TV Radar PJ

TV AND RADAR ENGG (EC- 804) 2017-18
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL (EC-804)
“TV AND RADAR ENGG (EC- 804)”
Name: ______________________________________
Semester: ___________________________________
Branch: _____________________________________
Enrollment No. _______________________________
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E.) COURSE

SEMESTER – VIII
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Laboratory Manual
Index
S. No. Particulars Page No.
1 Vision and Mission of the Institute
2 Vision and Mission of the Department
3 Programme Educational Objective (PEOs)
4 Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
5 Programme Outcomes (POs)
6 Course Outcomes (COs)
7 CO-PO Matrix
8 CO-PSO Matrix
9 University Scheme
10 Syllabus
11 Academic Calendar
12 List of Experiments
13 Lab Time Table (Individual & Class)
14 Laboratory Plan
15 Lab Manual
16 Important Viva questions
17 Attendance Record
18 Internal Assessment Record of attainment of Course Outcomes
19 Measurement of CO attainment through Internal Assessments
20
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ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

BHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
VISION
The Institute aspires to develop as a centre of excellence with emphasis on quality

teaching and research so as to deliver comprehensively trained, innovative engineers
and enterprising, competent professionals, who are ethically responsible to serve the
society.
MISSION
To create an academic ambience which nurtures the students to attain domain

knowledge, lifelong learning skills and ethical inputs to sustain in a highly
competitive environment.
To establish state of art infrastructure and facilities which will pave the way for
dissemination of technical knowledge with passion and commitment.
To impart industry relevant skill-based training and aid in overall development of

students.
To foster research and consultancy in collaboration with Institutes of National repute

and industry, so that students can come up with innovative technology, that caters to
the needs of the society.
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Laboratory Manual

BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
VISION
To produce comprehensively trained socially responsible, innovative Electronics and

Communication engineers and researchers of highest quality.
MISSION
To provide high quality teaching, research, services and supportive environment

M1
to students for acclimatizing to the rapidly developing world of Electronics.
To provide multiple options so that students can maximize on their career

M2
choices.
To promote intellectual, ethical and technological environment to the students

M3 and invokes a strong desire of contributing to the society and the ability of life-
long learning in the students for pursuing successful career in engineering.
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Laboratory Manual

BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
Programme Educational Objective (PEOs)
Able to apply concepts of mathematics, science and computing to

PEO 1: Electronics and Communication Engineering
PEO 2: Able to design and develop interdisciplinary and innovative systems
Able to inculcate effective communication skills, team work, ethics,

leadership in preparation for a successful career in Government, academia,
PEO 3:
industry and R&D organizations.
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Laboratory Manual

BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
Graduate will be able to analyze complex designs and provide solutions in the
PSO1
domains of Communication systems, antennas and Signal processing using acquired
analytic knowledge and Modern Design and automation tools.
Graduate will be able to implement the concepts of Internet of things,

PSO2 Microprocessors and VLSI as per the current trends and needs of the Electronics
Industry.
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Laboratory Manual

BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, reviewer search literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
Engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
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Laboratory Manual
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the

knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practices.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
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Laboratory Manual

BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
TV AND RADAR LABORATORY
Lab Course Outcomes
Upon the completion of TV AND Radar Laboratory, the student will be able to:
Course Outcomes
CO No.
Engineering Graduate will be able to
1 Classify the building blocks used in television systems.
2 Discuss the principles of color Television operation.
3 Describe and differentiate working principles of various digital TV technologies.
4 Elaborate the operation of RADAR System.
5 Analyze the operations of various RADAR Receivers.
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
CO Vs PO
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
1 3 3 1
2 2 3
3 3 3 1 2
4 3 2 2
5 3 3 2
CO Vs PSO
CO PSO1 PSO2
1
2
3 2 2
4 2 1
5 -
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
SCHEME
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
EC- 804 TV AND RADAR ENGEE

Unit I
Basic Television System

Introduction: Scanning principles: sound and picture transmission, scanning
process, camera pick-up devices, video signal, transmission and reception of video
signals, brightness perception and photometric quantities, aspect ratio and
rectangular scanning, persistence of vision and flicker, vertical resolution, the Kell
factor, horizontal resolution and video bandwidth, interlaced scanning.
Composite Video Signal: Lines and scanning, video signal components,
horizontal sync and blanking standards, vertical sync and blanking standards, video
modulation and vestigial side band signal, sound modulation and inter-carrier
system.
Television Standards: Standard channel characteristics, reception of the vestigial
side band signals, television broadcast channel, consolidated CCIR system-B
standard, various television broadcast systems.
Television Pick-up devices and Cameras: Camera lenses, auto-focus systems,
television camera pick-ups, Silicon Vidicon, CCD image sensors, video processing
of camera pick-up signal.
Unit II
Colour Television
Colour fundamentals: mixing of colours and colour perception, chromaticity
diagram, colour television camera,colour TV signals and transmission, NTSC,
SECAM and PAL system, Trinitron picture tube, automatic degaussing, plasma,
LCD displays.
Television transmission and reception: requirement of TV broadcast
transmission, design principle of TV transmitters, IF modulation, power output
stages, block diagram of TV transmitter, co-channel interference and ghost images
during propagation of television signals, antenna requirements for television
system, block schematic and function requirements for television receivers, trends
in circuit design, colour television receiver.
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Unit III
Digital Television Technology
Merits of digital technology, fully digital television system, digital television
signals, digitized video parameters, digital video hardware, transmission of digital
TV signals, bit rate reduction, digital TV receivers, video processor unit, audio
processor unit.
Other television systems: Closed Circuit television system (CCTV), Cable
television system (CATV), multiplexed analog component encoding television
system (MAC TV), High definition television system (HDTV), and High definition
multiplexed analog component television (HD-MAC TV), High Performance
Computer Controlled TV (HPCC TV), 3-D stereoscopic television techniques.
Unit IV
RADAR
The Radar range equation, block diagram and operation, performance factors:
prediction of range performance, minimum detectable signal, receiver noise,
probability density functions, signal to noise ratios. Radar cross section of targets,
transmitter power, pulse repetition frequency and range ambiguities, antenna
parameters.
The CW radar: the Doppler Effect, FM-CW radar.
The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Radar: delay line cancellers.
Unit V
Radar Receivers
The radar receiver, noise figure, mixers, low noise front ends, displays- type A and
PPI representations, duplexer and receiver protectors.
Other Radar systems: Synthetic aperture radar, HF over the horizon radar, Air
Surveillance Radar (ASR), Biostatic radar.
References:
1. Dhake: Television and Video Engineering, TMH.
2. Skolnik: Introduction to Radar Systems, TMH, New Delhi.
3. Gupta: Television Engineering and Video Systems, TMH, New Delhi.
4. Gulati: Monochrome and Colour Television, New Age International.
5. Grob and Herndon: Basic Television and Video Systems, McGraw Hill
International.
6. Peebles, Jr.: Radar Principles, Wiley India Pvt. LTD.
7. Edde: Radar- Principles, Technology Applications, Pearson Education.
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List of Experiments:
Section A: Television Engineering
1. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of RF Tuner Section.
(b) To Study the RF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.
(c) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for
RF Section.
2. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of VIF Tuner Section.
(b) To Study the VIF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.
VIF Section.
3. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of Video and Chroma Section Tuner
Section.
(b) To Study the Video and Chroma Section by Measuring Voltages at Various
Test Points
Video and Chroma
Section.
4. (a) To Observe the Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section through
Various Test Point.
(b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for
Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section.
5. (a) To Observe the Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section through
Various Test Point.
Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section.
6. To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for
Sound Output Section.
7. To Study the Circuit Description of Audio and Video Section Tuner Section.
8. (a) To Study the System Control Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test
Points.
System Control Section.
Section B: RADAR
1. Study of Doppler Effect.
2. To Measure Speed of a fan and various Other Objects (Pendulum, Tuning Fork,
Plate etc.)
3. To Simulate the Variable Speed of Moving Objects using Velocity Simulator.
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC CALENDER
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S. No Name of Experiment Page No. Course
Outcome
TO STUDY THE CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF RF TUNER
1 SECTION.
CO1
TO PERFORM THE FAULT SIMULATION AND STEP-

