroge G. Stanley.
General Chemistry. Singapore: Thomson Learning Asia, 2005.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

The Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom describes electrons in

orbitals instead of fixed positions. In this model, each electron can be
identified by a set of four quantum numbers.
1. Principal Quantum Number (n) – describes the main energy level (shell)
that an electron occupies. It can be any positive integer (n=1,2,3,…)

2. Angular Momentum (Azimuthal) Quantum Number (l) – designates a

sublevel (subshell) or the shape of the region in space that an electron
occupies. It can be any integral value from 0 up to (n-1). A letter
notation is given to each value of l.
l 0 1 2 3
subshell s p d f letter notation

3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m) – describes the specific orbital within a

 subshell.
m = -l …,0,…,+l
 The s subshell (l=0) has 1 orbital: m=0
 The p subshell (l=1) has 3 orbitals: m= -1, 0, 1
 The d subshell (l=2) has 5 orbitals: m=-2, -1 0, 1, 2
 The f subshell (l=3) has 7 orbitals: m= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

4. Spin Quantum Number (s) – describes the direction of the spin of the
electron: clockwise or counterclockwise.
- s=1/2 for the first electron (↿); s=-1/2 for the second electron (⇂)

The maximum number of electrons in an energy level, n, is 2n2.

The maximum number of electrons in a subshell, l, is 4l+2.
The total number orbitals for a given energy level, n, is n2.
There 2l+1 orbitals in each subshell.

Writing Electronic Configurations

Electronic configuration – the distribution of electrons among the

orbitals of an atom following 3 rules:
1. Aufbau Principle – states that electrons occupy orbitals in order of
increasing energy
1s2<2s2<2p6<3s2<3p6<4s2<3d10<4p6<5s2<4d10<5p6<6s2<4f14<5d10
<6p6<7s2<5f14<6d10<7p6

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that no two electrons can have the
same set of quantum numbers, hence, they must have different
spins.

3. Hund’s Rule – one electron goes into each available orbital before
pairing up.
___ ↿ ↿↿ ↿⇂
empty unpaired paired
orbital electron electrons

A shortcut version of writing electronic configuration is through the noble

gas configuration. In this technique, the last noble gas that was passed is
indicated in a bracket and the configuration continues starting with the row
after the noble gas.

The magnetic properties of a substance can be determined by examining

its electronic configuration: If it has unpaired electrons, then the substance
is paramagnetic. If all electrons are paired, the substance
is diamagnetic.
Sample Problems:
1. Write the electronic configuration and noble gas configuration of
Fluorine (9F).
In electron configuration, write the orbitals that are occupied by
electrons, followed by a superscript to indicate how many electrons
are in the set of orbitals.
Answer: electronic configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p5
noble gas configuration: [He] 2s2 2p5

2. Write the orbital diagram for Fluorine (9F).

Another way to indicate the placement of electrons is an orbital
diagram, in which each orbital is represented by a blank line ( __ ),
and the half arrows pointing up ( ↿) or down (⇂) to indicate the spin.
12 34 58 69 7
Answer: ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿↿
1s 2s 2p
3. Is Flourine paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
Answer: Due to the presence of 1 unpaired electron in the 2p orbital,
Fluorine atom is paramagnetic.

4. Descsribe the 6th electron in 9F using quantum numbers.

The set of quantum numbers for an electron is written as (n,l,m,s).
The 6th electron in Fluorine atom is in the 2p, therefore n=2 and l=1.
Moreover, the 6th electron in Fluorine is indicated by an up arrow (↿) in
the second orbital (__), therefore, m=0, s=1/2. (recall: in
subshell p, m has the orbitals -1, 0, 1)
Answer: The 6th electron in Fluorine has the set of quantum numbers
(2,1,0,1/2).
Activity 1. Determine whether the following electronic configurations are
correct (C) or not (NC). For the incorrect electron configurations, encircle
the part that made the notation wrong and write the correct configuration.

1. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4d10 4p6 5s1

2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s3
3. [Rn] 7s2 5f9 6d2
4. [Ar] 5s2 4d10 5p5
5. [Xe] 6s2 4f1
Activity 2. Write the electronic configuration and orbital diagram for each of
the following elements, then indicate whether the element is paramagnetic
or diamagnetic.

Electron Orbital Diagram Paramagnetic

 or
Configuration
Diamagnetic
1. Boron

2. Potassium

3. Phosphorus

4. Calcium

5. Germanium

Activity 3. Write the set of quantum numbers for the designated

electron. Refer to your answers above.
1. the fourth electron in boron
2. the seventh electron in potassium
3. the twelfth electron in phosphorus
4. the nineteenth electron in calcium
5. the thirty-second electron in germanium
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 2
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70)

Subject Matter: Ionic Bond Formation

References:
OpenStax. “Lewis Symbols and Structures.” Accessed June11, 2020
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures/
Whitten, Kenneth W, Raymond F. Davis, M. Larry Peck and George G. Stanley.
General Chemistry. Singapore: Thomson Learning Asia, 2005.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Lewis structure is a typical method for showing the valence shell electrons and
chemical bonds.
The Lewis symbol for atoms is drawn in a way that the elemental symbol is
surrounded by a number of dots corresponding to the number of valence
electrons.
Number of
Electronic Lewis
Atom valence
Configuration Symbol
electrons
Li [He]1s1 1 Li
3

13 Al [Ne]3s2 3p1 3 Al
Cl
17 Cl [Ne]3s2 3p5 7

Atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration.

The Lewis symbol for cations is constructed by enclosing the symbol of the
element in a bracket then indicating as superscript the number of electrons
lost through a positive charge.
Lithium ion [Li]+ Aluminum ion - [Al]3+
-
On the other hand, the Lewis symbol for anions is drawn by surrounding the
 –1
Cl

chemical symbol of the element with 8 valence electrons (except for

Hydrogen), then the whole structure is placed within a bracket with a
superscript to indicate the charge of the ion.
Chloride
nitride - oxide -
-

The Lewis structure for ionic compounds is constructed through the transfer of
electrons. The figure on the next page demonstrates how magnesium and
bromine reacts to form the compound magnesium bromide:
First the correct Lewis symbol of each atom in the compound must be written,
in this case magnesium and bromine.
and

Atoms of metals lose their valence electrons while atoms of non-metals gain
electrons when forming an ionic compound.
In order to have a completely filled valence shell, bromine atom requires one
more electron.
One electron from magnesium can be transferred to bromine, this leaves
magnesium with one more valence electron hanging. This means that the
electron transfer cannot stop yet. Another bromine atom has to be added in
order to gain the other electron from magnesium.

→
+ [Mg]2+ +

As a result of the transfer, one atom of magnesium needs 2 atoms of bromine

to form one formula unit of magnesium bromide, hence the formula, MgBr 2.
Activity 1. Draw the Lewis symbols of the following atoms and their
respective ions:
1. calcium 2. calcium ion

3. potassium 4. potassium ion

5. fluorine 6. fluoride

7. phosphorus 8. phosphide

9. selenium 10. selenide

Activity 2. Draw the Lewis structures of the following ionic compounds and
write their chemical formulas based on the electron transfer.
1. Beryllium phosphide
2. Calcium fluoride
3. Strontium bromide
Activity 3. Write the chemical name and draw the Lewis structure of the
following ionic compounds.
1. BaCl2
2. Na3N
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 3
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76)
 Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the non-metallic
elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77)
 Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78)
 Describe the geometry of simple compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-81)
 Indicate the polarity of simple molecules (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-j-82)
Subject Matter: Octet Rule and Formation of Molecular Covalent
Compounds
References:
_____. Writing Lewis Structures Using the NASL Method” Accessed June 15,
2020 https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/magnuson/nasl.pdf
Whitten, Kenneth W, Raymond F. Davis, M. Larry Peck and Geroge G. Stanley.
General Chemistry. Singapore: Thomson Learning Asia, 2005.
Bishop, Mark. “Molecular Polarity” Accessed on October 23, 2021
ttps://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_molecular_polarity.htm

