GPS, total station, cadastral mapping AND

ITS RELEVENCE IN URBAN AND

REGIONAL PLANNING

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Sunil Avleen Kaur
B.Tech Vth sem

GURU RAMDAS SCHOOL OF PLANNING

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR

 INTRODUCTION

Global Positioning System is a network of satellites that continually tr

ansmit coded information, which make It possible to identify position
s on earth by measuring distance from satellites. Those positions ar
e reported in coordinates. (i.e..Lat/Long,USNG,etc)
•GPS is a shortened form of NAVSTAR GPS. This is an acronym for
NAVigation System with Time And Ranging Global Positioning System.

•It refers to the technology for determining the location using signals
broadcast from a network of satellites operated by the United States
government. The technology allows a GPS receiver to determine its
location (latitude, longitude and elevation) by comparing signals transmitted
by GPS satellite that orbit the earth.

•It is a satellite- based system that uses a constellation of 24 satellites to

give a user an accurate position on the earth. A GPS receiver (user) on
earth will receive radio signals from these GPS satellites and from the
received signals it is able to calculate its position on the earth.
WHY GPS ONLY?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system
formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations.
GPS uses these "man-made stars" as reference points to calculate positions
accurate to a matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS you can
make measurements to better than a centimeter

Four Primary Functions

•Provides a position and coordinates
•Can calculate distance and direction between any two waypoints, or a positi
on and a waypoint.
•Provides travel progress reports, like est. time to waypoint.
•Accurate time measurement
 Space Segment
NAVSTAR: • 24 satellites
• Alt. of 12,000 mi

3 Segments • Radio signals

Control Segment User Segment

•5 control worldwide • The GPS
stations • GPS User
•Corrects orbit / time info

Ground
Antennas

Master Station Monitor Stations

 GPS – How it works?
• All satellites have clocks set to exactly the same time.
• All satellites know their exact position in space from data sent to them from t
he systems controllers.
• Each satellite transmits its position and a time signal.
• The signals travel to the receiver delayed only by
distance traveled.
• The receiver calculates the distance to each satellite and trilaterates its own
position.
How does a GPS receiver determine its location?

• A GPS receiver determines its location by analyzing signals it

receives from GPS satellites orbiting around Earth.

• Signals from satellites that are farther away take longer to reach the
GPS receiver. Distances to several satellites are calculated based on
the amount of time their signals took to reach the receiver.

• After determining its distance from at least three satellites, the GPS
receiver can calculate its own position using triangulation. (Any
location can be identified using distances from three other know
locations.)
Signal from One Satellite
Receiver is
somewhere on this
sphere
Signals from Two Satellites
Three Satellites (2D Positioning)
Three Dimensional (3D) Positioning(Best)
Sources of GPS Errors
Receiver Errors are Cumulative!

Earth’s Atmosphere

Solid Structures

Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

Sources of Errors
• Reflections- signals can reflect off of
buildings,rocks,metal objects
• Electromagnetic fields (power lines etc)
• Buildings, while inside signal may be blocked.
• Best to try and maintain clear view of the sky.
• The more obstacles to view sky the higher the
likelihood of errors.
 N
Ideal
Satellite
Geometry

W E

S
 N
Poor
Satellite
Geometry

W E

S
 ADVANATGES
• Relatively high positioning accuracies, from tens of meters down to
millimeter level.

•Capability of determining velocity and time, to an accuracy

commensurate with position.

•Signal availability to users anywhere on the globle; in aur ; on the

ground, or at the sea.

• It is a positioning system with no user caharges and uses relatively

low cost hardware.

•It is an all- weather system, available 24 haours a day.

•The position information is in three dimensions that is , vertical as well

as horizontal information is provided.
 APPLICATIONS
GPS technology has matured into a resource that goes far beyond its
original design goals. These days scientists, sportsmen, farmers, soldiers,
pilots, surveyors, hikers, delivery drivers, sailors, dispatchers, lumberjacks,
fire-fighters, and people from many other walks of life are using GPS in
ways that make their work more productive, safer, and sometimes even
easier.
Location - determining a basic position
Navigation - getting from one location to another
Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and things
Mapping - creating maps of the world
Timing - bringing precise timing to the world
Surveying and Mapping, on land, at sea and from the air. The applications
are of relatively high accuracy, for positioning in both the stationary and
moving mode. Includes geophysical and resource surveys, GIS data
capture surveys, etc.