2 CO1
BY- STEP FAULT FINDING PROCEDURE FOR RF
SECTION.
TO OBSERVE THE HORIZONTAL OSCILLATOR AND
3 HORIZONTAL OUTPUT SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS
CO1
TEST POINT.
TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL OSCILLATOR AND
4 CO1
VERTICAL OUTPUT SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS
TESTPOINT.
TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL OSCILLATOR AND
5 VERTICAL OUTPUT SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS
CO1
TESTPOINT.
TO OBSERVE THE FAULT SIMULATION AND STEP BY
6 STEP FAULT FINDING PROCEDURE FOR SOUND
CO1
OUTPUT SECTION.
TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL CIRCUIT OF SYSTEM
7 CO1
CONTROL SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS TEST
POINTS.
TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL CIRCUIT OF VIDEO AND
8 CHROMA SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS TEST
CO2
POINTS AND TO STUDY THE FAULT SIMULATION
AND STEP-BY-STEP FAULT FINDING.
TO PERFORM THE VIDEO AND CHROMA SECTION BY
9 CO2
MEASURING VOLTAGES AT VARIOUS TEST POINTS.
10 TO STUDY CCTV. CO3
TO STUDY OF DOPPLER EFFECT WITH WORKING

11 PRINCIPLES OF RADAR SYSTEM.
CO4
TO MEASURE SPEED OF A FAN AND VARIOUS OTHER

12 OBJECTS (PENDULUM, TUNING FORK, PLATE ETC)
CO5
USING RADAR SYSTEM.
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
LAB TIME TABLE (INDIVIDUAL & CLASS)
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BHOPAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY PLAN
Department EC Session 2017-18
Name of Faculty Semester VIII
Subject TV AND RADAR ENGEE Subject Code EC804
Planned Date
Exp. CO Actual Date of HOD
Experiment of Remarks
No. Completion Verification
Completion
TO STUDY THE CIRCUIT

1 DESCRIPTION OF RF TUNER
CO1
SECTION.
TO PERFORM THE FAULT

2 SIMULATION AND STEP- BY- STEP CO1
FAULT FINDING PROCEDURE FOR
RF SECTION
TO OBSERVE THE HORIZONTAL

3 OSCILLATOR AND HORIZONTAL CO1
OUTPUT SECTION THROUGH
VARIOUS TEST POINT.
TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL

4 OSCILLATOR AND VERTICAL CO1
VARIOUS TESTPOINT.
TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL

5 OSCILLATOR AND VERTICAL CO1
VARIOUS TESTPOINT.
TO OBSERVE THE FAULT

6 SIMULATION AND STEP BY STEP CO1
FAULT FINDING PROCEDURE FOR
SOUND OUTPUT SECTION.
TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL

CIRCUIT OF SYSTEM CONTROL
7 SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS CO1
TEST POINTS.
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TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL

CIRCUIT OF VIDEO AND CHROMA
8 SECTION THROUGH VARIOUS CO2
TEST POINTS AND TO STUDY THE
FAULT SIMULATION AND STEP-
BY-STEP FAULT FINDING.
TO PERFORM THE VIDEO AND
CHROMA SECTION BY
9 MEASURING VOLTAGES AT
CO2
VARIOUS TEST POINTS.
TO STUDY CCTV..
10 CO3
TO STUDY OF DOPPLER EFFECT

WITH WORKING PRINCIPLES OF
11 RADAR SYSTEM. CO4
TO MEASURE SPEED OF A FAN

AND VARIOUS OTHER OBJECTS
12 (PENDULUM, TUNING FORK, CO5
PLATE ETC) USING RADAR
SYSTEM
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Laboratory Manual
General Introduction
Television is a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens,
chiefly used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education.
The television set has become a commonplace in many households, businesses, and institutions.
It is a major vehicle for advertising.
Basic Principles of Television

