[Advance Engineering Survey]

Experiment no 1
To study about the Hand G.P.S
1. Objective:
The objective of Hand GPS is o study about the applications its working and
uses related to our field.

2. Introduction:
A GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or simply GPS is a device that is
capable of receiving information from GPS satellites and then to calculate the device's
geographical position. Using suitable software, the device may display the position on a map,
and it may offer directions. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite
system (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed
into orbit by the U.S.

A handheld GPS is a device that uses the Global Positioning System, combining modern
geographic technology with a portable, user-friendly device for everyday use. Introduced in the
late 1990s, the handheld GPS has many functions, including navigation assistance and land-
survey data.

A GPS device can retrieve from the GPS system location and time information in all weather
conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. A GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of
sight to four or more GPS satellites, and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. In
exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may
exhibit multipath propagation where signals bounce off structures, or are weakened by
meteorological conditions. Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a tree canopy or inside a
structure, such as in a building, garage or tunnel. Today, most standalone GPS receivers are used
in automobiles.

fig. Hand GPS

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3. How to locate ourselves??

Wherever you are on the planet, at least four GPS satellites are ‘visible’ at any
time. Each one transmits information about its position and the current time at regular intervals.
These signals, travelling at the speed of light, are intercepted by your GPS receiver, which
calculates how far away each satellite is based on how long it took for the messages to arrive.

Once it has information on how far away at least three satellites are, your GPS receiver can
pinpoint your location using a process called trilateration.

4. What is GPS??
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a "constellation" of approximately 30 well-
spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint
their geographic location. The global positioning system (GPS) is a 24-satellite navigation system that
uses multiple satellite signals to find a receiver's position on earth. GPS was developed by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD). The technology was originally used for military purposes. But after 1980
it is also in civilian use.

5. How GPS works??

GPS satellites circle the Earth twice a day in a precise orbit. Each satellite
transmits a unique signal and orbital parameters that allow GPS devices to decode and compute
the precise location of the satellite. GPS receivers use this information and trilateration to
calculate a user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver measures the distance to each
satellite by the amount of time it takes to receive a transmitted signal. With distance
measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine a user's position and display
it electronically to measure your running route, map a golf course, find a way home or adventure
anywhere.

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6. Applications of GPS??
Here are some applications of GPS:

A space shuttle that navigates by itself using GPS

An airplane that lands itself using GPS

A football coach who tracks players on the field using GPS

A hiker who loses way and returns to safety using GPS

Tracking a species of animal using GPS

7. Advantages of GPS:
GPS is extremely easy to navigate as it tells you to the direction for each turns you take or
you have to take to reach to your destination.

GPS works in all-weather so you need not to worry of the climate as in other navigating
devices.

The GPS costs you very low in comparison other navigation systems.

The most attractive feature of this system is its100% coverage on the planet.

It also helps you to search the nearby restaurants, hotels and gas stations and is very useful
for a new place.

Due to its low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies like cell phone.

The system is updated regularly by the US government and hence is very advance.

This is the best navigating system in water as in larger water bodies we are often misled due
to lack of proper directions.

8. Disadvantages of GPS:
Sometimes the GPS may fail due to certain reasons and in that case, you need to carry a
backup map and directions.

If you are using GPS on a battery-operated device, there may be a battery failure and you
may need an external power supply which is not always possible.

Sometimes the GPS signals are not accurate due to some obstacles to the signals such as
buildings, trees and sometimes by extreme atmospheric conditions such as geomagnetic storms.

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9. Specifications and features of GPS in survey lab:

The GPS used in survey lab is Garmin trex10 which has the following specifications:

✓ Internal storage of 8 mb
✓ Monochrome display
✓ Affordable
✓ 2×AA (25 hours of sleep time)
✓ USB connectivity
✓ 147 g with batteries (5.5 oz) weight
✓ Outdoor navigation
✓ Area calculation
✓ Finding waypoints
✓ Route maps
✓ Recording and saving data
✓ Setting proximity alarms
✓ Sending and receiving data wirelessly
✓ Route planning
✓ Sun and moon location
✓ Distance measurement
✓ Elevation measurement
✓ Coordinate measurement
✓ Device tone setting
✓ Time settings

10. Comments:
❖ In this job we have learn about the use of the hand GPS in our field
❖ Its use and applications in our daily life
❖ As well as their advantages and disadvantages in our practical field.

