GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVER.

MADHAV CHATURVEDI: 18BEC1036

MANJEET KUMAR: 18BEC1089
ROHIL VARMA: 18BEC1031
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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM.
• GPS is a positioning system that is based upon network of satellites that
continuously transmit coded information through radio signals.
• GPS receiver is used to interpret the information transmitted by these
satellites to identify the locations on the Earth accurately.
• GPS consists of total of 28 satellites out of which 24 are active satellites and 4
are used as in-orbit spares. These satellite are placed in MEO and its orbital
period is near about 12 hours. These satellite are placed in 6 orbital plane and
each plane has 4 satellite each.
• Each satellite of the GPS are equipped with atomic clocks which have high
accuracy of the order of a few nanoseconds. They operate at two microwave
frequencies of 1575.42 MHz(L1) and 1227.60 MHz(L2).
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• GPS consists of three segments namely space segment, control segment and
user segment.
• The GPS uses a system of co-ordinates called WGS-84 which stands for World
Geodetic System 1984. It produces maps having a common reference frame for
latitude and longitude lines.
• The GPS signal contains three different types of information namely the
pseudorandom code, Ephemeris data and Almanac data.
• Ephemeris data contains information about health of the satellite and current date
and time. Almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each satellite should be at any
time during the day. It also contains the information of clock corrections and
atmospheric data parameters.
• All satellites transmit on the same carrier frequency and signals are transmitted
using the Code Division Multiple Access techniques.
• Trilateration is the method used to find out the position of Latitude, Longitude and
Elevation of the GPS receiver. To find out the position 4 satellite of the GPS is used.

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Operation of Control Segment of GPS. 4
Source: Satellite Technology by Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal.
Operation of GPS Navigation System.
Source: Satellite Technology by Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal. 5
 TRILATERATION.

Using the concept of trilateration is to

find the location of a point or GPS
receiver. We are using 4 satellite to find
the location for better accuracy. The
first two satellite form their own sphere
and when these two sphere intersect a
circle. Using the third satellite signal is
to convert that intersection of circle
into 2 points and the fourth satellite
signal confirms either of the two points.
Position fixing by Trilateration.
This is how we get exact accurate Source:
location by using 4 satellite signals. https://www.intechopen.com/chap
ters/59608 6
GPS WORKING PRINCIPLE.
• Principle of Operation: The basic principle of operation of the GPS is to find the
location of any point if the known distance from three or more points or GPS satellite
is known. With the help of these satellite known position, it can locate any point and
these concept or technique is known as Trilateration. In the GPS, the position of any
receiver is determined by calculating its distances from four satellites. The information
from the three satellite is sufficient for calculating the longitude and latitude position
and the fourth satellite is useful to calculate the altitude.
• GPS signal structure: The GPS signal structure consists of three parts namely the
pseudo random code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudo random codes is
an identity code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information and is also
used form calculation of pseudo ranges. Ephemeris data is used to contain
information about health of the satellite, current date and time. Almanac data the
GPS receiver where each satellite should be at any time during the day. 7
• Pseudo range measurements: The GPS receiver calculates its distance from
the GPS satellites by the time of journey its takes between the signal to travel
to and from the satellite to receiver. Each satellite generates and transmits its
own PRN code and at the same time GPS receiver in synchronization with the
satellite runs the same code. When the satellite signals reaches the receiver, it
lags behind the receiver’s pattern. These delay in calculated by matching the
satellite code with the receiver code using correlation technique. The time
delay is then multiplied with the speed of light to give us the pseudo range.
• Receiver location: With the help of four satellite, the receiver determines the
position or time solution of four ranging equations to determine its position
and time information. The x, y, z coordinates of satellite are calculated using
the complex three-dimensional Pythagoras equations. All these calculation
are carried out in the GPS receiver using special algorithm.
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GPS RECEIVER.

• GPS receiver are either hand-held receivers or installed on aircraft, ships, tanks, mobile
phones, etc.
• The basic function of these receiver is to detect, decode and process the GPS satellite
signals.
• GPS receiver comprises of three functional blocks. They are Radio frequency front end,
Digital Signal processing block and Computing unit.
• Radio frequency front end comprises one or more antennas to receive the GPS signal,
filters and amplifiers to discriminate the wanted signal from the noise and a down-
converter to remove the carrier signal.
• Digital signal processing block is used to correlates the signals from the satellites with
signals stored in the receiver to identify the specific GPS satellite and to calculate Pseudo
ranges.
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• Computing unit determines the position, velocity and other data. The display format is also
handled by the computing unit.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block diagram of GPS Receiver.

Source:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/satellite_communic 10

ation/satellite_communication_global_positioning_s
ystem.htm
• Receiving antenna is used to receive the GPS signal from the satellite. It is mainly, a
circular polarized antenna.
• Low Noise Amplifier amplifies the weak received signal. Filtering of signal is also
performed here to reject out-of-bound signals, reduces noise in the received signal
and to lessens the impact of aliasing.
• Down Converter converts the frequency of the received signal to an Intermediate
frequency signal. It is necessary to be done to facilitate the process of sampling
and filtering.
• ADC is used to convert the analog signal to the digital signal.
• Digital signal processor is used to generates the C/A (Coarse and Acquisition )code.
• Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and provides the timing
signals in order to control the operation of other digital blocks.

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GPS RECEIVER MEASUREMENTS.

• To track a GPS satellite, a GPS receiver monitors three parameters: pseudo

ranges, carrier phase and Doppler.
• A pseudo range is calculated by measuring the signal transmit time from a
satellite to the receiver and is called pseudo because these measurements are
corrupted by satellite and receiver clock biases.
• Carrier phase measurements track the difference between the carrier phases
for the received and a locally created replica of the signal.
• Doppler measurements reflects the rate of change of the carrier phase.
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ADVANTAGES:

• It provides reliable information as it is updated constantly.

• It allows the determination of exact location, distance and speed.
• It permits tracking and measuring weather conditions.

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DISADVANTAGES.

• The signals of GPS are much weaker as compared to phone signals.

• GPS works less effectively indoors, underwater, etc.

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APPLICATION.

• GPS are used in :

• Location: to determine position.
• Navigation: Moving from one place to another.
• Tracking: Monitoring object or personal movement.
• Mapping: Creating maps of the world.

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 VIDEO LINK

• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C5zcoTh52p_vTInIWrlq9LEDqGEGnu6g/view?usp=sharing

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THANK YOU.

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