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically an electromagnetic
system used to detect the location and distance of an object from the point where the RADAR is
placed. It works by radiating energy into space and monitoring the echo or reflected signal from
the objects. It operates in the UHF and microwave range.
A Basic Idea of RADAR
The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter which produces an electromagnetic

signal which is radiated into space by an antenna. When this signal strikes any object, it gets
reflected or reradiated in many directions. This reflected or echo signal is received by the radar
antenna which delivers it to the receiver, where it is processed to determine the geographical
statistics of the object. The range is determined by the calculating the time taken by the signal to
travel from the RADAR to the target and back. The target’s location is measured in angle, from
the direction of maximum amplitude echo signal, the antenna points to. To measure range and
location of moving objects, Doppler Effect is used.
A Basic RADAR System
Given below are 6 major parts of a RADAR System:
 A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave Tube or a

power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated using a waveform generator
and then amplified in the power amplifier.
 Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the RADAR signals.
 Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays or electronically
steered phased arrays.
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 Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It can be a

gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the input to the receiver when transmitter
is working.
 Receiver: It can be super heterodyne receiver or any other receiver which consists of a
processor to process the signal and detect it.
 Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to detect the
presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the presence of noise is assumed.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 1
AIM: To Study the Circuit Description of RF Tuner Section
APPARATUS REQUIRED: T.V. kit