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Experiment no 2
To study the digital theodolite by parts and their functions
Scope and significance:
The purpose of this job is to study about different parts of theodolite and temporary adjustments.
Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring angles, scaling points of
constructional works. Measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Locating points on a line.
Finding the difference in the level. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and
have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch
technology.

Related theory:
INTRODUCTION

The Theodolite is one of the most precise surveying instruments and is suitable for measurement
of horizontal as well as vertical angles. It has a powerful telescope and so it can be used also for
distance sighting. Theodolites are of two types. They are

i) Transit type
ii) Non-Transit type

A transit Theodolite is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by reversing the telescope
through 1800 in the vertical plane. The non-transit Theodolites are either plain Theodolites or Y-
Theodolites in which the telescope cannot be transited. Now day’s only transit Theodolites are
being used.

PARTS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE

TRIVET

It is a plate having a central circular threaded hole for fixing hole for fixing the Theodolite on
tripod stand by a wing nut. It is also called the base plate or lower tribrach.

FOOT SCREW

These are meant for leveling the instrument. There are three-foot screws arranged in between
trivet and tribrach.

TRI BRACH

It is a triangular plate carrying the three-foot screws at its ends.

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LEVELLING HEAD

Trivet, foot screws and tribrach together form leveling head. Levelling the instruments, fixing
the tripod, supporting the main instrument assembly are its uses.

SPINDELS (OR) AXES

Two spindles one inner and other outer. Inner one is solid and rigid and outer one is hollow. To
outer spindle lower plate is attached. To inner spindle upper plate is attached.

LOWER PLATE

Graduated from 00 to 3600 in clockwise direction provided with a lower clamping and tangent
screw.

UPPER PLATE

Contains Vernier ‘A’ and ‘B’ provided with upper clamping and upper tangent screw.

PLATE BUBBLE

It is meant for leveling the instrument at the time of measuring horizontal angles.

STANDARD (OR) A – FRAME

Two frames are provided on upper plate to support the telescope assembly.

TELESCOPE

Fitted in between standards. Perpendicular to the horizontal axes provided with a

focusing screw, clamping screw and tangent screw.

VERTICAL CIRCLE

Fixed rigidly with the telescope and moves with it. Each quadrant is graduated

from 00 to 900. Zero is marked at the ends of horizontal diameter.

INDEX BAR (OR) T-FRAME

Provided on the stand in front of the vertical circle. It carries the vernier ‘C’ and

‘D’. These verniers are used for taking the readings of the vertical circle. The

vertical log of Index bar is provided with a clip screw. At the lower end by means

of which the altitude bubbles can be brought to the center.

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ALTITUDE BUBBLE

Provided on top of index bar. It is to be leveled while taking vertical angle

readings.

TRIPOD

The tripod head carries at its upper surface an external screw to which trivet plate

of base plate of the leveling head may be screwed.

PLUMB BOB

It is used for centering the Theodolite.

COMPASS

Some Theodolites are provided with a compass, which can be either tubular type

trough type.

Terms used in theodolite

CENTERING

Keeping the instrument exactly above the station mark, by means of a plumb bob is known as
centering.

TRANSITING

Turning the telescope about the horizontal axis in the vertical plane through 1800 is called
transiting.

FACE LEFT

If the vertical circle of the Theodolite is on the left of observer at the time of taking readings. It
is known as face left and also called as telescope normal (or) bubble up.

FACE RIGHT

If the vertical circle of the Theodolite is on the right of observer at the time of taking readings it
is knows as face right. It is also called as telescope inverted (or) bubble down.

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CHANGING FACE

Operation of bringing the vertical circle from one side of the observer to the other side is known
as changing face. It is done by transiting the telescope and turning it through 1800 in the
horizontal plane.

SWINGING THE TELESCOPE

It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane. If the telescope is rotated in
clockwise direction. It is known as right swing. If the telescope is rotated in anticlockwise
direction. It is known as left swing.

LINE OF COLLIMATION

It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs and optical center of the objects glass and its
continuation.

AXIS OF TELESCOPE

Imaginary line passing through the optical center of the objects glass and the optical center of the
eyepiece.

AXIS OF BUBBLE TUBE

It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the bubble tube at its middle.

HORIZONTAL AXIS

It is the axis about which the Theodolite of the telescope rotates in the horizontal plane.

