Parking Lot Availability System

ONLINE VEHICLE PARKING
RESERVATIONSYSTEM
A Thesis presented to
The Faculty of College of Information and Communication Technology
Stratford International School
General Santos City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
By:
Raffy M. Medel
Lilibeth C.Tiñana
Stratford International School | J. Catolico Sr. Avenue, General Santos City

Chapter I
Introduction
This chapter discusses on the introduction of study. It represents the overview of
the study and briefly explains the background, the aim, problem statement, research
question, research objectives, scope of study, significant of proposed research and
expected outcomes from this research.
1.1 Background of the Study
With the rapid development of the economy, vehicles have become an
indispensable tool in people’s daily life. However, solving the ‘parking difficulty’ problem
is now an emergent issue. When you are about to go outside with your car, your most
concern is where will you park your car, is there an available parking lot in the place you
were about to visit? Parking issues come from the public behaviour itself. The public
come to the market and simply park their vehicle anywhere and everywhere they like:
As the number of cars increases, with no initiatives and alternatives to combat the
current scenario, many problems arise especially to the limited number of parking lot.
Today, many businesses have come to solve this kind of parking problem. Building
a parking lot
- help ang parking business mas mapadali, mas effecue
Detecting the status of parking spaces in a parking lot is the most fundamental
prerequisite in modern intelligent parking management and guidance systems.
Basically, any building development and construction must consider space for parking
lots. People need proper car parks to be provided to them inside or outside the building

especially the building operates at 24 hours. A parking lot availability system is an
essential part of autonomous driving and it starts by recognizing vacant parking spaces.
Finding a parking space in a congested place is very hard, sometimes you have to
check it first by looking around that cost a lot of time. In this research, we develop a
system that may indicate if there is available parking space and which part is empty in a
parking lot which may help the customer from searching. This paper proposes a method
that can recognize various types of parking slot for vehicles mostly like cars that
frequently used by people in their daily life. To provide solution in this problem we
conduct a study that may help people to find a parking space that will allow them to
know if there is available space or not.
There has already been considerable amount of research conducted to improve
parking efficiency at closed parking lots which are paid parking lots and support
reservation of parking spaces. There are online applications which provide smart
parking services in closed parking lots. However, literature is very scarce with regard to
another and every common type of parking lot, the open parking lots which does not
support reservation, freely available for a limited amount of time and are commonly
placed outdoor occupying large amount of space. Therefore, there still exists a research
gap in order to improve parking efficiency at an open parking lot. It is assumed that the
driver behaviour could be efficient if improved decision support to drivers is offered.
1.2. Technology Application context
This study examined and identifies the factors about parking lot availability system,
the effects and benefits for the user. Today, various kind of technology emerges in the
market. Technologies used to create new variety of applications and systems that is use

to do work more efficient and faster than usual. One of the technology that being use
today is the IR Sensors (Infrared Sensor), this is an electronic sensor that measures
light radiating form objects in its field of view. IR sensors are commonly used in security
alarms and automatic lighting applications.
Due to the advancement in recent technologies, Parking Lot Availability System
works to maintain equal deliberation of parking space to people who use cars that is
based on sensors that capture images and transmit data to the control system that
executes operation to be used in order to perform task. Presently available parking
systems are not having facility of IOT (Internet of Things) and other advanced security
applications. So an attempt is made to design a parking lot availability system using a
Arduino Uno micro-controller. This system can be very useful in parking areas such as
institutes, offices, malls and etc. With the advent of advanced technologies, the
implementation if devices such as microcontroller and Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) are incorporated for faster dependent on conventional electrical wiring but
wireless technologies are able to be utilized.
Main working principle of the system is to detect vehicles which are coming in the
parking lot and send the information to the micro-controller which interpret the data that
is being received and allowing the vehicle to enter in the parking lot if there is available
area for parking and if its full, the information about the parking lot is displayed on the
monitor provided on the entrance that may help the driver from knowing that there is no
available parking space on the parking lot.
1.3. Objective of the Study

The objective of this paper is to review smart parking sensor, technologies and
applications suitability at open parking lots. Challenges in an open parking lot are; freely
available where reservation in not possible and they are subjected to environmental
conditions when placed outdoors.
Parking Lot Availability System is developed which specifically aimed to:
 To assess the demand parking space available.
 Evaluate the existing Parking systems and identify the opportunities for
improvements.
 To assess the parking parameter such as duration, occupancy and adequacy of
parking.
 Determine the level of the acceptance of the Parking System in terms of:
1) Program Design
2) Content Features
3) Usability
4) Acceptability
1.4. Significance of the Study
The study made to help the people from having the difficulty in finding space to
park their car. The result of this study was found significant to the following:
To the Business – given by this system, the business will have an efficient and more
cost to the business for it will give comfortable to the customers.