THEORY:
A Television receiver commonly called TV or Television set receives the telecast signals and
reproduces the televised scene and sound. The following functions are performed by various
stages of a television receiver.
1. To intercept the telecast signals, to select the signals of the desired channel and to amplify
these.
2. To separate the video (vision or picture) signals from the combined signals, to amplify these
and to reproduce these in to form of picture on the picture-tube screen. This is done with the
help of horizontal and vertical sweeps.
3. To separate the FM sound signals, to amplify to detect and to reproduce the sound.
4. To separate the synchronizing signals (in brief sync signal ) from the composite video-signals.
5. To produce horizontal (line ) and vertical (frame ) sweep signals, synchronized with the help
of sync signals and to give these to the respective deflection coils producing the two sweeps.
6. To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to
various electrodes of the picture tube and for heating its cathode.
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The working of the various stages/sections of a solid-stage TV receiver has been briefly
described here with the help of the block schematic diagram in which various stages have been
depicted in the form of boxes. While the number of ICs used in different models of TV receivers
may differ, this block schematic which is based on four ICs represents a fairly balanced
circuit optimizing the use of ICs.
AERIAL:
The aerial picks up the telecast signals and gives these to the input of the tuner through the
feeder wire and an impedance matching transformer know as “ balun”.
TUNER: The signals picked up by the aerial are given to the tuner which consists of two stages
of RF amplifier and frequency changer (converter). The RF amplifier partly selects the signals
of the desired channel and amplifies these. The amplified signals are given to the frequency
changer.
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The frequency changer (converter) performs two functions. Firstly it produces oscillations at a
frequency which is higher than the frequency of the incoming signals by the intermediate
frequency (IF), secondly it mixes the incoming signals and the oscillations. This mixing results
in the production of intermediate frequency (IF) signals. Since there are two independent
signals video and audio, two frequencies are produced. The usual intermediate frequencies in the
system used in our country are 38.9 MHz for picture and 33.4 MHz for the sound respectively.
A single channel or multichannel tuner may be used depending on whether a receiver is meant
for single channel or multichannel reception. Bipolar tuners having turret tuning or incremental
tuning are common in multichannel TV receivers. Electronic tuners are also gaining popularity.
Viva Question:
1. Mention the major function of the camera tube?
The major function of the camera tube is to convert an optical image into electrical signals.
2. Define visual acuity?
Visual acuity can be defined as the ability of human eye to resolve finer details in a picture
3. What do you refer by persistence of eye?
The persistence of eye refers to the storage capability of the human eye
4. Define luminous intensity?
It is the measure of light intensity responsible for stimulating visual sensation.
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EXPERIMENT NO 2
AIM: To Perform the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure
for RF Section
APPARATUS REQUIRED: T.V. kit
THEORY:
A Television receiver commonly called TV or Television set receives the telecast signals and
reproduces the televised scene and sound. The following functions are performed by various
stages of a television receiver.
1. To intercept the telecast signals, to select the signals of the desired channel and to amplify
these.
2. To separate the video (vision or picture) signals from the combined signals, to amplify these
and to reproduce these in to form of picture on the picture-tube screen. This is done with the
help of horizontal and vertical sweeps.
3. To separate the FM sound signals, to amplify to detect and to reproduce the sound.
4. To separate the synchronizing signals (in brief sync signal ) from the composite video-signals.
5. To produce horizontal (line ) and vertical (frame ) sweep signals, synchronized with the help
of sync signals and to give these to the respective deflection coils producing the two sweeps.
To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to
various electrodes of the picture tube and for heating its cathode.
VIDEO IF SECTION
The picture (vision ) and sound IF signals obtained from the tuner are given to the video IF
section. Two or three wave-traps are provided at the input of this section to suppress the signals
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from the adjacent channels and also to reduce the amplitude of the sound IF signals (to eliminate
interference from these signals with picture signals).The main functions performed by this
section are amplification of the signals, detection of the picture (video) IF signals to obtain the
video signals, pre-amplification of video signals mixing of picture and sound IF signals,
resulting in the production of inter carrier sound IF signal (5.5 MHz) keyed AGC for the IF
amplifier and producing keyed and delayed AGC voltage for the RF amplifier in the tuner.As
the band width of the picture signals is rather large, this section is designed to provide adequate
band width. Staggered tuned circuits (circuits tuned to different frequencies ) are used for
interstage coupling to obtain the desired band width. An IC such as CA 3068 is normally used in
this section.
VIDEO OUTPUT:
The video output stage amplifiers the video signals obtained from the video (picture) IF section
and given these signals to the cathode of picture tube. As the bandwidth of the video signals is
rather large (from D.C. to abut 5.0 MHz) the video output section has to be designed to provide
sufficient gain over the entire band.Three transistors are normally used in the video output
section one as the driver the second as output and the third for the horizontal and vertical retrace
lines on the picture tube.
PICTURE TUBE:
The picture tube is a specially designed cathode ray tube which displays the video signals in the
form of picture on its screen with the help of horizontal (line) and vertical (frame) sweeps.
Electromagnetic deflection is used in the television picture tubes. A set of two windings one for
producing the horizontal sweep and the other for vertical sweep, is placed on the neck of picture
tube. These are known as deflection coils or yoke. The sweep signals are given to the respective
windings of this yoke. An IC CA 3065 (or similar) is commonly used in this section. The
functions given above, this IC also includes an electronic attenuator for volume control and a
zener diode regulated power supply for supplying its various stages.
SOUND OUTPUT :
The sound (audio) signals obtained from the sound IF section are not of sufficient amplitude to
drive the loudspeaker. The output section amplifies the sound signals and gives sufficient output
power. Two stages a driver and output are used in this section. The driver transistor (BC 148 or
similar) amplifies the sound signals obtained from the sound IF subsystem the output stage,
which normally is based on two transistors (matched pair of versa tile transistors 2N 5296 and
2N 6110 or similar types) in a complementary , symmetry single- ended push pull circuit,
further amplifies the sound signals and gives them to the loudspeaker. Positive and negative
flyback pulses are also obtained from this stage for keyed AGC, line frequency control and
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Laboratory Manual
suppressing the retrace lines on the picture tube. The line output section utilises two transistor –
one as driver and the other as output. A high voltage power transistors such as BU 205/508A is
used in the output stage.
VERTICAL SWEEP-SECTION:
The vertical (frame) sweep-section produces vertical sweep signals and provides saw-toothed
frame-sweep current to the frame (vertical) sweep coil. This section consists of a controlled
oscillator the frequency and phase of which are kept in synchronization by the sync signals. This
is followed by an
amplifier cum output stage which amplifiers these oscillations and drives quiescent current
through the frame deflection coil. An IC like IC 2130 is commonly used in this sweep current to
the frame (vertical) sweep coil. This section consists of a controlled oscillator the frequency and
phase of which are kept in synchronization by the sync signals. This is followed by an amplifier
cum output stage which amplifiers these oscillations and drives sufficient current through the
frame defection coil.An IC like IC 2130 is commonly used in this section. In some earlier
models transistorized circuits have also been used in the sections.
POWER SUPPLY:
In solid state television receiver power is required at different D.C. voltage for operating various
stages. These are obtained from the main power supply and the auxiliary power supply. The
main power supply provides D.C. voltages of about 110 to 130 volts. This is obtained by
rectifying the mains voltage and smoothening it . This power from the main supply is usually
given to the video amplifier line output section and the grid of the picture tube. A 12 volt supply
is also obtained from it by dropping and stabilizing this voltage, for feeding the line oscillator
sub-section. The auxiliary power supply is a part of the line output stage. DC voltage ranging
from 12 to14 volts are provided by the auxiliary power supply. These are used for supplying to
various sections operating at low voltage. In some television receivers an IC like CA 810 may
be used in sound section in place of the transistors. ICs are now available which are capable of
performing the complete functions of sound IF and sound output sections. CA 1190 (BEL) is an
example of these ICs.
LINE OSCILLATOR SUB – SECTION
The main function of the line oscillator is to produce oscillations at the line sweep (15625 Hz).
The frequency and phase of these oscillations is controlled by the sync signals. A preamplifier
for amplifying the oscillations and sync separator are also included in this section.An IC like CA
920 (BEL) is commonly used in this sub-section. This IC combines the following function sync-
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Laboratory Manual
separator, noise-gating for reducing the effect noise pulses on synchronizing, line oscillator,
phase detector for comparing the phase of the line oscillator with reference to sync signals (for
correcting the oscillator phase and frequency) and preamplifier.
LINE OUTPUT:
The line output section is one of the most important section in a television receiver. It provides
saw-toothed line sweep current to the line (horizontal) deflection coil. It also performs the
following functions.
1. Producing a high voltage D.C. known as EHT (around 17,000 volts in black and white
television receivers ). This is given to the final anode of the picture-tube.
2. Producing a high voltage D.C. of about 1000 volts giving to the accelerating and focusing
anodes of the picture tube.
3. Providing low voltage A.C. for heating the filament of the picture tube.
4. Providing low voltage D.C. at suitable voltages for feeding some of the ICs and transistors.
GENERATION OF EHT
As explained under generation of sweep, the collector current of the output transistor builds up
a magnetic field around the deflection coil during trace. When the deflection current reaches its
peak value the voltage at the base of this transistor suddenly falls to zero and cuts- off this
transistor. The magnetic field around the deflection coil will therefore collapse. As the rate of
collapse of the magnetic field is very fast a high voltage is induced in the primary winding of the
line output transformer. This voltage is further stepped up by the secondary winding which
consists of a large number of turns.The voltage obtained at the secondary winding is rectified by
a diode and is smoothed by the capacity formed between the inner and outer coating in the
picture tube. This provides a D.C. voltage of about 17000 volts. A high voltage is also induced
during retrace on the primary winding of the line output transformer.
FLYBACK PULSES
During the retrace, pulses are also induced in the windings of the line output transformer. The
pulses so obtained are given to the line oscillator IC CA 920 to serve as reference of oscillator
for correction of its phase. These pulses are also given to the video amplifier for suppressing the
horizontal retrace lines.
AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY The auxiliary supply gives supply at three D.C. voltages –12 volts,
24 volts and 40 volts A voltage of about 6.3 volts from the line output transformer is given to
the heater of the picture tube (pins 1 and 8).
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EXPERIMENT NO 3
AIM: To Observe the Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section through
Various Test Point.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Monochrome TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.
THEORY: The Horizontal section consists of following subsections, the sync amplifier, sync
separator, AFC section, and Horizontal oscillator amplifier section. The sync pulses separated
from the composite video signal are fed to the sync amplifier. The sync amplifier amplifies the
sync signal. The amplified sync signal is given to the sync separator section, which separates the
horizontal sync signal and vertical sync signal from the original amplified sync signal. After this
separation, vertical sync signal is given to the vertical section and simultaneously horizontal sync
signal is given to the AFC section.
AFC section controls the phase level of the horizontal sync signal and converts it into DC control
voltage termed as AFC. This AFC signal flows to the horizontal oscillator section. This section
generates the horizontal line signal of 15625 Hz. The oscillated signal is amplified by the
horizontal amplifier and given to the driver section. The theory should cover following points
Detail circuit of horizontal oscillator section.
Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram of horizontal oscillator section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit manual.
Result: - The horizontal section consists of sync amplifier, sync separator, AFC section, and
horizontal oscillator section. The horizontal section generates the saw tooth current off frequency
15625Hz to move the electron beam in the horizontal direction.
29
Laboratory Manual
Viva Question:
1. Define vertical resolution?
2. What is horizontal resolution?
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 4
AIM: To Observe the Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section through
various Test Point.
Study of detail circuit description of vertical oscillator and vertical output section Vertical Oscillator:
Vertical oscillator is also built in IC501 (CD7698) & pin no. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 are its
connection pins. As we have already studied that vertical sync signal is present at pin no. 36after
sync separation. The vertical sync signal from pin no. 36 passes from circuit network of R304
(10K), R330 (3K), R305 (2.4K) and capacitor C310 (.47mF) and obtained at pin No. Vertical
oscillator produces 50 Hz frequency which is amplified inside the IC and available at pin no. 24
which is vertical driver pin. This vertical driver signal from pin no. 24 is fed to base of vertical
driver transistor Q303 (C2229) by resistance R325 (330W). Collector of this transistor provides
amplified output which is supplied to vertical output section for amplification.
Vertical Output:
Vertical driver signal is given to the vertical output section. In vertical output section two push-
pull transistors are used. One is NPN transistor Q306 (C2073) and another one is PNP transistor
Q307 (A940).Vertical signal from the collector of vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) are fed
to the base of both vertical output transistors Q306 and Q307. Pin no. 8 of EHT transformer
provides the positive supply to vertical output section. There is approximately 36V AC at pin no.
8 of EHT transformer. It is rectified by R327 (10W, 2W) and diode D302 (BY159) and supplied
to vertical output section by R355 (27R) and R317 (680W). Capacitor C311 (330mF) is filter
capacitor of this supply. Amplified signal after amplification is obtained at common point of
both the emitters of both vertical output transistors Q306 & Q307. This signal is fed to vertical
yoke coil by capacitor C316 (330mF).Other end of vertical yoke coil is grounded by resistance
R323 (1R8, 1W). The same end of vertical yoke coil provides the vertical feedback to pin no. 26
of vertical oscillator section by C317 (4.7mF / 63V) and R321 (1KW)
Vertical Height Control:
At pin no. 27 of IC501 (CD7698) vertical height control is connected. VR225 (47K) is vertical
height adjustment preset and from its centre point vertical linearity preset is connected which is
VR316 (10K).
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Laboratory Manual
32
Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 5
AIM: To observe the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure of
vertical Oscillator and vertical output section.
Fault 29: There is Horizontal Line on the screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of
jumper J18
Symptoms: No picture OK sound. Only Horizontal line is present on the screen.
Fault Section: Vertical oscillator (part of video & chroma IC501)
Procedure:
Check vertical frequency of 50 Hz at pin no. 24 of IC501 (IC7698) if it is OK then,
If it is not then IC or related circuit may be faulty
Check this signal at base of transistor Q303, if it is not then
Faulty R325 or track may be open between pin no. 24 of IC501 and base of Q303.
Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper J18.
Result:
Now you should get picture on the screen.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 6
AIM: To Observe the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure
for Sound Output Section.
In our circuit it is IC601. As we have already studied that audio signals are available at pin no. 3
of IC101 (CD7680)-which is supplied to base of audio amplifier transistor Q601 (2SA1015) by
capacitor C608 (10mF/63V) Resistance RS1 (10K), R102 (2.2K). Collector of transistor Q601
(25A1015) gives amplified signals. This amplified signal is fed to pin no. 7 of sound output by
resistance R605A (4.7K) and C605 (.1mF).Audio signals are amplified up to the sufficient level
by this IC and obtained at pin no. 2 of this IC. It is provided to speaker by a capacitor C601
(470mF, 16V), pin no. 1 of IC601 is positive supply pin. SMPS transformer in power supply
section provides AC voltage from pin no. 2 which is rectified by diode D810 (BY159) 22V
approximately voltage is obtained which is given to pin no. 1 of IC1601 (TDA2611).Pin no. 4 of
IC601 is grounded. Other pins 3, 5 and 9 are no contact pins or not connected pins.
Study of fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure of Sound Output Section
Fault 31: There is no sound from speaker.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J9 Symptoms: Good Picture on the screen but without sound.
Fault Section: Sound Section.
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Laboratory Manual
Procedure :
Check power supply +20V at pin no. 1 of IC601 (IC2611) if it is OK then,
Check audio input signal at pin no. 7 of IC601 it should be low gain audio signal. If it is OK then,
Check audio output signal at pin no. 2 of IC601 it should be amplified audio signal. If it is OK then,
If it is not then IC may be faulty
Check this amplified audio signal at speaker pin (connected with speaker)
35
Laboratory Manual
If it is not then track may be open between IC601 (pin no. 2) and speaker pin,
if it is OK then speaker may be faulty.
Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper J9.
Result : Now you should get (sound) audio signal from speaker.
Fault 32 : No sound but good picture.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J10
Symptoms : Sound is not present but good picture.
Fault Section : Sound section.
Procedure :
First check the speaker, if it is OK then,
Check the voltage of IC601 at Pin no. 1 it should be 20V approximately, if it is not present then,
Check the voltage of D810 it should be 20V approximately If it is OK then, LL
Check the continuity of track between D810 & IC601 at pin no. 1 if no continuity present then,
Remove the shorting shunt between 1 & 2 connect it 2 & 3 of jumper J10.
Result : Now you should get sound.
Fault 33 : Very low sound. But ok picture.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J8
Symptoms : Sound is not varying by the volume control but OK picture.
Fault Section : Sound section.
Procedure :
First check the audio at the base of Q601 by touching any metallic thing like screw driver.
Check the SIF signal of IC101 at Pin no. 3, if it is OK, then
Check SIF signal at Base of transistor Q601, if it is not then
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Laboratory Manual
Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between Pin no. 3 of IC101 and Base of Transistor Q601
Remove the shorting shunt between 1 & 2 and connect it 2 & 3 jumper J8
Result: Now you should get volume variation.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
AIM - To study the detail circuit of System Control Section through various test
points
Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.
Theory: -
In almost all the TV receivers the circuits are provided to adjust volume, brightness, contrast,
channel selection etc. For various system control purposes either remote control or front panel
control is provided. The remote control enables the TV viewer to operate from a distance. Most
of the controls provided on the front panel are also provided on the remote control. The TV
trainer has IC 901 FONDA 4ST for system control purpose. It is dual in line package 40 pins IC
that controls all the sections of the TV trainer. Pin 1, 2 and 3 are used for band switching
purpose. These pin transfers the signal to the tuner section. The pin 5,6, 7, 21 and 22 are the key
matrix pins, which are connected with the keyboard. Keyboard is used for selecting one function
from the front panel. Pin 11 is connected to the pin 5 of the memory IC. Whenever we store any
channel or put it into memory the memory signals are stored in the memory IC with the help of
these pins.
The pin 28 is stand by input pin power ON/OFF signals are obtained here. Pin 34 is infrared
remote input pin ON pressing the remote switches. The signals are obtained first at this pin for
any function from remote switches. The remote provides the infrared waves which fall on sensor
EYE ON front panel. This eye recognizes the signal and amplifies it and gives to pin 34. So
signal work inside the IC for which remote key was pressed. Pin 36 is the color control pin. The
pin 38 is brightness control pin. Pin 39 is volume control pin.
The theory should include following points
__ Detail circuit of System control section.
__ Description of circuit diagram in detail.
Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram of system control section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit manual
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Laboratory Manual
Result: -
The system control section controls all the operations of the receiver such as channel selection,
brightness control, contrast adjustment etc.
Viva Question:
1. If the remote control is not working, then what may be the probable causes for such condition?
2. What do you mean by chrominance?
39
Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO: 8
AIM: To study the detail circuit of video and chroma section through various test
points and to study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter

Scientech Colour TV trainer ST2651 uses IC CD7698 (IC501) for video & chroma
section.Vital part of the IC is used for chroma section. For chroma section pin no. 1- 23 and pin
no.38-42 are used, other pins are used for Video section. For chroma section following are the
main sub sections in the IC :
 Chroma amplifier
 Colour oscillator
 Colour killer detector
 Matrix
 Luminance (Y) signal amplifier.
VIF section IC101 (CD7680) pin no. 15 supplies the composite colour video signal to the
Inverter pin no. 39 of IC501 (CD7698) by circuit made up of L105 (3.3mH) R958 (330W),
Trap5.5 MHz (ceramic filter) and L201 (12mH). In inverter section this signal is amplified as
well as detected, After detection Y signal goes to Y amplifier which is in built in IC, Remaining
amplified composite colour and sink signal are obtained at pin no. 40 of this IC, then fed to pin
no. 5 of this IC through resistance R501 (820W), C560 (18pF) and C502(10pF). Pin no. 5 is
Band pass amplifier pin. Signal goes to band pass amplifier by this pin and amplified here.
Amplified signal is obtained at pin no 8.From pin no. 8 the signal fed to pin no. 19 of this IC by
passing it through chroma trapcircuit. This trap circuit consists of VR551 (1K) C507 (0.01mf),
C508 (15Pf), C502 (10mH) X502 (DL701 delay line), L551 (TRF5418) R510 (470W) and C509
(.01mF). From pin no. 8 this signal is also fed to pin no. 17 of this IC in the form of colour sink
signal by resistance R509 (1.5K), C510 (.01mF) pin no. 17 is of matrix section. Pin no. 41 is
contrast control pin. Pin no. 41 gets the contrast control signal from pin no. 37 of system control
IC through resistance R946 (560W), R945 (1.5K) and R213 (47K). Pin no. 4 of this IC is
brightness control pin. Pin no. 38 of IC901 (system control section) supplies the brightness
control signals at this pin through resistance R941 (1K), R956 A (47K), R212 (10K). Pin no. 7 of
IC501 (CD7698) receives the colour control signals from pin no. 36 of IC901 through resistance
R947 (1K), R942 (12K) and R505 (2.2K). Pin no. 20 of IC501 (CD7698) is output pin of green
colour signal. Green colour output signal from this pin is fed to base of green colour amplifier
transistor. In the same way red colour signal obtained at pin no. 21 of this IC and then fed to base
of red colour output transistor Q507 (C2310). Blue colour signal obtained at pin no. 22 of this IC
and then fed to base blue colour output transistor Q509 (C2310).R-Y signals & B-Y signals. Y
signals from pin no. 42 of this IC are fed to pin no. 3 of the same IC through resistance R203
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Laboratory Manual
(1.5K), R210 (1.5K) arid capacitor C204 (.47mF) circuit network. Luminance signals are out
from pin no. 23 of this IC and fed to base of
luminance amplifier transistor. Q202 (2SA 1015) this transistor amplifies the signal and out the
signal by its emitter, which is then fed to all the three emitters of three colour output transistors.
Pin no. 30 to 37 ofIC501 (CD7698) works for horizontal oscillator AFC and sync separator
sections.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 09
AIM: - To Study the Video and Chroma Section by Measuring Voltages at Various
Test Points.
Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter

Scientech Colour TV trainer ST2651 uses IC CD7698 (IC501) for video & chroma section. Vital
part of the IC is used for chroma section. For chroma section pin no. 1- 23 and pin no. 38-42 are
used, other pins are used for Video section. For chroma section following are the main sub
sections in the IC :
Chroma amplifier
Colour oscillator
Colour killer detector
Matrix
Luminance (Y) signal amplifier.
TP26 Blue Video & Chroma section +12V (approximately)
TP28 Blue Video & Chroma section Colour composite video signal
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 10
AIM: To Study CCTV (closed circuit television)
CCTV (closed-circuit television) is a TV system in which signals are not publicly distributed but
are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security purposes.
CCTV relies on strategic placement of cameras, and observation of the camera's input on
monitors somewhere. Because the cameras communicate with monitors and/or video recorders
across private coaxial cable runs or wireless communication links, they gain the designation
"closed-circuit" to indicate that access to their content is limited by design only to those able to
see it.
Older CCTV systems used small, low-resolution black and white monitors with no interactive
capabilities. Modern CCTV displays can be color, high-resolution displays and can include the
ability to zoom in on an image or track something (or someone) among their features. Talk
CCTV allows an overseer to speak to people within range of the camera's associated speakers.
CCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, including:
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Laboratory Manual
 Maintaining perimeter security in medium- to high-secure areas and installations.
 Observing behaviour of incarcerated inmates and potentially dangerous patients in medical

