Atl.

asof HumanAnatomy

JointsandNerves
Tablesof Muscles,

Editedby R. Putzand R. Pabst

with RenatePutz
ln coltaboration

Translation
by S. Bedoui

URBAN& FISCHER
M u n c h e n. J e n a
 Sobotta

Tabtes
of Musctes,
JointsandNerves

EditedbyR.PutzandR.Pabst
Incotlaboration
withRenate
Putz

Transtation
byS.Bedoui

Thisbooklet is a supplement to Sobotta,

Atlasof Human
Anatomy,
Votume
1 14th
edition.
Thecross-references
relateto thefiqurenumbers
in theAttas[Vo[ume 1 and2].
Abbreviations:0 = 0rigin;I = Insertion;
F = Function

Correspondence and feedback should be addressed to:

ElsevieG r m b H ,U r b a n& F i s c h e rV e r t a g ,D e p a r t m e nfto r M e d i c a S
t t u d e n tI n f o r m a t i o nA, l e x a n d e G
r a t t n a r z i kK, a r l s t r a B e4 5 , 8 0 3 3 3M u n i c h ,G e r m a n v
e - m a i t :m e d i z i n s t u d i u m 0 e l s e v i e r . d e

Addresses of the editors:

ProfessorDr. med. ReinhardPutz professorDr. med. Reinhardpabst
V o r s t a n dd e s A n a t o m i s c h e n Instituts L e i t e rd e r A b t e i t u n gF u n k t i o n e t t e
der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitdt u n dA n g e w a n d t e Anatomie
PettenkoferstraBe11 MedizinischeHochschuleHannover
80336Miinchen Cart-Neuberg-StraBe1
Germany 30625Hannover
e - m a i [ :r e i n h a r d . p u t z 0 m e d . u n i - m u e n c h e n . d e Germany
e-mai[: oabst.reinhardftlmh-han nover.de

Att rights reserved

1/rthedition 2006
@ 2 0 0 5E t s e v i e G
r m b H ,M i i n c h e n
Urban & FischerVerlagis an imprint of EtsevierGmbH.

A t t r i g h t s ,i n c l u d i n gt r a n s l a t i o na, r e r e s e r v e dN
. o partof this pubtication m a y b e r e p r o d u c e ds,t o r e di n a r e t r i e v asl y s t e m ,o r t r a n s m i t t e di n a n y o t h e r f o r m o r
b y a n y m e a n s ,e l e c t r o n i cm , e c h a n i c a tp, h o t o c o p y i n gr e, c o r d i n go, r o t h e n r v i sw
e i t h o u tt h e p r i o rw r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o no f t h e p u b t i s h e r .
Tablesof Muscles,Jointsand Nerves
1 Faciatmuscles
a F o r e h e at o
dp, o ft h eh e a dt,e m p [ e
b Auricte
.r D . t ^ ^ 4 . ^ t {I J; J- U- ,| ,s . ^
I olPsuro(

d Nose
e Mouth
f Neck
2 Muscles
of thetongue
a I n t e r n amLu s c L eo sft h et o n g u e
b Externm a Lu s c l eosft h et o n g u e
3 Musclesof the palate . . B
4 Masticatory
musctes 9
ofthepharynx
5 Musctes 10
a Pharyngeat
constrictors
b Pharyngeat
Levator
muscles
6 Musctesof the [arynx 12
7 Branchesandsupptying ptexus
areasof thecervicaI 14
I LateraImusc]eof theneck 14
I Suprahyoid
musctes 15
1 0 Infrahyoid
muscles 16
1 1 Scatenus
muscles 17
1 2 Prevertebral
musctes 18
1 3 Musctes
of thethoracic
wa[[ 19
1 4 VentraImuscles
of theabdominal
watl 20
1 5 LateraImusctes
of theabdominal
watt 20
1 6 Dorsalmusclesof theabdominat
watt 21
1 7 Trunk-shoutdergirdlemuscles 22
18 Trunk-armmuscles 23
19 SpinocostaI
muscles 23
20 Autochthonous
musctes
of theback 24
a A u t o c h t h o n oLuast e r m
a Iu s c t eosft h eb a c k
b A u t o c h t h o n omuesd i am I u s c l eosft h eb a c k
c A u t o c h t h o n oduese om u s c t eosft h en e c k
21 Diaphragm 33
22 Petvicandurogenital
diaphragm 3L
a Pelvic
diaphragm
b UrogenitaIdiaphragm
23 Jointsof theuppertimb 36
a Joints qirdLe
oftheshouLder
b Jointo s ft h ef r e ep a r to ft h eu p p eLr i m b
c P t a n easn da x e so ft h em o v e m e not fst h ej o i n t so ft h eu p p eLr i m b
21 Branchesandsupptying areasof thebrachialptexus 3B
25 Segmentalinnervation withdiagnostic
of themusclesof theupper[imb,musctes importance 39
26 VentraImusctes
of theshoutder 39
2t LateraImusctes
of theshoulder 40
28 Dorsalmusclesof theshoulder 40
29 VentraImusctes of thearm 41
30 Dorsa[musclesof thearm 42
3 1 Superficiat
ventralmusctes of theforearm 43
32 Deepventralmusctes oftheforearm 44
33 LateraIlradiatlmusctes oftheforearm
31 Superficialdorsalmusctes of theforearm 40

35 Deepdorsalmusclesof theforearm 47
36 Musctes of thethenareminence /,4

37 Musctes of thepatm /,9

38 Muscles of thehypothenar eminence 50

39 Jointsof thelowerlimb 51
ofthepeLvic
a Joints airdte
ofthefreepartoftheLower
b Joints Iimb
c Planes
andaxesofthemovements ofthejoints
ofthelowerLimb
40 Branches andsupptying areasof thetumbosacral plexus 5/+
41 Segmenta[
innervation
of themusctes
of thelower[imb,musctes
withdiagnostic
importance 56
12 Ventralmusctes
of thehip 56
13 Dorsatmusctes
of thehip 57
It, Ventralmusctes
of thethigh 59
l+5 Mediatmusctes
of thethighladductorsl 60
46 Dorsalmusctes of thethighlischiocrural
musctesl . . . . . . 61
It Ventralmusctesof the teg 62
48 Laterallfibutarlmusclesof theteg 63
19 Superficiatdorsalmusctes of theteg 63
50 Deepdorsalmusclesof theteg 64
5 1 Musctesof thebackof thefoot 65
52 Mediatmusctes of thesote . . . 65
53 Musctes of themiddteof thesole oo
5t, Lateratmusctes of thesote 67
55 CraniaInerves,overview 5B
56 CraniaIneryes,functionsldifferentfibrequatitiesl 6B
57 CraniaInerves 69
a N o t f a c t o r i Iul ]s
b N o p t i c uI sl l J
c N o c u [ o m o t o rI il u l l s]
d N t r o c h t e a rI il sV ]
e N t r i g e m i n uI V sJ
- N o p h t h a L m i [cVu/s1 ]
- N maxittaris [V/2]
- N m a n d i b u t a[rVi s/ 3 ]
f N a b d u c e n[ V s l]
g N f a c i a t i[sV l l J
h N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L[ Velal lr]i s
i N g t o s s o p h a r y n gI leXuJs
I N v a g u IsX J
k N a c c e s s o r i[uXsl ]
t N h y p o g L o s[sXulsl J
H ead Neck Trunk U p p e r[i rn b L o w e r[ i m b C r a n i a In e r v e s

0 n Lp
y a r t so ft h ef a c i am
l u s c [ easc t u a t ol yr i g i n a ft reo mb o n ys t r u c t u r eAsl lo ft h e mi n s e ritn t ot h es k i n

a Forehead,
topof the head,temple

M.occipitofrontalis
( T o g e t h tehre, M o c c i p i t o f r o n taanLditsh eM t e m p o r o p a r i e taarLeri se f e r r et d
o a s M .e p i c r a n i u s . J
N faciatis [Vll]
0: Venterfrontalis: skinof the l : G a l eaap o n e u r o t i c a F : M o v etsh es c a L p ,
e y e b r oawn dt h eG t a b e l l a , c r e a t eosb L i q uwer i n k [aet t h e
f o r m sa c o m m om n u s c u [ al ar y e r forehead
w i t ht h eM m p r o c e r u s ,
corru g a t osr u p e r c i [di ie, p r e s s o r
s u p e r c ieLtioi r b i c u L aor icsu L i
V e n t eor c c i p i t a l L
i si :n e an u c h a t i s
suprema
M.temporoparietalis
N,facialis
[Vll]
0 : T e m p o rsakI i n , l : G a t eaap o n e u r o t i c a F :M o v etsh es c a l p
tr---;- +^-^^--l;-
I dJ!td tgil tPUtdU>

b Auricte

M.auricularis
anterior
N facialis[Vll]
0 : F a s c itae m p o r a I i s l : S p i n ha e L i c i s F: Moves forwards
theauricte and
upwards

M.auricularis
superior
N faciaLis
[Vll]
0 : G a L eaap o n e u r o t i c a l : D o r s o c r a npi a L
r to ft h e F :M o v etsh ea u r i c l be a c k w a r a
dnsd
a u f l c u l ar r0 0 I upwards

M.auricularisposterior
N facialis
[Vll]
0 : P r o cm a s t o i d e u s , l : D o r s apIa r to ft h ea u r i c u [ ar or o t F :M o v etsh ea u r i c tbea c k w a r d s
t e n d oonft h eM s t e r n o c L e i d o -
mast0r0euS
 HeadlNecklTrunk

c Pelpebratfissurc

M .o r b i c u l a roi sc u t (i L o c a taerdo u ntdh eA d i t u os r b i t aiena s p h i n c t e r - tfi a

keshionl
N faciatis [Vll]
0: Parsorbitatis: Parsnasatis of l: Parsorbitalis: Lig paLpebraLe F . l l l n c o c t h o o v o l i d c
t h e0 s f r o n t a t e , L a t e r a [Laet,e r at rI a n s i t i oi n t oa c o m p r e s stehseL a c r i msaaLc ,
Procf rontaLrs of theMaxiLta, c i r c u L rairn g - s h a pm e du s c L e movestheeyebrows
0s[acrimaLe, Parspal.pebral.is: Lig patpebrate
L i g p a t p e b r amt ee d i a [ e Latera Ie
Parspatpebralis: Lig.paLpebrate Pars[acrimatis: CanaIiculi
media[e, Lac rimaLes,
S a c c u[sa c r i m a t i s odnoc nf tho ovolidc
Pars[acrimatis: Crista[acrimatis
p o s t e r i o rft h e0 s [ a c r i m a t e ,
S a c c uLsa c r i m a l i s
M.depressorsupercitii of theParsorbitatis
lbranch of theM orbicuLaris
ocuLil
N faciaLis
[Vll]
0 : P a r sn a s a I iosft h e0 s fr o n t a [ e , l : M e d i at h
t i r do ft h es k i no ft h e F: Lowers theskinoftheforehead
b a c ko ft h en o s e eyebrow andoftheeyebrows,
c r e a t easno b [ i q uwer i n k Lj ues ta b o v e
t h er o o to ft h en o s e

M.corrugator
supercitii
N facialis[Vll]
0 : P a r sn a s a l iosft h e0 s f r o n t a L e l : M i d d tIeL a t e r at ht ]i r do ft h es k i n F :M o v etsh es k i no ft h ef o r e h e aadn d
of theeyebrow, of theeyebrows towards therootof
vn o- l(^c^o o^ p
^ ^u ^t t^g, u, .t ^u +U;u^o^
t h en o s e ,
creates a verticaI wrinkte justabove
therootof thenose

M. procerus
N facialis
[Vll]
0: 0snasaLe, l : S k i no ft h eG t a b e l t a F: Lowerstheskinof theforehead
C a r t i L angaos Li a t e r a [ i s andof theeyebrows
U p p e r[ im b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anLe rve s

d Nose

M.nasalis
N facialis
[Vll]
0 : P a r sa t a r i sJ: u g u ma L v e o t a r e l : P a r sa l a r i sn: o s ew i n g s , F : M o v etsh en o s ew i n g sa n dt h u st h e
o ft h eL a t e r ianI c i s ot ro o t h b o r d eor ft h en o s t r i L n o s ei t s e t f
Parstransversa: Jugum Parstransversa: Cartitago nasi Parsataris:ditates thenostri[s
a t v e o [ aor fet h ec a n i nteo o t h lateralis, Parstransversa: narrows thenostrr[s
t e n d i n o umse m b r a noeft h eb a c k
o ft h en o s e

M.depressor septinasi
N factalts
IVll]
0 : J u g u ma L v e o t aorfe
t h em e d i a I l : C a r t i t a gao[ a r i sm a j o r , F : M o v etsh en o s ew i n g sa n dt h u st h e
i n c i s ot ro o t h n--+il-^^ -^^r; ^^-;
vdr uro9u >gPrr iloJl n o s ei t s e L f

e Mouth

M.orbicularis
oris
N faciaLis
[Vll]
0: Parsmarginalis andPars l : S k i no ft h et i p s F :C L o s et hsel i p st,h e r e bay[ s o
t a b i a t i sL:a t e r taoIt h eA n g u [ u s m o v i ntgh en o s ew i n g sc, h e e kasn d
0ns t h es k i no fc h i n

M.buccinator
N faciaLis
[Vll]
0: Posterio p ra r to ft h eP r o c l : A n g u [ uosr i s , F :T e n s et sh et i p s ,
a l v e o L aor iftsh eM a x i l l a , u p p ear n dl o w e[ri p increase t hsei n t r a o r ap Ir e s s u r e
R a p h pe t e r y g o m a n d i b u [ a r i s , ( a si n b t o w i nagn dc h e w i n g l
p o s t e r i op ra r to ft h eP r o c
a L v e o L aorfti h s eM a n d i b u L a

M.tevatortabiisuperioris
N faciaLis
[Vll]
0: Margo i n f r a o r b i t aaLni ds l : U p p eLr i p F : D r a w tsh eu p p eLr i pt a t e r a taLnyd
adjacen p ta r to ft h eP r o c upwards
z y g o m a t i couftsh eM a x i L t a ;
originate f rso mt h em u s c Lmea s s
o ft h eM o r b i c u [ a roi cs u l i
 Head Nec k I T r unk

M.depressortabiiinferioris
N. facialis
IVll]
0 : B a s im
s a n d i b u Lmaeed i a Ltthoe l : L o w eIri p , F: DrawstheLower
LipLateratty
and
Foramen mentate c hI n , 0ownwar0s
d e e pf i b r e st o t h em u c o s a

M. mentalis
N facialis
[Vll]
0: Jugumatveolareofthelower, l : S k i no ft h ec h i n F :C r e a t et h
s ec h i n ' d simpte,
[ateraIincisor
tooth everts thelower[ipltogether withthe
M .o r b i c u l a roi sr i s l

M.transversus
menti
N. facialis[Vll]
0 : 0 b l i q ub
e r a n c fhr o mt h e l : S k i no ft h ec h i n F :M o v etsh es k i no ft h ec h i n
M mentatis

M.depressor
angulioris
N. facialisIVll]
0 : B a s i sm a n d i b u Ljaues ,tb e t o w l : L o w eIri p , F : P u t t tsh ea n g Loef m o u t h
theForamen mentaLe c h e e kl a t e r at L
o t h eA n g u t uosr i s , downwards
u p p eLr r p

M.risoriuslfrequently
a partof thePlatysma
or theM.depressor
angutioris)
N facialis
[Vll]
parotrdea,
0: Fascia l : U p p eLr i p , F: PutLs theangteof mouthLateratLy
Fasciamasseterica A n g u l uosr i s a n 0u p w a r o s ,
c r e a t etsh ec h e e k d
' sl m p t e
U p p e rt im b I L o w e rL i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M.levatorangulioris
N facialts
[Vll]
0 : F o s scaa n i noaft h eM a x i t l a l : A n g u t uosr i s o f m o u t hm e d i a t l y
F : D r a w tsh ea n g t e
a n ou p w a r o s

M.zygomaticus
major
N facialis[Vll]
0: 0szygomaticu amd j a c e tnot l : U p p eLr i p , F :D r a w tsh ea n g l eo f m o u t hl a t e r a [ L y
t h eS u t u r zay g o m a t i c o t e m p o r a [Ai sn g u [ uosr i s a n du p w a r d s

M.zygomaticus minor
N facialis
[Vll]
am
0 : 0 sz y g o m a t i c u d j a c e tnot l : U p p etri p , F : M o v etsh et i p st,h en o s ew i n g s ,
i sn g u L uo sr i s
t h eS u t u r zay g o m a t i c o m a x i L [ a rA t h ec h e e kasn dt h es k i no ft h ec h i n ,
increase t hsen a s o [ a b si auI[ c u s

M,levatortabiisuperiorisalaequenasi
N facialis
[Vll]
0 : P r o cf r o n t a Loi sft h eM a x i t l . a ; l:Nose wings, F :M o v etsh et i p st,h en o s ew i n g s ,
originate f rso mt h em u s c l me ass a n g l eo f m o u t h , t h ec h e e kasn dt h es k i no ft h ec h i n
o ft h eM ,o r b i c u L aor icsu L i u p p eLr r p ,
: t e r aaLn dP o s t e r i o r
d e e pf i b r e sl a
p a r t so ft h en o s t r i I

f Neck[Fig.253)

Ptatysma
N fa.ctalis
[Vll]
0 : B a s i sm a n d i b u | . a e , l : S k i nb e L otwh eC L a v i c u t a , F :T e n s etsh es k i no ft h en e c k ,
tr---i- ^-.^ri"l^^
I o J u r dP o r u u u c o F a s c ipae c t o r a L i s creates verticaL wrinkLes
 HeadlNecklTrunk

M.tongitudinalis
superior
N.hypogLossus
Nlll
0 : R a d i[xi n g u a e l : A p e x[ i n g u a e F: Retracts
andbroadens thetonoue.
elevates
theapexof thetongue

M.tongitudinalis
inferior
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
0 : R a d i[xi n g u a e l : A p e x[ i n g u a e F :R e t r a c a
t sn db r o a d e nt hset o n g u e ,
Lowers theapexofthetongue

M.transversus
[inguae
N.hypogLossus
[Xll]
0: LateraL
marginof thetongue l: LateraI marginofthetongue, F: Narrows
thetongue,
Septum Unguae A p o n e u r o s[ iinsg u a e e|'ongates
thetonguetogether
with
theM.verticatis
Linguae

M.verticatisIinguae
N.hypoglossus[Xlil
0 : R a d i[xi n g u a e ; l: Aponeurosis
[inguae F: Broadens
thetonoue
originates fromthe
M .g e n i o g t o s s u s
Up p e rL i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

b Externalmusclesof thetongue

M.geniogtossus
N hypoglossus
[Xlil
m e n t a Loi fst h eM a n d i b u l al : A p o n e u r o Isiinsg u a e
0:Spina F : P r o t r u d easn dd e p r e s s tehse
tongue

0 : C o r n um a j u sa n dC o r p uoss s r s l : L a t e r apIa r t so ft h e t sn dd e p r e s s tehset o n g u e

F :R e t r a c a
hyoidei A p o n e u r o s[ iinsg u a e

M.chondrogtossus lvariablyformedl
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
0 : C o r n um i n u so s s i sh y o i d e i l : L a t e r apIa r t so ft h e s et o n g u e ,
F :R e t r a c t h
A p o n e u r o [siinsg u a e d e p r e s s tehser o o ta n dt h eb a c ko l
t h et o n g u e

M.stylogtossus
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
0 : A n t e r i omr a r g i o
n ft h e l : E n t e r[sa t e r apIa r t so ft h e t sn de L e v a ttehset o n q u e
F :R e t r a c a
Prnr ctvlnidorrcnf ihp t o n g ufer o ma b o vaen db e h i n d
0 st e m p o r a L e ,
Ligstylomandibulare
 HeadlNecklTrunk

M. levatorveli patatini
Rr.pharyngeaLesof theN.glossopharyngeus ilXl andtheN.vagus pharyngeus)
IN l= Plexus
0 : I n f e r i osru r f a coeft h eP a r s l:Aponeurop s iasl a t i n a F:Tenses andelevates thesoftpaLate,
p e t r o soaft h e0 s t e m p o r a l e , e x p a n dt hs e[ u m e no ft h ea u d i t o r y
C a r t i t a gt uob a ea u d i t i v a e t ub e

M.tensorvetipatatinilsurrounds theHamulusossispterygoidei
as hypomochtion)
N musculi
tensoris
velrpalatini
of theN nandibutaris
[V/3]
0: Fossa scaphoidea at thebase l:Aponeurop
s iasl a t i n a F:Tenses {andeLevatesJ thesoft
o ft h eL a m i n m
a e d i a t oi sft h e patate,
Prnc ntorvnnidorrc
' ' v v
T ' -
e x p a n dt hs e[ u m e no ft h ea u d i t o r y
Spina ossisphenoidatis, tube
m e m b r a n opuas r to ft h eT u b a
a u di t i v a

M.palatogtossus
N gLossopharyngeus
ilXI
0 : A p o n e u r o sp iast a t i n a l: Enters theinternaL muscLes F: Depresses thesoftpaLate,
o ft h et o n g u ei n, p a r t i c u Lt a
h re eLevatestherootofthetongue
M .t r a n s v e r sLuisn g u a e in orderto narrowthepharynx

M.uvulaelsotitary
muscte)
Rr.pharyngeales
of theN.glossopharyngeus ilXlandtheN.vagus
IN [= Plexus
pharyngeus)
0 : A p o n e u r o [siinsg u a e l: Stromaof theUvuLa F :S h o r t e nasn dt h u st h i c k e nt sh e
uvuLa
U pperli m b I L o w e r[i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T h ec o u r s oe ft h eM m a s s e t ef rro mt h ez y g o m a tai cr c ht o t h em a n d i b u taanr g Lm e a yw e t tb ep a l p a t et hd r o u gthh es k i nW h e nc l e n c h i nt hge

t e e t ht,h eM t e m p o r a tci a
s nb ef e Litnt h et e m p o r a t f o sT sah eM p t e r y g o i d emuesd i a t i n
s s e r tast t h ei n n e sr u r f a coeft h em a n d i b u taanr g t e
T h eM p t e r y g o i d eLuast e r a e s t e r i o r ef rLoymt h et e m p o r o m a n d i bj u
[ ixst e n di n oLi nat r
M.temporalis
Nn.temporates (N.mandibularis
profundi [V/3]J
0 : 0 s t e m p o r abt ee l o w t h eL i n e a l : A p e xa n dm e d i asIu r f a c e F:Anteriorfibresctosethejaws,
t e m p o r a ti insf e r i o r , o ft h eP r o cc o r o n o i d eouftsh e posterior
fibresretractthemandible
deeptayerof theFascia Ma n di b u t a [=retrusionl
t e m p o rI ias

M.masseter
N massetericus
IN.nandibularis
[V/3]l
0: Parssuperficialis: anterior l: Parssuperficiatis: Angu[us thejaws
F:CLoses
t w ot h i r d so ft h ei n f e r i omr a r g i n mandibuLae,
o ft h eA r c u sz y g o m a t i c u s Tuberositas masseterica
{ t e n dnio u s J Parsprofunda: inferior margin
Parsprofunda: posterior third o ft h eM a n d i b u t a
o ft h ei n n e sr u r f a coeft h eA r c u s
zygomatrcus

M. pterygoideus
mediatis
N.pterygoideus
media[is
IN. mandibutaris [V/3]J
0: Fossa pterygoidea, n ft h eM a n d i b u L aF, :C [ o s etsh ej a w s
l : I n f e r i omr a r g i o
m e d i asLu r f a coeft h eL a m i n a Tuberositas pterygoidea
LateraLis of theProcpterygoideus,
P r o cp. y r a m i d aoLfitsh e
0spalatinum

