CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many
specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at the promotion and maintenance
of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all
occupations, the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their
working conditions, the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to health, the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational
environment adapted to physical and mental needs, and the adaptation of work to humans.

Occupational safety deals with all aspects of physical, mental, social health, and
safety in a workplace. It is the umbrella to prevent injuries and hazards in all work
environments. The spectrum of possible occupational safety risks ranges from severe
and immediate physical dangers to milder hazards. The more immediate cases can be
fires, explosions, chemical hazards, or other such dangers that present an immediate
threat to a Laborant’s life. However, there is always the possibility of an accident
happening to someone.

1.2 AIMS
- Be able to identify several different tools and use them properly
- Introduce the Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) in the laboratory
- Be able to use Occupational Health & Safety (OH&S) equipment in the laboratory
properly
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MSDS
2.1.1 TOXIC

(Richardson, 2012).
Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), the material safety data sheet of the
toxic subsatances are:
 toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to damage an organ system (kidneys, liver),
disrupt a biochemical process (e.g., the blood-forming process) or disrupt cell
function at some site remote from the site of contact. Any substance, even water,
can be harmful to living things under the right conditions. The biological effects
whether beneficial, indifferent or toxic of all chemicals are dependent on a number
of factors, including dose (the amount of chemical to which one is exposed),
duration of exposure (both length of time and frequency), and route of entry.
 Potential Acute Health Effects: Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion, of
inhalation. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye
contact (irritant). Corrosive to eyes and skin. The amount of tissue damage
depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or
blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust
will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by
burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung
damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the eye is
characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized
by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
 Potential Chronic Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant),
of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified
POSSIBLE by IRIS, 3 (Equivocal evidence.) by NTP. A4 (Not classifiable for
human or animal.) by ACGIH. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian
somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS:
Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive
system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. The
substance is toxic to brain, peripheral nervous system, skin, central nervous
system (CNS), eye, lens or cornea. The substance may be toxic to the reproductive
system. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
organs damage. Repeated exposure of the eyes to a low level of dust can produce
eye irritation. Repeated skin exposure can produce local skin destruction, or
dermatitis. Repeated inhalation of dust can produce varying degree of respiratory
irritation or lung damage. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may
produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human
organs. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to chronic respiratory
irritation.
  Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may
be used. Get medical attention immediately.
 Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the
irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult,
administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical
personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight
clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
 Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
dust. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and
show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from
incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, metals, acids, alkalis.
 Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Synthetic apron. Vapor and dust respirator.
Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
 Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor and
dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be
used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
 Special Remarks on Reactivity: May decompose on exposure to light. Reacts with
sodium, potassium and their alloys. Incompatible with Acids, Albumin, Alkalis,
alkaloid salts, ammonia, antimony, arsenic, borax, bromides, carbonates, copper,
formates, gelatin, hypophosphites, iron, lead, lime water, metals, phosphates,
postassium, reduced iron, sodium, sulfates, sulfides, tannic acid, and vegetable
astringents.
2.1.2 FLAMMABLE

(Richardson, 2012).
 Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), the material safety data sheet of the
flammable substances are:
 Flammable chemical is any solid, liquid, vapor, or gas that ignites easily and burns
rapidly in air. Flammable chemicals are classified according to flashpoint, boiling
point, fire point, and auto-ignition temperature. The fire, explosion, and health
hazards of handling, storing, and using flammable liquids generally can be
eliminated or minimized by strict observance of safety procedures (Richardson,
2012).
 Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of
inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of ingestion.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
 Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A1
(Confirmed for human.) by ACGIH, 1 (Proven for human.) by IARC. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. Mutagenic for mammalian somatic
cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not
available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive
system/toxin/female [POSSIBLE]. The substance is toxic to blood, bone marrow,
central nervous system (CNS). The substance may be toxic to liver, Urinary
System. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
organs damage.
 Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may
be used. WARM water MUST be used. Get medical attention immediately.
 Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
 Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
 Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult,
administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. Seek medical attention.
 Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this
material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such
as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
 Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of
ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container
or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such
as oxidizing agents, acids.
 Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use
an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
 Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
  Special Remarks on Reactivity: Benzene vapors + chlorine and light causes
explosion. Reacts explosively with bromine pentafluoride, chlorine, chlorine
trifluoride, diborane, nitric acid, nitryl perchlorate, liquid oxygen, ozone, silver
perchlorate. Benzene + pentafluoride and methoxide (from arsenic pentafluoride
and potassium methoxide) in trichlorotrifluoroethane causes explosion. Interaction
of nitryl perchlorate with benzene gave a slight explosion and flash. The solution
of permanganic acid ( or its explosive anhydride, dimaganese heptoxide) produced
by interaction of permanganates and sulfuric acid will explode on contact with
benzene. Peroxodisulfuric acid is a very powferful oxidant. Uncontrolled contact
with benzene may cause explosion. Mixtures of peroxomonsulfuric acid with
benzene explodes.
2.1.3 COROSIVE