To the Car Owner – with the implementation of this project, it would give the car owner
enough time and convenience from looking parking space to park their car. This may
give them less hassle every time they look and park their car.
To the community – Providing this more advance technology, the community will be
having a good benefit for it will give efficiency and better changes when it comes with
parking space. This study will also help lessen the vehicle congestion in the urban
place.
Future researcher-
1.5. Scope and Delimitation
The main focus of this project is the design of an efficient parking lot system. The
system will be using (IR) infrared sensors to detect and register cars, wherein it includes
the time of entry and the area where the car parks. This system is developing to lessen
the time of the patrons spending looking for an area with available parking space.
Parking Lot Availability System allow its user to enter the parking lot thought
sensors, then when a car parks on the available area the system will count that area as
occupied and shown on the display monitor on the entrance gate. This will give the idea
to the next patron which area of the parking lot is occupied and which is not.
\What are the features, capability--- dili mahimo- delimitation
1.6. Definition and Terms
Sensor - a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to
detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other

electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other
electronics.
Passive Infrared Sensor – These sensors detect changes in energy and when a
vehicle occupies a parking space, these sensors identify the change in energy and
detect occupancy. These sensors would be suitable for close parking lots which are
inside buildings and are not suitable for outdoor open parking lots.
Active Infrared Sensor – these sensors would emit infrared energy and detect any
object or vehicle by the amount of energy reflected. They are also sensitive to
environmental changes such as rain and snow. These sensors usually placed overhead
and are suitable for indoor closed parking lots. As these sensors are sensitive to
environmental changes it is not suitable to open parking lots.
Arduino – is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware
and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical
board.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) – is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour
of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and
integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.

Patron – a person who is a customer, client, or paying guest, especially a regular one,
of a store, hotel, or the like.
Parking Lot – is a cleared area that is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term
refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable
surface. In most countries where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking
lots are a feature of every city and suburban area. Shopping malls, sports
stadiums, mega churches and similar venues often feature parking lots of immense
area.
Servo Motor – is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of
angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.[1] It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated
controller.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND WORKS
In this chapter, the researchers identified topics and concepts regarding the
study that will help the researchers understand the study more. The researchers explain
the processes that will happen on the proposed system.
2.1. Related Concept and Literature
In the year 2006, 458,293 new registered vehicles were reported compared to
the year 1999 where there were only 296,716 new registered vehicles,, which makes a
rough estimate of 54.5% increase in a span of 7 years (Malaysian Ministry of
transportation, 2007). Referring to the aforesaid statistics provided by the Malaysian
Ministry of Transportation, the current transportation infrastructure and car facilities are
deemed insufficient in sustaining the influx of vehicles in the road. In Asia, the situation
are made worse by the fact that the roads are significantly narrower compared to the
West. Various measures have been taken in the attempt to overcome the traffic
problems. Although, the problem can be addressed via many methods, the paper
focuses on the car park management system. This study will review the revolution of
vehicle detection technologies as well as the detection system developed over the
years.
Related Works
2.1.1. Smart Parking System

The smart parking system implemented mainly in the Europe, United States and
Japan (Shaheen et al., 2005) is developed with the incorporation in advanced
technologies and researches from various academic disciplines. With its deployment in
the car park, it is hoped that it would solved the aforementioned problems faced by the
patrons within the car park.
Advantages of Smart parking system implementation
The Smart parking system is considered beneficial for the car park operators, car
park patrons as well as in environment conservation. For the car park operators, the
information gathered via the implementation of the Smart parking system can be
exploited to predict future parking patterns. Pricing strategies can also be manipulated
according to the information obtained to increase the company’s profit. In terms of
environment conservation, the level of pollution can be reduced by decreasing vehicle
emission (air pollutant) in the air. This can be attributed to the fact that vehicle travel is
reduced. As fuel consumption is directly related to vehicle miles travelled, it will be
reduces as well. Patrons are also able to benefit from smart parking system as parking
space are able to be fully utilized with a safer optimized and more efficient system
implemented.
The system is made more efficient as vehicle travel time and search time are
significantly reduced due to the information provided by the smart parking system. With
the information provided, drivers are able to avoid car park that are fully occupied and
locate vacant parking spaces with ease elsewhere. The number of Vehicles Park
illegally by the roadside which leads to traffic congestion in also reduced as it is