M.pterygoideus
lateralis
N.pterygotdeus
lateralis
IN mandibutaris [V/3])
0: Caputsuperius: outersurface l : C a p ust u p e r i u sd:i s ca n d F:Caputinferius:
drawsthemandible
o ft h eL a m i n[aa t e r a loi sft h e c a p s u toeft h eA r t i c u L attei om p o r o - interiore[y
{=protrusionl
Prne nfonrnnidorrc m a n d i b[ aur i s
Tubermaxi[[ae [accessory) Caputinferius: Fovea pterygoidea
Caputinferius: Facies tempora[is o ft h eP r o cc o n d y L aor fitsh e
o ft h eA t am a j o or ft h e0 s M a nidb u[ a
sphenoidate
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h ep h a r y n g e a l m u sacrleedsi v i d ei n
d L loh ep h a r y n g e a l c o n s t r{cl rt o
/mrcso n s tcrt o r epsh a r y n gsiusp e r i omr ,e d i uasn di n f e r i oarnl dt h e
p h a r y n g el eavl a t omr u s c t eI M
s styLopharyng MesuasI,p i n g o p h a r y nagnedM u sp a t a t o p h a r y n g e u s l

a Pharyngeat
constrictors

pharyngis
M.constrictor superior
Rr pharyngeales
ot'theN g[ossopharyngeus pharyngeus)
[tX]l= Plexus
0: Parspterygopharyngea: l : M e m b r a npah a r y n g o b a s i L a r r sF, :C o n s t r i ctthsep h a r y n x ,
oosterio mra r o i o n ft h eL a m r n a s u p e r i ot hr i r do ft h eR a p h e s e p a r a t tehseE p i p h a r yfnr ox mt h e
m e d i a Loi fst h eP r o cp t e r y g o i d e u sp, h a r y n g i s M e s o p h a r yl tnoxg e t h e wri t ht h e
HamuLu o s s i sp t e r y g o i d e i M paLatopharyngeusl,
Parsbuccopharyngea: Raphe p r o m o t et rsa n s p oor tff o o di n t ot h e
pterygom n dai b uL ar i s o e s o p h a gbuysw a v e - L ickoen t r a c t i o n s
Parsmytopharyngea: Linea { p e r i s t a tw
t iac v e l
m y l o h y o i doeftah eM a n d i b u L a
Parsglossopharyngea:
M t r a n s v e r s[ui ns g u a e
M.constrictorpharyngismedius
Rr.pharyngea[es
of theN gLossopharyngeus
[lX]andtheN vagus pharyngeusl
[X]E Plexus
0 : P a r sc h o n d r o p h a r y n C
g eoaf n: u l : M i d d Lt he i r do ft h eR a p h e F :C o n s t r i ctthsep h a r y nf rxo m
m r n uo s s s i sh y o i d e i pha rs,
ryng b e hni d ,
Parsceratopharyngea: Cornu overtaps
theM constrictor promotes transport of foodintothe
m a l u so s s i sh y o i d e i pharyngis
superior o e s o p h a gbuysw a v e - l i kceo n t r a c t i o n s
lperista[tic waveJ

M.constrictorpharyngisinferior
Rr pharyngeales
of theN vagus pharyngeusl
[X]E Plexus
0: Parsthyropharyngea: outer l : M i d d taen di n f e r i ot h
r i r do ft h e F :C o n s t r i ctthsep h a r y nf rxo m
s u r f a coeft h eC a r t i t a gt hoy r o i d e a R a p h pe h a r y n g i s , b e hin d ,
b e h i ntdh eL i n e ao b t i o u a overlaps theM constrictor p r o m o t et rsa n s p oor tff o o di n t ot h e
Parscricopharyngea: LateraI p h a r y n gm i se d i u s o e s o p h a gbuysw a v e - L ickoen t r a c t i o n s
s u r f a coeft h eC a r t i t a gcor i c o i d e a Iperista[tic wave)
Parstracheopharyngea: [ateraI
s u r f a coeft h eC a r t i t a g o
t r a c h e a tIi s

b Pharyngeatlevatormuscles

M.patatopharyngeus thismuscLe
IFunctionatty, atsobelongs ofthepa[ate.)
to themuscLes
Rr.pharyngeales [lX](=Plexus
of theN glossopharyngeus pharyngeusl
0 : A p o n e u r o sp ias[ a t i n a , l : C a r t i L atghoy r o i d e a , F :C o n s t r i ctthsei s t h m uosff a u c e s ,
H a m u t uoss s i sp t e r y g o i d e i i n s e r tisn t ot h eL a t e r a n
I dt h e depresses thesoftpaLate,
posteriw o ra t [o ft h eP h a r y n x elevates thepharyngeaIwaI towards
thesoftpatate
U p p e rt im b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

M.satpingopharyngeus
Rrpharyngeales
oftheN.g[ossopharyngeus pharyngeusl
ilX]E Plexus
0 : F r e em a r g i a
n n di n f e r i o r of
l: InsertsintotheLateralwaIL thepharynx
F: Elevates
s u r f a coef t h eC a r t i [ a gt uob a e thePharynx
auditivae

M.stylopharyngeus
oftheN glossopharyngeus
R.nusculistytopharyngei ilXl
0: Procstyloideus
of the0s l : C a r t i L atghoy r o i d e a , thepharynx
F: Etevates
Iemp0rate i n s e r tisn t ot h eL a t e r a l w o
a ft I
thePharynx between the
M .c o n s t r i c tsour p e r i oarn dt h e
M c o n s t r i c tm o re d i u s
M.cricothyroideusIParsrecta:superficial, Parsobtiqua: deepl
R.externus
of theN laryngeus superior of theN.vagus [Xl
0: Outersurface of theArcusof l : l n f e r i omr a r g i n
o ft h eL a m i noaf F:Tenses thevocaIcordsbytittingthe
t h eC a r t i l a gcor i c o i d e a t h eC a r t i l a gt hoy r o i d e a cricoidcartiLage
arounda transverse
AXIS

a;e
posterior
M.cricoarytenoideus
N.Iaryngeus
recurrens
of theN vagus
[Xl
0: Posterior surface ofthe l : P r o cm u s c u t a roi sft h e F :O p e ntsh er i m ag L o t t i dbi ysr o t a t i n g
L a m i noaf t h eC a r t i l a ocor i c o i d e a Cartitago arytenoidea thevocaL process ofthearytenoid
c a r t i L aogue t w a r dasr o u nad
t o n g i t u d i naax Li sa, sw e LaLs b yt i t t i n g
t h ea r y t e n oci da r t i t a gsei d e w a r d s

M.cricoarytenoideus
[ateratis
N laryngeus
recurrens
of theN vagus [X]
0 : L a t e r auIp p em
r argio
n ft h e l : P r o cm u s c u t a roi sft h eC a r t i [ a g oF :C l o s etsh ei n t e r m e m b r a npoaurst
Arcusof theCartiLago cricoidea arytenoidea of therimagLottidis byrotating the
a r y t e n oci da r t i l a gi n
e w a r dasr o u nad
[ o n g i t u d i naax Li s

M.arytenoideus
transyersus
N.Iaryngeus
recurrens
of theN vagus
[X]
0 : L a t e r aeId g ea n dp o s t e r i o r l : L a t e r aeLd g ea n dp o s t e r i o r F :C l o s etsh ei n t e r c a r t i [ a g e npoaur ts
s u r f a coeft h eC a r t i L a g o surface ofthecontraLateraI of therimagLottidis byapproximating
arytenoidea CartiLago arytenoidea botharytenoid cartitages

M.arytenoideus
obliquus
N laryngeus
recurrens
of theN.vagus
[X]
0; Baseof theposterior surfaceof l: Apexandposterior surface F :D r a w tsh ea r y t e n oci da r t i t a g e
t h eC a r t i t a gaor y t e n o i d e a ofthecontraLateraL Proc. mediaLl.y andnarrows the
Parsaryepiglottica: apexo1the muscuLarrs i n t e r c a r t i t a g e npoaur to s ft h er i m a
C a r t i L aaqrov t e n o i d e a Parsaryepigl.ottica r lateraI gLottidis bytiLting thearytenoid
margio n ft h eC a r t i L aegpoi g L o t t i c a^t o^r. +u;Ll ^o ^Y^c^>: ^i ,l .r ,w^d- tl -u J
U ppert i m b I L o w er[i mb I C ra n i anl .e rve s

M.vocalis
N laryngeus
recurrens
of theN.vagus
[Xl
0: Innersurface
ofthe bov" l: Procvocalis andFovea obtonga F:Tenses ihevocalcordandforms
of theCartiLago
thyroidea o ft h eC a r t i L aagroy t e n o i d e a t h ee d g eo ft h er i m ag t o t t i d i s ,
regutates theabitity ofthevocaL foLd
to vibrate

M.thyroarytenoideus
N.Laryngeus
recurrens
oftheN vagus
[Xl
0 : l n n e sr u r f a coeft h eL a m i n a l : P r o cm. u s c u L aar insda n t e r i o r F: Narrows theinterof thertma
o ft h eC a r t i [ a gt hoy r o i d ei nac l o s e s u r f a coeft h eC a r t i L a g o gtottidis byrotating thearytenoid
p r o x i m ittoyt h eo r i g i no ft h e arytenoidea c a r t i t a gi new a r dasr o u nad
M vocatis Parsthyroepigtottica: Laterat longitudinaLaxis
Parsthyroepigtottica: Inner margio n ft h eC a r t i t a geop i g t o t t i c a Parsthyroepigtottica: narrows
the
s u r f a coeft h eL a m i noaft h eC a r t i L a - [arvnoeaLorifice
gothyroidea in cLose proximity to the
o r i g i no ft h eM t h y r o a r y t e n o i d e u s
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T7-T8

Motorfunction Sensory
function

Ansacervicalis
R a d isxu p e r i o{ = r R a d iax n t e r i o r J M m .i n f r a h y o i d e i
R a d iixn f e r i o{ r=R a d ipx o s t e r i o r )
Rr.muscutares M .L o n g ucso l t i
M l n n n r r ce : n i t i c
M r e c t u cs a p i t iasn t e r i o r
Mm intertransversarii anteriores
cervicis
M trapezius
[, l^.,^+^- ^^^^,.1^^
rvr rtrvdrur >LdPutdu

Branches of the so-catted
N a u r i c u t a rm
i sa g n u s
M s c a L e nm
u se d i u s
M geniohyoideus
Punctumneryosum
S k i no ft h eu p p enr e c kt,h ea r e ao ft h e
m a n d i b u Laanrg t et h
, ea n t e r i oarn d
posterio a r e a s u r r o u n d itnhgea u r i c t e ,
a n dm o s to ft h ea u r i c tiet s e L f

N .t r a n s v e r scuosL L i S k i no ft h eu p p ear n t e r i onre c k

N o c c i p i t am
L iisn o r S k i no ft h eo c c i p i t raeLg i o n

N n .s u p r a c t a v i c u t m a reedsi a t e s , A stripof skinbeLow

thectavicte
i n t e r m e d[iai ,t e r a t e s
N.phrenicus Diaphragm P a r i e i apIL e u rpae, r i c a r pd e, r i t o n e u m

T h eM s t e r n o c L e i d o m a s t odiedveeu[so pf rso mt h es a m ee m b r y o nai cn L a gaest h eM t r a p e z i uI s a m e i n n e r v a t i ol nt t)r a v e r s eosb L i q u ef rLoym

t h eP r o cm a s t o i d eiunsa na n t e r i omr e d i o c a u d a L d i r eacnt d
i oi sni n t e g r a t ei ndt h eL a m i nsau p e r f i c i aoLfti sh eF a s c icae r v i c a L i s
M,sternocleidomastoideus
N accessorius
[Xl]:Ptexus
cervicalis
0: Caputsternale: witha long l: Posterior areaoftheProc F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i or o
n t: a t etsh e
t e n d o fnr o mt h ev e n t r asLu r f a coef mastoideus, h^..1 -^^+-^l ^+^--i 1,,
rrgou uutru ototct otty,
t h eS t e r n u m l a t e r a l m a r goi fnt h eL i n e a bitateraI innervatlon : elevates the
C a p uct l a v i c u t a rwei :i ha s h o r t n u c h a l si su p e r i o r h e a da n dd r a w st h eh e a da n t e r i o r l y ,
t e n d ofnr o mt h es t e r n at h L i r do f f l e x etsh ec a u d acLe r v i c vaeLr t e b r a e
t h eC L a v i c u t a a n ds t r e t c h ebso t ht h ec r a n i acLe r v i c a I
vertebrae asweLL asthecranro-
c e r v i c jaoLi n t s
Up p e rt im b I L o w e rl i mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

T h e s u p r a h y o i d m u s c l e s f o r m t htehfel ooor raoLfc a v i t y a n d f u n c t i o n a s a n t a g o n i s t s t o t h e i n f r aThhyeoai n d tmeur isocrlbeesLt ht yeoMf . d i g a s t r i c u s

is located mostsuperficiatty Thenextlayerconsists oftheM mylohyoideus, whichformsa broadpLate. TheM geniohyoideus is located adjacentty
o f. d i g a s t r i c u s a n d tshtey M
t o t h e i n t e r i o r s u r f atcheeoMf . m y t o h y o i d e u s a s a r o u n dTshter ap no ds t e r i o r b etthLey M tohyoideusaretocateddorsatty
M.mytohyoideuslTherightandtheLeftmuscletogether, theftoorofthemouthin a ptate-[ike
secure shape.l
N mylohyoideus
lN mandibularis[V/3]
0 : W i t ha s h o rtte n d o fnr o m l: Raphe mylohyoidea, F; Elevates thef loorofthemouth
theLineamylohyoidea of the u p p em n ft h eC o r p uoss s i s a n dt h et o n g u lea si n s w a t t o w i n g l ,
r argio
M an di b u t a hyoidei d e p r e s s tehsem a n d i b l e ,
atsoeLevates thehyoidbone,
formsthemuscuLar support forthe
r0ngue

M.digastricus (Venterposterior andVenter anterior areconnected byan intertendon attached to theCornuminusofthe0s hyoideum
Venterposterior:fromtheoriginto theintertendon; Venter anterior:fromtheintertendon to theinsertion.l
Venteranterior:N mylohyoideus IN mandibularis [V/3]l;
posterio
Venter r: R.digastricusIN facialis [Vll]J
0 : I n c i s u rm
aastoide oaft h e0 s l: Fossa ofthe
digastrica theM.mylohyoideus
F: Supports
tempora Le M an di b u t a

M.stytohyoideus
R stytohyoideus
IN faciaLis
[Vll])
0: Procstyloideus
of the0s n ft h eC o r p u s
l : L a t e r amI a r g i o F: Drawsthehyoidbone
ip.; ru u^r. ^J U^ L^ r- -o r^r;o^(|rty, ,
ri
l. tempora[e ossishyoidei withtwoparts
surrounding theintertendon of
tha h/ dinrctrinrrc

M.geniohyoideuslTherightandtheLeftmuscle arecLoseLy juxtaposed, on[yseparated bya thinseptumof connective tissue.l

Rr ventrales
fromC1-C2
0 rW i t ha s h o rt e n d ofnr o mt h e l : A n t e r i osru r f a coeft h eC o r p u s F :S u p p o rt hs eM .m y t o h y o i d ei nu s
Spina m e n t a toi sft h eM a n d i b u L a o s s i sh y o i d e i etevating thetongue,
d e p r e s s tehsem a n d i b [ e ,
etevates thehyoidbone
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h er nrf a h y o im
d u s c l efsu n c t i oansa n t a g o n i st ot st h es u p r a h y omi du s c t e s
T h eM s t e r n o h y o i d iesul osc a t esdu p e r f i c i aaLntdyi sf o t t o w ebde t o wb yt h eM s t e r n o t h y r o i daenudst h eM .t h y r o h y o i d eTuhseM o m o h y o i d e u s
stretches mosttateraLty
M.sternohyoideus
Ansacerytcati
s {Plexu
s cervicaIis)
0 : C r a n i amLa r g i o
n ft h e l : I n f e r i omr a r g i n
o ft h eC o r p u s F: Drawsthehyoidbonecaudatly
a^-+;l^^^ ;^-+^^ |
vor rrrovu LUJLdc I, o s s i sh y o i d e i
i n n e sr u r f a coeft h eM a n u b r i u m
s t e r nai n dt h ec a p s u L oe
ft h e
s t e r n o c t a v i cjuo[ianrt

M.sternothyroideus
Ansacerytcatis [Plexu
s cervicatis]
0 : I n n esr u r f a coeft h eC a r t i | . a g o l : 0 u t e rs u r f a c eL,i n e ao b t i q u a , F: Depresses theLarynx,
c0stae t, o ft h eL a m i noafi h eC a r t i L a g o regutates theposition ofthe[arynx
i n n e sr u r f a coeft h eM a n u b r i u m thyroidea between thehyoidboneand
s t e r nci a u d at o
t the t h es t e r n u m
t o g e t h ewri t ht h e
M sternohyoideus M.thyrohyoideus

M.thyrohyoideus
AnsacervicalisI Plexus
cervicaIisl
0 : 0 u t e rs u r f a c eL,i n e ao b l i q u a , l : L a t e r at hLi r do ft h eC o r p uasn d F :A p p r o x i m at heesh y o i d b o n ea n d
o ft h eL a m i noaft h eC a r t i L a g o therootoftheCornumajusof the the[arynx,
thyroidea 0shyoideum regutates theposition ofthe[arynx
b e t w e et nh eh y o i d
b o n ea n d
t h es t e r n u m
t o g e t h ewri t ht h e
M.sternothyroideus

M.omohyoideus lVenter inferiorandVenter

superior
areconnected
byan intertendon,
whichis attached
to theVagina
carotica.l
Ansacervica[i
s [Plexu
s cervica|is]

0: Venterinferior:Margo l: Ventersuperior: caudaImargin F:Tenses thecervicaL fasciadueto

s u p e r i oorft h eS c a o u L mae d i a I of the[ateraL outersurface ofthe itsattachment to thecarotid sheath,
t o t h eI n c i s u rsac a p u [ a e C o r o uoss s i sh v o i d e i prevents thecoLtapse ofthe
V j u g u L a ri inst e r n a
U p p e rt im b I L o w e rl i mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

Thethree
scalenus
musc[es, M sca[enus
anterior,
M scalenus
medius posterior,
andM scatenus traverse ribsandforma three
totheupper
sided layer|.ateratty
musc[e partofthevertebraI
ofthecervicaL column
M.scalenus
anterior
Directbranchesof thePlexuscervicalisand theP[exusbrachialis
'1 : 0: Tubercuta
anteriora
of the l : W i t ha s h o rt e n d oant t h e F:VertebraI co|.umn:
Procc.transversi
of the3. l4.l- T u b e r c u l ummu s c ust ic a l e n t flexes thecervicaI partof the
6.cervicaI
vertebra a n t e r i o roi sf t h e1 .r i b vertebraL co[umnlateratly
Thorax:
elevates thefirstrib,thereby eLevating
t h et h o r a (xm u s c Loef i n s p i r a t i o n )

M.scalenusmedius
of thePtexus
Directbranches andthePlexusbrachialis
cervicalis
0: Tubercu[a
oftheProcc l : W i t ha s h o rt e n d oant t h e1 .r i b , F:VertebraI column:
transversi
ofthe3.-7.cervicaI j u s tb e h i ntdh eS u [ c uasr t e r i a e flexes thecervicaI partof the
vertebra subcLaviae vertebraI cotumnLateraLty
Thorax:
etevates thefirstrib,thereby etevating
t h et h o r a Ixm u s c toef i n s p i r a t i o n l

posterior
M.scalenus
Directbranches
of the Plexus
cervicatis
andtheP[exusbrachiatis
0 : T u b e r c upLoas t e r i oor aft h e l: Witha shortandftattendonat F :V e r t e b r a L c o L u m n :
Procc. transversi of the5 and n ft h e2 { 3| r i b
r argio
t h eu p p em flexes thecervical partof the
6 cervicaI vertebra vertebraI columnlateratly
Thorax:
e L e v a ttehses e c o n{da n dt h i r drl i b ,
thereby elevating thethoraxImuscte
o fi n s p i r a t i o n l
 -
I Head I Neck I Trunk

TheprevertebraI
muscLes areLocated
tothebothsides
ofthebodies
ofthecervicaI
andupper ihoracic
vertebrae,
andareensheathedbythe
LaminaprevertebraIis
oftheFascia
cervicaLis
TheanterotateraI
partoftheAtLas
andAxisareconnected
bytheshortM rectus
capitis
anterior.
M.rectuscapitisanterior
Rr.ventralesof the Plexusceryicalis
0: ProctransversusandMassa l; Parsbasitaris
ofthe0s occipitate F: Ftexes
theheadlateroventratry,
lateralis
of theAttas theheadipsiLaterall.vJ
frotates

M.tongus capitis
Directbranches
ofthePlexus
cervicalis
0: Tubercu[a
anteriora
of l: 0utersurfaceof thePars F: Ftexes
theheadventrally
theProcc.transversi
ofthe basitarisof the0s occioitate theheadipsitaterattyl
[rotates
3.-6 cervicaI
vertebra

M.longus
colti
Directbranchesof the Plexusceryicalis
0 : B o d i eosf t h e5 .c e r v i c a t - l: Procc.
transversiof the F: Ftexes
theheadventralty
a +k^-^^;^.,^-r^L-^
u L tt u t d L t L v t r t t t r u t d l 5.-7.cervicaI
vertebra, theheadipsitateritlyl
Irotates
Tubercuta
anterioraof theProcc bodiesof the2 -4. cervicaI
transversi
ofthe2.-5.cervicaL vertebra,
vertebra Tubercu[um anterius of theAtLas
Uppert i m b I L o w e r[i mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

T h eM p e c t o r a L mi sa j o m
r o u [ dtsh es u r f a caen a t o moyft h ea n t e r i ourp p etrh o r a c w i ca I LT h eM p e c t o r a lmi si n o irs s i t u a t ej ud s tb e t o w .
T o g e t hw e ri t ht h eM s u b c l a v i ut hse, s em u s c l ebse t o ntgo t h eg r o u po f t h ev e n t r amLu s c l eosft h es h o u L d(esre eT a b2 5 )
T h eM m i n t e r c o s t ael exst e r nain di n t e r nf i Ltth ei n t e r c o s st apLa c eT h eM m ,s u b c o s t a L n sdt h eM t r a n s v e r stuhso r a c iasr eL o c a t ea dtt h e
ae
i n n e sr u r f a coeft h et h o r a c w
i ca L S[ ometime a s u p e r f i c i al o
t l cy a t eM
d s t e r n a tci sa nb ef o u n d
M,sternatis muscLe,
Iinconstant in approx.
5%ofthecaseslocated pectoralisl
ontheFascia
Branches
ofthe
Nn
".,',';:50::';,TiiT1i;iil#:i:::1'""Tf:Jl,'ffiffi'i::,']J,fjjil"' pectorar
F:contracts
the skin

Mm.intercostales
externi
Nn lntercostales
INn thoracicil
n ft h e1 - ' l 1 r i b
0 : I n f e r i omr a r g i o n ft h e
l : S u p e r i omr a r g i o F: ELevate
theribs,
fromtheTubercuLum costae to c o r r e s p o n dlionw g er i b reinforce spacein deep
theintercostaL
t h ej u n c t i obne t w e ecna r t i t a g e inspiration
a n 00 0 n e