VERTICAL AXIS

It is the axis about which the Theodolite of the telescope rotates in the vertical plane.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS

The temporary adjustments are to be done at every set up of the instrument. These mainly
involves

1. Centering

2. Leveling

3. Focusing

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1. CENTERING THE THEODOLITE OVER THE STATION

(i) Place the tripod over the station and fix the Theodolite using wing out.

(ii) Approximate centering and leveling is done by tripod stand

(iii) Accurate centering is done with the help of shifting head.

2. LEVELLING

(i) Approximate leveling is made with the help of tripod legs

(ii) Accurate leveling is made with the help of foot screws.

3. FOCUSSING THE EYE PIECE:

A piece of white paper is held in front of the object glass and eye piece is moved in (or) out by
turning it clockwise (or) anti clockwise until cross wires appear distinct and sharp. The OBJECT
GLASS The telescope is directed towards the objects and focusing screw is turned clockwise (or)
anticlockwise until the image appears clean and sharp. SETTING THE VERNIER, The Vernier
‘A’ is set to zero. Lower clamping screw is fixed and upper clamping is rotated till the Index of
Vernier shows zero. Upper tangent screw is used for setting the vernier exactly to zero

Comments:
❖ In this experiment we learn about the use of theodolite related to our fields
❖ We have studied briefly about their parts with functions
❖ Procedure involves to use theodolite about the measurement of angles and measurements
vertically or horizontally
❖ Precautions during the usage of theodolites

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Experiment no 3
Height of Inaccessible Point
Purpose:
These methods are used for determining the height of any inaccessible point and length of any
unknown side by using geometric laws.

❖ By moving towards the object

❖ By moving along the object
Apparatus:
1. Theodolite
2. Tripod stand
3. Ranging rod
4. Fiber tape
5. Wooden Pegs
6. Hammer

Related theory:

Procedure:
The procedure for method used for determining the height of any inaccessible point and length of
any unknown side by using geometric laws is as follow:

➢ By moving towards the object:

1. Two points or stations are taken 1st is A and 2nd is B, distance between them should be
known.

2. Set up the instrument over the station A and do all temporary adjustments. (Centering and
leveling of the theodolite).

3. Now at the point A we have to sight the tower or any other height which we need to find.

4. During the field work, make sure theodolite is horizontally locked.

5. Setup the zero of Vernier A by using leveling screw, turn the telescope towards the site point
D.

6. Measure the vertical angle α. 7. Then, shift the theodolite to station B and repeat the steps
2,3,4,5.

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8. Measure the vertical angle β.

9. Using sine formula or Sine Law and cosine formula, the unknown height of tower can be
found out.

10. At the end of reading height of an object (tower), add mean height of instrument into it.

➢ By moving along the object:

1. Setting out the theodolite at the given station (A).

2. Perform the centering and leveling properly.

3. Leveling and centering of the theodolite must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy

otherwise the instrument will not report accurate result.

4. After that sight the ranging rod at alternate station (B) and set horizontal & vertical angle
zero.

5. Then sight the top of the object and measure horizontal and as well as vertical angle.

6. Then theodolite will shift on the other station (from A to B) and repeat the point 1,2,3,4

7. Same procedure is applied on the existing station (B) for the height of that point.

8. From this data calculate the height manually.

Observations and Calculations:

By moving towards the object

= α = 12⸰ 40’ 42”

= β = 13⸰ 45’ 37”

AB = 10 m

ABD

Use that portion of angle B and angle:

H.I1 = 4’ 7” = 1.397 m

H.I2 = 4’ 9” = 1.4478 m

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H.I3 = 4’ 8” = 1.4224 m

Distance between A and B = 10 m

α = 90⸰ - 77⸰ 19’ 18”

α = 12⸰ 40’ 42”

β = 90⸰ 76⸰ 14’ 23”

β = 13⸰ 45’ 37”

In ACD,

Tan α = h / (10 + x)

Tan (12⸰ 40’ 42”) = h / (10 + x)

h = (10 + x) Tan (12⸰ 40’ 42”)

h = 0.2250 (10 + x) -------(eq.1)

Now calculating the value of x

Tan β = h / x

Tan (13⸰ 45’ 37”) = (0.2250) (10 + x) / x

0.2450 x – 0.2250 x = 2.25

0.02 x = 2.25

x = 2.25 / 0.02

x = 112.5 m

from eq.1 → h = (0.2250) (10 + x)

h = (0.2250) (10 + 112.5)

h = 27.56 m

total height of tower = h + HI mean + h building

total height of tower = 27.56 + 1.4224 + 13.41 = 42.3924 m

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By moving along the object:

Ɵ1 = 9⸰ 13’ 8” = 9.22⸰

Ɵ2 = 9⸰ 21’ 25” = 9.36⸰

α = 68⸰ 37’ 19” = 68.62⸰

β = 107⸰ 58’ 8” = 107.97⸰

γ = 180⸰ - (α + β) = 180⸰ - (68.62⸰ + 107.97⸰)

γ = 3.41⸰

By using sine Law:

Similarly,

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BC’ = 156.55 m

By Solving ∆AC’C

CC’ = h1 = AC’ tan Ɵ1

CC’ = h1 = 159.92 tan(9.22)

CC’ = h1 = 25.96 m

By Solving ∆BC’C

CC’ = h2 = BC’ tan Ɵ2

CC’ = h2 = 156.55 tan(9.36)

CC’ = h2 = 25.80 m

Total height at point C =

= 27.30 m

Total height of tower = 27.30 + 13.41

Total height of tower = 40.71 m

Comments:

❖ This was new experience for us to measure vertical height

❖ By using theodolite by a procedure involving evaluations and calculation
❖ In which we measure both distances by moving towards the object and along the object.

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Experiment no 4
Base line measurement using Jaderan’s method
Scope and significance:
In surveying, a baseline is a line between two points on the earth's surface and the direction and distance
between them. In a triangulation network, at least one baseline needs to be measured to calculate the size
of the triangles by trigonometry this is a new and less time-consuming technique so the purpose of this
job to know how we calculate baseline measurement by using Jaderan’s method.

Related theory:
Jaderin’s Method:

This method was introduced by Jaderin and has become very popular due to following reasons:

• It is less expensive and the speed of measurement is high.

• Due to longer lengths of the tape, the choice of the base sites becomes wider.

Site Selection for Base Line:

In selecting site for a base line, the following requirement should be considered.

1. The site should be fairly leveled or uniformly sloping or gently undulating.

2. Should be free form obstructions throughout the entire length.

3. Ground should be firmed and smooth.

4. The site should can be such that the whole length can be laid out the extremities of the
line being inter-reversible at ground level.

5. The site should be such that well shaped triangle can be obtained in connecting the end
stations of the base line to the main triangulation stations.

Apparatus:
• Steel (Invar) Tape

• Theodolite

• Auto level

• Tripods

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• Spring balance or weight

• Pulley

• Thermometers

• Leveling staff

• Plumb bob

Procedure:
• Two points are taken A and D have some known distance between these two points.

• Place the Theodolite on one of the station and ranging rod on the other station.

• Placed the two or three tripod stand between the two measuring points A and D.

• Alignment (ranging) of all the tripods is carried out along line AD.

• After alignment, tripods are placed at station A and D.

• The tripods are placed at a spacing (equal or random) depending upon the length of the base
line.

• The temperature is noted down at each point for temperature correction.

• During length measurement, tension (pull) is produced in the tape which is measured by the
spring balance.

• To find the accurate length, put one end of tape on one tripod stand and other end on second
tripod stand.

• Load is applied on one end of tape when tension is produced in the tape and it is measured by
the spring balance.

• Somewhere in the field another theodolite is placed (if the distance is greater); it is used to keep
the tripod heads at the same level.

• Difference between the heads of tripods is calculated with the help of auto level by taking
different staff readings.

• During this procedure, correction for slope is adopted.

• Total base length = lengths between the individual tripods (A to B, B to C and C to D).

• Different tape corrections are applied to obtain the exact length of base line.

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Corrections:
Temperature Correction:

The phenomenon of thermal expansion plays an important role in many

engineering applications. We need to establish a correction (Ct) that can account for the change in
length of a steel tape due to influence of temperature.

Where,

Ct = Correction for temperature

α = co-efficient of linear thermal expansion (1.11 x 10-5 oC-1)

Tm = average temperature during measurements in the field (oC)

To = Temperature at which the tape was standardized (25oC)

L = Measured length obtained in the field (m) This correction can be positive or negative.