absorbed into the car parks. All this would eventually lead to convenience for the
patrons.
2.1.2. Parking Guidance and Information System (PGIS)
The implementation of parking guidance and information system (PGIS)
encompasses two major categories. The PGIS can either include the entire city area or
function only within the car park facility. Setting aside the differences, both the PGIS
implemented in many major cities in Europe, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United
States offer similar advantages similar to those of smart parking system. Both provides
information which aids the decision making process of the drivers in reaching their
destination location and aids them in locating a vacant parking space within the car park
facility. The city wide PGIS is indeed helpful in assisting drivers to car park with vacant
parking spaces via the information occupancy status for various car parks around the
city as well as other relevant information. Mobile phones can also be used for guidance
based on the research conducted Idna and Tamil (2007) which utilizes Global
Positioning System (GPS) for vehicle detection. A map of the driver’s current position
based on GPS data along with the status of three of the nearby car park are sent to
their mobile phones based on the patron’s current location. Besides that, the parking
guidance system developed based in the web and GIS technology are able to
disseminate information to the users via internet, mobile phones and/or PDA.
2.1.3. Parking Guidance Solutions
PGS are a product of the worldwide development and development of
Intelligence Transportation Systems (ITS) in cities. They can be used in conjunction with
Advanced Transportation Management System (ATMS) and are major contributors to

the safety, efficiency and improved environmental performance if ITS-equipped
transportation networks. Typically, up to a third of all urban congestion is caused by
drivers looking for somewhere to park and PGS’ objectives is to reduce search times by
providing information in where capacity is available. To do this they use a combination
is sensors in and around car parking facilities and information provision systems such
as dynamic signage and the internet. Within parking facilities, overhead ultrasonic
technology is used to determine individual space occupancy and availability. For in
street parking schemes, in-ground sensors using ultra-sideband radar are deployed.
Sensors can be linked wirelessly and provide accurate coverage of very high numbers
of individual spaces.
LED-based variable message signs provide constantly updated statues at key
decision making points; on street; at garage entrances and on each parking level. Multi
colored LED’s integrated into the overhead sensors show whether individual spaces are
free, occupied of reserved. Q-free offers both hard-wired and wireless PGS, maximizing
deployment flexibility. Q-Free in one of the world’s foremost suppliers of PGS.
Reference sites around the world include cities, transportation organizations, hospitals,
entertainment centers, shopping centers, casinos, major sports venues, colleges, and
large employer parking lots.
2.1.4. How Parking Guidance Works
Parking guidance solution guide the flow of parkers by displaying actual counts,
and their locations on strategically located space availability signs. Vehicle detection
sensors are commonly installed at entrances, exits, and/or individual parking space to
detect vehicle occupancy. Indicator lights integrated with sensors are also sometimes

installed at every individual parking space within the parking facility. The occupancy
status detected by the sensors can either be occupancy of each individual parking
space or in terms of vehicles counts in the car park depending on the installation of the
sensors.
Moving on, the control center gathers and processes the parking occupancy
information as well as controls the display of information for drivers whereas the
telecommunication network facilities the transfer of information.
2.1.5. Smart Payment System
The smart payment system is implemented in the effort to overcome the
limitation of the conventional payment methods by revamping the payment method via
parking meter and introduce new technologies. This is because the conventional
method causes delay and inconvenience for the patrons as they have to deal with cash.
It also reduces maintenance and staffing requirement for payment handling purposes as
well as traffic control. In general, the smart payment system implemented in places such
as Finland, Italy, London and United States consists of contact method, contactless
method and mobile devices. While the contact method involves the use of smart cards,
debit cards and credit cards, the contactless method involves the use of contactless
cards, mobile devices as well as Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) tag whereby
RFID technologies are utilized. Parking meters have now been improvised with
technologies which revolutionize the payment system via implementing various
improvements such as the acceptance of various types of cards such as credit card,
debit card and smart cards.
Parking guidance Solution Benefits

