Use of GPS

IFR Briefing I6
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Objectives

• At the end of this course, students must be able:

 to explain the working principle of GPS.

 to work actively with the GPS in flight.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• Satellite based system

• High frequency signals
containing time
information (& distance
information)
• Reception of multiple
signals enabling to
determine its position
(by triangulation)
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• Today 2 GNSS systems are operational:

1. GPS:
− 30 satellites
− operationally since 1974
− globally since 1992
− Operated a maintained by US Department of
Defense
2. GLONASS:
− 30 satellites by 2010, 18 operational
− Russia
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• In development  Galileo:
− 30 satellites European
− Operational by 2013
• Garmin G1000 is a GPS
based system
• GAGAN – Indian
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Position determination
 • General

• Minimum of 4 satellites is required to determine a 3D

position
• If altitude information can be derived from a barometric
altimeter 3 satellites are sufficient
• RAIM:
− For IFR flight a method of determining errors in the
GPS system is required
Position determination
 • RAIM

• Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring:

− Integrity monitoring of GPS for aviation applications
− Minimum of 5 visible satellites must be visible to it
− RAIM function consistency checks between position
solutions from the different satellites
− If all the solutions do not indicate the same position
there must be a fault in one or multiple signals
− A RAIM warning is given
Position determination
 • FDE

• Fault Detection and Exclusion :

− Minimum of 6 satellites to not only detect a possible
faulty satellite
− To exclude it from the navigation solution so the
navigation function can continue without interruption
• Garmin G1000 equipped with FDE
Position determination
 • FDE

• Garmin G1000
equipped with
FDE
Position determination
 • WGS84

• Position determination relative to earth

• Pin pointed on earth’s map datum = WGS 84, containing
the exact dimensions of the earth as well as global
elevation
• On the WGS 84 grid many overlays can be applied:
− For aviation: airports, VOR, Waypoints, NDB, airways,
SIDs STARs, etc.
• Other uses:
− Road networks, street names, cities, maritime routes,
etc.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approval

• The G1000 system is approved for IFR flight

• The equipment code for the aircraft is G (GNSS)
• Can be used to navigate to or from any waypoint ( VOR,
NDB, intersection waypoint, etc.)
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Planning

• Planning a flight with GPS as only

navigation source:
− Ensure RAIM is available for
the route or route segment
flown solely on GPS
− Use G1000 internal RAIM
prediction
− GPS NOTAMs are available
worldwide
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• Only the GPS approved approaches (by the authority)

• The title of the approach contains GPS or RNAV
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• G1000 database knows if the approach is approved to be

flown on GPS or not

GPS symbol right of the

approach title
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• G1000 database knows if the approach is approved to be

flown on GPS or not

If not a popup warning

will come up when
loading the approach
GPS use for IFR flight
 • RAIM Failure Annunciation

• RAIM will give a position error when the position error

exceeds:
− 2NM in ENR
− 1NM TERMINAL
− 0,3NM Approach
• In all 3 cases resume to conventional navigation, if on
approach, perform a go around (and prepare for a
conventional approach)
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• GPS information is either not present or is invalid for

navigation use.
• Note that AHRS utilizes GPS inputs
during normal operation. AHRS
operation may be degraded if GPS
signals are not present.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Manually enter a point (you must know the identifier or

name of facility):
− Press the key

− Use the FMS rotary buttons (inner & outer) to enter the
name or ident

− Press twice key

Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Any waypoint found in the G1000 menus (NRST, WPT,

Flight plan,...):

− Press knob (cursor lights up)

− Move cursor (outer knob) over the desired waypoint,

name or identifier
− Press key

− Press twice key

Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Direct-to is activated, the G1000 provides navigation

guidance to the selected destination until:
− the direct-to is either replaced with a new direct-to or
flight plan,
− cancelled, or
− when the G1000 is powered off
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Canceling a direct-to:
1. Press the key to display the Direct-to window

2. Press the key

3. With ‘Cancel Direct-To NAV’ highlighted, press the

key

• If a flight plan is still active, the G1000 resumes

navigating the flight plan along the closest leg
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Press key

− The active flight plan shows (if no FPL is entered the

departure airport is entered as the default 1st
waypoint)
− Press on the LOAD DP soft key to load a SID, or
− Push on the FMS button (cursor comes alive)
− Enter the sequence of
waypoints in chronological
order
− Note: a new waypoint is
entered above the cursor
line
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Same elements on the Flight Plan page on the MFD

Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Press the softkey LOAD STAR

− the departure airport is still default, here you must enter
the destination airport to have the list of STARs at DEST
• Press the softkey LOAD APPR
− the departure airport is still default, here you must enter
the destination airport to have the list of approach at
DEST
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• Before starting the approach:

− Press key or go to FPL and press softkey ‘LOAD
APR ‘

− Select the approach, suitable IAF and procedure design

(Cat A&B or C&D) or vectors to final & press
− Choose Load or Activate
 Load: the approach sequence is loaded after the last
waypoint of the flightplan
 Activate: the first waypoint of the approach (IAF)
becomes the active waypoint, current FPL is
skipped
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• If the approach is not approved for GPS, a ‘NOT APPROVED