(Richardson, 2012)
Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), the material safety data sheet of the
corrosive substances are:
 Corrosive chemicals destroy or damage living tissue by direct contact. Some acids,
bases, dehydrating agents, oxidizing agents, and organics are corrosives.
Examples of the different types of corrosive chemicals are acidic corrosives, basic
corrosives, corrosive dehydrating agents, corrosive oxidizing agents, and organic
corrosives (Richardson, 2012).
 Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, . Slightly
hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs. Liquid or
spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of
eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of
the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by
coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can result in
death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally,
blistering.
 Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact
(sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for human.)
by IARC [Hydrochloric acid]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not
available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, mucous membranes,
upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, Circulatory System, teeth. Repeated or
prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation
and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may
produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial infection.
Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of
health by an accumulation in one or many human organs.
 Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may
be used. Get medical attention immediately.
 Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the
irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before
reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult,
administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical
personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight
clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
 Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient
ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, organic materials,
metals, alkalis, moisture. May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or
coated fiberboard drum using a strong polyethylene inner package.
 Personal Protection: Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
 Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
 Special Remarks on Reactivity: Reacts with water especially when water is added
to the product. Absorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride on mercuric sulfate
becomes violent @ 125 deg. C. Sodium reacts very violently with gaseous
hydrogen chloride. Calcium phosphide and hydrochloric acid undergo very
energetic reaction. It reacts with oxidizers releasing chlorine gas. Incompatible
with, alkali metals, carbides, borides, metal oxides, vinyl acetate, acetylides,
sulphides, phosphides, cyanides, carbonates. Reacts with most metals to produce
flammable Hydrogen gas. Reacts violently (moderate reaction with heat of
evolution) with water especially when water is added to the product. Isolate
hydrogen chloride from heat, direct, alkalies (reacts vigorously), organic materials,
and oxidizers (especially nitric acid and chlorates), amines, metals, copper and
alloys (e.g. brass), hydroxides, zinc (galvanized materials), lithium silicide
(incandescence), sulfuric acid(increase in temperature and pressure) Hydrogen
chloride gas is emitted when this product is in contact with sulfuric acid. Adsorption
of Hydrochloric Acid onto silicon dioxide results in exothmeric reaction. Hydrogen
chloride causes aldehydes and epoxides to violently polymerize. Hydrogen
chloride or Hydrochloric Acid in contact with the folloiwng can cause explosion or
ignition on contact or other violent/vigorous reaction: Acetic anhydride, Alcohols +
hydrogen cyanide, Aluminum, Aluminum phosphide, Aluminum-titanium alloys
 (with HCl vapor), 2-Amino ethanol, Ammonium, Ammonium hydroxide, 1,4-
Benzoquinone diimine, Calcium acetylide (incandescence upon warming),
Calcium carbide, Calcium phosphide, Carbon tetrachloride + silver perchlorate
(produce trichlormethyl perchlorate), Cesium acetylene carbide, Cesium carbide,
Cesium telluroacylates, Chlorine + dinitroanilines (evolves gas),
Chloroacetaldehyde oxime, Chlorosulfonic acid, Cyanogen chloride (when
catalyzed by HCl), 1,1-Difluoroethylene, Dinitroanilines, Ethylene, Ethylene
diamine, Ethyl 2-formylpropionate oxime (when generated by using HCl as a
catalyst).