POINTS TO REMEMBER

The octet rule describes the tendency of main group atoms to form enough
bonds to obtain eight valence electrons.
In covalent bonding, atoms still want to achieve a noble gas configuration,
however, rather than losing or gaining electrons, atoms share electrons.
Covalent bonding makes molecules. There are two kinds of molecules:
molecular compound (sharing by different elements) and diatomic molecules
(two of the same atom – H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2).
Binary molecular compounds primarily consist of non-metals. Because they
are covalently bonded, these non-metals can combine in different proportions
(example: SO2 & SO3). Recall Recall that prefixes are used so that the
numbers of each element in the compound can be known.
hept
di tri tetra penta hexa octa nona deca
a
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mono (1) is used only for the second element of a binary molecular
compound.

Molecular Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures

All elements will have 8 electrons around it through a combination of shared
and unshared electrons. There are a few exceptions: H only needs two
electrons, Be-4 electrons and B-6 electrons.
Most covalent bonds involve the sharing of:
- 2 electrons – 1 pair – single covalent bond (example: H–H)
- 4 electron – 2 pairs – double covalent bond (C=O)
- 6 electrons – 3 pairs - triple covalent bond (N≡N)

The valence-shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model predicts the

shapes/geometry of molecules and ions by assuming that the valence shell
electron pairs are arranged as far from one another as possible.
How to Determine the Lewis Structure and Molecular Geometry of a
Covalent Compound

1. Choose the central atom

 The element that appears once in the formula is usually the central
atom
 The first element in the compound is usually the central atom
 Carbon (C) is always the central atom for carbon-containing
compounds
 Hydrogen (H) is never a central atom.

example: the central atom in HCN is Carbon (C).

2. Compute for N, the number of electrons that will satisfy the Octet Rule.
 Each representative element shall have 8 electrons except hydrogen (2
electrons), beryllium (4 electrons) and boron (6 electrons)

example: for HCN

N = 1H + 1C + 1N = 1(2) + 1(8) + 1
(8)
N = 18

3. Compute A, the number of available electrons (i.e., the number of valence

electrons; this is the same as the group number of the element).
 example: for HCN
A = 1H + 1C + 1N = 1(1) + 1(4) +
1(5)
A = 10

4. Determine S, the number of shared electrons. This can be computed

using the following formula: S = N – A. Then divide S by 2 to predict the
number of covalent bonds in the molecule.
example: for HCN
S = N – A = 18 – 10 number of covalent bonds = S/2
S=8 = 8/2 = 4

5. Determine , the number of electrons that are left over using this formula: L
= A – S. Then divide L by 2 to predict the number of lone pairs in the
structure.
example: for HCN
L= A – S = 10 – 8 number of lone pairs = L/2 = 2/2
L=2 =1

6. Draw the central atom first and attach the other atoms using a single bond:
example: for HCN

7. Complete the octet rule by going back to the computed number of covalent
bonds in Step 4 and number of lone pairs in Step 5.

example: for HCN

Here, we only have 2 covalent bonds,
remember, we have predicted 4 covalent
bonds in Step 4.
It becomes:
In octet rule, hydrogen can only
accommodate 1 single bond, hence, we
need to attach multiple bonds between C
and N.

The Lewis Structure is

In step 5, we predicted one lone pair. In
order to determine where to indicate that
lone pair, check again the octet in each
atom. Remember, each dash line (—)
indicates 2 electrons. H has already 2,
carbon has 8, nitrogen has only 6. N is
deficient of 1 pair of electrons, so the
 predicted lone pair has to stay with N.

8. To determine the molecular geometry, look at the Lewis structure and

focus on the central atom. Count the number of atoms bonded to the
central atom (B) and lone pairs (E) around the central atom. Use the
Molecular Geometry Chart to predict the geometry of the molecule.

example: for HCN

B = 2 (only two atoms are attached to C:
these are H and N)
E = 0 (no lone pairs on the central atom
C)

Based on the chart, the molecular

geometry of HCN is linear.