Mm.intercostates
interniIlnteriorty, posteriora
theVasaintercostatia theMm.intercostates
de[ineate
andtheN intercostalis intimi.]
Nn.intercostales
INn.thoracici]

0 : S u p e r i omr a r g i o
n ft h e n ft h e
l : l n f e r i omr a r g i o F. Danrocc tho rihc

2 . - 1 2r i bf r o mt h es t e r n a L e n d c o r r e s p o n dui npgp erri b reinforce theintercostaL

spacein deep
o ft h eC a r t i [ a gco s t a Lt iost h e e x prra r 0 n
Angul.us costae

Mm.subcostales muscLes]
Iinconstant
Nn rntercostales
INn.thoracici]
0 : S u p e r i omr a r g i o
n ft h el o w e r l : I n f e r i omr a r g i o
n ft h el o w e r F : R e i n f o r tcheet h o r a c w
i ca t L ,
r i b sb e t w e et n
h eT u b e r c u Launmd r i b sa, l w a yssk i p p i nogn er i b d e p r e st sh er i b si n d e e pe x p i r a t i o n
A n g u t ucso s t a e

M.transversus (inconstant
thoracis musctel
Nn.intercostales
INn.thoracici]
0 : C o r p usst e r n i , i sft h e2 - 6 r i b
l : C a r t i L acgoos t a l o F : R e i n f o r ctehsei h o r a c iwc a Li tn d e e p
d o r s o t a t em
r aaI r g i o
n ft h eP r o c . ctose t o t h ej u n c t i obne t w e e n e x pria t i o n
xiphoideus, nerfilrno end hnno

Cartitago costatis of the{5I 7.rib

 HeadlNecklTrunk

T 1 4 - T1 5

T h ev e n t r amLu s c t eosft h ea b d o m i n a L wtahLeM

t , r e c t u as b d o m i nai sn dt h eM p y r a m i d a tai rse,[ o c a t ewdi t h i nt h er e c t u s h e a t h ,
M.rectusabdominis
Nn intercostateslNn.thoracicil;LessfrequenttyventralbranchesoftheupperNn
\umbaLes
0 : 0 u t e rs u r f a coeft h eC a r t i t a g o l: Cristpa u b i coaft h e0 s c o x a e , F : F l e x et sh et r u n k ,
c o s t a toi sft h e5 - 7 . r i b , S y m p h y spius b i c a c o m p r e s stehsea b d o m e n ,
P r o cx. i p h o i d e u s , expr ratron
L i g gc o s t o x i p h o i d e a

M.pyramidatis muscte]
Iinconstant
Caudal
Nn intercostates
[Nn thoracicil
0: Cristapubica of the0s coxae, l: Linea Lba F: Tenses"
the[ineaaLba
Symphysis pubica ventraI to the
M r e c t u as b d o m i n i s

T o g e t h et hr ,eM o b t i q u uesx t e r n uasb d o m i n ti sh ,eM .o b t i q u ui ns t e r n uasb d o m i nai sn dt h eM t r a n s v e r saubsd o m i nai sr er e f e r r et d o a s[ a t e r a L

m u s c l e s tohf e a b d o m i n a I wTahLeIi r t e n d i n o u s t a y e r s t o g e t h e r f o r m t h e r e Icnt tuhsesm h ea at et h, p a r itshoef M o b t i q u u s i n t e r n u s a b d o m i n i s
a n dt h eM t r a n s v e r saubsd o m i nbi sr a n c oh f ft o f o r mt h eM c r e m a s t e r .
M.obtiquusexternusabdominis
Caudal
Nn intercostales
INn thoracici);
N.iliohypogastricus;
N iLioinguinaLis lumbatis]
IPlexus
0 : 0 u t e rs u r f a coeft h e5 . - 1 2r.i b , l: Labium e x t e r n uo
mft h e F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i or o
n t: a t etsh e
l n d e n t ebdyf t e s hdyi g i t a t i ow
n si t h C r i s t ia[ i a c a , thoraxcontratatera lty,
t h eM s e r r a t uasn t e r i o r L i gi n g u i n a t e , flexes thevertebraI co[umn
T u b e r c u t upm ubicum, ipsitatera Lty,
Cristp aubica, bilateraL innervation: flexes thetrunk,
L i n e a t b ap, a r t i c i p a tienst h e c o m p r e s stehsea b d o m e n ,
f o r m a t i oonft h ea n t e r i ol ar y e r expiration
o ft h er e c t u s h e a t h
M.obtiquusinternusabdominis (lnthemate,themostcaudaI fibresbranchoffas M.cremaster
andtraverse
intothespermatic
cord.l
Cauda[
Nn.intercostales
[Nn thoracici];
N.iliohypogastricus; (Ptexus
N ilioinguinalis tunbalis]
0: SuperficL i aaI y eorft h eF a s c i a l : I n f e r i omr a r g i no ft h eC a r t i t a g o F :U n i l a t e rianIn e r v a t i or o n t: a t etsh e
thoracotumbalis, c o s t a l iosft h e( 9 . 1 0- 1 2 .r i b , thoraxipsitateraILy,
L i n e ai n t e r m e doi aft h eC r i s t a Linea Lba. ftexes thevertebraL coLumn
rLraca, s u p e r i ot or t h eL i n e a r c u a ttah e ipsitatera ILy,
L a t e r tawI ot h i r d so ft h eL i g , m u s c tpea r t i c i p a tienst h e b i t a t e r ianIn e r v a t i of lne:x etsh et r u n k ,
inguinaLe formation of bothtayers ofthe c o m p r e s stehsea b d o m e n
rectussheath, whereas inferror exprrar0n,
t o i t a [ [f i b r e si n s e ritn t ot h e M cremaster etevates thetestis
anterior layeronty
UpperL i m b I L o w er[i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M.transversusabdominis[lnthemal.e, themostcaudaLfibres branchoffas M cremaster andtraverse intothespermatic cordI

CaudalNnintercostaleslNn
thoracicil; N iliohypogastricus;N iliornguinalis[Plexuslumbalis]; N genitofemoratis
0 : I n n esr u r f a coeft h eC a r t i t a g o l : L i n e a L b a , F :C o m p r e s stehsea b d o m e n ,
costaLis ofthe[5 , 6 | 7 -12 rib, s u p e r i ot or t h eL i n e a r c u a t a expiration,
P r o c cc.o s t a l eosft h e[ u m b a r t h em u s c [pea r t i c i p a tienst h e M cremaster elevates thetestis
vertebrae viathedeeplayerofthe f o r m a t i oonft h ep o s t e r i ol ar y e r
F a s c itah o r a c o [ u m b a l i s , o ft h er e c t u s h e a t hw,h e r e a s
Labium internum o ft h eC r i s t a r i t a Lfti b r e si n s e ritn t o
i n f e r i ot o
iIiaca, t h ea n t e r i oLra y e r
L a t e r tahLi r do ft h eL i g .i n g u i n a [ e

TheM quadratus
lumborumconstitutes
themuscuLar oftheposterior
fundament MediaLty,
abdominaLwatl. isjuxtaposed
thismuscte tothe
M psoas
major[seeIab.42)
M.quadratus[umborum
N.intercostalts
IN.thoracicus (Plexus
ITl2]l;Rr musculares lumbalisl
'1 in
0 : P o s t e r i tohri r do ft h eL a b i u m l : M e d i apta r to f t h e 2 r i b , F: Drawstheribsdownwards
internum o ft h eC r i s t a iLiaca, P r o cc o s t a Loi fst h e - 1 [ u m b a r
4 expiration,
LigiLiotumbal.e vertebra flexesthevertebraI
cotumn
ipsitateratty
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h ed o r s a L m u s col ef tsh i sg r o u pt ,h eM t r a p e z i uM s , L e v a tsocr a p u t aM e , r h o m b o i d em u sa j oar n dM r h o m b o i d em u si n o rb, e t o ntgo t h e

s u p e r f i c i a L Laacyceor r d i nt ogt h e i rp o s i t i o H
n o w e v earc, c o r d i nt ogt h e i ro r i g i na n di n n e r v a t itohne ya r er e f e r r et d
o a si m m i g r a t emdu s c t eosft h e
b a c kT h eM s e r r a t uasn t e r i oi sr [ o c a t eadt t h e[ a t e r at hl o r a c wi ca l La n dt r a v e r s edso r s a I uL ny d e r n e at thhes c a p u t a
T h eM .p e c t o r a tm i si n o a
r n dt h eM s u b c l a v ioursi g i n a tf e r o mt h ea n t e r i ot hr o r a c w i ca t IT h e ya r ed i s c u s s ei ndt h es e c t i oonft h ev e n t r amLu s c [ e s
o ft h es h o u L dIesre eT a b2 6 ]
M.trapezius[Attheoriginbetweenthemiddteand[owerthoracic
vertebrae
andattheSpina
scaputae,
a characteristicatty
shaped
aponeurosis
isfound.)
N. accessorius
[Xl]andbranchesof thePlexus
cervrcalis

0: Parsdescendens: Squama l: Parsdescendens: acromiaI F :S h o u l d eg ri r d l e :

o s s i so c c i p i t a b
Lei st w e et n
he t h i r do ft h eC L a v i c u L a Parsdescendens: prevents thedrop
L i n e an u c h a Lsius p r e maan dt h e Parstransversa: Acromion o ft h es h o u t d egri r d t ae n dt h ea r m ,
L i n e an u c h a tsi su p e r i o r , Parsascendens: SoinascaouLae elevates thescapuLa androtates the
P r o c cs p i n o soift h eu p p e r i n f e r i oarn g Loeu t w a r dt os g e t h ewri t h
cervicaI vertebrae viathe theM serratus anterior to atlowfor
Lignuchae t h ea r mt o b er a i s e o d v e trh eh o r i z o n -
Parstransversa: Proccspinosr ta[,rotates theheadcontralaterally
o ft h el o w ecr e r v i c a L n du p p e r w h e ns h o u [ d ear sr ef i x e de, x t e n dt h se
t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a e cervicaL partofthevertebraI coLumn
Parsascendens: Proccspinosi w h e nb o t hs i d e sa r ei n n e r v a t e d
o ft h em i d d taen dL o w et h r oracic Parstransversa: drawsthescapuLa
vene0rae mediatLy
Parsascendens: depresses the
s c a p u [aan dr o t a t eist c a u d a L t y
Vertebralcolumn:
u p o nb i L a t e ri a
nLn e r v a t i of l na ,t t e n s
t h ek y p h o soi sft h et h o r a c ipca r to f
t h ev e r t e b r a t c o t u m n
M. levatorscapulae
Directbranches
ofthePLexus
cervicalis andN dorsalis scapulae [Plexus brachiatis, Pars supractavicuLarisJ
0 : T u b e r c upt a
o s t e r i oor aft h e l : A n g u t ussu p e r i oarn da d j a c e n t F :S h o u L dqei r d t e :
P r o c ct r a n s v e rosfit h e1 - nartc nf tho Qrenrrle elevates thescaputa androtates it
4 cervicaI vertebra craniaILy
VertebraIcotumn:
extends thecervicaI partof the
v e r t e b r caoI L u mwnh e ns h o u t d e r s
arefixed

M.rhomboideusminor
N.dorsalis
scapulae brachialis,
IPtexus Parssupractavicutaris)
0 : P r o cs. p i n o s uosft h e6 a n d l: Margo m e d i a Loi fst h eS c a p u [ a F :D r a w tsh es c a p u tm a e d i a tal yn d
7 cervical vertebra c r a n i a [t[oyt h eS p i n sa c a p u t a e upwards,
h o L dt sh es c a p u Lt oat h et r u n k
t o g e t h ewri t ht h eM .s e r r a t uasn t e r i o r

M.rhomboideusmajor
N dorsalis (Ptexus
scapu[ae brachialis,
Parssupraclavicutaris]
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h ef o u ru p p e r l : M a r g o
medialo i sft h eS c a p u t a F :D r a w tsh es c a p u tm a e d i a l at yn d
t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a e c a u d a Lt o[ yt h eS p i n ascaputae upwards,
h o I d tsh es c a p u Lt oat h et r u n k
t o g e t h ewri t ht h eM s e r r a t uasn t e r i o r
UpperL i m b I L o w e rl i mb I C ra n i anI e rve s

T 1 7 - T1 9

M,serratusanterior[Patsy
of theM.serratus or theMm.rhomboidei
anterior in ScapuLa
resuLts alata.]
N thoracicus
longus
[Ptexusbrachialis,
Parssupractavicularis)
0 : P a r ss u o e r i o 1
r :.a n d2 .r i b l : P a r ss u p e r i oA r :n g u L u s F :S h o u [ d e g ri r d [ e :
( r e a s o n a cboLny v e r g e n t J s u p e r i oorft h eS c a p u [ a d r a w st h es c a p u Lmae d i a t t y
P a r sm e d i a2: . - / + . l bI d i v e r q e n t ] P a r sm e d i aM : argo mediaLis Dresses thescaouta ontotie thorax
Parsinferior:5 -t8 | 9 rib o ft h eS c a p u L a t o g e t h e r w itthheM m r h o m b o i d e i
{ s t r ogn[ yc o n v e r g e n t ) , r : n g u L ui nsf e r i o r
P a r si n f e r i o A Parssuperior: elevates thescaputa
i n d e n t ewdi t ht h eo r i g i no ft h e o ft h eS c a p u [ a Parsmedia:depresses thescapu[a
M o b t i q u uesx t e r n uasb d o m i n i s Parsinferior:depresses thescapuLa
a n dr o t a t etsh ei n f e r i oarn g [ e
outwards to aL[ow forthearmto be
r a i s eod v e trh eh o r i z o n ttaoIq e t h e r
w i t ht h eM t r a p e z i u s
Thorax:
eLevates theribswhenscapu[a is f ixed
I in s pria t i o n )

T h eM L a t i s s i mduosr sai n dt h eM p e c t o r a L mi sa j o br e [ o ntgo t h i sg r o u pB o t hm u s c t eosr i g i n a ft reo mt h et r u n ka n dt r a v e r st eot h ea r m .

D u et o t h ep o s i t i oonf i t sm u s c u t abre I t ya,n dt h ef a c t h a ti t a [ s om i g r a t et do t h eb a c kf r o mv e n t r a I Lt hye, M [ a t i s s i m u d so r siis g r o u p ewdi t ht h e
s u p e r f i c im
auL s c L eo sft h eb a c k
T h eM p e c t o r a lm i sa j oor r i g i n a t e
f rso mt h et h o r a c w wdi t ht h ev e n t r aml u s c L eo sft h es h o u [ d eI sr e eT a b2. 6 J .
i ca LaLn d a, c c o r d i n gi st yd,i s c u s s e
M.latissimus
dorsiIBursasubtendinea muscuLi tatissimi dorsiat thecontact areawiththeM.teresmaior)
N thoracodorsalis brachialis,
lPlexus Parssupractavicularis)
0 : P r o cs. p i n o s uosft h es i xL o w e r l : W i t ha f [ a t e n d o snu r r o u n d i n g F :S h o u t d jeori n t :
t h o r a c iacn dL u m b av re r t e b r a e t h eM t e r e sm a j oar t t h eC r i s t a adduction,
l v i aF a s c itah o r a c o L u m b a L i s l , t u b e r c uml ii n o r i s m e d i arlo t a t i o n ,
F a c i edso r s a t o i sft h e0 s s a c r u m , retrove rsion
d o r s at Ih i r do ft h eL a b i u m Shoutde g ri r d t e :
e x t e r n uomft h eC r i s t iaL i a c a , r - ^ . . . r^L ^^ ^ ^ ^ . t taan dt h ea r m
uldw> trrv 5LdP(

[ 9] 1 0- 1 2 .r i b mediaLty anddownwards
f r e q u e n twLiyt ha na d d i t i o n a l
i n d e n t a t ifor n
o mt h eA n g u l u s
inforinr nf tho Qranrrle

ThespinocostaI
muscles, posterior
M serratus superior posterior
andM serratus inferior, withminor
areslimmuscles functionaLreLevance,
Located
inthedepth
ofthemusc[es
oftheback oftheback
muscLes
ontopoftheautochthonous
posterior
M.serratus superior
Ventralbranches
of theN cervicalis
[C8]andthe Nn.thoracici
IT1-T4]
0 : P r o cs. p i n o s uosft h e6 . , t yt h eA n g u [ u s F : E L e v a t ehse1 . - 4r. i bI i n s p i r a t i o n ]
l : 1 . - 4r. i bl a t e r a Lt o
7 cervican I dt h e1 . ,2 .t h o r a c i c costae
vertebra

posterior
M.serratus inferior
Ventralbranches
of theNn thoracici
[T9-Tl2]
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e11 , l : C a u d a L m a rogfti hn e9 - 1 2 r i b F rD r a w tsh e9 . - 1 2r.i bd o w n w a r d s
1 2 t h o r a cai cn d1 , 2 ,L u m b a r I e x pr ai t i o n ) ,
vertebra w i t hi t sp o s s i bat en t a g o n i st omt h e
diaphragm itm , a ya l s os u p p o fr ot r c e d
inspiration
 Head N ec k I T r unk

a Autochthonous
lateralmusctesof the backlFig.797
,800,802,805,8691

T h e[ a t e r at rl a c to ft h ea u t o c h t h o n omuuss c L eo sft h eb a c kc o v e rtsh em e d i at Ir a c ti nt h en e c ka n dL u m b ar er g i o an n di st h e r e f o a r et s o

r e f e r r etdo a ss u p e r f i c i a L poaftrht ea u t o c h t h o n omuuss c [ eosft h eb a c kT h ef o l l o w i nmgu s c l ewsi t ht o n g i t u d i n a t f i bbreetso ntgo t h i st r a c t
M i I i o c o s t a tMi s[,o n g i s s i m u Msm , i n t e r t r a n s v e r sTahr e io
i b t i q uM
e m s p t e n id
c i v e r gcer a n i a t{[syp i n o t r a n s v e rTshaeLM) m L e v a t o r e s
c o s t a r utm T a v e r so eb L i q u ewtiyt hl a t e r o c a u d a i rIe c t i ot o
nt h er i b s
M.iliocostatis
[umborum
Rrposteriores
oftheNn Lumba[es
0 : T o g e t hw e ri t ht h e l : A n g u t ucso s t aoeft h e F :U n i t a t e rianln e r v a t i: ol ant e r a I
M t o n g i s s i mtuhso r a c ifsr o m : 1 2- 5 r i b f[exion,
P r o c cs p i n o soift h e[ u m b a r b i t a t e r ianIn e r v a t i oenx:t e n s r o n
vertebrae,
F a c i edso r s a l iosft h e0 s s a c r u m ,
d o r s at Lh i r do ft h eC r i s t ial i a c a ,
F a s c itah o r a c o [ u m b a [ i s

M. itiocostatis
thoracis
Rr posteriores
of theNn thoraact
O : 1 2- 7 r i bm e d i a ttloyt h e l : A n g u I ucso s t aoeft h e F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i: ol ant e r a I
A n g u I ucso s t a e 1 6 l 7 - 1r i b f lexion,
b i t a t e r ianLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n

M.itiocostatis
cervicis
Rr posteriores
of theNn cervicales
0 : 7 - 4 1 3| r i bm e d i a tttoyt h e l : T u b e r c u [ upm
o s t e r i uosf F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i oLna:t e r a I
A n g u L uc so s t a e theProctransversus of the fl e x i o n ,
6.-t4I 3 cervicaI vertebra bilatera i nI n e r v a t i oenx :t e n s i o n
U p p e rt im b I L o w e r[i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M ,l o n g i s s i m u s t h o r a{ lctiissc t o s e a d t h eM L o n g i s s i mcuesr v i cai sn dt h eM .s p i n a LIi s

l . tyt a c h et o
Rr.posteriores of theNn spinales
:,.ry 0:Together withthe l : M e d i apIa r t P: r o cm a m i I L a r t s F :U n i l a t e rianIn e r v a t i ol ant:e r a I
'' M i l i o c o s t a[lui sm b o r u fm rom: o ft h e5 l u m b avr e r t e b r a , f lexion,
P r o c cs p i n o soift h eL u m b a r P r o ca c c e s s o r ioufst h e bilatera i nI n e r v a t i:oenx t e n s i o n
vertebrae, 4 - ' l L u m b av re r t e b r a ,
F a c i edso r s a Loi sft h e0 s s a c T u m , P r o c cI r a n s v e rosfit h et h o r a c i c
frequentty fromtheProc verleDrae;
m a m i L [ aor ifst h e2 a n dt h e LateraL part:Proc.costatis of
'l
I u m b avre r t e b r as, w e t a l s t h e4 - 1 l u m b avr e r t e b r a ,
fromtheProctransversus of doon levor nf tho F:cria
t h e1 2- 5 t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a t h o r a c om I ub aI i s ,
1 2- Z r i bm e d i a Lt o Ltyh eA n g u t u s
costae

M.longissimus
cervicis
Rr oosteriores
of theNn soinales
0 : P r o ct.r a n s v e r soufst h e l : T u b e r c u t upm
o s t e r i uosf F : U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i oLna:t e r a L
5 - 1 t h o r a c iacn d7 - 3 c e r v i c a t t h eP r o ct r a n s v e r soufst h e ftexion,
vertebra 5 -2 cervicaL vertebra b i L a t e ri a
nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n

M.tongissimus capitis
Rr.posteriores
of theNn sptnales
0: Proc,transversus of the l: Posterio mra r g i on ft h e F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i ol ant:e r a t
3 t h o r a c i c -c3e r v i c a L v e r t e b r a P r o cm a s t o i d e u s fL e x i o n ,
b i L a t e ri a
nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n
 HeadlNecklTrunk

Mm.intertransversarii
laterates lumborum(StrictLy speaking,
thesemuscLes areofventraI descent
andcantherefore notbereferred to
asautochthonous
muscLes oftheback.)Rr.posteriores andanteriores
of theNn spinates
0 : T u b e r o s i ti a
L si a c a , l : P r o cc o s t a Loi sft h e F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i: o[ ant e r a L
Proccostatis andProc. 5 - 1 L u m b av re r t e b r a , f[exion,
a c c e s s o r ioufst h e5 - 1 L u m b a r Tuberositas itiaca bilatera i nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n
vertebra,
Proctransversus of the
12 .t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a

Mm.intertransversarii
mediales
tumborum
Rr postertores
and anteriores
of the Nn.spina|es

:i 0: Proc.accessorius of the l : P r o cm a m i l L a o
r ifst h e F :U n i L a t e irnanI e r v a t i ol ant:e r a L
1t + - 1 [ u m b avre r t e b r a 5 -2 [umbarvertebra fl e x i o n ,
b i t a t e r iantn e r v a t i oenx:t e n s i o n

Mm.intertransversarii
thoracis
Rr.posteriores
and anteriores
of theNn spinaLes
.- ' f , 0: Proc.transversus of the l : P r o ca c c e s s o r iaunsdP r o c F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i o[ ant:e r a l
12.-10t h. o r a cvi ce r t e b r a m a m i t t a roi sf t h e1 [ u m b a r fL e x i o n ,
vertebra upto theProc b i L a t e ri a
n In e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n
t r a n s v e r soufst h e11 t h o r a c i c
vertebra

Mm'intertransversarii
posteriores cervicislstricttyspeaking,
thesemuscles areofventraI descent
andcantherefore notbereferred to
asautochthonous
muscles of theback.lRr Dosterioresandanteriores of theNn soinales
0: Tubercutum posterius of l : T u b e r c u L pu oms t e r i uosf F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i: ol ant e r a I
theProctransversus of the theProctransversus ofthe flexion,
6 -1 cervicaIvertebra 7 -2 cervical vertebra bilatera i nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n

