RECALL MEMORY

• RADIO WAVE
• CYCLE
• HEARTZ
• AMPLITUDE
• FREQUENCY
• WAVE LENGTH
• SPEED OF RADIO WAVES (300,000 000 m/s)
• WAVE LENGTH – FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP
 WAVELENGTH- FREQUENCY
• Wavelength = Sp of Radio Waves
Frequency

Ex: If the wavelength is 1.5 Km, what is the frequency?

Frequency in Hz= sp in m/s = 300,000,000

wavelength in m 1500

= 200,000 Hz = 200 KHz

 Example
If the frequency is 75 MHz, what is the wavelength?

Wavelength in m = Sp in m/s = 300,000,000 = 4m

frequency in Hz 75 000 000

Ex: If wavelength is 3 cm, what is the frequency?

Frequency = 300,000,000 = 10 000 000 000 Hz = 10 GHz

0.03

Ex: If Freq is 13500 MHz, what is the wavelength?

Wavelength = 300 000 000 = 3 = 0.0222 m = 2.22 cm

135 00 000 000 135
 Radio Wave Terms
• Phase and Phase Difference
• Polarisation & Polar Diagrams
• Modulation (AM, FM, Pulse & Phase Modulation)
• Sidebands
• Modulators & Oscillators
• Amplifiers
• Transmitters & Receivers
• Microphone
• Aerials
• Attenuation
• Diffraction
• Emmission Designation (Symbols- N, A, H, , F,G, P,K,0, 1,2,
3,7,8, N, A, B,C, D,E
RADIO SPECTRUM
 RADAR FRQUENCY BANDS

• L BAND 1-2 GHz

• S Band 2-4 GHz
• C Band 4-8 GHz
• X Band 8-12.5 GHz
 PROPAGATION
• The Surface of Earth
• Max Range Formula
• Lower Atmosphere
• The Ionosphere (Various Layers – D,E,F1 & F2)
• Diurnal Effect
• Ionospheric Reflection & Refraction
• Skip Distance
• Interference
• Types of Waves – Direct, Reflected, Surface and
Sky wave)
• Dead Space
 TYPES OF WAVES
• Direct Wave. Line of sight wave. Attenuation increases
with increase in freq and in SHF & EHF band due to
water drops and gas molecules.
• Reflected Waves. Reflected by objects whose size is
more than half their wavelength. Direct and reflected
waves from the ground are called “Space Waves”
• Surface Wave. Range indirectly proportional to freq or
directly Proportional to wavelength & power of Tx.
Surface & Space waves are together called “Ground
Waves”
• Sky Waves. Waves refracted by the ionosphere.
TYPES OF WAVES
 SKIP DISTANCE & DEAD SPACE

• The distance between the TX and position of

RX receiving the first sky wave at the critical
angle is called Skip Distance.

• The difference between the surface wave

range and the skip distance is called Dead
Space where no signal will be received.
 COMMUNICATIONS
• Long Range Communication (Choice of Freq)
• HF Communications
• Factors Affecting HF Range
– Tx Power, Time of Day, Atmospheric Disturbances,
Geographical Location and Frequency in use
• HF Data Link
• Short Range Communication (Choice of Freq)
• VHF Communication
 COMMUNICATIONS (contd..)
• Factors Affecting VHF Range
– Tx Power, Ht of Transmitter, Ht of Receiver,
Obstacles near Tx, Obstructions in LOS, Fading,
Static
• Satellite Communications (SATCOM)
– INMARSAT, Four Geostationary Satellites cover the
entire globe between 80 deg N to 80 deg S.
– Freq Band – Rx digital signals in 6 GHz band and
Tx to Grd Stn on 4GHz and to ac on 1.5 GHz
– Aircraft Tx bet 1645.5 and 1656.5 MHz and Rx bet
1544 and 1559 MHz. Unaffected by atmospheric
conditions and static.
 S & R SATELLITES

• COSPAS-SARSAT System - INMARSAT(jt

Russian & USA)
• Four Polar orbitting Satellites
• Rx signals from PLB on International
emergency frequencies 121.5 MHz & 406.025
MHZ and Tx to Local User Terminal which
alerts the nearest SAR centre.
 ACARS
• Aircraft Communications Addressing and
Reporting System aims to reduce Pilot
workload through integration with FMS.
• Automatically Tx pre stored info/data from FMS.
New messages can be sent/ recived through
the scratchpad of CDU.
• Info from other onboard computers can also
sent giving systems update and rqmt of
maintenance.
• Hard copy of the message received from grd
stn can be printed out.
 ACARS (contd…)

• Recived Msg is automatically ack.

• VHF freq band 36.900 to 136.975 MHz with
separation of 25 KHz. 136.975 is reserved for
VHF data link. Any frequency bet 118.000 to
136.975 can also be used for Voice and Data
link.
QUESTIONS…?