Pull/Tension Correction:

When a steel tape is pulled with a tension greater than its standard value, it elongates in an elastic
manner. The elongation length (CP) caused by a tensile force can be calculated using:

Where,

Cp = Pull/Tension correction (m)

Pm = Pull applied during measurement (kg)

P0 = Pull at which the tape was standardization (2 kg)

L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

A = Cross sectional area of the tape (0.0193 cm2=1.93x10-6 m2)

E = Modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus of tape (21 x 105 kg/cm2=2.1x1010 kg/m2)

This correction can be positive or negative.

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Sag Correction:

A steel tape not fully supported along its entire length will sag, no matter how large the tensile
force applied. As a result of sagging, measured length will be too large. The sag correction is (Cs)
is given by:

Where,

Cs = Sag correction (m)

L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

w = Weight of the steel tape per unit length (0.01093Kg/m)

W = Total weight of tape (kg)

n = Number of spans

Pm = Pull applied during measurement on the tape (Kg) This correction is always negative

Slope Correction:

Measurement made along the slope is more than the measurement along the horizontal line. To
determine the exact horizontal length of base line, slope correction is required to be applied. The
slope correction (Ch) is given by:

Where,

Ch = Slope correction

h = Difference of elevation between two points (m)

L = Measured length obtained in the field (m)

This correction is always negative

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Mean Sea Level Correction:

To standardize the measured length of base line, it is important to measure the length at a
specific datum. In this context measured length is transformed at the mean sea level. The mean
sea level correction (Cmsl) is given by:

Where,

H = Mean height of base line above mean sea level. (211m of Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore)

R = Mean radius of earth (6,371 km = 6271x103 m)

L = Measured length obtained in the field (m) This correction is always negative

Observations and calculations:

L Ctotal
Sr. L
Ct Cp Cs Ch Cmsl Corr.
No. (m)
(m)

A-B 4.7 3.10 * 10-4 2.89*10-4 2.339*10-5 2.98*10-4 1.581*10-4 1.17*10-3 4.7001

B-C 7.5 4.995*10-4 9.25*10-4 4.28*10-5 1.329*10-3 2.523*10-4 -1.9*10-4 7.4998

C-D 1.10*10-3 3.21*10-5 1.183*10-6 2.506*10-4

7.45 4.961*10-4 1.31*10-3 7.4513
Tota 19.65 1.30*10-3 2.31*10-3 9.82*10-5 1.628*10-3 6.61*10-4 1.23*10-3 19.6512
l

Comments
❖ In this experiment we learn about the measurement of base line by using jederns method
❖ in which we also studied about some relatable terms sag, temperature, slope mean and sea
level corrections.
❖ We calculate all the values and corrected it by using formulas and specific values,

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Experiment no 5
TO FIND THE AREA OF TRAVERSE BY TRIANGULATION
METHOD
Scope and significance:
The Aim of this Job to find out the Area of Traverse by using Triangulation Method
Related Theory:
Triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from
known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly.
The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known
angles.

A triangulation system consists of a series of triangles in which one or more sides of each triangle
are also sides of adjacent triangles. Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of
connecting survey lines form the frame work and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are
measured with the help of an angle measuring instrument and a tape respectively. When the lines
form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as a closed traverse. If the circuit ends
elsewhere, it is said to be an open traverse.

Closed Traverse

The Latitude of a line is the distance measured parallel to North South Line and the Departure of
a line is measured parallel to the East West Line.

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Fore Bearing and Back Bearing:

Conversion of WCB to RB :

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Computing Latitude and Departure

Computing Consecutive Co-ordinates

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Consecutive Coordinates

The co-ordinates of any point with reference to previous point are called consecutive coordinates.

Independent co-ordinates

The co-ordinates of any point with respect to some common origin are called independent
coordinates. Origin may be starting station of the traverse or any point entirely outside the traverse.

Apparatus

• Theodolite

• Tripod

• Magnetic compass

• Ranging rod

• Fiber Tape

• Hammer

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Procedure:
• Five stations points are taken A, B, C, D and E (more or less according to the ground situation).

• Set a base line whose length is already known or calculated.

• In this traverse, we start from point A and measure the bearing of point A using magnetic
compass.

• Place the theodolite on Point A and set the temporary adjustments like centering and leveling.

• Rotate the telescope horizontally towards point B and set the horizontal angle zero. Then, rotate
the telescope towards point D and measure the horizontal angle.

• Now move the telescope at D and set the angle zero.