Mm.intertransversarii
anteriores cervicis speaking,
lstrictty thesemuscLes areofventraI
descent
andcantherefore
notbereferred
to
asautochthonous
musctes of theback.lRr.posteriores
andanteriores
of theNn.spinales
0 : T u b e r c u [ uam
n t e r i uosf l : T u b e r c u l uamn t e r i uosft h eP r o c . F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i: ol ant e r a I
theProctransversus of the t r a n s v e r soufst h e7 . - 2c. e r v i c a L f lexion,
6 -1 cervicaL vertebra vertebra bilatera i nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n
UpperL i m b I L o w e rl i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M.sptenius
cervicis
Rr.posteriores
of theNn cervicales
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e l : T u b e r c u L pu oms t e r i uosf F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i ol ant:e r a L
3 t h o r a c -i c6 c e r v i c a L v e r t e b r a ,theProctransversus of the fl e x i o n ,
I in crrnrec nin: lo [3] 2 -1 cervicaI vertebra rotates thecervicaI partof the
v e r t e b r caoLl u m a n n dt h eh e a d
ipsilatera Lty,
b i L a t e ri a
nLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n dt h
se
cervica pL a r to ft h ev e r t e b r caoI L u m n

M.spleniuscapitis
Rr.posteriores
oftheNn cerwcales
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e l : P r o cm a s t o i d e u s , F : U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i oLna:t e r a I
3 -7 cervicaL vertebra, I L i n ena u c h a l si su p e r i o r l fL e x i o n ,
Lignuchae rotates thecervicaI partof the
v e r t e b r ca oI t u mann dt h eh e a d
ipsitateratLy,
bilatera i nI n e r v a t i:oenx t e n dt h
se
cervica p Ia r to ft h ev e r t e b r a L c o L u m n

Mm.levatores costarum [TheMm levatores costarum Longi skiponerib,whereas costarum

theMm [evatores breves traverse
to the
adjacencat u d ar Ii b .T h e r e
a r en oM m .L e v a t o rceoss t a r u L mo n gi ni t h em i d - t h o r a cpiacr t . l
Rr.posteriores
of theN cervicatis [C8]andtheNn thoracici ITl-T10]
ry 0 : P r o ct r a n s v e r soufst h e
- 7
l : 12 - 1 r i bL a t e r attol yt h e
11 .t h o r a c i c c e r v i c vael r t e b r a A n q u L uc so s t a e
F: ELevateihe ribs,
lateraIflexion
androtation ofthe
vertebraLco[umn
 HeadlNecklTrunk

b Autochthonoue
medialmusctes
ofthebacklFiq.797,800-803,
805,8691
T h em e d i at rI a c o
t ft h ea u t o c h t h o n o
muuss c [ ei sL o c a t eb de L otw
h e[ a t e r at rI a c it nt h en e c ka n dt u m b arre g i oann di st h e r e f o ar eL s roe f e r r et o da s
d e e pp a r to ft h ea u t o c h t h o n o
muuss c L oe fst h eb a c kT h ef o t t o w i nmgu s c l ewsi t h[ o n g i t u d i n a t f i b e
r el os ntgot h i st r a c tT: h eM m i n t e r s p i n aaLneds
t h eM s p i n a l iTs h eM m r o t a t o r et sh,eM m m u l t i fd ia n dt h eM s e m i s p i n at lriasv e r soeb t i q u ecLoyn v e r g im n ge d i o c r a n i al t Irtayn s v e r s o s p i n a L ]
Mm.interspinalesIumborum
Rr.posteriores
oftheNn soinales
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e l : U p p emr argio n ft h eC r i s t a F :S e g m e n teaxLt e n s i o n
5 - 1 [ u m b avre r t e b r a sacra[m isediana,
P r o cc n i n o s rnr fct h p5 - 2 l u m b a r
vertebra

Mm.interspinates thoracis
Rr.posteriores
of theNn spinates
cninncrrc nf thp l : P r o cs. p i n o s uosft h e F :S e g m e n teaxl t e n s i o n
- 2 |1 . 1
t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a [ 1 t u m b a r1l 2 . - 31 2| t h o r a c r c
vertebra

Mm.interspinates cervicis
Rr.posteriores
oftheNn.spinales
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e l : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e F :S e g m e n teaxLt e n s i o n
7.-2 cervicaL vertebra 1 t h o r a c i c -c3e. r v i c a t v e r t e b r a
Up p e rt im b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl .e rve s

M.spinatisthoracis{ThemuscLe is tightty
attached thoracis
to theM.[ongissimus at its insertion
at itsorigin,andto theMm muttifidi J
Rr.posteriores
of theNn spinates

0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e l : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e F : U n i L a t e irnanl e r v a t i ol ant:e r a I

[3]2,ltumbarandthe t 1 0I 9 - 2 t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a fL e x i o n ,
12 - 10 t h o r a c vi ce r t e b r a b i [ a t e r iantn e r v a t i oenx:t e n s i o n

l : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e F :U n i l a t e rianIn e r v a t i:ol ant e r a L

t6I 5 -2. cervical vertebra fl e x i o n ,
b i L a t e rranIn e r v a t:i o
enxtension

M.spinatiscapitis(inconstantmuscte, tighttyattached to theM.semispinatis capitis at its insertionJ

Rr.oosteriores
of theNn sninales
0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosf l : S q u a moas s i so c c i p i t a t i s F :U n i t a t e rianIn e r v a t i:ol ant e r a I
t h e3 - 1 t h o r a c iacn dt h e b e t w e et nh eL i n e an u c h a t i s fl e x i o n ,
7 -5 cervicaL vertebra s u p r e maan dt h eL i n e an u c h a t i s b i t a t e r ianLn e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n
s u p e r i oard l a c e tnott h e
P r o t u b e r a notci ac i p i t aeLxi st e r n a
 HeadlNecklTrunk

Mm.rotatores lTheyaresubdividedintoMm.rotatores
cervicis,
Mm.rotatoresthoracis
andtheinconstant
Mm.rotatores
lumborum.
TheMm rotatores breves
traverse
to theadjacent
uppervertebra,whereas
theMm.rotatorestongiextend
to thesecond
nextvertebra.)
Rr posteriores
of theNn spinales
}w
tx
0 : P r o c cm a m i l l a r eosft h e l : R o oot ft h eP r o cs p i n o s uosf F :U n i t a t e r a l i n n e r v astei ognm: e n t a l
l u m b avr e r t e b r a e , t h e3 - 1 L u m b a1r 2 , -1 thoracic L a t e r fal el x i o nr o, t a t i o n .
Procctransversi ofthethoracic andT-2 cervicaI vertebra bitateral innervation: segmentaL
vertebrae, extensron
Proccarticutares inferiores of
thecervicaI vertebrae
I

Mm.muttifidi[They areparticutarty
wettdevel.oped partof thevertebraL
in theLumbar coLumn
andskiptwoto fourvertebrae.J
Rr.posteriores
of theNn solnales
0 : F a c i edso r s a t oi sft h e l : P r o cs. p i n o s uosft h e F :U n i l a t e rianLn e r v a t i: os ne g m e n t a l
0ssacrum, 5-1 Lumba ver rtebra, LateraI f Lexion, rotation,
L t gs a c r o i t i a c u pmosterius, 1 2- 1 t h o r a c iacn d T- 2 . c e r v i c a L b i t a t e r a L i n n e r v as tei o
gnm:e n t a l
dorsalpartof theCristailiaca, vertebra exrension
Proccmamillares of the[umbar
vertebrae,
Procctransversi of thethoracic
vertebrae,
P r o ca. r t i c u t a ri insf e r i oorft h e
7 -4 cervicaL vertebra

M.semispinatis thoracis{ltsfibresskipfiveto seven

vertebrae.)
Rr.posteriores
of theNn,spinales
0 : P r o ct r a n s v e r soufst h e l : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e F :U n i l a t e rianln e r v a t i or ont:a t etsh e
n 2 ) 1 1- 7 . [ 6 ] t h o r a c i c v e r t e b r a( 4 ] 3 t h o r a c i c -c6e r v i c a I v e r t e bvr ea r t e b rcaoI L u m n a n d t h e h e a d
contra [atera Lty,
bilatera i nI n e r v a t i oenx:t e n s i o n
Upperli m b I L o w e rl i mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M.semispinatis cervicis
Rr posteriores
of theNn soinales
0 : P r o ct.r a n s v e r soufst h e l : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h e F :U n i [ a t e rianIn e r v a t i:or o nt a t e s
[ 7J5 .t h o r a c i-c7 . c e r v i c vaeI r t e b r a 6 - 3 c e r v i c a L v e r t e b r a t h ev e r t e b r ca oI l u m a n n dt h eh e a d
contraLate ra[[y,
t a t e r af lLe x i o n
bilatera i nI n e r v a t i:oenx t e n s r o n

M.semispinatis capitis
Rr.posteriores
of theNn sornaLes
0 : P r o ct r a n s v e r soufst h e l : S q u a moas s i so c c i p i t a t i s F :U n i [ a t e rianLn e r v a t i or o n t: a t e s
l 8 | 7 t h o r a c i-c3 c e r v i c a L v e r t e b br ae t w e eLni n e an u c h a tsi su p r e m a t h ev e r t e b r caoI L u mann dt h eh e a d
- ^ ^ + .O- T| ^O+L C^ T. ^O |L1r y, ,,
a n dL i n e an u c h a tsi su p e r i o r , LUilU

mediaIarea [ateraI fLexion

bilatera i nI n e r v a t i: oenx t e n s i o n

c Autochthonous
deepmusclesof the neck[Fig.800,801,803,804,806J
r t m a j oar n dt h eM m o b L i qcuai p i t issu p e r i oert i n f e r i obre [ o ntgo t h em e d i a I t r aocftt h ea u t o c h t h o n o u s
T h eM m r e c tci a p i t ipso s t e r i omri n o e
m u s c l eosft h eb a c kw, h e r e at sh eM r e c t u cs a p i t i[sa t e r a Ibi se l o n gt so t h el a t e r at L
ract
M. rectuscapitisposteriormajor
(dorsal
N suboccipitalts branch of theN cervicalis [Cl]J
X: 0 : P r o cs p i n o s uosft h eA x i s l : M i d d lteh i r do ft h eL i n e a F :U n i t a t e rianLn e r v a t i or o n t: a t easn d
l. I
n u c h a Li n i sf e r i o r ftexes theheadipsiLateraL|.y,
bilatera i nI n e r v a t i opna:r t i c i p a tiens
t h ef i n et u n i n go ft h ep o s i t i oann dt h e

t,
m o v e m e inntt h ec r a n i o c e r v ji o cai nI t s
extension

M.rectuscapitisposteriorminor
N suboccipitaLis branch
ldorsal of theN cervtcalis
[Cl]l
i.li m posterius
0:Tubercu ofthe l : M e d i a l t h ior fdt h eL i n e a F :U n i L a t e irnanLe r v a l i of lne:x etsh e
i. Arcuspost ior of the Atlas n u c h a I i ns f e r i o r k^^l
ilsou
i^-il-+^.^11,,
rPJr(o(sroLry,

biLatera i nl n e r v a t i o p
na: r i i c i p a t ei n
s
t h e f i n et u n i n go f t h e p o s i t i o a n n dt h e
m o v e m e ni tn t h e c r a n i o c e r v i cj o a iIn t s ,
extensron
 HeadlNecklTrunk

M.obtiquus
capitis
superior
N. suboccipitalis
Idorsalbranchof theN. ceryicalis
ICl]l
posterius
0: Tubercu[um ofthe l : L a t e r at hI i r do ft h eL i n e a F: UnitateraI
innervation:
ftexes
the

I Proctransversus
of theAtlas n u c h a Li insf e r i o r L^^f,:^^:l^+^-^11.,
I rtrdu rP>rrdrtrr d(ry,

b i [ a t e r iant n e r v a t i: opna r t i c i p a tiens

t h ef i n et u n i n go ft h ep o s i t i oann dt h e
movement in thecraniocervicaI joints,
:. extenSr0n

M.obtiquuscapitisinferior
N.suboccipitalis
Idorsalbranch of theN. cervicalis
[Cl]l
0 : P r o cs o i n o s uosft h eA x i s l: Posterior
marginof theProc. F: UnilateraI innervation: rotates the
transversusof theAtlas Atl.as landtheheadlipsiLateraLl.y,
n In e r v a t i opna:r t i c i p a tiens
b i L a t e ri a
o f t h ep o s i t i oann dt h e
t h ef i n et u n i n g
movement in thecraniocervicaI ioints,
exIenSt0n

M. rectuscapitislateratis
Ventral
branchesof theN cervicalis
IC1]J
0: Anterior
marginoftheProc l : P r o cj .u g u L a roi sfi h e0 s F :U n i l a t e rianIn e r v a t i of lne:x etsh e
transversus
of theAtlas occipita[e hpad incilatprallv
bitateraI innervation: participates in
o ft h ep o s i t i oann dt h e
t h ef i n et u n i n g
movement in thecraniocervicaL ioints
U p p e rt i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T h ed i a p h r a gdmi v i d et sh et h o r a c iacn dt h ea b d o m i n a L c alvt si t"yd o m e sf o r mt h ef [ o o o t n dl e f tp [ e u r a L c a vTiht yeP a r sI u m b a l i s

r ft h er i g h a
d o r s a [aLny dc o n s t i t u tae ps a r to ft h ed o r s aal b d o m i nwa aL L L
d e [ i n e a ttehser e t r o p e r i t o nsepaaI c e
Diaphragma
N phrenicus cervicalis]
[Plexus
0: Parssternatis: innersurface l: ALIpartsmergein theCentrum F : D i a p h r a g m abtriec a t h i n g
o ft h eP r o cx i p h o i d e u s , tendineum ( lns p i r ai otnl ,
r e c t us h e a t h c o m p r e s stehsea b d o m e n
Parscostalis: innersurface ofthe
'12
C a r t i L acgoos t a Loi fst h e - 6
r i b ,s e r r a t ewdi t hi n d e n t a t i oonf s
t h eM .t r a n s v e r saubsd o m i n i s
Pars[umbalis, Crusdextrum,
- P a r sm e d i a LC i so: r p uosft h e
3 - 1 L u m b av re r t e b r a ,
Disciintervertebra Les
- ParsLateratis: Liggarcuata
m e d i a tIep s o aasr c a d ealn d
L a t e r altqeu a d r a t u a sr c a d e )
Pars[umbatis, Crussinistrum,
- P a r sm e d i a LC i so: r p uosft h e
4 - 1 L u m b av re r t e b r a ,
DisciintervertebraLes
- ParsLateratis: Ligg.arcuata
m e d i a |I.pes o aasr c a d ealn d
L a t e r allqeu a d r a t u a sr c a d e )

andweakpointsin the diaphragm

Passages
Name Location Structures
Hiatusaorticus P a r sL u m b a [ i s , Aorta;
between Crusdextrum/sinistrum cotumn
andvertebral D u c t utsh o r a c i c u s
Hiatusoesophageus P a r s[ u m b a [ i s , 0 e s o p h a g uNsn; .v a g i ;
n e a tr h em i d t i n e
C r u ss i n i s t r u m R .p h r e n i c o a b d o m isnianti isst e r
Foramen
venaecavae Centrum tendineum V cavainferior; N. phrenicus dexter,
R p h r e n i c o a b d o m idneaxt itse r
Trigonumsternocostale cteft]
ILARREY's Between ParscostaLis andParsLumbalis A ; V e p i g a s t r iscuap e r i o r
TrigonumIumbocostate Between Parssternalis andParscostatis
Unnamed P a r s[ u m b a [ i s , N s p l a n c h n i cm
uas j oar n dm i n o r ;
a ,r sm e d i a l . i s j
C r u sd e x t r u m / s i n i s t r{uPm V azygos; V hemiazygos
Unnamed P a r sL u m b a t i s , T r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s
b e t w e eI nP a r sm e d i a Lai snJdP a r sl a t e r a L i s
Nl nhroninrrc cinicior
Unnamed Centrum tendineum
R p h r e n i c o a b d o m isnianLi si st e r
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T w op a r t i a .ot Lvye r l a p p im
n gu s c [Lea y e fr os r mt h ef t o o o r ft h ep e L vci ca v i t T
y h eM l e v a t oarn i t, h eM i s c h i o c o c c y gaenudtsh eM .s p h i n c t e a rn i
e x t e r n ufso,r mt h eD i a p h r a g m p eaL v i s .
T h eD i a p h r a g m u rao g e n i t as[ter e t c h eassa t r i a n g u Lpatra t eb e t w e ebno t hl o w e r a m o i ft h ep u b i cb o n el.t sf i b r e sa r et r a n s v e r s ao[r[iye n t a t e d
a n ds u p p o rt th eu r o g e n i thai La t u sA. m o n g o t h e r tsh eM .t r a n s v e r spuesr i n epir o f u n d ut sh ,eM .s p h i n c t eu r e t h r a{et o g e t h tehre ya r er e f e r r etdo
a s M .c o m p r e s suorre t h r a a en J dt h eM .t r a n s v e r spuesr i n esiu p e r f i c i abI e r s[ o ntgo t h eD i a p h r a g m u rao g e n i t a [ e .
I nt h em a t et,h eD i a p h r a g m u rao g e n i t ai s[ eo n [ yp a s s ebdyt h eu r e t h r aw,h e r e ai sn t h ef e m a [ eb ,o t ht h ev a g i naan dt h eu r e t h rpaa s st h r o u g h .

a Petvicdiaphragm

M ' l e v a t o r alnl tic o n s i s t st o

h fe M . p u b o c o c c y g e u s a n di lti ho ec M
occygeus.ThefibresoftheMm.tevatorprostatae,pubovaginatisan
puborectatis originate fromtheM.pubococcygeus I
Branches of theN sacra[is [53and54]
0: M.pubococcygeus: inner l: Centrum p e r i n eI pi r e r e c t a I F :S p a nas r o u ntdh er e c t u m from
s u r f a coef t h e0 s p u b i sn e a rt h e fi b r e s i n, t h em a [ et h ef a s c i o af postenor,
symphysrs, theProstata IM levator prostatae), s u p p o r t sh eM s p h i n c t e a rn r
a n t e r i ot w
r ot h i r d so ft h eA r c u s i nt h ef e m a tteh ew a [ [o ft h e externus to cLose therectum,
[ e n d i n e umsu s c u[Lei v a t o rai sn i , V a g i n(aM p u b o v a g i n a t i s l , t h em e d i af Ir e em a r g i fno r m st h e
Spina ischiadica r a d i a t ei n
s t ot h eM s p h i n c t e a rn i u r o g e n i thaiIa t u sw, h i c ha l l o w tsh e
M.iliococcygeus: posterior third e x t e r n ufso,r m sa l o o pw i t ht h e u r e i h r iant h em a Laen db o t ht h e
o ft h eA r c u st e n d i n e umsu s c u l i c o n t r a l a t efriabIr elsu s tb e h i n d u r e t h raan dt h ev a g i niant h ef e m a t e
[evatoris ani t h eA n u sI M p u b o r e c t a [ i s ) , t o p a s st h r o u g h
C o r p uasn o c o c c y g e u m ,
0s coccygis

M.ischiococcygeus
Branches
of theN sacratis
[54andS5]
0 : I n n esr u r f a coeft h eS p i n a l: LateraL marginof thelower F :S u p p o rt hs ep e t v idci a p h r a g m
i s c hi a d i c ap,r e d o im
n an t L y s e g m e n ot sft h e0 s s a c r u m ,
a t t a c h et do t h eL i g s a c r o s p i n a [ e 0s coccygis

aniexternus(muscutar
M.sphincter toopwitha ring-[ike
shapeupto theM Levator
ani]
N pudendus sacralisl
IPIexus
0: Parssubcutanea: Dermls l : D e r m ias n ds u b c u t a n e o u s F :C l o s u roeft h ea n u s
a n ds u b c u t a n e ot iusss u e s t i s s u essu r r o u n d itnhgeA n u s ,
s u r r o u n d itnhgeA n u s Iin rnnencnrrno"m

Parssuperficialis: Centrum
p e nn e l
Parsprofunda: rlng-[ike muscte
Up p e rL i m b I L o w e rttii mb
m b I C ra
r a n i anLI e rve s

b Urogenitat
diaphragm

M .t r a n s v e r s up se r i n epi r o f u n d u( sl ti s a t r i a n g u [ sa ur p p o r t i mv eu s c u l al ar y e irn t e r w o vwen e i t ho p e n i n gf os rt h e

i t hc o n n e c t itvi ses u w
u r e t h riant h em a t ea n df o rb o t ht h eu r e t h raan dt h ev a g i niant h ef e m a . l t s p a n o s b L i q u eoLv ye trh eA r c u sp u b i sa n dA n g u t ussu b p u b i c u s ,
r e s p e c t i v eaLnydi,s s u p p L e m e nbt yetdh eL i g .p u b i c u m i n f e r i uasn dt h e g t r a n s v e r s upm e r i n epir o f u n d u m . l
N pudendus (Plexus sacralisl
0 : R a m uisn f e r i oors s i sp u b i s , l : C e n t r u pme r i n e i , F :S u p p o rt hs eu r o g e n i thaiIa t u s ,
R a m uoss s i iss c h i i , f a s c i aoeft h ep r o s t a taen dt h e s e a t tsh eu r e t h rIaa n dt h eu r i n a r y
c o n n e c t itvi ses u e n v e t oopft h e vaginatwatl bLadderl
\/-.^ ^,,.1^^.1^ ;^+^.^^
v o J o P u u g i l u o l t r L g tt r o

M .s p h i n c t eurr e t h r a lem u s c u Ltar ar c t i oenn v e l o p itnhgeP a r sm e m b r a n a cuerae t h r ai e n a r i n g - L i kf aes h i o n ]

N pudendus lPlexus sacralisJ
0 : R i n g - t i kmeu s c L e , l : C o n n e c t itvi ses u se u r r o u n d t n g F :S u p p o r t h s eu r o g e n i thaiIa t u s ,
L i g t r a n s v e r s upmerinei, t h eU r e t h r(aP a r sm e m b r a n a c e a l ,p a r to ft h ec o n t i n e noc reg a no ft h e
fibresfromtheM transversus c o n t r a L a t eMr at rI a n s v e r s u s V e s i cuar i n a r i a ,
perinei profundus p e r i n epir o f u n d u s , s e a I tsh eu r i n a rbyL a d ddeur r i n g
seeFig.1171,1175
v a g i n a l w a l Ls{pMh i n c t e r ejacutation
urethrovagina[is]

M.transversusperineisuperficialisIinconsta
nt muscLe
J
N pudendus sacralisl
lPlexus
0 : S u p eircf i adI i c i s i oonft h e perinei
l: Centrum F :S u p p o rt hs eM t r a n s v e r s u s
M t r a n s v e r spuesr i n epir o f u n d u s , p e r i n epir o f u n d u s
T u b eirs c h i a d i c u m

M.ischiocavernosus
N pudendus sacraLis)
[Plexus
0 : R a m uos s s i si s c h i i l : T u n i caat b u g i n ec a
orporum F : F i x etsh ec r u r ao f p e n i si nt h e
c a v e r n 0 Sm 0ru m a L ea,n dt h ec r u r ao f c [ i t o r iisnt h e
f e m a l teo t h ei n f e r i opru b i cr a m u s ,
a sw e l [a st o t h er a m u so ft h ei s c h i u m
a n dt h eu r o g e n i tdaiLa p h r a g m ,
s u p p o r t sh ee j a c u L a t ai onndt h e
0r9asm, respeclrveLy