2.1.4 EXPLOSIVE

(Richardson, 2012).
Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), material safety data sheet of the
explosive substances are:
 Explosive chemicals decompose or burn very rapidly when subjected to shock or
ignition. Reactive and explosive chemicals produce large amounts of heat and gas
when triggered, and thus are extremely dangerous. Explosions occur when the
lower explosive limit (L.E.L.) is reached and a source of ignition is present.
 The prevention of accidents in the use of explosives is a result of careful planning
and observance of the best known practices. The explosives user must remember
that he is dealing with a powerful force and that various devices and methods have
been developed to assist him in directing this force. He should realize that this
force, if misdirected, may either kill or injure both him and his fellow workers.
 All explosives are dangerous and must be carefully handled and used following
approved safety procedures either by or under the direction of competent,
experienced persons in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local
laws, regulations, or ordinances. If you have any questions or doubts as to how to
use any explosive product, DO NOT USE IT before consulting with your supervisor,
or the manufacturer, if you do not have a supervisor. If your supervisor has any
questions or doubts, he should consult the manufacturer before use.
 Eye Contact: Flush eyes with water. Cold water may be used. Get medical
attention immediately.
 Skin Contact: Wash skin with soap and water. Cold water may be used. Wash
clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention
immediately.
 Inhalation: If detonation fumes are inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing,
give artificial respiration, preferably mouth to mouth. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen and call a physician.
 Ingestion: Induce vomiting immediately by giving two glasses of water and sticking
finger down throat. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt, or waistband.
  Injury from detonation: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by
medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Seek
prompt medical attention.
 Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: ALL EXPLOSIVES: DO NOT FIGHT
EXPLOSIVES FIRES. Try to keep fire from reaching explosives. Isolate area.
Guard against intruders.
 Handling and Storage: Store in a cool room, equipped with ventilation system,
away from heat, flames and incompatible substances. Avoid heat, sudden jolts and
bumps, electrical discharges. If possible, keep the product moist. Comply with the
rules and regulations for the transportation and storage of explosives. Package -
polypropylene bags, with polyethylene liners (max 40 kg).
 The product is harmful. It is harmful if inhaled, swallowed, in contact with skin and
mucous membranes. With prolonged exposure may develop dermatitis, toxic
hepatitis, nephritis, peripheral neuropathy, anemia, cataracts.
 Spill/leak response: Review fire and explosion hazards before proceeding with
clean up. Remove all ignition. Prevent the explosion.
 Inhalation of explosives powders may cause nervous system irregularities
including headaches and dizziness. Nitrogen oxides generated during use are
skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritants. Get medical attention immediately.
2.1.5 OXIDISING AGENT

(Richardson, 2012).
Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), material safety data sheet of the
oxidizing substances are:
 Oxidizing agents are chemicals that bring about an oxidation reaction. The
oxidizing agent may provide oxygen to the substance being oxidized (in which case
the agent has to be oxygen or contain oxygen) or receive electrons being
transferred from the substance undergoing oxidation. The example of strong
oxidizing agents are peroxides and nitrates.
 Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case
of skin contact (permeator). Prolonged exposure may result in skin burns and
ulcerations. Over-exposure by inhalation may cause respiratory irritation.
 Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to lungs,
mucous membranes. The substance may be toxic to blood, gastrointestinal tract.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs
damage.
 Eye Contact: p. 2 Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may
be used. Get medical attention.
 Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold
 water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
reuse. Get medical attention.
 Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.
 Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult,
administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. Seek medical attention.
 Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing
such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
 Precautions: Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Keep
away from combustible material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable
protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container
or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
 Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
 Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
 Special Remarks on Reactivity: Also incompatible with finely powdered metals
(aluminum, copper, chromium, iron, zinc brass, nickel , lead, manganese,
magnesium, antimony), acetic acid, ammonium chloride, phosphorus, sodium
perchlorate, sulfur, bismuth, cadmium, chlorides, cobalt, potassium and
ammonium sulfate, sodium, sodium hypochlorite, sodium-potassium alloy, organic
materials and combustible materials (paper, oil, charcoal, etc.)
2.1.6 HARMFUL