Polarity of Molecules
Polarity results from the uneven distribution of partial charges between
various atoms in a compound. A whole molecule can have a separation of
charges depending on its molecular structure and the polarity of its bonds.
1. Polar molecule – a molecule in which one end of the molecule is
slightly positive and the other end is slightly negative, hence, a dipole is
formed.
2. Non-polar molecule – a molecule with no separation of charges,
therefore, no positive or negative poles are formed.

Steps in Determining Molecular Polarity

1. Draw the correct Lewis structure for the substance.
2. Identify each bond as either polar or non-polar. (If the difference in
electronegativity for the atoms in the bond is greater than 0.4, we consider
the bond polar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.4, the
bond is nonpolar)
 If there are no polar bonds, the molecule is nonpolar.
 If the molecule has polar bonds, move to step 3.
3. Examine the electron groups around the central atom.
 If there are no lone pairs on the central atom, and if all the bonds to
the central atom are the same, the molecule is nonpolar.
 If the central atom has at least one polar bond and if the groups
bonded to the central atom are NOT all identical, the molecule is
probably polar (move to step 4).
4. Draw the geometry of the molecule.
5. Determine the symmetry of the molecule using the following steps:
a. Describe the polar bonds with arrows pointing toward the more
 electronegative element. Use the length of the arrow to show the
relative polarities of the different bonds. (A greater difference in
electronegativity suggests a more polar bond, which is described
with a longer arrow)
b. Decide whether the arrangement of arrows is asymmetrical or
asymmetrical.
c. If the arrangement is symmetrical and the arrows are of equal length,
the molecule is nonpolar.
d. If the arrows are of different lengths, and if they do not balance each
other, the molecule is polar.
e. If the arrangement is asymmetrical, the molecule is polar.
Note: Hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecular substances.

Activity 1.

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully and write the letter of the
correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. Which pair of elements will form a molecular compound with each other?
a. aluminum, oxygen c. magnesium, iodine
b. sulfur, fluorine d. barium, bromine

2. Which of the following bonds would be BEST categorized as covalent?

I. H – S II. Al – S III. N – F

a. I only b. II only c. I and III d. I, II and III

3. The correct name for CCl4 is _________.

a. carbon chloride c. carbon perchloride
b. carbn tetrachlorate d. carbon tetrachoride

4. The type of compound that is most likely to contain a covalent bond is

__________.
a. a solid metal
b. one that is composed of only nonmetals
c. one that is composed of a metal and a nonmetal
d. held together by the electrostatic forces between oppositely charged
ions

5. How many bonding pairs af electrons are there in SF 6?

a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

B. Give the formula or name of the following molecular compounds:

1. Diphosphorus pentoxide
2. Arenic pentafluoride
3. Phosphorus trichloride
 4. C4O10
5. S2Cl2

Activity 2. Complete the following table by supplying the missing information.

Refer to the attached Molecular Geometry Chart for the molecular geometry,
drawing of shape and corresponding bond angles.
Molecular Draw Shape and
Molecule Lewis Structure
Geometry Indicate Bond Angles
N = ___
A = ___ B = ____
S = ___ E = ____
L = ___
CH4

N = ___
A = ___ B = ____
S = ___ E = ____
L = ___

OCl2

Activity 3. Using the molecular geometry of the 2 compounds in Activity 2, draw

the dipole moment vectors and determine whether the molecules are polar or
nonpolar.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY CHART

Source: https://studylib.net/doc/25360846/vsepr-guide-ap-chem
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 4
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Describe the different functional groups (STEM_GC11CBIIg-j-87).
 Describe structural isomerism and give examples (STEM_GC11OCIIg-
j-89).
 Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds: combustion of
organic fuels, addition, condensation, and saponification of fats
(STEM_GC11CBIIg-j-90).
Subject Matter: Organic Compounds: Functional Groups & Simple
Reactions
References:
“Functional Groups” Accessed on October 23, 2021
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1046course/functional.html

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Organic Chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition,

reactions and preparation of carbon-containing compounds (organic
compounds).