facilities.
 Traffic monitoring.
 Overseeing locations that would be hazardous to a human, for example, highly radioactive or
toxic industrial environments.
 Building and grounds security.
 Obtaining a visual record of activities in situations where it is necessary to maintain proper

security or access controls (for example, in a diamond cutting or sorting operation; in banks,
casinos, or airports).
CCTV is finding increasing use in law-enforcement, for everything from traffic observation (and
automated ticketing) to observation of high-crime areas or neighbourhoods. Such use of CCTV
technology has fuelled privacy concerns in many parts of the world, particularly in those areas in
the UK and Europe where it has become a routine part of police procedure.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 11
AIM: To Study of Doppler Effect with working principles of radar system.
INTRODUCTION:
Radar is something that is in use all around us, although it is normally invisible. Air traffic
control uses radar to track planes both on the ground and in the air, and also to guide planes in
for smooth landings. Police use radar to detect the speed of passing motorists. NASA uses radar
to map the Earth and other planets, to track satellites and space debris and to help with things
like docking and maneuvering. The military uses it to detect the enemy and to guide weapons.
Meteorologists use radar to track storms, hurricanes and tornadoes. You even see a form of radar
at many grocery stores when the doors open automatically! Obviously, radar is an extremely
useful technology.
RADAR BASICS:
When people use radar, they are usually trying to accomplish one of three things:
• Detect the presence of an object at a distance - Usually the "something" is moving, like an
airplane, but radar can also be used to detect stationary objects buried underground. In some
cases, radar can identify an object as well; for example, it can identify the type of aircraft it has
detected.
• Detect the speed of an object - This is the reason why police use radar.
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Laboratory Manual
• Map something - The space shuttle and orbiting satellites use something called
Synthetic Aperture Radar to create detailed topographic maps of the surface of planets and
moons.
All three of these activities can be accomplished using two things you may be familiar with from
Eeryday life:
Echo and Doppler shift. These two concepts are easy to understand in the realm of sound
because your ears hear echo and Doppler shift every day. Radar makes use of the same
techniques using radio waves. In this article, we'll uncover radar's secrets. Let's look at the sound
version first, since you are already familiar with this concept.
ECHO AND DOPPLER SHIFT:
Echo is something you experience all the time. If you shout into a well or a canyon, the echo
comes back a moment later. The echo occurs because some of the sound waves in your shout
reflect off of a surface (either the water at the bottom of the well or the canyon wall on the far
side) and travel back to your ears. The length of time between the moment you shout and the
comment that you hear the echo is determined by the distance between you and the surface that
creates the echo.
Doppler shift is also common. You probably experience it daily (often without realizing it).
Doppler shift occurs when sound is generated by, or reflected off of, a moving object. Doppler
shift in the extreme creates sonic booms (see below). Here's how to understand Doppler shift
(you may also want to try this experiment in an empty parking lot). Let's say there is a car
coming toward you at 60 miles per hour (mph) and its horn is blaring. You will hear the horn
playing one "note" as the car approaches, but when the car passes you the sound of the horn will
suddenly shift to a lower note. It's the same horn making the same sound the whole time. The
change you hear is caused by Doppler shift.
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Laboratory Manual
Doppler shift: The person behind the car hears a lower tone than the driver because the car is
moving away. The person in front of the car hears a higher tone than the driver because the car is
approaching Now let's say that the car is moving toward you at 60 mph. It starts from a mile
away and toots it's horn for exactly one minute. You will still hear the six-second delay.
However, the sound will only play for 54 seconds. That's because the car will be right next to
you after one minute, and the sound at the end of the minute gets to you instantaneously. The car
(from the driver's perspective) is still blaring its horn for one minute. Because the car is moving,
however, the minute's worth of sound gets packed into 54 seconds from your perspective. The
same number of sound waves is packed into a smaller amount of time. Therefore, their frequency
is increased, and the horn's tone sounds higher to you. As the car passes you and moves away,
the process is reversed and the sound expands to fill more time. Therefore, the tone is lower. You
can combine echo and Doppler shift in the following way. Say you send out a loud sound toward
a car moving toward you. Some of the sound waves will bounce off the car (an echo). Because
the car is moving toward you, however, the sound waves will be compressed. Therefore, the
sound of the echo will have a higher pitch than the original sound you sent. If you measure the
pitch of the echo, you can determine how fast the car is going.
UNDERSTANDING RADAR:
We have seen that the echo of a sound can be used to determine how far away something is, and
we have also seen that we can use the Doppler shift of the echo to determine how fast something
is going. It is therefore possible to create a "sound radar," and that is exactly what sonar is.
Submarines and boats use sonar all the time. You could use the same principles with sound in the
air, but sound in the air has a couple of problems:
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Laboratory Manual
• Sound doesn't travel very far -- maybe a mile at the most.
• Almost everyone can hear sounds, so a "sound radar" would definitely disturb the neighbors
you can eliminate most of this problem by using ultrasound instead of audible sound).
• Because the echo of the sound would be very faint, it is likely that it would be hard to detect.
Radar therefore uses radio waves instead of sound. Radio waves travel far, are invisible to
humans and are easy to detect even when they are faint. Let's take a typical radar set designed to
detect airplanes in flight. The radar set turns on its transmitter and shoots out a short, high-
intensity burst of high-frequency radio waves. The burst might last a microsecond. The radar set
then turns off its transmitter, turns on its receiver and listens for an echo. The radar set measures
the time it takes for the echo to arrive, as well as the Doppler shift of the echo. Radio waves
travel at the speed of light, roughly 1,000 feet per microsecond; so if the radar set has a good
high-speed clock, it can measure the distance of the airplane very accurately. Using special
signal processing equipment, the radar set can also measure the Doppler shift very accurately and
determine the speed of the airplane.
The radar antenna sends out a short, high-power pulse of radio waves at a known frequency.
When the waves hit an object, they echo off of it and the speed of the object Doppler-shifts the
echo. The same antenna is used to receive the much-weaker signals that return. In ground-based
radar, there's a lot more potential interference than in air-based radar. When a police radar shoots
out a pulse, it echoes off of all Sorts of objects -- fences, bridges, mountains, buildings. The
easiest way to remove this entire sort of clutter is to filter it out by recognizing that it is not
Doppler-shifted. Police radar looks only for Doppler-shifted signals, and because the radar beam
is tightly focused it hits only one car.
RESULT:
Basics of Doppler radar have been discussed.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is Doppler Principle?
A: When the source for signals and the observer are in relative motion, there is change in
frequency (wavelength) observed by the observer. In case the source and observer are moving
closer, frequency increases and vice versa. The principle was first discovered by Austrian
physicist Christian Doppler, hence named after him as Doppler Principle.
2) What is PPI -Plan Position Indicator?
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Laboratory Manual
This product is same as available from conventional radars. A constant elevation surface data is
presented as a cloud image around the radar station. The data displayed is on the slant range
depending on the elevation angle (generally 0.5 degree); thus the PPI is quite similar to a
classical radar display.
3) What is radar?
A: Radar is acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses electro-magnetic waves in
microwave region to detect location (range & direction), height (altitude), intensity (in case of
weather systems) and movement of moving and non-moving targets.
Q: What is the working principle of radars?
A: Radars are used for detection of aircrafts, ships, weather systems and a variety of other
applications. Our discussion is restricted to weather radars only. Radar transmitter transmits
electro-magnetic waves through a directional antenna in any given direction in a focused manner.
A part of the transmitted energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. Some of the energy travels
further through the atmosphere and a fraction of it is scattered backward by the targets and is
received by the radar receiver. The amount of received power depends upon radar parameters.
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Laboratory Manual
EXPERIMENT NO 12
AIM: Measure speed of a fan and various other objects (Tuning fork, pendulum,
plate etc)
I) Moving Fan
PROCEDURE: - 1) Take a tripod stand from the accessories box.
2) Fit the transceiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitable height for experiments.
3) Connect the din connector cable from trainer board to trans-receiver unit.
4) Switch on the power supply for the trainer board.
5) Connect a fan at full speed in front of radar at a suitable distance from the antenna to get the
proper deflection in the form of Doppler frequency.
6) Now measure the Doppler frequency at TP1.
Now we know that, frequency (f)=Cycles or rotation per second. Now