M .b u t b o s p o n g i o(ssupsa nasr o u ntdh eB u L b upse n i si nt h em a L ea,n da r o u ntdh eB u l b uvse s t i b ui n[ it h ef e m a L e ]

N pudendus lPlexus sacralisl
0: Centrum perinei, l : I nt h em a l ei,t i n s e r ttsa t e r a t l y F : I nt h em a l ei,t f i x e st h eb u L o bf
i nt h em a t ea d d i t i o n a L o r i g i n t o t h eC o r p ussp o n g i o s upm enis p e n itsot h eu r o g e n i t a l d i a p h r a g m ,
f r o mt h eR a p hpee n i sa t t h el o w e r i n t ot h eF a s c iuar o g e n i t aiLnifse - a n di s i n v o l v ei ndt h ee j a c u t a t i o n ;
crrrfeno n{ }ho l'nrnrrc r i o ra n dt h eb a c ko ft h eP e n i si n; i n t h ef e m a Liet f,i x e st h eb u L obf
s p 0 n g r 0 spuemn r s t h ef e m a Lteh,ef i b r e sa r ea t t a c h e d v e s t i b ut[oet h eu r o g e n i tdai La p h r a g m
t o t h eC o r p ucsa v e r n o s u m a n ds u p p o r t sh eo r g a s m
c L i t o r i dainsdt h eF a s c idai a -
p h r a g m a tui sr o g e n i t aitni sf e r i o r
 HeadlNecklTrunk

girdte,
a Jointsoftheshoutder cingulipectoratis
Articulationes
Nameof thejoint Typeof thejoint Movements
Sternoclavicular joint, lrronr rl:r ininl cr rrf:ra R o t a t i oan[ o n g a s a g i t t aaIx i sl a si n r a i s i ntgh es h o u [ d e r J ,
A r t i c u l a tsi o
ternocLavicutaris A r t i c u t a ti iror e g u t a r i s r o t a t i oanL o nagL o n g i t u d ianxaiIs{ a si n p r o t r a c t i a ono
fu n c t i o n a tsl yp:h e r o i d ej oaiIn t r e t r a c t i oonft h es h o u L d erroJt,a t i oanL o ntqh e[ o n q i t u d i n a r
I d i s t i n fcet a t u r eD:i s c uasr t i c u L a r i s l a x i so ft h ec L a v i c[[aesi n s w i n g i nt g h ea r m )
Acromioclavicular joint, P L a nj o ei n t , R o t a t i oanL o nags a g i t t aaIx i sI a si n r a i s i ntgh es h o u I d e r ] ,
A r t i c u t a tai o
cromioclavicuLarrs A r t i c u t a tpi oL a n a r o t a t i oant o n ga t r a n s v e rase x i s( a si n s w i n g i nt gh ea r m J ,
f u n c t i o n a tsl py h : e r o i d ej oaiLn t r o t a t i oan[ o n ga [ o n g i t u d i naax Ii sI a si n p r o t r a c t i a
ond
l d i s t i n cf et a t u r ev :a r i a b lfer ,e q u e n t L y r e t r a c t i oonft h es h o u l d e r l
i n c o m p L eDties c uasr t i c u l a r r s

b Jointsofthefreepartoftheupper[imb,Articutationes
membri
superioris
tiberi
Nameof thejoint Typeof thejoint Movements
Shoutder joint, Qnharnidorl inint P r o t r a c t i [oflne x i o na,n t e v e r s i o n )
A r t i c u [ a thi ou m e r i A r t i c u L ast ipoh e r o i d e a Retraction (extension, retroversion)
Abduction
Adduction
MediaLrotation
LateraI rotation
( C i r c u m d u c t ci oonm: b i n i nf lge x i o na ,b d u c t i oenx, t e n s i o n ,
a d du c t i oIn

Etbowjoint,
A r t i c u t a tci u
obiti
a l A r t i c u L aht iuom e r o u L n a r i s H i n gjeo i n t , FLexion
Gingtymus Extension
b l A r t i c u t a thi ou m e r o r a d i a t i s Spheroide j oai L
nt, Ftexion
A r t i c u l a tsi opheroidea Extension
l w i t hf u n c t i o nraeIs t r i c t i o n : Rotation
n oa b d u c t i o n l
c l A r t i c u L artai od i o u L n aprri os x i m a [ i s P i v oj to i n t ,
A r t i c u L attri oc h o i d e a
] l r o n . t i o na n ds u p i n a t i o n
ft h eh a n d
DistaIradioulnar joint, P i v oj to i n t ,
A r t i c u l a triaod i o u t n adr iiss t a [ i s A r t i c u L attri oc h o i d e a )
Wristjoints
a l A r t i c u [ a triaod i o c a r p a I i s E l t i p s ojiodi n t , L a t e r amI o v e m e not fst h eh a n d
A r t i c u L aet iLot i p s o i d e a l u L n aarn dr a d i aaLb d u c t i o n l
b l A r t i c u t a tmi oe d i o c a r p a l i s H i n gjeo i n t , F[exion
Ginglymus Extension
Carpometacarpat joint of the S e t l aj ro i n t , Abduction
thumb, A r t i c u l a tsi oe [ [ a r i s A d du c t i o n
A r t i c u t a tci a
orpometacarpatis 0pposition
poLLicis Reposition
Carpometacarpat jointslll-Vl, P l a n jeo i n t s , V a r i o udsi s t i n cmt o v e m e n t s
Articutationes carpometacarpaLes {ll-Vl A r t i c u t a t i o npet as n a e
Metacarpophalangeat joints, Snhornidoal inintc FIexion
Articu [ationes A r t i c u L a t i osnpehse r o i d e a e Extension
m e t a crap o p hLaa n g e a e l w i t hf u n c t i o nraeLs t r i c t i o n s l A b du c t i o*n
Adduction*
{ * w i t hr e g a rtdo t h em i d d Lf e
inger}
lnterphal.angeaet jointsof thefingers, H i n g jeo i n t s , FLexion
Articutationi netse r p h a t a n gm
ea n
eu s G i n g t y m i Extension
U p p e rt i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

F i g . 1 S h o u [ d ejro i n t ; F i g . 2 S h o u l . d ej or i n t ; F i g .3 S h o u t d ej or i n t ;
m o v e m e n tisn t h e s a g i t t apLL a n e m o v e m e n t si n t h e f r o n t a IP t a n e . m o v e m e n itns t h et r a n s v e r spet a n e .

Axis rotationis

Axis
transversalis

Extensio

Fig. 4 El.bowjoint; F i g .5 E l . b o w joint;

m o v e m e n t si n t h e s a g i t t a p
I [ane. p r o n a t i o na n d s u p i n a t i o no f t h e h a n d .

Abductioradialis

Fig. 6 Wrist joints; Fig.7 Wristjoints;

m o v e m e n t si n t h e s a g i t t a p
I [ane. m o v e m e n it ns t h ef r o n t apI t a n e .
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T 2t+

Motorfunction Sensory
function
Plexusbrachiatis
(T2l
tc5lc4-T1
N. dorsatisscapulae M .l e v a t osrc a p u t aM
e ,m r h o m b o i d e i
tc3lc4,c5
N.suprascaputaris M s u p r a s p i n a tM
u s.i ,n f r a s p i n a t u s
C4_C6
Nn.subscapulares M s u b s c a p u L aI M
r i s.t e
, r e sm a j o r )

N.subctavius M .s u b c t a v i u s
{c4lc5,c6
N.thoracicus
[ongus M serratus
anterior
c5-c7[c8)
Nn.pectorates M .p e c t o r a Im
i sa j o rM
, .p e c t o r a Im
i si n o r
C8_T1
N.thoracodorsatis M L a t i s s i mduosr s iM
, .t e r e sm a j o r
C6-C8
Rr.muscutares M [ o n g ucso t t iM
, .[ o n g ucsa p i t i s
N.musculocutaneus M coracobrachia Mt.ibsi,c e pbsr a c h i i , S k i no ft h er a d i o p a I msai dr eo ft h e
C5_C7 M .b r a c h i a l i s forearm
N.medianus M pronator teres,M.ftexorcarpiradialis, S k i no ft h er a d i apLa r to ft h ep a L m
C6-T1 M p a t m a r il so n g u sM, .f l e x odr i g i t o r u m [31/, fingers), skinof thedorsalsideof the
superficialis, M ftexorpollicis longus, distatphatanx {31/, fingers)
M .f t e x odr i g i t o r u p
mr o f u n d u{ rsa d i apto r t i o n l ,
M.pronator quadratus, M.ftexorpo|'Licis brevis
la-^,,+ ^,,^^-{i^;^r^l
tvoPur JuPcr ilLroLE,,
M o p p o n e npso t [ i c iM
s ,m I u m b r i c a Ll ,el ls
N.ulnaris M f l e x ocr a r pui l n a r i sM, .f l e x odr i g i t o r u m S k i no ft h eu L n asri d eo ft h eh a n dl p a t m a r
C6-T1 p r o f u n d u[ usL n apro r t i o nM ) ,.p a L m a rbi sr e v i s , 11/,fingers,dorsal. 21/rf ingers),
M .f t e x odr i g i tm
i i n i m iM, .o p p o n e ndsi g i tm i inimi, s k i no ft h ed o r s asIi d eo ft h ed i s t a L
M .a b d u c t odri g i tmi i n i m iM , .f l e x opr o t l i c ibsr e v i s phaLan ( 1x1fl i,n g e r s l
I C a p uptr o f u n d u m M].,a d d u c t opro L t i c i s ,
M m .I u m b r i c a tlel ls,l V ,M m .t n r e r o s s e r
N.cutaneusbrachii
mediatis S k i no ft h em e d i o p a l msai dr eo ft h ea r m
c8-T1tT2l
N.cutaneusantebrachii
mediatis S k i no ft h eu l n o p a t msaird eo ft h e
C8_T1 forearm
N.axiltaris M .d e l t o i d e uMs .,t e r e sm i n o r S k i no ft h es h o u l d e r
nE _ c ?
N.radiatis M t r i c e pbs r a c h iM i , .a n c o n e uM s ,.b r a c h i o r a d i a [ i s , Skinof thedorsalsideofthearm,
C5_T1 M .e x t e n s o car r pri a d i a l i[so n g u sM, .e x t e n s oc ra r p i forearm andhand[21/rradialfingers
with
r a d i a t ibsr e v i sM, .s u p r n a t oMr .,e x t e n s o
d ri g i t o r u m , theexception of thedistaIphatangesl
M e x t e n s opro L t i c[iosn g u sM, .a b d u c t opro t t i c i s
longus, M.extensor pollicis brevis,
M .e x t e n s oi nr d i c i sM, .e x t e n s oc ra r pui L n a r i s
U p p e rt i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anI e rve s

T 25-T 26

l , A c c o r dtion M
g U M E N T H A LaE
nRdS C H L I A Ct h mru s c toefe a c hs e g m e ni st p r i n t eidn b o t d)
Ke; i n d i c a t o

[r ,v r - , , ^ - ^ ^ ^ ; ^r^o+r u
, ,)- C6_C8
> u P ro J P i l C4_C5 M a b d u c t opro L t i c[iosn g u s
M t e r e sm i n o r C4_C5 M extensor poLticis brevis C7-T1
M.del,toideus: C5 C5-C6 M extensor poLLicis tongus C6_C8
M .i n f r a s p i n a t u s C4-C6 M extensor digitorum C6_C8
L, -,,h^^-^,,t^-;-
rvr. )uuJLdPuLor rJ C5_C6 M .e x t e n s oi nr d i c i s C6-C8
M .t e r e sm a j o r C5_C7 M .e x t e n s o ca r r pui L n a r i s C6-C8
M.bicepsbrachii: C5 C5_C6 M .e x t e n s o d ri g i tm
i inimi C6-C8
M .b r a c h i a t i s C5*C6 M f t e x odr i g i t o r usmu p e r f i c i a l i s C7_T1
M .c o r a c o b r a c h i a L i s ntr a.? M .f l e x odr i g i t o r u p
mr o f u n d u s C7-T1
M.tricepsbrachii:C7 C6-C8 M .f t e x ocra r pui t n a r i s c7-r1
M .b r a c h i o r a d i a l i s C5_C6 M.abductor po[[icis brevis C7.11
M extensor carpiradiatis longus M flexorpoILicis brevis C7-11
M extensor carpiradiatis brevis C5_C7 M o p p o n e npso L t i c i s c6-c7
M .s u p i n a t o r C5-C6 M f l e x odr i g i tm i inimi C7_11
M pronator teres C6-C7 M a d d u c t opro t t i c i s C8-T1
M flexorcarpiradiatis C6_C7 M.abductor digitiminimi:C8 C8-T1
M f Lexor potticis [ongus C6-C8 Mm.interossei: C8 C8-T1

T h eM p e c t o r a Lmi sa j o sr p a n fsr o mt h et r u n kt o t h eu p p eLr i m b a n dm o u t dtsh es u r f a caen a t o moyft h ea n t e r i ourp p etrh o r a c w i ca L [B e l o wt h

,e
M p e c t o r a Im
i si n o cr a nb ef o u n dw, h i c ht o g e t h ewri t ht h eM s u b c L a v bi ues[ o n gt o s t h em u s c t essp a n n i nf rgo mt h et r u n kt o t h es h o u t d egri r d L e
0 n t yt h eM s u b s c a p u L iasrLi so c a t ei ndd i r e cct o n t a ct ot t h es h o u L djeori n ts, p a n n i nf rgo mt h ea n t e r i osru r f a coeft h es c a p u [t a
o t h eh u m e r u s
M.pectoratis
majorIltsfibresconverge tateratLy intoa broad, ftattendonshaped tikea bagwithitsopening to thetopI
Nn pectorales
medialis
et[ateralis IPlexus brachialis, Parsinfra-/supractavicularrs)
0: Parsclavicutaris: sternaL haLf maioris
l: CristatubercuLi of the F :S h o u [ d jeori n t :
o ft h eC t a v i c u l a Humerus adduction, particutarly when
effective
Parssternocostatis: Manubrium thearmis etevated,
a n dC o r p usst e r n i , mediaLrotation,
'l Parsctavicularis: anteversion
C a r t i L acgoos t a Loi fst h e . - 7 r i b
Parsabdominatis: anterior layer S h o u L dgeir d [ e :
o ft h er e c t u s h e a t h depressron,
anteversron
Thorax:
etevates thesternum andtheupper
r i b sw h e nt h es h o u L d earrsef i x e d
l s u p p o r itns s p i r a t i o n l
M.pectoralisminor
Nn.pectorales
nediatis
et latera[is IPlexus brachialis, Parsinfra-/supraclavicu[aris]
(
0: | 32 - 5 r i b t o
close the l : T i po ft h eP r o cc o r a c o i d e u s F :S h o u L dqei r d L e :
j u n c t i obne t w e ecna r t i t a gaen d depression
bone Thorax:
e l e v a t et hses t e r n u m a n dt h eu p p e r
r i b sl s u p p o r itns s p i r a t i o n l

M.subctavius
{Thefasciaof theM subclavius is attached to theAdventitia of theV.subclavia, thuspreventing cottapse of its Lumen.]
N.subcLavius
IPlexusbrachialis,
Pars supractavicularis]
0 : J u n c t i obne t w e ecna r t i l a g e l : L a t e r at hI i r do ft h eC [ a v i c u l a g ri r d t e :
F :S h o u t d e
a n db o n eo ft h e1 r i b depression {withtoweffectiveness),
antagonizes Lateratly-directed traction
o nt h ec L a v i c l e
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T 26-T 28

M.subscaputaris
[TheBursasubtendinea muscuLisubscaputaris
liesbetow
themuscte
ctoseto its insertion.)
Nn subscapuLares brachialis,
IPlexus Parsinfraclavicularis]
0 : F o s ssau b s c a p u L a r i s l : T u b e r c u l ummi n u sa n da d j a c e n t F :S h o u l d e j ori n t :
p a r to ft h eC r i s t tau b e r c u t i mediaLrotation,
mtn0ns a b d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u t aprt a n e
I c r a n i apIo r t i o n l ,
a d d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u l aprl a n e
l^^,,l^l ^^-+;^^l
llouuor PUr rrurU

T h eM d e [ t o i d epulsa y sa m a j o r o L ien d e t e r m i n i tnhges u r f a cceo n t o uorft h es h o u t d eDr .i v i d ebdyt h eB u r s as u b d e t t o i dtehaet, e n d o o

nft h e
M s u p r a s p i n a itsutso c a t eddi r e c t L
b ye L otwh eM d e l t o i d e u s
M.dettoideus
N. axillaris[Plexus
brachialis,
Parsinfraclavicutaris]
0: Parsclavicularis:acromiaI l: Tuberositas
deLtoidea F :S h o u L dieori n t :
thirdof theClavicuLa Parsclavicutaris: adduction [from
Parsacromiatis: Acromion a b o u6t 0 oi n c r e a s i a
nbgductionJ,
Parsspinalis: Lower
marginof mediaLrotation,
t h eS o i n a
scaouLae anteversion
Parsacromiatis: abduction upto the
hnriznntel nleno
Parsspinalis: adductionlfromabout
6 0 oi n c r e a s i a
nbgduction),
LateraI rotation,
retroversr0n
Atl parts:carrytheweightof thearm
M.supraspinatus
N suprascapuLaris brachiaLis,
IPlexus ParssupracLavicularis]
0 : F o s ssau p r a s p i n a t a , l: ProximaI
facetof the F :S h o u [ d jeori n t :
F a s c isau p r a s p i n a t a Tubercutummajus a b d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u LpaLr a nuep
t o t h eh o r i z o n tpaLI a n e ,
[ateraI rotation

TheM infraspinatus
rslocated
mostcraniaity
Morecaudatty
aretheM teres
minorandtheM teresmajor.
TheM Latissimus
dorsicomes
fromtheback
lseeTab18,trunk-arm
muscteslandrunsatong
withtheM teres
ma1or.
M.infraspinatus
N. suprascapularis Pars su practavicu[aris]
[Plexusbrachialis,
0 : C a u d amI a r g i o
n ft h eS p r n a l : M i d d Lf a
e c eot ft h e F :S h o u L dj o e irn t :
s c a pLua e , T u b e r c u Lm um ajus craniaIportion: LateraI rotalon,
tr r ^ ^ - ^ ; ^ { - ^ ^ ^ : ^ ^ + ^
vJ>d [ilrd>Pilrdtd, a b d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u LpaLr a n e
t r - - ^ i ^ ;i ^l ifl .r o^ 5- p^ [;t ^d ^L d+ ^
I oJLro c a u d apIo r t i o nl a: t e r arLo t a t i o n ,
a d d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u [ ap r[ a n e
U p p e rt i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

M.teresminor
N. axillaris brachialis,
[Plexus Parsinfractavicu[aris]
0 : C a u d apLo r t i oonft h eF o s s a l: DistaL posteriorfacetof the F :S h o u [ d e i ori n t :
infraspi nata, T u b e r c u Lm
umajus LateraI rotation,
m e d i at lh i r do ft h eM a r g o a d d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u l aprt a n e
latera Iis

M.teresmajor{Attheinsertion,theM.teresmajorandtheM.Latissimus dorsiareseparated bytheBursasubtendinea musculi Latissimi dorsi.l

Nn.subscapulares
orN. thoracodorsalis IPlexus brachialis.
Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: Margo Lateralis, l : C r i s t tau b e r c um
Linoris F :S h o u t d e i ori n t :
A n g u t ui sn f e r i o r m e d i a Lt o t yt h eM l a t i s s i m udso r s i m e d i a L r o t a t i o n ,
a d d u c t i oi nnt h es c a p u l aprL a n e

o t h eC a p ubt r e v o
T h eM b i c e pbsr a c hdi ie t e r m i n tehses u r f a caen a t o moyft h ev e n t r aal r m T h eM c o r a c o b r a c h i asdL i rse c t tayt t a c h et d e ft h e
M .b i c e pbsr a c h iTi .h eM b r a c h i a Li si [so c a t em
d osd
t eep[y
M.bicepsbrachiilThetendonof theCaputLongum traverses
directty theshoutderjoint. TheBursabicipitoradiaLis is located at its insertion
at theTuberositas
radii.)
N musculocutaneus[P|exusbrachia[is, Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: Caputlongum: Tubercutum l : T u b e r o s i traasd i i , F :S h o u t d e r j o i n t :
crrnranlonnidalp v i at h eA p o n e u r o m sius scuti C a p ulto n g u ma:b d u c t i o n ,
I ehrr rm nlonnidrlo i sr a c hai it t h e
b i c i p i tb anteversion,
Caputbreve: Tipof the F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i m e d i arIo t a t i o n
P r o cc. o r a c o i d el u
a st e r at L
o Caputbreve:adduction,
t h eM c o r a c o b r a c h i a l i s anteve rsion,
mediaIrotation
Bothparts:carrytheweightofthearm
Elbow ioint:
fl e x i o n ,
s u pnr a I r 0 n

M.coracobrachialis
INormattythismuscleis penetrated bytheN. musculocutaneus.l
N.musculocutaneus brachiatis,
[Ptexus Parsinfractavi cularis]
0: Tipof theProc.coracoideus l : F a c i easn t e r i oorft h eH u m e r u s F :S h o u L dieori n t :
m e d i at L e ft h e
ot h eC a p ubt r e v o m e d i o d i s t atLhteo m e d i arIo t a t i o n ,
M b i c e pbsr a c h i i C r i s t tau b e r c um L il n o r i s adduction,
anteversion

M. brachiatis
musculocutaneus cuIaris)
s brachialis,Pars infraclavi
[Plexu
0 : F a c i easn t e r i oorft h e l : T u b e r o s i tua[sn a e F : E L b oj w
oint:
H u m e r udsi s t a Ltthoe f Lexion
Tuberositas deLtoidea
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h et h r e eh e a d os ft h eM t r i c e pbs r a c hdi ie t e r m i nt hees u r f a caen a t o moyft h ed o r s aaI r m T h eM a n c o n e uc sa nb ec o n s i d e raesda

c o n t i n u a t ioofnt h eC a p um
t e d i a loeft h eM ,t r l c e pbs r a c hti oi t h ef o r e a r m
M' tricepsbrachiilThefibresof theCaputlongumtraverse in tongitudinaI direction,
andthoseof theCapuimediaLe
andCaputlaterate
in an
o b l i q udei r e c t i o nc; ao m m obnr o a d
a p o n e u r o si si fso u n d
a t t h ei n s e r t i o n . l
N. radiaLis [Plexus brachialis, Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: Caputlongum: Tuberculum l: 0Lecranon F :S h o u t d jeori n t :
infrag [enoida[e, Caputlongum: adduction,
lowermarginoftheLabrum support of theweightofthearm
g t e n o i [dea E L b oj w
oint:
Caputmediate: Facies posterror extension
o ft h eH u m e r um s e d i o d i st o
atIh e
S u t c unse r vri a d i a L i s ,
Septum intermuscula breachii
me0ta[e
Caputlaterate: Facies posterior of
theHumerus lateroproximaI to
theSuLcus nerviradiatis,
proximaItw t hoi r d so ft h eS e p t u m
i n t e r m u s c u Lbarraec hLi ia t e r a [ e
M.anconeus (lt is ctosety
positionedto theCaputmedia[e
of theM.tricepsbrachi
N. radiatis
[Plexus brachialis,
Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: Epicondylus
Lateralis
ofthe l: Facies of theUtnajust
posterior F: Elbowioint:
NUMCTUS, distaIto the0lecranon exlensr0n
capsuleoftheetbowjoint,
Lig.coLtatera[e
radiaLe
U pperti m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anI e rves