The Unique Carbon Atom

The fact that carbon can form quite stable single, double and triple bonds with
another carbon atom is one of the reasons for its uniqueness. Among the
elements, carbon can form strong covalent bonds with other elements
particularly hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and the halogens. Organic
compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Carbon can also bond with other carbon atoms to form chains, branched chains
and rings of carbon atoms.

Isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formula.
C4H10 has two isomers:
Functional Group –group of atoms and bonds that gives the specific
properties of a molecule.

Simple Reactions of Organic Compounds

1. Combustion – burning an organic compound in oxygen to produce energy,
carbon dioxide and water vapor.

2. Addition – two molecules combine

3. Elimination – one molecule splits into two

4. Substitution – parts from two molecules exchange

5. Rearrangement – a molecule undergoes changes in the way its atoms are

connected

6. Saponification – involves the conversion of fat, oil, or lipid into soap and
alcohol by the action of aqueous alkali.
Activity 1. Identify the fuctional groups on the following molecules:

H O H

1. H C C C H

H H

2.

H O

3. H C C

H OH

H O H H

4. H C C O C C H

H H H

H OH H H

5. H C C C C H

H H H H

Activity 2. Examine each pair of structures and decide if the two are IDENTICAL,
ISOMERS or DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS.

1
.

2
.

3
.

4
.
5
.

Activity 3. Determine the type of organic reaction in the following equations.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date: ______________

Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 5
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Describe the formation and structure of polymers (STEM_GC11OCIIg-
j-91).
 Explain the properties of some polymers in terms of their structure
(STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-93).
Subject Matter: Polymers
References:
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/organic-molecules/04-organic-
molecules-08
Polymers. Chemistry Notes for Class 12, Chapter 15. Accessed at
https://ncerthelp.com/cbse%20notes/class%2012/chemistry/Chemistry
%20Notes%20for%20class%2012%20Chapter%2015%20Polymers%20.pdf
on October 20, 2021

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Monomer – a small molecule that can be combined though a reaction to form
a polymer.
Polymers – large molecules consisting of repeating structural units
(monomers) connected by covalent bonds.

Classification of Polymers based on Source

1. Natural Polymers – polymers which occur in nature (i.e. in plants and
animals). examples: starch, cellulose
2. Synthetic Polymers – polymers which are prepared in the laboratory; also
known as man-made polymers. examples: polyethene, PVC, synthetic
rubber, Teflon
3. Semi-synthetic polymers – polymers obtained by making some
modification in natural polymers by artificial means. examples: cellulose
 acetate (rayon), vulcanized rubber

Classification of Polymers based on Structure

1. Linear polymers – polymers in which the monomer units are linked to one
another to form long linear chains. These linear chains are closely packed
in space resulting to high densities, tensile strength, and high melting and
boiling points. examples: high density polyethene, nylon, polyesters
2. Branched chain polymers – the monomers are linked to form long chains
with some branched chains of different lengths with source. As a result of
branching, these polymers are not closely packed in space causing low
densities, low tensile strength and low melting and boiling points.
examples: low density polyethene, starch, glycogen
3. Cross-linked polymers or network polymers – the monomer units are
linked together to form three-dimensional network. The polymers are hard,
rigid and brittle. examples: bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde

Polymers are formed through a process called polymerization, where

monomers react together to form polymer chain. There are two types of
polymerization reactions: addition polymerization and condensation
polymerization .

Classification of Polymers based on Mode of Polymerization

1. Addition Polymers –polymers formed by the polymerization of monomers
containing double or triple bonds (unsaturated compounds).
Name of Addition
Monomer Some uses
Polymer
Polyethylene Ethene Plastic bags, bottles,
(polyethene) plastic films
Polypropylene Propene Labelling, textiles,
(polypropene) stationery, ropes
Polyvinyl chloride Chloroethene (vinyl Construction, clothing,
(PVC) chloride) insulation
Polyvinyl acetate Ethenyl ethanoate Various glues and
(PVA) (vinyl acetate) adhesives
Polystyrene Styrene Packaging, molds, cutlery