frequency(HZ)×60=Rotation per minute It means RPM calculated by Doppler frequency is
approximately equal to the actual RPM of the fan.
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Laboratory Manual
7) We can change the speed of the fan by regulator of the fan and observe the result for example
for slow fan speed results are:
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Laboratory Manual
II) Tuning fork
53
Laboratory Manual
PROCEDURE:-
1) Take a tripod stand from the accessories box.
2) Fit the transceiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitable height for experiments.
3) connect the din connector cable from trainer board to trans-receiver unit.
4) Switch on the power supply for the trainer board.
5) Connect the CRO probe or PC line in cable at TP1.
6 )It take any tuning fork for example a frequency of 256 hz.
7) Now just stroke it for generating vibrations and bring it in front of radar antenna.
8) Observe the result.
9) Measure the frequency of pulse generated because of Doppler echoes due to vibration of
tuning fork.
10) Compare the result of Doppler frequency and tuning fork frequency
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Laboratory Manual

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TV AND RADAR ENGG (EC- 804) 2017-18

“TV AND RADAR ENGG (EC- 804)”

Enrollment No. _______________________________

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E.) COURSE

19 Measurement of CO attainment through Internal Assessments

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

The Institute aspires to develop as a centre of excellence with emphasis on quality

To create an academic ambience which nurtures the students to attain domain

To impart industry relevant skill-based training and aid in overall development of

To foster research and consultancy in collaboration with Institutes of National repute

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce comprehensively trained socially responsible, innovative Electronics and

To provide high quality teaching, research, services and supportive environment

To provide multiple options so that students can maximize on their career

To promote intellectual, ethical and technological environment to the students

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

Programme Educational Objective (PEOs)

Able to apply concepts of mathematics, science and computing to

PEO 2: Able to design and develop interdisciplinary and innovative systems

Able to inculcate effective communication skills, team work, ethics,

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Graduate will be able to implement the concepts of Internet of things,

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

Lab Course Outcomes

1 Classify the building blocks used in television systems.

2 Discuss the principles of color Television operation.

3 Describe and differentiate working principles of various digital TV technologies.

4 Elaborate the operation of RADAR System.

5 Analyze the operations of various RADAR Receivers.

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

EC- 804 TV AND RADAR ENGEE

Basic Television System

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

TO PERFORM THE FAULT SIMULATION AND STEP-

10 TO STUDY CCTV. CO3

TO STUDY OF DOPPLER EFFECT WITH WORKING

TO MEASURE SPEED OF A FAN AND VARIOUS OTHER

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

LAB TIME TABLE (INDIVIDUAL & CLASS)

ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

TO STUDY THE CIRCUIT

TO PERFORM THE FAULT

TO OBSERVE THE HORIZONTAL

TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL

TO OBSERVE THE VERTICAL

TO OBSERVE THE FAULT

TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL

TO OBSERVE THE DETAIL

TO STUDY OF DOPPLER EFFECT

TO MEASURE SPEED OF A FAN

Basic Principles of Television

A Basic Idea of RADAR

The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter which produces an electromagnetic

A Basic RADAR System