• Rotate the telescope towards the Point E and measure the horizontal angle.

• Same as above procedure, measure the horizontal angles by adjusting theodolite (centered &
level) at points B, C, D and E (Use Repetition Method for the calculations of angles of
Triangles to achieve accuracy).

• After calculating all the internal angles of the scheme, the unknown lengths of the triangulation
scheme can be determined by using base line and internal angles.

• Trigonometric relations like sine law can be used for this purpose.

• From all the data, make possible corrections in Angles, Bearings, Latitudes and Departures.

• Select suitable Independent Co-ordinates and plot a graph to calculate the required area of
traverse.

• Also plot a neat triangulation scheme showing all the internal angles and lengths.

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Observations and calculations:

Base line = BD

Length of Base line = 19.6512 m

Length of AB = 23.7942 m

Length of BC = 18.8448 m

Length of CD = 13.7300 m

Length of DE = 14.4498 m

Length of EA = 21.1443 m

Perimeter of the Traverse = 91.9631

Fore Bearing and Back Bearing, Conversion of WCB to RB:

Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing Whole Circle Reduce Bearing (RB)
Bearing (WCB)
AB 178⸰ 30’ 00” 358⸰ 30’ 00” 178⸰ 30’ 00” 1⸰ 30’ 00” SE
BC 265⸰ 47’ 41” 85⸰ 47’ 41” 265⸰ 47’ 41” 85⸰ 47’ 41” SW
CD 12⸰ 30’ 37” 192⸰ 30’ 37” 12⸰ 30’ 37” 12⸰ 30’ 37” NE
DE 336⸰ 16’ 30” 156⸰ 16’ 30” 336⸰16’ 30” 23⸰ 43’ 30” NW
EA 92⸰ 33’ 8” 272⸰ 33’ 8” 92⸰ 33’ 8” 87⸰ 26’ 52” SE

Latitude and Departure:

Line Length (m) Latitude (L cos ) Departure (L sin )

AB 23.7942 -23.7860 0.6229
BC 18.8448 -1.3819 -18.7941
CD 13.7300 13.4040 2.9741
DE 14.4498 13.2286 -5.8138
EA 21.1443 -0.9416 21.1233
Total 91.9631 0.5231 0.1124

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Corrected Latitude and Departure (Correction by Bowditch’s Rule):

Line Length (m) Correction for Correction for Corrected Latitude Corrected
Latitude Departure Departure
AB 23.8895 -0.1353 -0.0291 -23.9213 0.5938
BC 18.9172 -0.1072 -0.0230 -1.4891 -18.8171
CD 13.2463 -0.0781 -0.0168 13.3259 2.9573
DE 14.5082 -0.0822 -0.0177 13.1464 -5.8315
EA 21.2300 -0.1203 -0.0258 -1.0619 21.0975
Total 91.7912 0 0

Coordinates:
Station Side Consecutive Consecutive Independent Independent
Latitude Departure Latitude (Y) Departure (X)
A AB -23.9213 0.5938 200 200
B BC -1.4891 -18.8171 176.0787 200.5938
C CD 13.3259 2.9573 174.5896 181.7767
D DE 13.1464 -5.8315 187.9155 184.734
E EA -1.0619 21.0975 201.0619 178.9025
A 200 200

Calculation of area traverse:

Calculation of Area of Traverse

Station 2 2 Total Area
Y X ∑P (m2) ∑Q (m2)
A 200 200 40118.76 35215.74
B 176.0787 200.5938 32007.00503 35021.5913
C 174.5896 181.7767 32252.63517 34158.65947
444.93655 m2
D 187.9155 184.734 33618.55274 37142.96903
E 201.0619 178.9025 40212.38 35780.5
A 200 200 178209.3329 177319.4598

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 [Advance Engineering Survey]

∑P= [Y1X2+Y2X3+Y3X4+Y4X5+Y5X1] = 178209.3329m2

∑Q= [X1Y2+X2Y3+X3Y4+X4Y5+X5Y1] = 177319.4598m2

Total Area of Traverse =

Area of Traverse = 444.93655 m2

Comments:
❖ In this Job we find out the Area of Traverse by using Triangulation Method
❖ Which involves a proper procedure and background terms
❖ In which we studied firstly about terms latitudes departures coordinates with their
correction and formula for calculating area of traverse
❖ Then by taking values from field we put it onto it and calculate the required area.

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