2. Condensation Polymers – polymers formed by the combination of

monomers with the elimination of small molecules such as water, alcohol,
hydrogen chloride, etc. Polyesters are condensation polymers.
Polyesters are resistant to stretching and shrinking, they are easily washed
 and dry quickly, and are resistant to mildew. Polyesters are stretched out
into fibers and can be made into fabric and articles of clothing. In the hme,
they are used to make clothing, carpets, curtains, sheets, pillows and
upholstery.
Type of Polyester Description
Polyethylene terephthalate PET is not just a textile. PET is in fact a
(PET) plastic which can also be used to make
plastic drink bottles. Many drink bottles
are recycled by being reheated and
turned into polyester fibers. This type of
recycling helps to reduce disposal
problems. (some uses: plastic
containers, synthetic fiber, resins)
Polylactic acid (PLA) The monomer used for this polymer
comes from the biological fermentation of
plant materials, while most monomers
used in plastics come from petroleum. As
a result PLA is biodegradable and has
low carbon dioxide emissions. (some
uses: medical implants, packaging,
textiles)

Classification of Polymers based on Molecular Forces

1. Elastomers – these are rubber-like solid polymers in which the polymer
chains are held together by weakest intermolecular forces. The weak
binding forces permit the polymers to be stretched. (e.g. natural rubber,
vulcanized rubber)
2. Fibers – these are thread-like and can be woven into fabrics, hence, widely
used for making clothes, nets, and ropes. They possess high tensile
strength because of the strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding.
Fibers are crystalline in nature and have sharp melting points. (e.g. nylon-
66, terylene)
3. Thermoplastics – these are linear polymers with weak forces intermediate
of the forces present in elastomers and fibers. When heated, they melt and
form a fluid which sets into a hard mass on cooling. They can be cast into
different shapes using moulds. (e.g. polyethene, polystyrene)
4. Thermosetting plastics - These are normally semifluid substances with
low molecular masses. When heated, they become hard and infusible due
to the cross-linking between the polymer chains, making them three-
dimensional in nature. (e.g. bakelite, melamine formaldehyde resin)

Activity. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully and write the letter of
the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which polymers occur naturally?
a. starch and nylon c. starch and cellulose
b. proteins and nylon d. proteins and PVC

2. Which one of the following polymers is prepared by condensation

polymerization?
a. teflon c. rubber
b. styrene d. nylon-6,6

3. Which of the following is a thermosetting plastic?

a. Bakelite c. PVA
b. PVC d. perspex

4. Based n the mode of their formation, polymers can be classified as

a. Copolymers c. condensation polymers only
b. Addition polymer d. both addition and condensation polymers

5. Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer?

a. Nylon-66 c. polyvinyl chloride
b. Polyethene d. cellulose

6. Three-dimensional molecules with cross links are formed in the case of a

__________.
a. thermoplasctic c. Both a and b
b. thermosetting plastic d. none of these

7. Which is NOT a polymer?

a. sucrose c. enzyme
b. starch d. teflon

8. Which of the following is a branched polymer?

a. low density polymer c. polyester
b. high density polymer d. nylon

9. The process of heat softening, moulding and cooling to riigidness can be

repeated for which plastics?
a. thermoplastics c. both (a) and (b)
b. thermosetting plastics d. neither (a) nor (b)

10. Which of the following is a condensation polymer?

a. teflon b. PVC c. polyester d. neoprene

11. In adition polymer, monomer used is __________.

a. Unsaturated compounds c. Hydrocarbons
b. Saturated compounds d. any compounds

12. Which of the following statements is NOT correct for fibers?

 a. Characteristics features are due to strong intermolecular forces.
b. Fibers posses high tensile strength.
c. Fibers impart crystalline nature.
d. All of the above.