Thegroup ofthesuperficialventraL musctes oftheforearm consists ofthefottowing musctes intheorder fromradial toutnar:
M p r o n a t o r t e r ef sL,eMx o r c ar ar pdii a t i s p
,M o r d i g i t o r u m s u p e r f i c ifat et ixsoarncdauM
a I m a r i s [ o n g ful se,xM rLpni a r i s
M.pronator
teres
(Plexusbrachialis,
N medianus Parsinfraclavicularisl
0 : C a p uht u m e r a l e E;p i c o n d y I u s l : M i d d Lt he i r do ft h eF a c i e s F :E [ b o w joint:
medialo i sft h eH u m e r u s , L a t e r ao l i fst h eR a d i u s Caputhumerate: pronation,
Septum i n t e r m u s c u Lbarraec h i i fl e x i o n
mediale Capututnare:pronation
C a p uut l n a r eF: a c i em
s e d i a Loi fs
t h eU L ndai s t atLo t h eP r o c
coronotdeus

M.flexorcarpiradialis
N medianus brachialis,
IPlexus Parsinfraclavicularis]
0 : E p i c o n d ymt uesd i a l o
i sft h e l : P a l m asru r f a coeft h eb a s e F : E L b ojwoint:
humeruS, ^f iho nc motaearni ll fL e x i o n ,
F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i ( f r e q u e nat t[ys ol l l ) pronation
W r i sito i n t :
p a t m afrt e x i o n ,
radiaIabduction

M.patmaris
longuslinconstant
muscLel
N medianus brachiatis,
IP[exus Parsinfractavicu[aris]
0: Epicondym t ues d i a Loi fsl h e l:Aponeurop
s iasL m a r i s F :E l b o w joint:
n um e r u s , fl e x i o n
F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i W r i sjto i n t :
p a L m af lre x i o n ,
t e n s i oonft h ep a L m aarp o n e u r o s i s

M . f t e r o r d i g i t o r u m s u p e r f i c i a t i s [ T h e t e n d o n s o f t h i s m u s c L e a r e p e r f o r a t e d b yf ttehxeot er dnidgoi tnosroufm

t hper M ofundusjustbefore
t h e i ri n s e r t i ol n
N,medianus IP|exus brachialis, Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: Caputhumeroulnare: l : W i t hf o u r[ o n gt e n d o nast t h e F :E l b o w ioint:
E p i c o n d ym l ues d i a Loi fst h e b a s eo ft h eP h a L a m o ft h e
n xe d i a f Lexion
numerus, 2-5 finger W r i sjto i n t :
P r o cc. o r o n o i d e u s p a I m afrt e x i o n ,
Caputradiate: Facies anterior u t n aa r bduction
o ft h eR a d i udsi s t atLot h e M e t a c a r p o p h a l a ni ogienat sIIIl - V :l
M pronator teres fL e x i o n ,
a d du c t i o n
P r o x i m fai Ln g eiro i n t sl l l - V l
fl e x i o n
M.ftexorcarpiulnaris
N. ulnaris brachialis,
IPlexus Parsinfraclavtcularis]
0: Caputhumerate: Epicondylus l : V i at h e0 s p i s i f o r maen dt h e F :E l b o wjoint:
m e d i a Loi sft h eH u m e r u s ; L i g gp i s o m e t a c a r paanLde f lexion
Septum i n t e r m u s c u Lbarraec h i i pisohamatu am t t h eb a s eo ft h e W r i sito i n t :
mediaLe 0 s m e t a c a rVpai n dt h eO s p a L m af lre x i o n ,
Caputulnare:0Lecranon, hamatum u L n aarb d u c t i o n
u p p etrw ot h i r d so ft h eM a r g o
nnciorinr nf tho I ll n:

F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i
 HeadlNecklTrunk

TheM flexor profundus

digitorum is[ocated
mediatly pol.[icis
withtheM flexor [ongus
being
tocated TheM pronator
Lateratty quadratus
covers
quarter
thedistat ofthebonesoftheforearm,
profundus
M.ftexordigitorum
N.ulnarisfortheuLnarportion,N.interosseusantebrachiianterioroftheN
medianusfortheradialportion[Plexusbrachialis,ParsinfraclavicularisJ
0: ProximaI twothirdsof the l : B a s eo ft h eP h a L a d
n ixs t a t iosf F :W r i sito i n t :
F a c i easn t e r i oorft h eU l n a , t h e2 . - 5 f i n g e r p a t m afrL e x i o n
Membrana interossea M e t a c a r p o p h a l a ni ogienat sIIll - V ] :
fL e x i o n ,
Iadu dctionJ
F i n g ej o
r i n t si l l - V i :
ftexion

M.ftexorpotticis
[ongus
N. lnterosseus
a ntebrachiianteriorof theN. medianusIPlexusbrachialis,Parsinfraclavicutarisl
0 : F a c i easn t e r i oorft h eR a d i u s l : B a s eo ft h eP h a [ a ndxi s t a Loi sf F:Wristjoint:
distaL to theTuberositas radii t h et h u m b palmarftexion
C a r p o m e t a c ajropianLto ft h et h u m b :
adduction,
opposition
T h u m bi o i n t s :
flexion

M.pronator
quadratus
N interosseusantebrachii
anteriorIN. medianus,Plexusbrachialis,Parsinlraclavicutaris]
0: DistatquarteroftheMargo l: Marga
o n dF a c i easn t e r i oorft h e F : R a d i o u t ni a
o ri n t s :
a n t e r i oorf t h eU l n a Radius pronation
U p p e rt i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anI e rve s

T h e g r o u p o f t h e r amd iuasI c [ e s o f t h e f o r e a r m c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o L l o w i n g m u s c [ e s i n t h e o r d e r f r oMmbl ar at ecrhai Iot roamd ei adtiias[,:

M extenso car r pri a d i a I iLso n g uasn dM .e x t e n s oc ra r pri a d i a Lbi sr e v r s
M.brachioradialis
N radialis brachialis,
lPtexus ParsinfractavicuLarisl
0, Margo l a t e r a toi sft h e l : P r o cs. t y l o i d e ou fst h eR a d i u s F :E t b o wjoint:
i
r'tumerus, ftexion Iparticularty strongwhen
Septum i n t e r m u s c u Lbarraec h i i forearm i s i n s e m i p r o n a tpeods i t i o n ) ,
IateraIe p r o n a t i oonr s u p i n a t i o[ fnr o mt h e
corresponding extreme position to an
i n t e r m e d i aotnee l

M.extensor
carpiradialis
longus
N radialisIPlexusbrachia[is.
Parsinfraclavicularis]
0 , D i s t ael n do ft h eM a r g o l : D o r s asIu r f a coeft h eb a s eo f F :E L b oiw oint:
'i t h e0 s m e t a c a rlpl i f Lexion,
L a t e r ao l i fst h eH u m e r u s ,
E p i c o n d yL t uast e r a o
l i fst h e p r o n a t i oonr s u p i n a t i ol fnr o mt h e
HUmerus, corresponding extreme p o s i t i ot n
oa n
Septum i n t e r m u s c u Lbarraec h i i i n t e r m e d i aotnee l
IateraIe W r i s ito i n t :
d o r s af L
lexion,
radiaIabduction

carpiradiatis
M.extensor brevis
N radialisIPtexusbrachialis.
Parsinfrac[avicularis]
lateralls
EPicondYtus ofthe l : D o r s asIu r f a coeft h eb a s eo f F :E L b ojw oint:
t 9' fl e x i o n ,
numerus, t h e0 s m e t a c a rlpl li
LiganuLare
radii p r o n a t i oonr s u p i n a t i o( fnr o mt h e
c o r r e s p o n dei nxgt r e mpeo s i t i ot n oa n
i n t e r m e d i aotnee l
W r i sjto i n t :
d o r s af L
lexion,
r a d i aaI b d u c t i o n
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h eg r o u po ft h es u p e r f i c idaol r s am
L u s c [ eosft h ef o r e a r m
consiso t sft h ef o L t o w im
n qu s c L ei nst h eo r d efrr o mr a d i atLo u L n a M
r: extensor
digitorum M, e x t e n s o
d ri g i tmi i n i mai n dM e x t e n s o ca r r pui t n a r i s
M.extensordigitorum
R profundus
of theN radialis brachiaLis,
[Plexus ParsinfraclavicuLaris]
0 : E p i c o n d y ltautse r a Loi fst h e l: So-caLted dorsaIaponeuroses F :E l b o w joint:
FUMCTUS, o ft h e2 - 5 f i n g e r extensron
L i g gc o t l a t e r ar L
aed i a Laen d W r i s ito i n t :
a n u l a rrea d i i , dorsaIflexion
F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i M e t a c a r p o p h a l a nUg- eVa L
f i n g eiro i n t sl l l - V l :
extensron

M.extensordigitiminimi
R profundus
of theN radialis
[Ptexus brachiatis, Parsinfraclavicutaris]
0: Epicondytus Lateratis of the l : S o - c a L tdeodr s aaI p o n e u r o o
s if s F :E l b o w ioint:
FUMCTUS, t h e5 f i n g e r extensron
L i g gc o t l a t e r ar taed i a Laen d Wristjoint:
a n u l a rrea d i i , dorsaIflexion,
F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i u t n aa r bduction
MetacarpoohatangeaL [VJ/
f i n g ejro i n t sl V ) :
extensron
M' extensor carpiulnaris{ThismuscLe
is frequentlyseparated
fromtheM extensor
digitorum
andt h eM e x t e n s od ri g i tm
i i n i mbi ya
d i s t i n cSt e p t u m
intermusculare.l
R profundus (Plexus
of theN radialis brachiatis,
Parsinfraclavicularisl
0: Caputhumerale: Epicondytus l: Dorsalsurface ofthebaseof F :E L b o w j o i n t :
L a t e r ao
t ifst h eH u m e r u s , t h e0 s m e t a c a rVp i extensron
Lig coLlaterate radia[e W r i sjto i n t :
Caputulnare:proximaLtwo thirds dorsaIflexion,
o ft h eF a c i epso s t e r i o rft h e ulnaa r bduction
U[ n a ,
F a s c iaan t e b r a c h i i
U ppert i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

y i s t a l l yt h, e M e x t e n s opr o l L i c iLso n g u st h, e M e x t e n s oirn d i c i s ,

T h eM s u p i n a t oer n w r a p st h e u p p e rt h i r do f t h e r a d i u sl a t e r a L tD
t h e M a b d u c t opr o t I i c i Ls o n g uasn dt h e M e x t e n s opr o t L i c ibsr e v i sf o l o w f r o m I a t e r a L tmo edial.

M.supinator[Thismuscteisperforatedb p yr ot hf uenRd u stohfe N r a d i a t i s i n a L o n g i t uddi irneactt i oAns m a [tl e n d i n o u s a r c h f r a m e s t h e o p e n i n g

o f t h es u p i n a t ocra n a)[
R.profundus Parsrnfraclaviculartsl
of theN, radia[is[Plexusbrachialis,
0 : E p i c o n d yL l uast e r a o
l i fst h e l : F a c i easn t e r i oorft h eR a d i u s F :R a d i o u l niaori n t s :
flumerus, b e t w e et nh eT u b e r o s i traasd iai n d supination
Crista m u s c usLui p i n a t o roifsi h e t h ei n s e r t i oonft h eM P r o n a t o r
UL n a , teres
L i g gc. o l l a t e r artaed i a Laen d
a n u t a rrea d i i

M.extensorpotlicis[ongus
R profundus
of theN radialisIPIexus brachialis, Parsinfraclavicularis)
0 : D i s t aqI u a r t eorft h eF a c r e s l : P h a t a ndxi s t a I iosft h et h u m b F :W r i sjto i n t :
nnctorinr nf iho I llne d o r s af L
texion,
Ir^-L--^^;^+^-^--^^
t v t u i l t u t d i l d i l t L E tu S J U d r a d i aaLb d u c t i o n
C a r o o m e t a c a irooianIot ft h et h u m b :
adduction,
rep0srlr0n
M e t a c a r p o p h a L aj nog i netoafL
the
t h u m ba n dt h u m bi o i n t :
extenston

M.extensorindicis
R profundus (Plexus
of theN. radiatis brachialis, Parsinfraclaviculartsl
0 : D i s t aql u a r t eorft h eF a c t e s l : S o - c a l l eddo r s aaLp o n e u r o o
s ifs F :W r i sjto i n t :
nnctorinr nf tho I llna t h ei n d e fxi n g e r d o r s af Il e x i o n ,
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s e a r a d i aaLb d u c t i o n
Metacarpophatan i ogi e
naIt l Il ] :
extensron,
a d du c t i o n
F i n g e r j o i ni tl lsJ :
extenston

M.abductorpolticislongus
R profundus (Plexus
of theN radialis brachialis, Parsinfraclaviculartsl
0 : F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h eU [ n a , l : B a s eo ft h e0 s m e t a c a rIp i F : R a d i o u t ni a
o ri n t s :
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s e a , s up i n a t i o n
F a c i epso s t e r i o rf t h eR a d i u s W r i sjto i n t :
dorsalftexion,
r a d i aat b d u c t i o n
C a r p o m e t a c ajropi a n Ito fi h et h u m b :
extension,
rep0srlr0n

M.extensorpollicisbrevis
R profundus
of theN radiaLis Parsinfraclavicularis)
brachiaLis,
[Plexus
0 : F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h eR a d i u s , l : B a s eo ft h eP h a [ a npxr o x i m a [ i s F :W r i sjto i n t :
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s e a o ft h et h u m b p a t m afrl e x i o n ,
radiaIabduction
C a r p o m e t a c ajropianIto ft h et h u m b :
a b d u c t i orne,p o s i t i o n
Metacarpophatan no
i ogi e t fLt h e
a
thumb:
extension
 HeadlNecklTrunk

From superficiaIto deep theM abductor

polticis
brevis, potticis
theM fLexor brevis, polticis
theM opponens andtheM.adductor
poIticis
form
t h et h e n aerm i n e n c e .
potticis
M.abductor brevis
N. medianus
IPlexusbrachialis,
ParsinfracLavicularis]
0 : R e t i n a c u t ummu s c u L o r u m l : R a d i aste s a m obi do n eo ft h e F :C a r p o m e t a c ajropi a
nL to ft h e
flexorum, metacarpophatan j ogi e
nato Ift h e thumb:
T u b e r c u [ uomssiscaphoidei thumb, abduction,
r a d i amI argio n ft h eb a s eo ft h e opposition
PhaLap n rxo x i m a toi fst h et h u m o , Metacarpophalan j ogi n
e ta
o Ift h e
i n s e r tisn t ot h ed o r s a l thumb:
aponeuroo s ifst h et h u m b f[exion

M.flexorpotticisbrevis
Caputsuperficiale:
N rnedlanus; Caputprofundu m:R profundus of theN. ulnaris [Plexus brachialis, Parsinfrac[avicularis]
0: Caputsuperficiate: l r R a d i aste s a m obi do n eo ft h e F :C a r p o m e t a c ajropi a
nLto ft h e
R e t i n a c u l ummu s c u l o r u m metacarpopha[an j ogi e
nato If t h e thumb:
flexorum thumb, opposition,
Caputprofundum: Ossacapita- r a d i amI argio n ft h eb a s eo ft h e adduction
t u m ,t r a p e z i u m
t r a, p e z o i d e u m , P h a t a npxr o x i m a o L fi tsh et n u m o , M e t a c a r p o p h a L ainogi neotafIt h e
b a s eo ft h e0 s m e t a c a rIo i i n s e r tisn t ot h ed o r s a I thumb:
aponeuroo s ifst h et h u m b f lexion

M.opponenspotticis
andN ulnaris(Plexus
N medianus parsinfraclavicularisJ
brachiatis,
0 : R e t i n a c u l ummu s c u t o r u m l : E n t i r rea d i am
Largio
n ft h e0 s F :C a r p o m e t a c airopianLot ft h e
fLexoru m, m e t a c a rIp i thumb:
T u b e r c u l uoms s i st r a p e z i i opposrtron,
a d du c t i o n

M.adductorpotticis
R profundus
of theN.ulnarislPlexus
brachiatis,
ParsinfracLavrcularis)
0 : C a p uot b l i q u u m0 :s c a p i t a t u m , l : U L n asre s a m obi do n eo ft h e F :C a r p o m e t a c airopianIot ft h e
b a s eo ft h e0 s m e t a c a rlpl ,i metacarpophatan j ogi e
natL
o ft h e thumb:
L i g c a r pri a d i a t u m thumb, a d du c t i o n ,
Caputtransversum: paLmar u [ n amr argio n ft h eb a s eo ft h e opposition
s u r f a coeft h e0 s m e t a c a rlpl li P h a L ap n rxo x i m a toi fst h et h u m o , M e t a c a r p o p h a t a jnogi ne to
a fLt h e
i n s e r tisn t ot h ed o r s a l thumb:
aponeuroo s iftsh et h u m b f[exion
U ppert i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

T h e m u s c l e st ho ef p a L m c o m p n s e a n e r e r o g e n e o u s g r o u[ upm . Tbhr ei cMamt e s a r e t i g h t l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t e n df o

l enxsoorfdt h
i gei M
torum
p r o f u n d uTsh eM m i n t e r o s speai t m a r easn dt h eM m .i n t e r o s sdeoi r s a l ef isLt[h es p a c ebse t w e et n h eO s s am e t a c a r p i
Mm.tumbricates
l-lV
N medianusil,lll:
N ulnaris[lll,
lV]lPlexusbrachialis,Parsinfrac[avicularis]
0 : R a d i asLi d eo f t h et e n d o nIs l : I n s e rrta d i a Li tnyt ot h ed o r s a L F : M e t a c a r p o p h a L aj nog
i net asI ltl - V :l
a n dl l ,a sw e t al st h ef a c i n sgi d e s a p o n e u r o o s iftsh ef i n g e rlsl - V ftexion,
o ft h et e n d o nl sl - l Vo ft h e r a d i aaLb d u c t i o n
M f l e x odr i o i t o r uomr o f u n d u s F i n g ej o
r i n t si l l - V l :
extension

patmares
Mm.interossei l-lll
N ulnarislPlexusbrachialis,Parsinfraclavicularisl
0 : U L n asri d eo ft h e0 s l : R a d i a ti n
e t ot h ed o r s a L F :M e t a c a r p o p h a L aj n ogi net as I
m e t a c a rlpl ,i aponeuroo s ifst h ef i n g e rlsl [ i l ,r VV
, ]:
r a d i ast i d eo ft h e0 s s a a n dV f[ e x i o n ,
m e t a c a rlpVia n dV adduction [withrespect to theaxisof
t h em i d d tfei n g e r l
F i n g erro i n tisl 1l,V ,V l :
extensron

Mm.interosseidorsatesl-lV [doubte headed]

N ulnaris
lPlexusbrachialis,
Parsinfraclavicu[aris|
0 : F a c i nsgi d e so ft h eO s s a e t ot h ed o r s a I
l : R a d i a ti n F :M e t a c a r p o p h a t a n i ogi e
nat sIIl l - l V ] :
metacarpi l-V aponeuroo s ifst h efi n g e r lsl - l V f lexion,
abduction [withrespect to theaxisof
t h em i d d Lf einger)
F i n g ej o
r i n t s{ l l - l V l :
extenst0n
 HeadlNecklTrunk

F r o m[ a t e r a t tm
o e d i atLh,eh y p o t h e neam r i n e n cceo n s i s o
t sf t h eM a b d u c t odri g i tm
i i n i m ti ,h eM f l e x odr i g i tm
i i n i mbi r e v iasn dt h eM o p p o -
n e n sd i g i tm
i i n i mT
i h eM p a t m a r b i sr e v iasl s ob e L o n tgost h i sg r o u pa sa s k i nm u s c [ e .
M.patmaris brevislconsists of severaI
separated bundl.es]
R superficialis
of theN. ulnaris brachialis,
[PIexus ParsinfractavicuLaris]
0 : M e d i aml a r g i o
n ft h e l : S k i no ft h eH y p o t h e n a r F :T e n s et sh es k i na t t h eh y p o t h e n a r
Aponeurop s ias[ m a r i s , emtnence emrnence
rarely0s trapezium

M.abductordigitiminimi
R profundus (P[exus
of theN ulnaris brachialis,
Parsinfraclavicularis]
0: 0spisiforme, l : U I n am
r argio n ft h eP h a l a n x F :C a r p o m e t a c airopianI[t V ] :
Ligpisohamatum, p r o x i mI ias , 0pp0srilon
R e t i n a c u [ ummu s c u t o r u m s if st h e5 .f i n g e r M e t a c a r o o o h a L aj o
d o r s aaLp o n e u r o o n ignet[aVIl :
flexoru m ab du c t i o n ,
flexion
F i n g ej o
r i n t s[ V ] :
extension

M.ftexordigitiminimibrevis(inconstant
muscte)
R profundus
of theN ulnaris brachialis,
[Plexus Parsinlraclavicularisl
0 : R e t i n a c u Lm
umusculorum F: Baseof thePhalanx proxlmalis F rC a r p o m e t a c ajrooi a n It{ V l :
flexorum, o ft h e5 f i n g e r , opposition
H a m u l uoss s i sh a m a t i s iftsh e5 .f i n g e r M e t a c a r p o p h a L aj o
d o r s aaLp o n e u r o o n ignet[aVIi :
f[exion,
ab du c t i o n
F i n g ei ro i n t s[ V ] .
extension

M.opponensdigitiminimi
R.profundus
of theN. ulnaris
IPlexus brachiaLis, ParsinfracLavicularis)
0 : R e t i n a c u Lm
umuscutorum l : U L n asru r f a coeft h e0 s F :C a r o o m e t a c airopianI{t V r :
fIexorum, metacarpi V opposition
H a m u l uoss s i sh a m a t i
U p p e rt i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl .e rve s

a Jointsof the petvicgirdle,Juncturaecingutipetvici

Nameof thejoint Typeof thejoint Movements
5acroiliac joint, R r g ijdo l n t
A r t i c u L ast iaoc r o i L i a c a Amphiarthrosis
L i g gs a c r o i L i aacnat e r i o r a Syndesmoses,
L i g gs a c r o i L i apcoas t e r i o r a f i b r o ujso i n t s ,
L i g gs a c r o i L i ai nc tae r o s s e a A r t i c u l a t i o nfiebsr o s a e L i m i t eddi s p l a c e m ea n tdr o t a t t o n
I in caerntrrhorelo ( o n la
y f e wm i L L i m e t r ae sal ;
I in crrrncninelo c o n s e q u e nocfteh ed e f o r m a t ioofnt h e
P u b i sc y m p h y s i s , C a r t i | . a g i nj o ui nst , p e L vdi su r i n g a i to r w e i g h t - b e a r i n g
cJ y, ,i -l ^r P
h r,r,y-J; r- r ^ , , h ; ^ -
PuurLo s y n c h o n d r owsiitsh
i n t o r n r r h i ed i c r

I_ i n n r r h -i -r r r mq r r n o r i r r c
J T_'
I i n n r r h i e r r mi n f o r i r r c

b Jointsof the freepart of the lowertimb,Articulationes

membriinferiorisliberi
N a m eo ft h ej o i n t Typeof thejoint Movements
H i pj o i n t , Qnhornidoal inini F L e x i o[ ann t e v e r s i o n l
A r t i c u L act ioox a e A r t i c u l a tsi o
pheroidea extension Iretrove rsion]
adduction
abduction
m e d i aaLn dl a t e r arIo t a t i o n

Kneejoint, P i v o t - h i njgoei n t , Flexion

A r t i c u t a tgi o
enus Trochogingtymus extensron
m e d i aaI n dL a t e r raoLt a t i oIno n t iynf l e x e pd o s i t i o n l