 Significant reduction in vehicle emissions eliminating the “cruising effect” of
searching for a parking space.
 Optimization of parking spaces by providing real-time space inventory to the
public.
 Monitor parking occupancy for facility, level, zone, or single parking space.
 Economic. Environmental and Customer-Friendly.
Advantages for Customers:
 No need to search for available parking spaces.
 No need to walk through the parking garage
 Time saving
 Consistent parking experience
 Your car is parked safe and secure (no worry about theft / damage)
Advantages to Municipalities / Property Owners:
 Space efficiency
 Visual impact increased
 Increase public safety (Less opportunity for theft, accidents, assult)
 Money-saving advantages
2.2. Smart Parking Technologies
2.2.1. Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS based navigational directions
are provided to the driver for occupying a vacant parking space. GPS will facilitate in
finding the shortest/optimal route from the current location. However, GPS alone
cannot gather occupancy information of parking spaces. In one study occupancy of

parking spaces is estimated using historical occupancy information and navigational
directions are provided using GPS to the estimated parking space The accuracy of
the GPS with a single frequency receiver is less than or equal to 7.8 meters. If a dual
frequency receiver is used, the accuracy is less than 0.71 meters. A normal parking
space would be between 2.3 to 2.7 meters and most of the smartphones are
provided with single frequency receiver which has higher error compared to dual
frequency receivers. Dual frequency receivers are usually used for military products
for greater accuracy. A GPS is also perceptible to errors when the signal is blocked
due to tall towers, walls within a building or under the ground. Therefore,
navigational directions using GPS will be prone to errors in a closed indoor parking
lot. Usage of GPS is suited for outdoor open parking lots where there is less chance
for signal blocking. Accuracy of the GPS signal is also dependent on availability of
satellite.
2.2.2. Machine Vision - A visual camera can be used for license plate
recognition or identifying parking lot occupancy using machine vision. The camera
should be placed near the entrance of a closed parking lot for license plate
recognition (LPR). Based on the number of vehicles entered and exited it can help to
get the count of vacant parking spaces. However, occupancy status of parking
spaces cannot be attained using this system. Video processing of parking lot using a
camera is not ideal as it requires continuous transfer of large bandwidths. Therefore,
a video should be broken to images at regular intervals and frame rates to facilitate
continuous monitoring of the parking lot. For parking spaces occupancy detection, a
camera can be installed overhead to a parking lot and relevant image detection

algorithms can be used to segment vehicles and detect occupancy of parking space.
There are publicly available datasets such as PKLot which consists of large number
of outdoor parking lot images. In one of the studies, support vector machine
classifier produced 89% accuracy on their test dataset. Similar image classification
algorithms such as logistic regression. . A camera is suited for open parking lots as it
can cover large number of parking spaces [38]. However, it is susceptible to
limitations such as; occlusion and shadow effects, distortion and lightning change.
These limitations can be removed with the use of 3-D scene information. Since 4
limited numbers of cameras can cover large number of parking spaces the
expenditure is considered minimal.
2.2.3. Multi-Agent Systems - These kind of systems makes use of multiple
mediums such as sensors, mobile, algorithms, visual camera, etc. These systems
are also capable of incorporating aspects such as user preference, importance, etc.,
in finding a vacant parking space for the driver. Multi-agent systems are considered
as foundation for automation of smart parking systems. A user can select a parking
space using a mobile or web application and based on the user importance and
preference, a parking space will be selected. The user will also receive navigational
information to reach the parking space. Java tools such as JaCaMo and
environment such as CArtAgo can be used in the architecture. Machine vision
systems or VANETs can be used instead of using sensors. Usage of multiple
systems is supported in this architecture. These systems are suitable for both open
and closed parking lots. The expenditure would be dependent on the usage of
technology to identify occupancy status of parking spaces.

2.2.4. Fuzzy Logic - Fuzzy logic is an approach which incorporates multivalued
logic in evaluating. Fuzzy logic can be used to develop forecasting models based on
sample data. Similar to neural networks, fuzzy logic can also be used in multi-agent
systems. According to a study, a sample of parking spaces availability information
for 5 days using machine vision was taken to predict the availability of parking
spaces in future dates using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic supports autonomy in providing
information on the availability of parking spaces.
The accuracy of forecast models would not be high without validating with real
time data. Therefore, combination of fuzzy logic models with machine vision or
sensor technologies would increase the accuracy of the overall system. These
systems are suitable for both open and closed parking lots. The expenditure would
be minimal if image processing is used along with fuzzy logic to estimate available
parking spaces for the future as well as provide real time availability of parking
spaces. Since this technology is not involved in the real time data capturing process,
it can be used for closed and open parking lots with minimal expenditure. Not all of
the sensors and technologies are suitable for gathering real time occupancy
information of open parking lots.
Even though sensors are widely to acquire parking occupancy information, they
would be expensive to install and maintain on large number of parking spaces. Few
sensors such as infrared and ultrasonic are sensitive to environment and are not
suitable for open parking lots. Technologies such as; machine vision, multi-agents
systems are suitable for open parking lots to acquire parking occupancy information
and GPS can be used to provide navigational directions.

