Flight Controls Aileron-regulates aircraft roll

Rudder-makes horizontal course changes-on tail

Elevator-helps ascend/descend aircraft-on tail
Gyroscopic Instruments Turn Coordinator
Heading Indicator
Attitude Indicator
Pitot-Static Instruments Airspeed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Altimeter
4 Forces of Flight Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag
What is necessary for equilibrium? Unaccelerated level flight
Ampmeter Instrument used to measure "amps"
-displays positive charge after startup
Alternator Provides amperage to the aircrafts battery which recharges it while engine
running.
3 Axis of flight Longitudinal
Lateral
Vertical
Bernoulli's Principle As velocity of a fluid increases, pressure decreases.
Torque Greatest at:
-low airspeeds
-High power settings
-High angle of attack (AoA)
Gyroscopic Precession Force applied to the rim of a rotating disc.
P-Factor Descending blade takes a larger bite of air than the ascending blade
Spiraling Slipstream Spiraling air over aircraft pushing tail to the right.
Airspace that requires transponder A,B,C
Airspace that requires 2-way communicationA,B,C,D
Airspace that requires instrument rating A
Airspace that requires private or student pilot to have certification w/ endorsement B
Airspace that requires at least a student pilot C,D,E,G
Minimum Altitude for congested area 1,000ft above
2,000ft horizontal
Minimum Altitude for un-congested area 500ft above
Minimum Altitude over sparsely populated area 500ft above anything
Tick marks around airport symbol means... Fuel available
Airports with control tower (what color?) Blue
Airports without control tower (what color?) Magenta
Vso Stall speed 41kts in landing config - flaps down
Vs1 Stall speed 51kts when clean - flaps up
Vx Best angle of climb speed 64kts
Vy Best rate of climb speed 84kts
Vfe Max flap extended speed: 140/120/100kts, 10/20/full
Va Maneuvering speed 91-110kts
Vno Max structural cruising speed 140kts
Vne Never exceed speed 175kts
Best glide speed 75kts
How many gallons of gas are burned per hour? Takeoff:24gph, normal climb:16gph, cruise:
8.3 gals
How many useable gallons of fuel? 87 gal
Type of fuel used 100LL or 100 (blue or green)
How many quarts of oil total 9 quarts
How much oil should you have in the airplane in order to fly? 4 quarts minimum
What do flaps do? Increase wing area
Increase wing camber (curvature)
Adds energy=lift
Oil type 20W-50 Philips Aviation
Is oil thicker in the summer or winter? Summer
Oil weighs how much per gallon? 7.5lbs
Water weighs how much per gallon? 8.3lbs
Fuel weighs how much per gallon? 6.0lbs
2 antennas on back are for what? Nav
back door antenna is for what? ELT
Top antenna between the wings is for what? communication
Center antenna between sky lights is for what? GPS
Antenna on bottom of airplane is for what? transponder/marker beacon, ADF
What type of electrical system does the Skylane have? 28 volt DC (direct current) electrical
system
Description of DC electrical system -a belt driven, 28 volt, 95-amp alternator powers system
-24V/15.5 amp hour main storage battery in tail cone
-both controlled via Master switch
-power to most circuits via 2 primary electrical buses
-stdby battery powers essential bus if alt/main batt fails
IM SAFE (Risk Management) Illness
Medication

Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotions
Center of Gravity = Moment/weight
High Performance Airplane Over 200 horsepower, requires endorsement
Complex Airplane Aircraft with retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable-pitch
propeller.
Spin A yaw aggravated stall resulting in rotation about the spin axis, where both wings are
stalled (one more so)
TO RECOVER:
Power idle
Ailerons neutral
Rudder full opposite
Elevator forward
Dive recovery
Type rating required on aircraft with more than 12,500lbs max certified takeoff weight - and
any jet
Pressure altitude is calculated by barometric pressure
Static vents clogged affects what? airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator
Emergency Transponder Codes 7500 = hi-jack
7600 = lost comms
7700= Mayday also, 121.5
Flight Watch Frequency 122.2
Ramp Weight Total weight of loaded aircraft, including taxi fuel.
My airplane's ramp weight is 3112lbs
Max Landing Weight 2950lbs
Max Takeoff Weight 3100lbs
Max Baggage Weight 200lbs
Max Baggage Weight: A 120lbs
Max Baggage Weight: B & C 80lbs
Max Slip With One Dry Tank 30 seconds
True Altitude The vertical distance above mean sea level (feet MSL)
Absolute Altitude The height above ground level (AGL)
Pressure Altitude The height above the standard datum plane, 29.92" Hg as measured by a
barometer
Private Pilot Limitations -May carry passengers but without compensation or hire
-Incidental to business or employment
-May share operating expenses pro-rata
-May work as a salesman demonstrating aircraft (min 200hrs flight time)
ARROW Airworthiness Certificate
Registration
Radio License (international only)
Operators Manual
Weight and Balance
3 ways to figure out where you are Dead reckoning-checkpoints
Pilotage-landmarks
VOR
How often must a transponder be inspected Every 24 months
Logbooks are inspected how often Annually
ELT must be... Inspected every 12 calendar months; after 1 hour cumulative use; or half of
battery life
Hypoxia Lack of oxygen in the brain
Have to use oxygen for crew members when? Above 12,500 for 30 minutes, or anytime
above 14,000
At 12,500ft do you need supplemental oxygen? If for more than 30 minutes
Above which elevation do you need supplemental oxygen at all times? 14,000ft
Oxygen must be made available to crew and passengers at what elevation? 15,000ft
"AV1ATES" Required Inspections:
A-Annual inspection: 12 calendar months
V-VOR check: 30 days (IFR only)
1-100hr if operated for hire
A-Altimeter/Pitot Static: 24 calendar months
T-Transponder: 24 calendar months
E-ELT: 12 calendar months or 1hr of use or half of battery life
S-Service bulletins & Airworthiness directives
A TOMATO FLAMES (Required equipment for VFR day) Altimeter
Tachometer
Oil temp gage
Manifold Pressure Gauge
Airspeed Indicator
Temperature Gauge
Oil Pressure Gauge
Fuel Quantity Gauge
Landing Gear Position Indicator
Anti-collision Lights - red beacon/white strobes
Magnetic Compass
ELT (for hire)
Seatbelts
FLAPS (Required equipment for VFR night) Fuses (does not apply, I have circuit breakers)
Landing Light (for hire)
Anti collision Lights
Position Lights (nav lights, red=left, green=right)
Source of electrical power (battery/alternator)
To stay a current PIC for 2 years you need a.... Biannual Flight ReviewBFR (good until last
day of the month)
To carry passengers you need to... -Fly once every 90 days
-3 takeoffs/landings in previous 90 days
When is a lap belt required for the pilot? At all times
When is the shoulder harness required for the pilot? During takeoff/landing/taxi
Is the shoulder harness required for passengers? No
Is the lap belt required for passengers? Yes, during takeoff, taxi, and landing.
Magnetos are required for... Complete combustion
1. Spark plug is attached to 1 magneto
2. Makes for an easier run up, more efficient
Engine type -Textron Lycoming TIO-540-AK1A
-Turbocharged, fuel injected, horizontally opposed 6 cylinder engine with 541 cu. in replacement
and 235 HP at 2400RPM and 32 in of manifold pressure
-Air cooled, direct drive
The engine is ? BHP 235 BHP
How much RPM in this engine? 2400 RPM
Oil temp 75-250 degrees normal operating range
Oil pressure 50-90 PSI normal operating range
Steep Turns Speed 110kts Va
VFR Cruise Elevation Requirements Northeast Odd
0 - 179: Odd 1000s + 500ft
180-359: Even 1000s + 500ft
What is the highest you can fly with VFR? 17,999ft (18,000ft is class A)
If one of your instruments is unusable, can you still fly? Yes, must request a special flight
permit through local "FSDO" (flight standards district office)
What is the maximum speed below 10,000ft? 250kts (or below 200 in airspace layers or
vfr corridor)
Which airspaces are restricted to a maximum speed of 200kts? C,D, and underneath B
Above 10,000ft what is the speed limit? There is no speed limit
Sierra Mountain obscurations / widespread IFR conditions (think sierra nevadas)
Tango Light to moderate turbulence
Zulu Light to moderate icing
Load Factor Calculation Actual Load supported by the wings divided by the total weight of
the airplace
Why is Load Factor important to pilots? 1. can impose a dangerous overload on the airplane
structure
2. increased load factor increases stall speed
Centrifugal Force the "equal and opposite reaction"
Normal Category aircraft load factor limitations +3.8 to -1.52
Class A Airspace "Above" 18,000ft
Class B Airspace "Busy"
SFC-10,000ft AGL
30nm radius
Class C Airspace "Communicate"
SFC-4,000ft AGL
10nm radius
20nm invisible radius for approach (radio)
Class D Airspace "Dialogue"
SFC-2,500ft AGL
4nm radius
Class E Airspace "Elsewhere"
above 1,200ft AGL
above 10,000 ft AGL
Which elevation divides class E+G airspace 1,200ft AGL
Class G Airspace "Go for it"
SFC-700ft AGL
Only uncontrolled airspace
Weather limitations for class A None
Weather limitations for class B VFR = 3sm visibility and clear of clouds
Weather limitations for class C+D VFR= 3sm visibility, 1,000ft above, 500ft below clouds
Weather limitations for class E Below 10,000ft...3sm visibility
Above 10,000ft...5sm laterally from clouds and 1nm above clouds
Weather limitations for class G daytime @1,200ft AGL or less 1sm clear of clouds
Weather limitations for class G nighttime @ 1,200ft AGL or less 3sm
500ft below
1,000ft above
2,000ft horizontally
Visibility limitations for class G below 10,000ft MSL during day/night day: 1sm
night: 3sm
Distance required from clouds in class G below 10,000ft but above 1,200ft AGL 500ft below
1,000ft above
2,000ft horizontally
Visibility limitations for class G at or above 10,000ft AGL 1,000ft below
1,000ft above
1sm horizontally
Weather limitations for "Special VFR" 1sm clear of clouds
Description of a VOR It's a navigation beacon
TRSA Terminal Radar Service Area
Has a gray ring around an airport
Palm Springs?
In a TRSA zone do you have to contact approach first? No, but it's smart to do so and then
contact tower. You may contact the tower instead.
What frequency is Flight Watch? 122.2
What does Flight Watch provide? Weather updates en route
What is Flight Service? Allows you to file a flight plan, and assists you if you get lost or
have an emergency
What factors are needed for a thunderstorm? Moisture
Lifting force
Unstable air
3 Stages of a thunderstorm 1. Cumulus (lifting action, water droplets, towering cumulus
clouds)
2. Mature (precipitation, turbulence, up to 6,000 fpm winds)
3. Dissipating (downdrafts, energy release, storm weakens)
How far away should you be from any "red" showing on a radar? 20 miles away from
thunderstorms
CTAF stands for... Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Cones in eyes do what? Focus vision/color vision
Rods in eyes do what?Black/white, sense relative motion
Fog makes objects seem... further away
On warm days, indicated altitude is... lower than true altitude
Lights needed to fly at night Strobe, anti-collision light
Gyroscopic instruments are powered by a... vacuum driven pump
Standard Temperature 15 degrees celcius @ 29.92Hg