• Land, Sea and Air Navigation, including enroute as well as precision

navigation, cargo monitoring, vehicle tracking, etc.

• Search and Rescue Operations, including collision avoidance and

rendezvous functions.

• Spacecraft Operations.

• Military Applications.
•Position on the surface of the earth:

GPS helps you determine exactly where you are, but sometimes
important to know how to get somewhere else. GPS was originally
designed to provide navigation information for ships and planes. So it's
no surprise that while this technology is appropriate for navigating on
water, it's also very useful in the air and on the land.

•Tracking
If navigation is the process of getting something from one location to
another, then tracking is the process of monitoring it as it moves along.
Commerce relies on fleets of vehicles to deliver goods and services
either across a crowded city or through nationwide corridors. So,
effective fleet management has direct bottom-line implications, such as
telling a customer when a package will arrive, spacing buses for the best
scheduled service, directing the nearest ambulance to an accident, or
helping tankers avoid hazards.
TOTAL STATION
• A total station is an
electronic/optical instrument
used in modern surveying. The
total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated
with an electronic distance
meter (EDM) to read distances
from the instrument to a
particular point.
CO-ORDINATE MEASUREMENT
• Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be det
ermined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be estab
lished between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from th
e total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or n
orthing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total statio
n position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.
• To determine an absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight obs
ervations and must be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or
more points with known location.
• For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite
System interface which do not require a direct line of sight to determine co
ordinates. However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation
periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis.
ANGLE MEASUREMENT
• Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electr
o-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating
glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations
are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construct
ion grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-secon
ds.
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
• Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microw
ave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitte
r within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism reflect
or or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returnin
g signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station.
The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple freque
ncies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the tar
get for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass P
orro prism reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can m
easure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimetres (0.0049 f
t) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 metres (4,900 f
t).
• Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that
is reasonably light in color, to a few hundred meters
DATA PROCESSING
• Some models include internal electronic data storage to record dista
nce, horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other mod
els are equipped to write these measurements to an external data c
ollector, such as a hand-held computer.
• When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, appli
cation software can be used to compute results and generate a map
of the surveyed area.
COMPONENTS OF TOTAL STATION
 EDM
 Electronic theodolite
 On-Board Micro-processor
 Data Collector (built in or
separate unit)
 Data Storage (internal or
memory card)
 Prisms
CADASTRAL MAP
• A cadastral map is a map which provides detailed information about real
property within a specific area. A simple example of a cadastral map might
be a map of a village which shows the boundaries of all of the parcels or lots
within the village, although cadastral maps can show other types of areas as
well. These maps are usually maintained by the government, and they are a
matter of public record; anyone who wishes to go to the office which
maintains the records can ask to see them.

• One key feature of a cadastral map is that it carries detailed information

about location. These maps do not just show the boundaries of lot lines,
they provide measurements on each lot, and may use GPS locations as
well, so that people clearly understand where everything on the map is in
the real world. A cadastral map will also highlight specific landmarks which
people can use to orient themselves within the map, including buildings and
natural features such as lakes and streams
• The map also provides people with information about property
rights, and a history of the rights in that area. Cadastral maps can
show who retains mining or timber rights, for example, in contrast
with who owns the land. The map can also provide a history of the
owners, or a perusal through old maps can provide people with this
information. Maps can also detail how the land is being used, so
that people interested in land use patterns can easily identify areas
of interest.
 RELEVENCE IN URP:
•GPS plays an important role in urban and regional planning. At present
planners are using GPS to increase their efficiency , productivity and to
produce more accurate results in collecting the data. It makes the work of
planner a bit easy in collecting the necessary data for the required
purpose like one can easily know the availability of the agricultural land or
any type of industry or any physical feature.

•Surveying Land Areas for Highway Infrastructures is Time- and Labor-

intensive but the GPS increases survey accuracy, improves productivity
and reduces costs.

•GPS is used for surveys and than mapping which precisely saves time
and money. Today, GPS makes it possible for a single planner to
accomplish their task in less time what they used to take weeks with an
entire team. And they can do their work with a higher level of accuracy
than ever before.
THANKS