(Carson, 2012).
Based on the website (Sciencelab, 2018), material safety data sheet of the harmful
substances are:

 Harmful chemicals is a substance which if it is inhaled or ingested or it penetrates

the skin, may involve limited health risks. Many materials or substances used or
created at work could harm human’s health. These substances could be dusts,
gases, fumes or liquids, gels or powders that come into contact with human’s eyes
or skin (Carson, 2012).
 Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant,
permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of ingestion.
Corrosive to skin and eyes on contact. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue
 damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract.
Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe
irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of
breath. Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is
characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized
by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
 Potential Chronic Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant,
permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of ingestion.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A2 (Suspected for human.) by ACGIH.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to kidneys,
lungs, the nervous system, liver, mucous membranes. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated or
prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe
skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce
respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent p. 2 attacks of bronchial infection.
Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of
health by an accumulation in one or many human organs. Repeated or prolonged
inhalation of vapors may lead to chronic respiratory irritation.
 Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical
attention immediately.
 Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the
irritated skin with an emollient. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
 Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult,
administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
 Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this
material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such
as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
 Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep
away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not
ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In
case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested,
seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents.
 Personal Protection: Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
 Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
 avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
 Large Spill: Combustible material. Corrosive liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep
away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth,
sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not
touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Prevent entry
into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on
disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above
TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
2.2 INTRODUCTION OF TOOLS
2.2.1 Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometer is used for the measurement of transmittance or

reflectance of solutions, transparent, or opaque solids, such as polished glass or
gases. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a
diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum, but most modern mid-infrared
spectrophotometers use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral
information (infrared spectroscopy). The use of spectrophotometers spans various
scientific fields, such as physics, materials science, chemistry, biochemistry, and
molecular biology (Cioabla, 2013).
2.2.2 Beakers

Beakers are the most commonly used items of laboratory glassware. Beakers
are used when the test tubes aren’t large enough. Beakers are falt-bottomed,
cylindrical containers, and used for routine mixing, measuring, heating, and boiling
of liquids (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.3 Graduated Cylinders

Graduated cylinder is used to measure liquids with moderate to moderately

high accuracy, depending on the capacity and quality of cylinder. Graduated
cylinders are made in glass and various plastics. The glass cylinders are much more
resistant to organic solvents, oxidizers, and other chemicals than the plastic
Cylinders (Thompson, 2008).
 2.2.4 Volume Pipette

Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of

solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes
have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as
it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 10,
25, and 50 mL (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.5 Burettes

Burette is used to dispense controlled small amount of liquid with great

precision. Burette are used to perform titrations for qualitative analyses. Burettes
are available in glass and plastic models (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.6 Erlenmeyer

Erlenmeyer is one of the most frequently used pieces of labware. These are
characterized by their bell shape. They are used for preparing and storing culture
media (Armstrong, 2011).
2.2.7 Measuring Pipette

Measuring pipettes are used for dispensing a variable volume of aqueous

liquid. Pipettes are calibrated with distilled water. They can be used with non-
aqueous liquids but they will not be as accurate (Armstrong, 2011).
2.2.8 Dropping Pipette

Dropping pipette are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts
of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is
separate from the pipette body. The proper handling of the pipettes is by holding the
rubber bulb between the thumb and index finger and controlling the glass by holding
it between the ring finger and the pinky (Armstrong, 2011).
2.2.9 Bulb

Rubber bulbs are used in chemistry laboratories, by placing them on top of a

glass or plastic tube. It serves as a vacuum source for filling reagents through
a pipette or pasteur pipette and also help control the flow of liquid from the dropping
bottle. Part of the rubber bulb are aspirate (A), Suction (S), and Exhaust (E)
(Thompson, 2008).
2.2.10 Volumetric Flask

