REVIEWER FOR PERDEV

Module 3: Developmental Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence

Three stages of adolescence period:

1. Early Adolescence
2. Middle Adolescence
3. Late Adolescence

EIGHT STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

BY ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON – (15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a German-born American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of
human beings. He may be most famous for coining the eight stages of personality development.

Stage Virtues Psychosocial Crisis Significant Relationship

1. Infancy Hope Basic trust vs. Mistrust Mother

0 -18 mos
2. Early Childhood Will Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt Parents
18mos -3yrs
3. Late Childhood Purpose Initiative vs. guilt Family
(Preschool age)
3 -5 yrs
4. School Age 6 - Competence Industry vs. Inferiority Neighbors, school
12 yrs
5. Adolescence 12 - Fidelity Identity vs. Role confusion Peers, role model
20 yrs
6. Young Love Intimacy vs. Isolation Friends, partners
Adulthood
20 -25 yrs
7. Adulthood Care Generativity vs. Stagnation Households, workmates
25 - 65 yrs
8. Late Adulthood Wisdom Integrity vs. Despair Mankind
65 - death

1. INFANCY: BIRTH-18 MONTHS OLD Basic

Trust vs. Mistrust – Hope
During the first or second year of life, the major emphasis is on the mother and father’s
nurturing ability and care for a child, especially in terms of visual contact and touch. The child
will develop optimism, trust, confidence, and security if properly cared for and handled.
2. EARLY CHILDHOOD YEARS: 18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS
Autonomy vs. Shame – Will
• The second stage occurs between 18 months and 3 years. At this point, the child has an
opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy as he or she learns new skills and right
from wrong.
3. LATE CHILDHOOD ( PRE-SCHOOL): 3-5 YEARS
Initiative vs. Guilt
• They learns that being assertive, using power, and being purposeful can influence their
environment.

• Develop sense of purpose

• Starts to evaluate one’s behavior

4. SCHOOL AGE : 6-12 YEARS
Industry vs. Inferiority
• This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings
of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms
of competence and self-esteem.
5. ADOLESCENCE 12-20 YEARS Identity vs. Role Confusion
• An adolescent must struggle to discover and find his or her own identity, while
negotiating and struggling with social interactions and “fitting in”, and developing a
sense of morality and right from wrong.
6. YOUNG ADULTHOOD 20-25 YEARS
Intimacy vs. Isolation
• At the young adult stage, people tend to seek companionship and love. Some also begin
to “settle down” and start families, although seems to have been pushed back farther
in recent years.
7. ADULTHOOD 25-65 YEARS
Generativity vs. Stagnation
• For this stage, working to establish stability and Erikson’s idea of generativity –
attempting to produce something that makes a difference to society. Inactivity and
meaninglessness are common fears during this stage.
8. LATE ADULTHOOD 65 YEARS TO DEATH
Integrity vs. Despair
• As older adults, some can look back with a feeling of integrity — that is, contentment
and fulfillment, having led a meaningful life and valuable contribution to society.
Module 4: The Challenges of Middle and Late Adolescence

• One of the most difficult challenges that you encounter as a teenager is finding a sense
of identity. Successful formation of your identity will lead to healthy academic, social,
and psychological functioning.
• The absence of concrete self-identity causes heightened emotionality that usually
causes problems. Hence, you get irritated and have mood swings easily.
• During adolescence, you spend more time with your peers, which may have negative
effects on your attitudes and behavior. Rejection may cause depression if not handled
well.
• Some teenagers today run away from home for different reasons. Their reasons range
from their parents hurting them physically, feeling unhappy at home, to using it as a
means to get what they want.
• Suicide is usually associated with depression. It is closely related with a sense of
hopelessness, low self-esteem, and high self-blame. Reasons for committing suicide
have changed significantly.
•

Strategies to Cope with the Challenges :

1. Learn to accept what you feel

2. Identify your vulnerabilities
3. Develop your talents and interests.
4. Become more involved with others
5. Seek help when needed