FOR GPS’ message is displayed with ‘YES’ highlighted

• Press the ENT Key to acknowledge the message. To cancel

the approach, select ‘NO’ and press
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• When loading a procedure (DP,

STAR, APPR) with the intention
of using GPS as primary
navigation
• Check on the FPL page the DTK
& DIST match the information
from the chart
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• ILS Approach:
− load the ILS approach as guidance, BUT the approach
MUST be flown raw data (CDI on ILS)
• VOR & NDB Approach:
− can be flown using (GPS as overlay), BUT raw data
backup must be present
− For NDB:
 continious monitoring of identification
 ADF selected on double needle
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Activate Leg

• Go to ‘FPL’ page
• Highlight the desired destination waypoint
• Press softkey ‘ACT LEG’
• The leg to the desired waypoint is active
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Removing

• To remove a:
− waypoint
− DP
− STAR
− APPR
• Go to
• Put cursor on point or procedure title to remove
• Press
• ‘OK’
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Frequency Tuning

• When loading or activating a VOR or ILS approach the

VOR/ILS frequency is automatically tuned:
• In the active field of Nav1: if navigating on GPS (CDI set to
GPS magenta)
• It is loaded in the standby field of the active CDI mode
(NAV1 or 2)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • CDI

• Softkey toggles the HSI source between Nav 1, Nav 2 & GPS
• In GPS mode the HSI displays the track deviation relative to
the active leg
• Automatic sequencing occurs when passing over the active
waypoint
• The CDI scale deviation depends on the phase of flight:
− Enroute: 5NM
− Terminal: 1 NM (when within 30NM of dest airport)
− Approach: 0,3NM (within 2NM of FAF)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Use of the ‘OBS’ softkey

• Pressing the OBS softkey:

− Locks the active waypoint and auto sequencing is
suspended
− When OBS mode is active:
 G1000 allows the pilot to set a desired course to/from a
waypoint using theCRS/BARO Knob and HSI (much like a
VOR)
 OBS can be used to fly multiple holding patterns (to avoid
auto sequencing)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Use of the ‘OBS’ softkey

• The CRS button is used to set the inbound course of the

holding. Abeam & teardrop can be checked by setting the
BRG to GPS
• To change the course, use the triangle shaped inner knob
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Missed Approach

• At MAPt: Auto sequencing suspended

• Auto sequencing suspended and the MAPt remains active
 ‘SUSP’ highlighted in softkeys
• Pressing ‘SUSP’ softkey enables sequencing and
navigation to the first waypoint of the missed approach
procedure
• Always fly missed approach as published on IFR chart
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Missed Approach

• Note: missed approach with conditional waypoint

• Example: Antwerp, Belgium
− missed Approach
 SUSP
− press ‘SUSP’ softkey
− immediately SUSP
appear again
− at 1500’ & turning left
− press ‘SUSP’ softkey
 sequencing to ANT
resumed
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with procedure turn

• No guidance during procedure turn

• Correct for wind mannually
• The message “Start PT” will appear after 1 min FAF
outbound
− this is NOT a command to start the turn
− calculate when to turn, in order to have enough space
and time to descend to stay within the protected area
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with a hold

• Hold = part of procedure

• 1 turn in hold must be
executed
• GPS will schedule 1 holding
turn & resume sequence
• ‘SUSP’ appears during 1st
passage of fix
• When inbound press ‘SUSP’
again to start sequencing
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with a hold

• No guidance in the hold, except timing is started

automatically abeam the fix
• If more holdings:
− Press ‘OBS’ softkey
− Inbound & ready for approach, press ‘OBS’ again
before passing fix
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with DME Arc

• DME Arc: defined by points

laying in the arc
• Format: D+BRG+Distance
− E.g.: D270G = DME fix on
radial 270 at 7 NM (G =
7th letter)
• Track guidance available
along the arc
• G1000 commands track
changes per 10°  Turn to
XXX°
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Activating Vectors to Final

• FAF becomes active waypoint, with FAC (Final Approach

Course) extented from the FAF
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Airmanship

 Train with the G1000 Trainer as much as possible, in order to know

the ‘basic GPS manupilation’ by heart
 Learning the G1000 does not happen in the simulator or aircraft
but before.
 When navigating on GPS always know a backup plan if GPS fails:
Tune radios aids in your vicinity to quickly regain position
awareness should the GPS fail.
 When receiving G1000 warnings on the GPS, immediately resume
to conventional navigation, until the problem is solved.
 If planning to use GPS as primary or only navigation tool, a
thorough flight planning is required.  RAIM availability cannot
always be guaranteed during some periods & in some areas.
Especially mountainous areas, in the valleys.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Common errors

 Incorrect use of the cursor & rotary buttons (see G1000 briefing),
know the functions of the inner& outer rotary buttons. The ‘ENT’,
‘CLR’ keys and the ‘Push to Cursor’ button.
 Difficulties to manage the above discussed functions in a timely
matter.  (Direct, Cancel D, FPL, Loading DP or STAR, APPR,..). 
Practice is the key!
 Being familiar with frequency auto tuning. Not expecting it or not
checking which frequency has been auto tuned when loading
the approach.
 Flying an approach on GPS which is not approved for it.
 Continuing to navigate on GPS with fault warnings.