A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory

glassware, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a
particular temperature. Volumetric flasksare used for precise dilutions and
preparation of standard solutions (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.11 Desiccator

If a glass vacuum desiccator is used, it should be made of Pyrex or similar

glass, completely enclosed in a shield or wrapped with friction tape in a grid pattern
that leaves the contents visible and at the same time guards against flying glass if
the vessel implodes. Plastic (e.g., polycarbonate) desiccators reduce the risk of
implosion and may be preferable but should also be shielded while evacuated.
Solid desiccants are preferred (The Committee on Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory, 2011).
2.2.12 Cuvette

A cuvette (sample cell, absorption cell) is, in its basic level, fundamentally a
test tube designed for use with optical analysis. Standard cuvettes are generally
square or rectangular in cross section to avoid refraction artefacts. Depending on
what part of the spectrum is under consideration, they may be made of quartz or
optical glass although plastic cuvettes do exist for less demanding measurements
(Cioabla, 2013).
2.2.13 Test Tube

Test tube is one of laboratory glassware. It

composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open
at the top, usually with a rounded lip at the top, and a
rounded 'U' shaped bottom. The test tube are made of
expansion-resistant glasses (Armstrong, 2011).
2.2.14 Funnel

The funnel is a common piece of laboratory equipment. Funnels are made of

heat-resistant glass. The general-purpose funnel is used to transfer liquids into
bottle or to hold filter paper during a filtering operation (Armstrong, 2011).
2.2.15 Analytical Scales

Analytical scales are designed for great precision in

quantitative chemical analysis. They yield readability to four
decimal places to the right of the decimal point (up to .0001
g). They are extremely sensitive and since air currents can
affect their measurement, it must be covered by a draft
shield (The Committee on Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory, 2011).
2.2.16 Watch Glass

A watch glass is a round, concave glass dish used for evaporation in chemistry.
It can also be employed for weighing solids and as a lid for flasks and beakers. A
watch glass is a round, concave glass dish used for evaporation in chemistry. It can
also be employed for weighing solids and as a lid for flasks and beakers (Thompson,
2008).
2.2.17 Glass Stirrer

A glass stirrer is a piece of laboratory equipment that used to mix chemicals and
liquids for laboratory purposes. Stir rods (or glass rods) are generally made of
polypropylene. The glass stirrer serves as a way for a scientist to provide controlled
agitation without interacting with the chemicals directly (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.18 Spatula

A spatula is a broad, flat, and flexible blade that used to mix, spread, and lift the
materials. It is a tool with two flat edges on a flexible blade. A spatula is usually
short and about 8 inches long (Thompson, 2008).
2.2.19 Centrifuge

High-speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges rely on rotors designed specifically

for the particular make and model. These rotors are subject to high mechanical
stresses from the forces of the rotation speed. Rotors are rated for a maximum
speed and a load of specific weight (The Committee on Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory, 2011).
2.2.20 Oven

Electrically heated ovens are commonly used in the laboratory to remove

water or other solvents from chemical samples and to dry laboratory glassware.
Never use laboratory ovens to prepare food for human consumption. Do not use
ovens to dry any chemical sample that has even moderate volatility and might pose
a hazard because of acute or chronic toxicity unless special precautions have been
taken to ensure continuous venting of the atmosphere inside the oven (The
Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, 2011).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, Cheryl. 2011. Water Quality. Boston: American Water Works Association
Carson, Phillip and Clive Mumford. (2012). Hazardous Chemicals Handbook. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann
Cioabla, Adrian Eugen. (2013). Spectrophotometry. Principle and Applications. Zrenjanin:
Envirobanat
Richardson. (2012). Chemical and Hazardous Materials Safety. Dallas: University of Texas
Sciencelab. 2018. https://www.sciencelab.com/ (February 27th 2018)
The Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory. (2011). Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards. Washington: The National
Academies Press
Thompson, Robert Bruce. (2008). Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experience. Beijing:
O’Reilly
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