13. Arrange the following polymers in an increasing order of intermolecular

forces: fiber, plastic, elastomer
a. elastomer < fiber < plastic c. plastic < elastomer < fiber
b. elastomer < plastic < fiber d. plastic < fiber < elsatomer

14. PVC is used for

a. manufacture of tires c. manufacture of plastic pipes
b. manufacture of cosmetics d. manufacture of plastic pipes

15. Heating rubber with sulfur is known as ___________.

a. galvanization c. bessemerization
b. vulcanization d. sulphonation
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY
URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Name: _____________________________ Date:

________________
Grade and Section: ___________________
STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 – Week 6
Subject Area & Grade Level: General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 STEM
Learning Competency (MELCs):
 Describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
carbohydrates, and relate them to their function (STEM_GC11CBIIg-j-
95).
 Describe the preparation of selected organic compounds
(STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-97).

Subject Matter: Biomolecules

References:
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lech205.pdf
Biomolecules. Chemistry Notes for Class 12, Chapter 14.
https://ncerthelp.com/cbse%20notes/class%2012/chemistry/Chemistry
%20Notes%20for%20class%2012%20Chapter%2014%20Biomolecules.pdf

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Biomolecules - organic compounds which form the basis of life, i.e., they
build up the living system and responsible for their growth and maintenance.

Four Major Classes of Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates – polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which
produce them on hydrolysis; they are collectively called saccharides. They
are the most abundant dietary source of energy.
2. Proteins – polymers of amino acids arranged in the form of polypeptide
chains. Proteins play both structural and dynamic roles.
3. Nucleic acids – refer to the genetic material found in the cell that carries all
the hereditary information. There are two types of nucleic acids :
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The main
function of nucleic acids is the transfer of genetic information and synthesis
of proteins by processes known as translation and transcription. The
monomer unit of nucleic acid is known as nucleotide.
 4. Lipids – organic substances that ae insoluble in water, soluble in organic
solvents, are related to fatty acids and are utilized by the living cell. They
include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, phospholipids etc. Lipids
play a great role in the cellular structure and are chief source of energy.

Activity. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully and write the letter of
the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which biomolecule is made of nucleotides and contain your DNA?
a. carbohydrate c. lipids
b. protein d. nucleic acid

2. Which biomolecule has sugars and starches?

a. Lipids c. proteins
b. carbohydrates d. nuceic acid

3. Which biomolecule functions as enzymes which speeds up the rate of chemical

reactions, structural components in cells, mechanical functions in muscles, cell
signalling, and immune response, and provides structure.
a. protein c. lipids
b. carbohydrate d. nucleic acid

4. Which biomolecule includes fats, such as trigycerides, oils, waxes, and

steriods (cholesterol); insoluble in water; provides energy storage, insulaiton,
part of cell membrane and hormones?
a. nucleic acid c. lipids
b. carbohydrate d. protein

5. What is the monomer for a protein?

a. monosaccharide c. triglyceride
b. amino acid d. nucleotide

6. What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

a. glycerol c. monosaccharides
b. amino acids d. nucleotides

7. Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamn?

a. vitamin A b. vitamin B c. vitamin D d. vitamin E
8. Which of the following is CORRECT?
a. Starch is a polymer of glucose.
b. Amylose if a component of cellulose.
c. Proteins are composed of only ne type of amino acid.
d. In cyclic structure of fructose, there are four carbons and one oxygen
atom.

9. The human body does not produce

a. enzymes b. DNA c. vitamins d. hormones

10. Which is an example of a bio-polymer?

a. teflon b. neoprene c. nylon-6,6 d. DNA

11. The two funcitonal groups in a typical carbohydrate are ________.

a. – CHO and –COOH c. C=O and – OH
b. – OH and –CHO d. – OH and – COOH

12. The protein reponsible for blood clotting is _________

a. albumins b. globulins c. fibroin d. fibrinogen

13. What are the hydrolysis products of sucrose?

a. Fructose + Fructose c. Glucose + Glucose
b. Glucose + Galctose d. D-Glucose + D-Fructose

14. Essential amino acids are those which are _________.

a. essential for the synthesis of proteins
b. present in traces of protiens.
c. not synthesized in the body.
d. none of these

15. The most important food reserves of animals and plants are ________.
a. vitamins b. fats c. proteins d. carbohydrates