Superior tibiofibularjoint, R i g ijdo i n t L i m i t eddi s p L a c e m ei nnttrsa n s v e r a n dv e r t i c a I

se
A r t i c u l a ttiiob i oi b
f utaris Amphiarthrosis d i r e c t i oLni,m i t erdo t a t i o n
lnferiortibiofibutar joint, Syndesmosis, S u p p o or tft h em a L [ e o Lbar ar c ew, h i c hd i v e r g e s
S y n d e s m otsi bi si oi b f ularis f i b r o ujso i n t , d o r s aeI x t e n s i oi nni h ea n k Lj e
s L i g h tdt yu r i n g oint
A r t i c u L aftiibor o s a
Anktejoint, H i n gjeo i n t , P [ a n t af tre x i o n
A r t i c u L attai ol o c r u r a l i s Gingtymus d o r s af L
lexion
TalotarsaI joint, C o m p o u snpdh e r o i d a en
adl c o n o ij d
oint g ft h em e d i al ls u p i n a t i oann)dL a t e r a I
L i f t i no
A r t i c u [ a ttiaoL o t a r s a t i s n ft h ef o o t
I p r o n a t i omna) r g i o
a l A r t i c u [ a t iao[ o c a t c a n e o n a v i c u l a r i sS p h e r o i d e a l j o i n t
[ =a n t e r i opra r t ]
b ) A r t i c u L ast iuob t a L a[r=i sp o s t e r i op ra r t ) C o n o ij do i n t
Transverse tarsaIjoint, R i g ijdo i n t s , M i n i m aptl a n t aarn dd o r s am I o v e m e nat ns d
A r t i c u L attai or s ti r a n s v e r s a Amphiarthroses rolaIt0n
ICH0PAR s jTo i n t l s u p p o rotft h eL o n g i t u d ianracIho ft h ef o o t
a l A r t i c u L attai oL o c a l c a n e o n a v i c u L a r i s
b l A r t i c u L act iaoL c a n e o c u b o i d e a
IntertarsaI joints R i g ijdo i n t s M i n i m amLo v e m e ni tnst h ed e f o r m a t io fnt h ef o o t
a l A r t i c u l a tci o
uneonavicutaris Amphiarthroses during a d j u s t m etnot h eg r o u n d
b l A r t i c u t a t i o ni netse r c u n e i f o r m e s
c ) A r t i c u t a tci u
oneocuboidea
TarsometatarsaI joints, R i g i jdo i n t s , I o v e m e nat ns d
M i n i m apLl a n t aarn dd o r s am
Articu [atiotarsometata rsa[es Amphiarthroses rotation oftheforefoot
I L I S F R A NjC o 'i sn t J
IntermetatarsaI joints, R i g ijdo i n t s , r o t a t i oonft h ef o r e f o o t
M i n i m amLo v e m e ndt us r i n g
A r t i c u L a t i oinnet es r m e t a t a r s a t e s Amphlarthroses
MetatarsophatangeaI joints, F u n c t i o n a[ L
im[ yi t esdp h e r o i d ej oaiIn t s F L e x i oenx,t e n s i o n
A r t i c u [ a L i om n eest a t a r s o p h a t a n g e a e a b d u c t i oand, d u c t i o n
InterphatangeaI joints, H i n gjeo i n t s , FLexion
A r t i c u L aitni ot e r p h a L a n gpeeadei s Ginglymi e x t e n s i o nft h et o e s
 HeadlNecklTrunk

ofthejointsof thelowerlimb
c Planesandaxesofthemoyements

Axis
transversalis

longitudinalis

Anteversio
(Flexio)

F i g .8 H i pj o i n t ; F i g .9 H i pj o i n t ; F i g .1 0 H i pj o i n t ;
m o v e m e n ti n t h e s a g i t t a lp l a n e . m o v e m e n it n t h e f r o n t a Ip L a n e . m o v e m e n it n t h e t r a n s v e r s ep t a n e

Axislongitudinalis

Rotatio externa

F i g .1 1 K n e ej o i n t ; F i g . ' | 2 K n e ej o i n t ;
m o v e m e n it n t h e s a g i t t a Ip t a n e . m o v e m e n it n t h e t r a n s v e r s ep l a n e .
* As a consequence of theasymmetric curvature of the
f e m o r acIo n d y l et h
s i sa x i si,n p a r t i c u [ acrh, a n g edsu r i n g
themovement Iinconstant axisl
Up p e rli m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i ant e rve s

Axistransversalis

Extensio

Flexio

F i g . 1 3 A n k t ej o i n t :
m o v e m e n it n t h e s a g i t t a p I tane.
F t e x i o na n d e x t e n s i o nt a k e p l a c ea [ m o s te x c t u s i v e ti yn t n e
a n k t ej o i n t .

Pronatio

Fig. 11 Tatotarsaljoint;
s u p i n a t i o na n d p r o n a t i o nm o v e m e n t so f t h e f o o t .
In extremepLantarf Lexion,pronationis atso referredto as LateraI
a b d u c t i o na, n d s u p i n a t i o na s m e d i a Ia b d u c t i o n .
* Theaxisrunsfromthe innerpartof the neckof theta[usin a posterior
andinferiordirection to the Proc tateratis of theTubercatcanei andis
actuatly steeperas ittustrated in thisfigurefor didactical reasons

ln theankte
 Motorfunction Sensory
function
Ptexus[umbatis
[ T 1 2L) 1 - 1 3[ 1 4 ]
N. iliohypogastricus IN.itiopubicusl M m r e c t u as b d o m i n o i sb, t i q u u s
1 1 2 L, 1 e x t e r n uasb d o m i n o i sb, t i q u u s
R .c u t a n e ul as t e r a L i s i n t e r n uasb d o m i n ti sr a, n s v e r s u s S k i nc o v e r i nt hg eh i p
R c u t a n e uasn t e r i o r a b d o m i n ipsy, r a m i d a tci rse, m a s t e r S k t na b o vteh ei t i a cc r e s tt,h eL i g .i n g u i n aaLnedt h e
M o n sp u b i s
N.itioinguinatis M m r e c t u as b d o m i n iosb, t i q u u s
t T 1 2LJl ( L 2 l e x t e r n uasb d o m i n o i sb, L i q u u s
Nn.scrotaLes anteriores/ i n t e r n uasb d o m i n ti sr a, n s v e r s u s S k i no f t h ei n g u i n ar eLg i o nt h, er o o to ft h ep e n i sa,n dt h e
N n [ a b i a l easn t e r i o r e s a b d o m i n ipsy, r a m i d a lci sr e, m a s t e r scrotum andthe[abiamajora, respectiveLy
N . g e n i t o f e m o r a t1i sLL2
R .g e n i t a t i s S c r o t acIo a t s( i n c t u d i nt hged a r t o fsa s c i a J
R femoratis S k i na t t h eH i a t ussa p h e n u s
N. cutaneus femoris S k i no ft h e[ a t e r aaLn da n t e r i osri d e
tateratis12,L3 o ft h et h i g hu pt o t h ek n e e
N.obturatoriusL2-L4 M m p e c t i n e uasd, d u c t obrr e v i s ,
R anterior a d d u c t ol or n g u sg,r a c i l i s Capsuo L fet h eh i pj o i n t
R cutaneus S k i no ft h em e d i asl i d eo ft h et h i g hs u p e r i ot or t h ek n e e
R posterior M obturatoriusexternus, Capsuo l eft h eh i pj o i n tp, e r i o s t e uomft h ep o s t e r i o
s ird e
Rr.muscuLares M a d d u c t omr a g n u s , o ft h ef e m u r
I M a d d u c t obrr e v i s ] ,
M .a d d u c t omr i n i m u s
N.obturatorius accessorius M pectineus Capsuo l eft h eh i pj o i n t
13,L4
N.femoratis L2-14 M m .i L i o p s o ap se,c t i n e u s , [ efi h eh i pj o i n t
Capsuo
Rr.muscuLares s a r t o r i uqsu, a d r i c efpesm o r i s
R r .c u t a n eain t e r i o r e s S k i no ft h ea n t e r i oarn dm e d i asIi d eo ft h et h i g hu pt o t h e
k n e ep, e r i o s t e uom ft h ea n t e r i osri d eo ft h ef e m u r
N saphenus S k i no ft h ea n t e r i oarn dm e d i a I s i doeft h ek n e ea n dt h e
R.infrapateItaris m e d i asIi d eo ft h eL e ga sw e t a l st h ef o o t
R r .c u t a n ecir u r i sm e d i a t e s
Ptexussacratis
tL4lLs-s3(S4l
N.m.obturatorii
interni M .o b t u r a t o r iiunst e r n u s
L5-S2
N.m.piriformisS1,52 M piriformis
N.m.quadrati
femoris M q u a d r a t uf esm o r i s
L5-S1ts2l
N.gtuteussuperior
L4-S1 M m g L u t emi e d i uasn dm i n r m u s ,
+^^-^- {--^;^^ l^+^^
LCil>Ut tdJLtdtr tdLde

N.gtuteus
inferior
L5-S2 M g t u t e um
s aximus
N.cutaneusfemoris S k i no ft h ep o s t e r i o
s ird eo ft h et h i g ha n dt h ep r o x i m a L t e g
S1-S3
posterior
Nn.ctunium inferiores S k i no ft h eg L u t e raeI g i o n
Nn.perineales Perineum, scrotaI skinor skinof theLabiamajora,
resp
N.ischiadicus
L4-53 l s c h i o c r u rmauI s c t eas [, [
muscles of theLegand
t h ef o o t
N,fibutaris
communis L4-S2 M biceps
femoris,
Caputbreve Capsuo t eft h ek n e ej o t n t
N.cutaneus suraelatera[is S k i no ft h ec a [ fu pt o t h eL a t e r m
a Ia L L e o l u s
R communicans fibuLaris C o n n e c t ibnrga n c tho t h eN s u r a t i s
U p p e rL i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

Motorfunction 5ensoryfunction
N.fibutarissuperficiatis L4-S2 i Jn g uas n d
M m fi b u t a r el ps e r o n el o
Rr.musculares brevis
N .c u t a n e udso r s a Lm
i se d i a t i s S k i no ft h et e ga n dt h eb a c ko ft h ef o o tu pt o t h e
1 . - 3t o e
N .c u t a n e udso r s a t i n
stermedius S k i no ft h eL a t e r m n ft h ef o o t
a Ia r g i o
N n .d i g i t a Ldeosr s a t epse d i s S k i no ft h eb a c ko ft h et o e se x c e pf ot rt h ef . i n t e r d i g i st apLa c e
a n dt h e[ a t e r asIi d eo ft h e5 .t o e
N.fibutarisprofundus
L4-S2 M m t i b i a t iasn t e r i oer ,x t e n s o r Periosteum ofthebonesof thetegandthecapsul.e
Rr.muscutares mo n g uesx, t e n s oh ra [ L u c i s o ft h ea n k [ e
d i g i t o r uL joint
Longus, extensor digitorum brevis
andextensor hallucis brevis
N n .d i g i t a l edso r s a l epse d i s S k i no ft h e1 i n t e r d i g i st apIa c e
N.tibiatisL4-53 M m t r i c e pssu r a ep, l a n t a r ipso, p L i - C a p s u o L fet h ek n e ej o i n t
Rr.muscutares t e u st,i b i a t ipso s t e r i of Lr ,e x odri g i -
t o r u m[ o n g u sf l,e x ohr a l l u c i[so n g u s
N interosseus
cruris P e r i o s t e uom ft h eb o n eos ft h el e ga n dt h ec a p s u t e
o ft h ea n k l ej o i n t
N c u t a n e ussu r a em e d i a t i s S k i no ft h ec a l fu pt o t h em e d i am L a L t e o l umse, r g e s
w i t ht h eN c u t a n e ussu r a eL a i e r a tLoi fso r mt h eN .s u r a [ i s
N suratis
N c u t a n e udso r s a Ll iast e r a L i s n ft h ef o o tu pt o t h e5 .t o e
S k i no ft h el a t e r amL a r g i o

D- ^-l^-^^i l^+^--l^- S k i no ft h e[ a t e r ahIe e l

Rr.catcanei mediaLes S k i no ft h em e d i ahLe e l
N .p L a n t a rmi se d i a t i s M m a b d u c t ohra [ u c i a s n df t e x o r S k i no ft h em e d i asIo [ e
d i g i t o r ub mr e v i sf l,e x ohr a t [ u c i s
b r e v ilsm e d i ahte a d JL ,u m b r i c a L e s
p e d i s| i l l )
N n .d i g i t a t epst a n t a r e s Skinof thesoLe 31/,toes
sideofthemedia[
c0mmunes a n dt h en a i a
Lreas
N n .d i g i t a l eps[ a n t a r e s
pr0prl I
Nl
t\
^l^^[^-:- l^+^-^l;-
PLdiltdt t> LoLgt duJ M m a b d u c t do irg i tm
i inimi,
^,,^i.^+,,- ^l -^+^^
R superficiaLis qudur oLUJ Prorr(os,

N n .d i g i t a [ epsL a n t a r e s M m f L e x odri g i tmi i n i mbi r e v i s ,

c0mmuneS i i n i m i ,n t e r -
o p p o n e ndsi g i tm
N n .d i g i t a t epst a n t a r e s o s s eoi ft h e4 .i n t e r m e t a t a r s a L Skinoftheptantar sideof the[atera[11l,toes
p r 0 p ln space a n dt h en a i a
I reas
R profundus M m .[ u m b r i c a tpeesd i sl l - l V ,
a d d u c t ohra L t u cI iCs a p ut rt a n s -
v e r s u miln, t e r o s soefti h e1 - 4 .
intermetatarsaLspace
N. pudendus [S1]S2-S4
Nn rectales [anaLes] inferiores S k i no ft h ea n a rLe g i o an n dt h ep e r i n e u m
53,54
N n .p e r i n e a t e s
Nn scrotales posterrores/ ur e t h r au
M .s p h i n c t e e r, e t h r amLu c o s ad ,o r s a L
N n [ a b i a L pe os s t e r i o r e s o r t h eL a b i am a j o r a
s k i no ft h es c r o t u m
Rr.muscutares M m t r a n s v e rpsei r i n esiu p e r - andminora, respectively, Vestibulum vaginae
f i c i a t iasn dp r o f u n d ubsu, [ b o -
s p o n g i o saunsdi s c h i o c a v e r n o s u s ,
sphincte a rn ie x t e r n u s
N .d o r s a Lpi se n i s / M t r a n s v e r spuesr i n epir o f u n d u s , S k i no ft h ep e n i sg,[ a n s / c L i t oprri e
s ,p u c e
N .d o r s a I ci sL i t o r i d i s M s p h i n c t eu r e t h r a e
54,55 lCo1l
N. coccygeus M.ischiococcygeus
lcoccygeusl, region,
SkinofthecoccygeaL the
aswetlastheskinbetween
Ptexus 54,S5{Co1J
coccygeus M.Levator
ani coccyxandtheanus
Nt ^^^-^^^,,^^,,-
r\. diluLULuygcu)
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T 4 1 - T4 2

l A c c o r d i tnogM U M E N T H A LaE
nRdS C H L I A Ct hKe; i n d i c a t o
mru s c l o
e f e a c hs e g m e ni st p r i n t eidn b o t d]

M,itiopsoas: Ll, L2 T12-13 M.tibiatisanterior:L4 L4-15

M t e n s ofra s c i alea t a e L4_15 M e x t e n s oh ra L t u cl iosn g u s L4-S1
M g L u t e umse d i u s L4-S1 M popliteus L4_S1
M g t u t e um s inimus L4-S1 M e x t e n s od ri g i t o r u L mo n g u s L4_S1
M g t u t e um s aximus t4-s2 M.soleus l ,- L4-52
M .o b t u r a t o r iiunst e r n u s L5-S1 M.gastrocnemiusi t'
M .p i r i f o r m i s L5_S1 M .f i b u [ a r i[so n g u s L5-S1
M sartorius L2-13 M .f i b u [ a r bi sr e v i s L5-S1
M pectineus L2-13 M.tibiatisposterior: Sl L5-S2
M .a d d u c t o[ or n g u s L2-13 M .f l e x odr i g i t o r u [m ongus L5-53
M.quadriceps femoris:L3 L2-L/+ M flexorhatlucis Longus L5_53
M graci[is L?_L4 M extensor hatlucis brevis 14.S1
M adductor brevis L2_L4 M .e x t e n s o d ri g i t o r u b
mr e v i s L4-S1
M obturatorius externus L3-14 M flexordigitorum brevis L5-S1
M .a d d u c t omr a g n u s L3-14 M a b d u c t ohra l t u c i s L5_S1
M .s e m i t e n d i n o s u s L4-S1 M flexorhatlucis brevis L5-53
M semimembranosus L4_S1 M .a d d u c t ohra [ [ u c i s S 1- S 2
M b i c e pfse m o r i s L4-52

ThisgroupontycomprisestheM.itiacusandtheM.psoasmajor,whichtogetT heh refsoer a

mrtehtehM e o. int itoy pv se on at rsa L m u s c i e s o
t h eh i pj o i n ta, sa l [o t h e vr e n t r amI u s c t ei snf r o n o
t ft h eh i pj o i n ta L s o v e r s i r e ttchhek n e ej o i n ta n da r et h e r e f o r e f e r r et d
o a sv e n t r amLu s c s
o ft h et h i g h .
M.iliacus
Rr musculares Iumbalis]
IP[exus
0 : F o s sial i a c a , l : T r o c h a n tm
e ri n o a
r n da d j a c e n t F :L u m b avre r t e b r caoI L u m n :
Spina i t i a c a n t e r i oi nr f e r i o r , a r e ao ft h eL a b i u m m e d i a [oeft h e [ a t e r af tLe x i o n ,
a n t e r i opro r t i oonft h ec a p s u [oef L r n ea s p e r a e x t e n s i oI hny p e r t o r d o s i s J
t h eh i pj o i n t H i pi o i n t :
fLexi on,
m e d i arLo t a t i o Int,a t e r ar oLt a t i oonn L y
w h e nt h eM m g t u t eai r ec o n t r a c t e d
aswetlJ
M.psoasmajor
Rr.muscutares tumbatisl
IPlexus
0: Superficial layer:lateraL l : T r o c h a n tm
e ri n o ar n da d l a c e n t F : L u m b avre r t e b r caoL[ u m n :
s u r f a coeft h eb o d yo ft h e a r e ao ft h eL a b i u m m e d i a Loef LateraI fLexion,
1 2 t h o r a c i-c4 [ u m b avre r t e b r a , t h eL i n e a s p e r a e x t e n s i o( hny p e r L o r d o s i s )
D i s ciin t e r v e r t e b r a t e s H i pi o i n t :
Deeplayer:Proccostatrs of the f[ e x i o n ,
1 - 4 , l u m b avr e r t e b r a m e d i arLo t a t i o {nL, a t e rraott a t i oonn t y
w h e nt h eM m g t u t eai r ec o n t r a c t e d
a sw e t [ ]
M .p s o a m
s i n o rl i n c o n s t am
nut s c t eo;f t e nf e a t u r i nagL o ntge n d i n o upst a t ea t i t si n s e r i i o n J
Rr musculares (Plexus lumbalisl
0 : L a t e r asIu r f a coef t h eb o d yo f l : F a s c ioaft h eM .i I i o p s o a s , F : L u m b avre r t e b r caoI l u m n :
t h e1 2 t h o r a cai cn dt h e1 .t u m o a r A r c u si t i o p e c t i n e u s LateraI fLexion,
vertebra e x t e n s i oI hny p e r l o r d o s i s )
H i oi o i n t :
f[exion,
m e d i arLo t a t i o lnL, a t e r raoI t a t i oonn t y
w h e nt h eM m g t u t eai r ec o n t r a c t e d
asweL[|
Up p e rt i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T h eM g L u t e umsa x i m upsr e d o m i n a nsthl ya p etsh es u r f a caen a t o moyft h eg L u t e rael g i o an n dn e a r lcyo v e rast lo t h e m r u s c l eosft h i sg r o u p
s e d i uasr ev i s i b Lweh, i c hi nt u r nc o v e rtsh eM ,g L u t e umsi n i m u sC a u d a tiLnyt h ed e e p e r
A t t h ev e n t r a l a ncdr a n i a t e d gpea,r t so ft h eM g t u t e um
l a y etrh ef o t l o w i nmgu s c t easr ef o u n dt :h eM p i r i f o r m itsh,eM ,g e m e L I suus p e r i otrh, eM o b t u r a t o r iiunst e r n u tsh, eM g e m e L t iunsf e r i oarn d
t h eM q u a d r a t uf esm o r i sT,h eM o b t u r a t o r iiunst e r n uasn dt h eM m g e m e lst iu p e r i oert i n f e r i oarr ea t s oc a L [ eMd t r i c e pcso x a e
M,gtuteusmaximus [TheBursatrochanterica muscuLi gtuteimaximiis located between theTrochantermajorandtheTractus itiotibiatis J
inferior(Plexus
N gluteus sacralis]
0 : F a c i egsI u t e oa ft h eA [ ao s s i s l : C r a n i apIo r t i ovni at h eT r a c t u s F :H i pj o i n t :
iLium o t h eL i n e ag I u t e a
d o r s at L j u s tb e L otw
i t i o t i b i a LTiisb:i a he c r a n i apIo r t i o: ne x t e n s i o n ,
postenor, C o n d y LLuast e r a l i s , LateraI rotation,
F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h e0 s c a u d apIo r t i o nT:u b e r o s i t a s a b du c t i o n ;
sacrum, gtutea, c a u d apLo r t i o ne:x t e n s i o n ,
F a s c itah o r a c o L u m b a l i s , Septum i n t e r m u s c u l faerme oris lateraL rotation,
I i^
Lrv
^^^-^+,.L^-^l^
>dLruruuvr drg Iatera Le adduction
K n e ei o i n t :
c r a n i apIo r t i ovni aT r a c t uisL i o t i b i a L i s ,
s t a b i L i z a twi ohne nt h ek n e ei s
extended
M.gluteus
medius
N.gluteus (PIexus
superior sacralisl
0 : F a c i egsI u t e oa ft h eA l ao s s r s l : T i pa n dl a t e r amL a r g i o
n ft h e F :H i pj o i n t :
iLium b e t w e eLni n e aget u t e a e Trochanter major v e n t r apIo r t i o na:b d u c t i o n ,
a n t e r i oarn dp o s t e r i o r f Lexion,
m e d i arIo t a t i o n ;
d o r s apLo r t i o na:b d u c t i o n ,
extensron,
lateraL rotation

M.gluteusminimus
N qluteus
supertor sacralis)
|Ptexus
0 : F a c i egsL u t eoaft h eA L ao s s i s l : T i pa n dL a t e r m n ft h e
a La r g i o F :H i oi o i n t :
iLium b e t w e eLni n e ageL u t e a e Trochanter major v e n t r apLo r t i o:na b d u c t i o n ,
a n t e r i oarn di n f e r i o r flexion,
mediaIrotation;
d o r s apI o r t i o na:b d u c t i o n ,
extensron,
LateraI rotation

M.piriformis
N. ischtadicus piriformis
and/orN, musculi sacralis]
IPlexus
0: LateraLty andbetween the l : I n n esr u r f a coeft h et i po ft h e F : H i pi o i n t :
F o r a m i nsaa c r a Lpi ae L v i c a Trochanter malor LateraI rotation,
l 3 - 5 s a c r a ls c o m c n t l n f t h e extensron,
F a c i epse l v i coaft h e0 s s a c r u m , ab du c t i o n
I n c i s u ri a c aa j ocr l o s et o
s c h i a d im
t h e0 s s a c r u m
 HeadlNecklTrunk