2.3. Smart Parking Applications
There are already many free smart parking applications available online in web
and mobile stores of Android or iOS. Previously, reservation of parking space was
done by calling to the service provider and now with the current usage of internet and
smartphones, these services are provided online using mobile and web applications.
These applications serve as decision support systems for the driver in occupying a
vacant parking space. For instance, if the application shows a particular parking lot of
choice to be full, the driver can search for nearby parking lots with available parking
spaces or choose another destination. In this way smart parking applications serve as
decision support systems in occupying available parking spaces.
Smart parking tools improve efficiency based on the following three categories.
1. Guide the driver to parking lot using display boards 2. Reserve and authorize the
driver to a parking lot. Reserve and guide the driver to a specific parking space using
navigational information the three categories mentioned earlier are the ways in which
efficiency of parking is improved using existing smart parking tools. The level of
efficiency varies with each category. The first category would improve the parking
efficiency, however cruising for the empty parking space would still be involved. The
second category reserves a parking space for the driver; however, the driver would still
search for the reserved parking space manually which also involves some amount of
cruising while searching for the location of reserved parking space. The third category
provides improved efficiency compared to the two previous categories as it facilitates in
reserving and guiding the driver using navigational information to the parking space.

The first category to guide the driver to a parking lot was provided with the use of
parking guidance systems.
This parking system facilitates the driver in taking a decision to park the vehicle.
It is suitable to open parking lots as well. The second category would use RFID or
license plate recognition technologies. If a parking space is reserved by the driver, then
RFID or license plate recognition would authorize the vehicle to park. These are
common methods for staff parking in an organization and are not applicable to open
parking lots. The third category would use web applications or smartphones to reserve
the parking space and guide the driver using navigational directions through GPS.
Table 3, shows smart parking applications available online which provide smart parking
services as mentioned in the third category. All the applications are provided in limited
cities of mentioned countries. All the applications mentioned in Table 3 provide smart
parking services in closed parking lots which support reservation and all of them are
available in mobile application stores.
However, Open Spot is the only application which is currently unavailable and
discontinued by Google. Navigational directions to the free available parking space are
provided which improve the efficiency of parking behavior. A percentage or number of
available parking spaces is shown for selected parking lots. None of the applications
give the driver a choice in selecting a particular parking space. Most of the applications
use underground wireless sensors such as magnetometers to get real time parking
occupancy information. Setup and maintenance cost of wireless sensors will be high
and it is mandatory to replace all sensors again when the battery life is depleted. Since,

a sensor needs to be placed in all the parking spaces, operational and maintenance
costs of such sensors would be high.
Crowd sourcing application is suited for open/closed parking lots and the
expenditure is considered very minimal as no hardware installations or maintenance is
required. However, the users need to update occupancy details of parking spaces
every time they park the vehicle and the accuracy of the information will be dependent
on the user updating the occupancy details and is prone to human errors. Algorithms
like fuzzy logic, time series are used to predict parking occupancy information based
on historical or sample data. These applications are operational in more number of
cities and countries compared to other applications. All these applications provide an
overview of parking occupancy which facilitates in decision making.
Developing WSN applications for automobiles had varied challenges. Among
them was detecting and tracking fast moving automobiles. Our smart car parking
system was developed to allow the detection of a car when parked in the parking lot and
communicate the same to the server for the purpose of delivery. There have been
different projects working on smart parking systems. Among them were Guangdong
AKE Technology Co., Ltd of China and Georgia Institute of Technology. The
Guangdong AKE Technology Co., Ltd, China is a high-tech enterprise with data
acquisition and information processing as its core technology. The company has
developed indoor, outdoor and urban smart parking system as well as parking
management systems. The indoor parking system uses ultrasonic module and camera
as sensors to read the object, car and communicate the same to the system through the
RS485 communication cable. The system processes the data acquired from the

