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use of ADF
IFR Briefing I4
V2.0
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Objectives
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Introduction
• NDB beacon
• NDB = Non-Directional Beacon
• Frequency range: 190 – 1750 kHz (LF – MF)
• Range: up to 60NM (NDB), 25NM (locator)
• Cone of confusion: overhead the beacon, the higher the wider
• Identification: 2 or 3 letter mores code
• Signal subject to night, sea and mountain
effect, static interference (rain, lightning)
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Airborne equipment (G1000)
• Automatic Direction Finding
• 1 ADF receiver
• 2 bearing pointers on HSI (moving compass rose)
− Single and double needle
− Both can be set for ADF
− Normally we use BRG 2 for ADF!
Airborne equipment (G1000)
• Automatic Direction Finding
• Dip Error (banking):
− When rolling into turn, needle dips to the side of the
low wing
− The needle “leads” into the turn by up to 15°
− Indication ONLY accurate with WINGS LEVEL
• No warning system in case of system failure or loss of
signal.
When using ADF as primary navaid, ident must be on!
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Using ADF and positional awareness
• Using the ADF
• Standard work method: TISD
STANDARD WORKMETHOD
ALWAYS VISUALIZE !
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Tracking
• General
• Tracking = keeping the aircraft accurately on an inbound or outbound
course.
• Fly a specific wind corrected heading that will keep you on your track.
• Even with a correct drift correction, course deviations possible:
− varying winds
− bends in electronic track.
Tracking
• Tracking to the station
• “Track QDM 140° FFZ NDB” ≈ track course 140°, radial 320° inbound.
Tracking
• Tracking from the station
• “Track QDR 250° FFZ NDB” ≈ track course 250°, radial 250° outbound.
Tracking
• Workmethod
STANDARD WORKMETHOD
Back to step 2
Tracking
• Step 1 Estimate and fly a heading corrected for drift.
04 D M
5°
Q
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = ?
Tracking
WIND
• Step 2 + 3
04 D M
5°
Q
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking
WIND
• Step 2 + 3
04 D M
5°
Q
On track
QDM = 045°
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking
• Step 4 Apply an adapted drift correction.
04 D M
5°
Q
On track
QDM = 045°
Magn. heading = 035°
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking Course deviation = 2° left
QDM = 047°
WIND New heading = ?
• Back to step 2
04 D M
5°
Q
On track
QDM = 045°
Magn. heading = 035°
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking Course deviation = 2° left
QDM = 047°
WIND New heading = 040°
• Back to step 2
04 D M
5°
Q
On track
QDM = 045°
Magn. heading = 035°
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking
04 D M
Course deviation = 2° left
5°
QDM = 047°
WIND
Q
New heading = 040°
• Back to step 2
On track
QDM = 045°
Magn. heading = 035° On track
QDM = 045°
Magn. heading = 037°
Starting tracking
QDM = 045°
Est. Drift = 5° right Course deviation = 4° right
Magn. hdg = 040° QDM = 041°
New heading = 040° - 12°
= 28°
Tracking
• To remember
• Needle is NOT correct when in a turn.
Workmethod:
− Wings level – check needle
− correct or maintain heading
− wings level – check needle …
QDM 314°
Magn. hdg. 309°
(single correction)
QDM 317°
Est. drift 5°
Magn. hdg. 312°
Tracking
• station passage
• Cone of confusion / silence:
− needle becomes unstable
− needle sweeps
• MAINTAIN YOUR AVERAGE HEADING! DON’T CHASE THE
NEEDLE!
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Interceptions
• General
• Position the aircraft on a required QDM or QDR.
• Switching from one QDM / QDR to another.
Interceptions – Initial heading
• General
• Figure out initial interception heading
• Always visualize, don’t use tricks.
• Draw the track we have to fly for the interception on the
HSI.
STANDARD WORKMETHOD
n d if f er e n ce
Whe c t u a l&
n a
betwee 6 0 ° - 90°
d =
require
Interceptions – Initial heading
• Outbound – outbound interception
• Intercept QDR 300°.
Interceptions – Initial heading
• Outbound – inbound interception
• Intercept QDM 090°.
Interceptions – Initial heading
• Inbound – outbound interception
• Also valid for outbound interception close to the station.
• Intercept QDR 120°.
Interceptions – Initial heading
• Summary
Interception Attack
wind
Interceptions – Wind
• Be wind minded
• Intercept QDR 300°. Wind 180/20.
wind
Interceptions – Wind
• Be wind minded
• Intercept QDM 090°. Wind 180/20.
ind
w
Interceptions – Wind
• Be wind minded
• Intercept QDR 120°. Wind 030/20.
wi
nd
Avoid
overshoot !!!
Interceptions – When to turn?
• Variables
• When we are on the interception heading, the turn away
from initial heading depends on:
1. current attack,
2. (estimated) distance to/from the beacon,
3. airspeed,
4. wind.
• Avoid overshooting required QDM / QDR!
• Interception is done with rate one, but you can adapt bank
angle.
Interceptions – When to turn?
• Current attack
• On an inbound interception, use common sense to
decrease the attack.
• Example: Intercept QDM 260°.
• Airspeed
• The higher the airspeed, the earlier the turn must be
started.
Interceptions – When to turn?
• Wind
• Be wind minded:
− Is the wind pushing you towards the QDM / QDR or
away from the QDM / QDR?
− Start the interception earlier or later in function of the
wind.
− Turn to a wind corrected heading, THINK TWICE!
Drift correction = XWC/SN
Start with tracking
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Exercises
• Introduction
• “Chairflying”
• Make a lot of exercises at home.
• Draw the visualization, work on flight simulator.
• Time permitting, make classroom exercises.
Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Intercept QDM 220°
Exercises
• Exercise 2
• Intercept QDM 140.
Exercises
• Exercise 3
• After station passage, intercept QDR 180°.
Exercises
• Exercise 4
• Intercept QDM 130°.
Exercises
• Exercise 5
• Intercept QDR 250°.
Exercises
• Exercise 6
• Intercept QDM 190°.
Exercises
• Exercise 7
• Intercept QDM 240°.
Exercises
• Exercise 8
• After station passage, intercept QDR 350°.
Exercises
• Exercise 9
• From present position, intercept QDR 200°.
Exercises
• Exercise 10
• From present position, intercept QDM 280°.
Exercises
• Exercise 11
• From present position, intercept QDM 180°.
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Airmanship
Be wind minded
• Initial interception HDG
• When to start intercept
• Drift correction
• “Think twice”
TISD
• Identify
• Use double needle bearing pointer
VISUALIZE!
• Practice drawings of visualizations at home & use FS
Leave ident on if ADF used as primary navaid
Content – I4
Objectives
Introduction
Airborne equipment (G1000)
Using ADF and positional awareness
Tracking
Interceptions
Exercises
Airmanship
Common errors
Common errors