sensors and displays the output through RED and GREEN indication to the system
users.
The same concept is used in the outdoor parking system, except that it uses a
geomagnetic sensor which detects the change of magnetic field in the allocated area
and communicates the same wirelessly to the server providing the status of the parking
area to the user. The urban parking system uses similar types of the detection sensors
as outdoor systems for monitoring the availability of the parking in the designated
parking lot. The only difference is that the status of the parking lot can be communicated
through the LED-based signage, or transferred over the internet, and status can be
seen through a mobile app or a web server. A similar project had been carried out by
Georgia Institute of Technology. The project used existing smart technology like the
satellite imaging, mobile application for data acquisition and predicting the future data
for parking management systems. Their parking management system is sensor-based
and uses Fiber Braggs Grating sensors. These sensors are embedded in the ground,
whereby as pressure is exerted on the ground where they are placed, and sensors’
wavelength reflection changes to signify the presence of a vehicle. Our motivation for
undertaking this project was based on these technologies; simple ultrasonic sensors to
promote car International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST)
Recently, much work has been done based on wireless smart parking
techniques. In the following sections, several widely used smart parking techniques will
be briefly introduced and their disadvantages will also be indicated. RFID technique
normally consists of RFID readers, RFID writers, RFID tags, RFID car-code scanners,
RFID smart sensors and RFID controllers. In RFID based parking systems, vehicles are

identified and parking-lot fees are collected automatically without any personnel. Some
research has been done on RFID based smart parking systems. In, L.X. Wei and Q.S.
Wu designed and implemented a smart parking management system based on the
RFID. In, Z. Pala and N. Inanc provided a solution for the problems of parking-lot
management systems via RFID technology. Ultrasonic sensing techniques have
become popular in recent smart parking systems. These techniques place an ultrasonic
generator on top of a parking space. When a vehicle enters the space, the reflected
ultrasonic is received by the generator, determining that this parking space is no longer
available and the status is “occupied”. W.J. Park and B.S. Kim have used ultrasonic
sensors to deal which parking space detection with increased the detection accuracy.
Abdel-Hafez, M.F. and Nabulsi, A.A. have presented a sequential fault detection and
identification algorithm and applied it to ensure accurate operation of a vehicle’s
ultrasonic parking sensors.
Electromagnetic induction coil techniques are very mature. When a car passes
over a buried induction coil electric current is generated in the coil via the change of the
electromagnetic field caused by the car’s metal components. By monitoring this current
change, it is easy to detect if there is a car present on the parking space. Although the
aforementioned traditional smart parking systems have been widely studied and applied
in practice, these systems suffer from many disadvantages. These systems depend
heavily on the external environment, including temperature, humidity, and the
electromagnetic environment.

Chapter 3
PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
The research design illustrates the overview of the entire research
methodology. It includes the needs, opportunities, processes and requirements used in
the study. The function of a parking area is to provide drivers with opportunities to park
their vehicles for their own purposes. This level of user acceptance was developed
through the program design the usability and with its content to have a fast and reliable
service to the client.
3.1 Conceptual Framework
It shows the project design and how does the system works. through the
conceptual framework, it is able to show the relationship of the different constructs the
researchers want to view.

Bibliography
Volume 5 No. 8, August, 2016 IJST © 2016– IJST Publications UK. All rights reserved.
391 detection and a wireless Zigbee (Series 2) protocol to communicate the data
collected to the server.

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ONLINE VEHICLE PARKING

The Faculty of College of Information and Communication Technology

Stratford International School

General Santos City

of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Stratford International School | J. Catolico Sr. Avenue, General Santos City

This chapter discusses on the introduction of study. It represents the overview of

question, research objectives, scope of study, significant of proposed research and

expected outcomes from this research.

1.1 Background of the Study

With the rapid development of the economy, vehicles have become an

- help ang parking business mas mapadali, mas effecue

prerequisite in modern intelligent parking management and guidance systems.

Stratford International School | J. Catolico Sr. Avenue, General Santos City

know if there is available space or not.

There has already been considerable amount of research conducted to improve

driver behaviour could be efficient if improved decision support to drivers is offered.

1.2. Technology Application context

Stratford International School | J. Catolico Sr. Avenue, General Santos City

alarms and automatic lighting applications.

Due to the advancement in recent technologies, Parking Lot Availability System

executes operation to be used in order to perform task. Presently available parking

applications. So an attempt is made to design a parking lot availability system using a

implementation if devices such as microcontroller and Field Programmable Gate Array

wireless technologies are able to be utilized.

available parking space on the parking lot.

1.3. Objective of the Study

Stratford International School | J. Catolico Sr. Avenue, General Santos City

conditions when placed outdoors.