M.obturatorius
internus
N.musculi
obturatorii
interni
andRr musculares sacralisJ
[Plexus
l: Fossa
trochanterica F : H i pj o i n t :
lateraIrotation,
extension,
adduction

M.gemettus
superior
N. musculiobturatoriiinterniand Rr.musculares
[Plexussacralis]
l: Fossa
trochanterica F : H i pi o i n t :
[ateraL rotation,
exlenSt0n,
a d du c t i o n

M.gemetlusinferior
N.musculi
obturatorii
interni
andRr musculares sacraLis]
IPlexus
0 : T u b eirs c h i a d i c u m l: Fossa
trochanterica F : H i pj o i n t :
LateraI rotation,
extension,
adduction

M,quadratus
femoris
N. musculiquadratifemoris[Plexussacralis)
0 : L a t e r aml a r g i o
n ft h eT u b e r l: Cristaintertrochanterica F : H i oi o i n t :
ischiadicum LateraI rotation,
adduction
Uppert i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T h eM s a r t o r i usst r e t c h ei nsa s p i r a L - Lfiakseh i oanL o ntgh et h i g hf r o m[ a t e r o p r o x i m amt e t od i o d i s tW t u s c tbee t Ltyh, eM t e n s o r

a Li t hi t ss h o r m
f a s c i a[ea t a ei s [ o c a t em
d o s tL a t e r a al Lnydp a s s eisn t ot h eT r a c t uist i o t i b i a tTi sh em a j o pr a r to ft h ev e n t r amI u s c [m e a s so ft h et h i g hi sf o r m e d
by
t h eM q u a d r i c efpesm o r i s
M.quadricepsfemoris
(Plexus
N femoralis lumbalisl
0: M.rectusfemoris, Caputrec- l r P r o x i m a[ a[ ,t e r aaIn dm e d i a I F : H i pr o i n{to n [ M
y r e c t ufse m o r i s ] :
t u m :S p i n a i t i a c a n t e r i oi nr f e r i o r m a r g i nosft h eP a t e L [ a , fl e x i o n
M.rectusfemoris, Caput Tuberosita i bsi a ev i at h eL i g K n e ei o i n t :
reflexum: craniaI marginof the p a t tet a e , extension
AcetabuLum areaslateraIto theTuberositas
M.vastusmediatis: inferior two tibiae v i at h eR e t i n a c upLaat e L t a e
t h i r d so ft h eL a b i u m m e d i a toef
tho I inoa :cnore

M.vastuslateratis: distaIcircum-
f e r e n coeft h eT r o c h a n tm e ra i o r .
Labium L a t e r aol eft h eL i n e a
aspera
M.vastusintermedius: uppertwo
t h i r d so ft h eF a c i easn t e r i oarn d
l a t e r aaIs p e c tosft h eF e m u r
M.articutaris genus;distaL
a u a r t eor ft h eF a c i easn t e r i oorf
t h eF e m u r
M.sartorius
N femoralis lumba[is]
IPtexus
0:Spina
i l . i a caan t e r i osru p e r i o r l : M e d i asLu r f a coeft h e F :H i oi o i n t :
Tuberosita i bsi a e f l e xi on ,
lateraL rotation,
ab du c t i o n
K n e ei o i n t :
f l e xi on ,
mediaLrotation

M.tensorfasciaelatae
N.gtuteus
superior
IPlexus[umbosacralis]
0:Spina
i [ i a c a n t e r i osru p e r i o r t h eC o n d y t u s
l : T i b i ab e t o w F :H i oi o i n t :
[ateraLis {viaTractus ititotibiatisl fl e x i o n ,
ab du c t i o n ,
mediaLrotation
K n e ej o i n t :
s t a b i t i z a tw
i ohne nt h ek n e ei s
extended
 HeadlNecklTrunk

D u et o t h e i rp r e d o m i n afunnt c t i o n
t h, em u s c [ eI so c a t eadt t h em e d i a L s iodfet h et h i g ha r ec o m m o nrLeyf e r r etdo a sa d d u c t o rIsnt h ev e n t r a I
v i e wt,h i sg r o u pa p p e a rLsi k e
a t r i a n g u Lbatro c kT h eM g r a c i t iIsi e sm o s tm e d i a t [Fyr.o mp r o x i m a I dt oi s t a L f o LtLhoew
M p e c t i n e uMs ,a d d u c t o r
b r e v i sM, a d d u c t oLro n g uasn dt h eM a d d u c t omr a g n u sT h eM o b t u r a t o r ieuxst e r n ui s c o v e r ebdyt h eM p e c t i n e ua sn di sj u x t a p o s teodt h e
n e c ko ft h ef e m u rI r o mi n f e r i o r .
M. pectineus
N.femoratis
andN obturatorius lumbalis]
lPlexus
0 : P e c t eons s i sp u b i s l : L i n e ap e c t i n eoaft h eF e m u r F : H i pi o i n t :
adduction,
lateraL rotation,
lftexion I

M. gracilis
obturatorius lumbalis)
IPlexus
0 : M e d i aeId g eo ft h eR a m u s l : P r o x i me
anI do ft h eT i b i am e d i a L F :H i pL o i n t :
i n f e r i oors s i sp u b i sa l o n gt h e t o t h eT u b e r o s i t ai bsi a e a d du c t i o n ,
symphysrs flexion,
lateraL rotation
K n e ei o i n t :
f [exion,
mediaIrotation

M.adductorbrevis
N.obturatorius Iumbalis]
IPlexus
0 : R a m u isn f e r i oors s i sp u b r s l : P r o x i m a I t h oi rfdt h eL a b i u m F : H i pi o i n t :
c l o s etro t h eF o r a m eonb t u r a t u m m e d i a Loeft h eL i n e a s p e r a a d du c t i o n ,
t h a nt h eM a d d u c t o[ or n g u s lateraIrotation,
f lexion

M.adductorlongus
(Plexus
N.obturatorius Iunbalisl
0 : 0 s p u b i sb e l o w
t h eC r i s t a l : M i d d tteh i r do ft h eL a b i u m F :H i pj o i n t :
p u b i cuapt o t h es y m p h y s i s m e d i a toeft h eL i n e a s p e r a adduction,
f lexion,
LateraI rotation,
I m o sat n t e r i opro r t i o nm: e d i a I
rotationl

M,adductormagnus{Anincomptete proximaL partoftheM adductor magnus is knownas M.adductor minimus

Theopeningof theadductor canaIis located between thedistaIinsertions of bothmuscles ]
N.obturatorius [umbalis]
[Plexus andtibialpartof theN. ischiadicus [Plexus sacralis]
0 : M e d i amI a r g i o n ft h eR a m u s l: Proximaltw t hoi r d so ft h e F : H i pj o i n t :
i n f e r i oors s i sp u b i sR, a m uas n d Labium m e d i a [oeft h eL i n e a adduction,
T u b eor s s i si s c h i i aspera, [ateraL rotation
Tuberositas, l a n t e r i opro r t i o nf L: e x i o n ,
T u b e r c u Laudmd u c t o r i u m , posterior portione x t e n s i o n J
M .a d d u c t omr i n i m u sT:u b e r o s i t a s
gLutea
Up p e rL i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T l+5-T l+6

M.obturatoriusexternus
N obturatorius Iumbal.is]
IPlexus
0: Circumference oftheForamen trochanterica
l: Fossa F :H i pj o i n t :
obturatum, [ateraL rotation,
l a t e r asIu r f a coeft h eM e m b r a n a a d du c t i o n
obturatona

T h ei s c h i o c r u r a L m u sccol ne s i sotft h eM b i c e pfse m o r i st h, eM .s e m i t e n d i n oas n

ud s l a t e r at lo m e d i a L
st h eM s e m i m e m b r a n ofsr oum

M.bicepsfemoris(TheCaput[ongum stretches overtwojoints,whereas theCaputbreveonlyspansoveronejoint.l

Caput[ongum:N. ischiadicus,
tibialpart[PLexus sacralis]
N ischiadicus,
Caputbreve: fibutar part[PLexus sacralis]
0: Caputlongum: Tuber l : C a p uf ti b u [ aIee n s h e a tthhse F :H i pi o i n i :
i s c h i a d i c ut omg e t h ewri t ht h e L i g c o t l a t e r af il b
eu L a r e l , extension,
M semitendinosus r a d i a t ei ns t ot h eF a s c icar u r i s adduction,
Caputbreve:middte thirdofthe {tateraI rotation]
Labium L a t e r aol eft h eL i n e a K n e ej o i n t :
aspera fl e x i o n ,
[ateraI rotation

M.semitendinosus
tibiatpartIPlexus
N.ischiadicus, sacralis]
0 : T u b eirs c h i a d i c ut omg e t h e r the
l ; M e d i a l s u r f aocfe F :H i pj o i n t :
w i t ht h eC a p uLt o n g uomft h e Tuberosita i bsi a e extension,
M .b i c e pfse m o r i s { a d ud c t i o n ) ,
ImediaLrotation)
K n e ei o i n t :
fl e x i o n ,
mediaLrotation

M.semimembranosus [Theinsertion oftheM semimembranosusis aLso referred io as Pesanserinus profundus.l

tibialpartIPlexus
N. ischiadicus, sacralis]
0 : T u b eirs c h i a d i c u m l r P r o x i m ea nL do ft h eT i b i ab e L o w F :H i oj o i n t :
t h eC o n d y t umse d i a t i s , extension,
posterio car p s u Loeft h ek n e e {adduction),
joint, ImediaLrotation]
L i g p o p t i t e uomb l i q u u m , K n e ei o i n t :
a ft h eM .p o p L i t e u s
f a s c io f l e xi on ,
mediaLrotation
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T h e v e n t r a t s u p e r f i c i a t a n d m e d i a L m u stci bl ei ai sLtihseaM n t el rt i o
s fr o. L t o w e d b y t heexM
tensordigitorumLongus,fromwhose[aterat
m a r g i tnh eM .f i b u L a rt iesr t i u o
s f t e no r i g i n a t eTsh eM e x t e n s oh ra L t u c[ iosn g uiss L o c a t emdo s dt eepty
M.tibiatisanterior
profundus
N fibularis IN.ischiadicus]
0 : P r o x i me
an just
I do ft h eT i b i a l : M e d i amt a r g i o
n ft h eb a s eo ft h e F :A n k l ei o i n t :
belowtheCondyLus [ateratis, 0 s m e t a t a rIs, i dorsaIflexion
uppertwothirdsof theFacies p l a n t asru r f a coeft h e0 s TalotarsaI ioint:
l^r^-^l;- ^{ }k^ T:L;^
roLgrdUJ ut U tY I tutd, c u n e i f o r mmee d i a t e s u pni a t i o n
Fascia
cruris,
(Membran i nat e r o s s e a l

M.extensor
haltucis
[ongus
N fibularisprofundusIN. ischiadicus]
0 : D i s t at Iw ot h i r d so ft h eF a c r e s l : B a s eo ft h eP h a l a ndxi s t a t a
i sn d F :A n k t jeo i n t :
m e d i a [o i sft h eF i b u t a , t h eP h a l a npxr o x i m a toi fst h e dorsaIflexion
Membrana interossea, HalLux T-l^+^.^^l i^i^+.
IoruLor )or luil tt,
Fascia cruris I s u pni a t i o n l
Jointo s ft h eg r e atto e :
extensron

M.extensor
digitorum
tongus
N fibularisprofundusIN. ischiadicus]
0 : P r o x i me an just
I do f t h eT i b i a l : D o r s aal p o n e u r o soeftsh e joint:
F :A n k l e
betow t h eC o n d y t ul ast e r a l i s , 2 -5 toe dorsaIftexion
M a r ga o n t e r i oorft h eF i b u t a , TatotarsaI ioint:
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s cerau r i s , Ip r o n a t i o n )
Septum i n t e r m u s c u t carruer i s Jointo s ft h et o e s :
anterrus, extensron
F a s c icar u r i s

M.fibutaris tertius{inconstant
lperoneus] muscl.el
N fibularisprofundusIN. ischiadicus]
0 : D i s t apl a r to ft h eM e x t e n s o r l: Baseof the0s metatarsi
V F:Ankleioint:
d i g i t o r u[m
ongus dorsaIfLexion
TalotarsaI ioint:
SeeFig.1351 Ip r o n a t i o n )
UpperL i m b I L o w e rti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T 48-T trg

T h eL a t e r a l s u p e r f m
icu
i asLc [iest h eM .f i b u t a r L i sr e v ifso I L o w iinngt h en e x dt e e p eLra y e r
i so n g uws i,t ht h eM .f i b u t a r b
M. fibuLaris tongus
lperoneusl
fibularis superficia lisIN. i schiadicusJ
0 : C a p ufti b u L a e , l : T u b e r o s i toasss i sm e t a t a rIsIil l l , F :A n k t jeo i n t :
proximaI twothirdsoftheFacies p t a n t asru r f a coeft h e0 s p[antar ftexion
posterior cuneiform
l a t e r a Iai sn dt h eM a r g o i net e r m e d i u m TalotarsaI ioint:
o ft h eF i b u t a , pronatron
S e p t ian t e r m u s c u l acrriuar i s
tnforrr rc ol nnctorrr rc

F a s c icar u r i s

M.fibutaris brevis
Iperoneusl
N fibutarissuperficialisIN ischiadicusJ
0 : D i s t ahLa [ o f ft h eF a c i e s l: Tuberositas ossismetatarsi V, F :A n k t ei o i n t :
L a t e r aa Ln i sdt h eM a r g a
onterior t e n d o snt r i p st o t h eI i t t t et o e pLantar ftexion
o ft h eF i b u l . a , TalotarsaI joint:
Septa i n t e r m u s c u t acrriuar i s pr0nail0n
aniorrr rc of nnctorrr rc

f osr mt h e
e ft h ec a t fl t i s t o c a t eadb o vteh eM s o L e uasn dt o g e t h et hr e s em u s c L e
T h eh e a d os ft h eM g a s t r o c n e mdi uest e r m i nt hees h a p o
M t r i c e pssu r a eT h ev e r ys m a LM[ ,p L a n t a rciasnb ec o n s i d e raesda f o u r t hh e a do ft h i sm u s c l e
M.tricepssurae[ltsbroadtendonis atsoknownasAchitles tendon]
N. tibralis
IN ischiadicus]
0: M.gastrocnemius, Caput l: TubercaLcanei [viaTendo F : K n e ej o i n tt:o n LM
y gastrocnemius
mediate: Facies ooolitea of the c a l cnae u s l a n dM .p [ a n t a r i s l :
F e m upr r o x i m a Li h t oeC o n d y l u s f[exion
mediaIis A n k l ei o i n t :
M.gastrocnemius, Caput[aterale: pLantar f lexion
Facies poptitea of theFemur T a L o t a r isoai Lnt:
p r o x i m taoLt h eC o n d y l ul ast e r a [ i s s u pni a t i o n
M .s o t e u sC: a p ufti b u l a e ,
p r o x i m a I t ho i rfdt h eF a c i e s
posterio a rn dt h eM a r g o posterior
o ft h eF i b u t a ,
F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h eT i b i a t a n d
j u s tb e t o w
t h eL i n e am u s c usLoi L e i ,
A r c u st e n d i n e umsu s c us[ io t e i
M.plantaris: Facies popLitea of the
F e m upr r o x i m taoIt h eC o n d y l u s
Late raLis
 HeadlNecklTrunk

TheM popliteus
traverses
obLiquety
rna [ateraLdirection
towards jointOfthemusc[es
theknee running
towards
thefoot,
theM.tibiatis
posterior
isLocated
mostsuperficiatLy
Themuscte isfoLLowed
medialLy
bytheM fLexor
digitorum
[ongus
andtateratLy
bytheM fLexor
hatLucis
[ongus
M.poptiteus
N tibialis(N. ischiadicusl
0: Epicondylus
Lateratis
of the just
l : F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h eT i b i a F :K n e ei o i n t :
Femur a b o vteh eL i n e am u s c usl io [ e i m e d i arIo t a t i o n ,
Itext0n

M. tibiatisposterior
tibialisIN ischiadicus]
0 : U p p etrh r e eq u a r t e rosft h e l : T u b e r o s i toasss i sn a v i c u l a r i s , F :A n k l ei o i n t :
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s e a , p [ a n t asru r f a coeft h e0 s s a p t a n t af lre x i o n
adjacea n rt e a o
s ft h eT i b i a n d c u n e i f o r ml -i al l l , Talotarsalioint:
t h eF i b u t a b a s eo ft h eO s s am e t a t a rlsl -i l V suoination

M.ftexordigitorum
longus
N. tibiaLis
IN ischiadicus]
0 : F a c i epso s t e r i o rft h eT i b i a l : P h a l a ndxi s t a I iosft h e2 - 5 t o e F :A n k t ei o i n t :
d i s t atIo t h eL i n e am u s c ust io t e i , p t a n t af tre x i o n
t e n d o an r c a dbee t w e et n h eT i b i a T a l o t a r sj oaiLn t :
a n dt h eF i b u tpar o x i m taoI t h e s u pni a t i o n
C h i a s mcar u r a L e J o i n to
s ft h et o e s :
flexion

M. flexorhaltucis[ongus
tibialis
IN.ischiadicus)
0: DistattwothirdsoftheFacies l: Pha[anxdistalisof the qreattoe F :A n k l ei o i n t :
p o s t e r i o rft h eF i b u t a , ptantar flexion
M e m b r a ni nat e r o s s e a , T-l^+----l;^;^+.
totuLot JoL luil lt.
Septum i n t e r m u s c u Lcar ruer i s supination
p o s t eur sr Jointsofthegreattoe:
f lexion
UpperL i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

T51-T52

B o t hm u s c t eosft h eb a c ko ft h ef o o to n [ yc o n t r i b uitnes i g n i f i c a n h ra L [ u cbi sr e v itsr a v e r s et osw a r dtsh e

t ot tLhyes u r f a caen a t o mTyh. eM e x t e n s o
g r e atto e w
, h e r e at sh eM e x t e n s od ri g i t o r u b
mr e v iisn s e r tast t h er e m a i n i nt oge s
M. extensor digitorumbrevis
fibularis
profundusIN,fibu[aris
communis]
0 : D o r s aaLn dL a t e r sauI r f a coef l : D o r s aaIp o n e u r o o
s ifst h e s ft h et o e s :
F :J o i n t o
t h eC a L c a n e u s 2 -4. Ioe extension

M.extensor hattucis
brevis
profundus
N frbularis IN fibutaris
communis|
0 : D o r s asLu r f a coeft h e L fi tsh eg r e a t
l : P h a [ a npxr o x i m a o j ogi e
F :M e t a t a r s o p h a [ a n nato Ift h e
C al c an e u s , toe
S i n u tsa r s i extensron

Theshape ef L
T yhtehM
t hoef m e d i a L m a rtghienfoofo t , E m i n e n t i a p t a n t a r i s m e d i a I i s , i s p r e d o m i n a n t [ y f o r m e d b Me. xaobrd u c t o r h
haILucis
brevis isjuxtaposed just[ateraIto theformer musc[e, andisfotlowed [ateral[y bytheM adductor halLucis
M.abductor
hattucis
N plantarismedia[is
IN tibialis]
0 : P r o cm e d i a [ oi sft h eT u b e r l : M e d i asIe s a m obi do n eo ft h e F : M e t a t a r s o p h a L ajnogi netoafLt h e
catcaner, c a p s u loeft h em e t a t a r s o p h a l a n -
Aponeurop s il sa n t a r i s , g e ajIo i n to ft h eg r e atto e , abduction,
R e t i n a c u [ ummu s c u [ o r u m m e d i asl i d eo ft h eb a s eo ft h e f Lexion,
fLexoru m P h a L ap n rxo x i m a oL fi tsh eg r e a t opposrtron
toe

M.ftexorhattucis
brevis
MediaIpart {CaputmediaLel: N. plantarisnedialisIN tibialis|
Laterafpart [Caputlateralel:N pLantaris
latera[isIN. tibiatis]
0: P[antar surface of theOssa l : M e d i apt o r t i o nm: e d i a l F : M e t a t a r s o o h a L ajnogi neo
tafIt h e
cuneiformia, s e s a m obi do n eo ft h em e t a t a r s o - greattoe:
L i g .c a l c a n e o c u b o i dpel aunmt a r e , p h a t a n g ej oaiLn to ft h eg r e atto e , f[ e x i o n
| ;^ ^l^^+-.^ l^^^,,-
Lr9. Proilror s rurr9ur il, b a s eo ft h eP h a [ a npxr o x i m a tI i s
t e n d o on ft h eM .t i b i a t ipso s t e r i o r Lateralportion:lateraL sesamoid
b o n eo ft h em e t a t a r s o p h a t a n g e a L
j o i n to ft h eg r e atto e ,
b a s eo ft h eP h a l a npxr o x i m a L I is
 HeadlNecklTrunk

T 52-T 53

M.adductor hattucis
N plantaris
|ateralis
lN tibialisl
0 : C a p uot b t i q u u m0 :s c u b o i d e u m ,l : L a t e r asIe s a m obi do n eo ft h e F : M e t a t a r s o p h a L a n jgoei na tIo f t h e
0s cuneiforme lateraLe, c a p s u [oeft h em e t a t a r s o p h a L a n -
L i g p [ a n t a rl oengum, g e ajLo i n to ft h eg r e atto e , a d d u c t i otno w a r d st h e 2 . t o p
LigcaLcaneocuboip d teaunmt a r e b a s eo ft h eP h a [ a npxr o x i m a o L fi s f lexion
Caputtransversum: Capsutes of t h eg r e atto e
t h em e t a t a r s o p h a [ a nj ogienat soLf
t h et o e sl l l - V L
, igmetatarsate
t r a n s v e r s upm rofundum

Severa sm I a Im
L u s c [ easr et o c a t edde e pw i t h i nt h ep l a n t aarr c hT h eM f l e x odr i g i t o r u b mr e v ipsr o x i m a a
I Ldyh e r et so t h ep L a n t a p
r oneurosrs
Below t h i sm u s c Lteh,eM q u a d r a t upsL a n t ai sec o n n e c t e t odt h em a i nt e n d o on ft h eM f L e x odri g i t o r u Lmo n g uosf,w h o s e f o u rb r a n c h i n g
t e n d o n s t h e Ml m
u m b r i c a [ e s p e d i s l - l V o r iTghi ne aMt m
e , i n t e r o sp sLeain t a r e s a
l -nl ldl t h e M mi n t e r o s sdeoir s a L e s p e d i s l -tlhVef si [p[ a c e s
b e t w e et n
h e0 s s am e t a t a r s i
M . f t e x o r d i g i t o r u m b r e v i s U u s t b e f o r e t h e i n s e r t i o n , i t s t e n d o n s a r e p e r f o r attheedMb fyttehxeot rednidgoi tnosr o
u fm l o n g u s . l
N.plantaris medialis IN tibialisl
0 : P t a n t asru r f a coeft h eT u b e r o ft h e2 - 5 t o e
l : P h a [ a nmx e d i a F : M e t a t a r s o p h a [ a ni ogienat sI :
calcanei, flexion
Aponeurop s il sa n t a r i s J o i n tos ft h et o e s :
flexion

M.quadratus ptantaelThismuscte
is atsoreferred
to as M ftexoraccessorius.l
N plantaris
|ateratis
IN tibtalisl
0 : P l a n t asru r f a coeft h e l : L a t e r amI a r g i o
n ft h et e n d o on f F ;S h i f t tsh ed i r e c t i oonff o r c e
C al c an e u s , t h eM f L e x odri g i t o r u L mo n g uj uss l generated bytheM flexordigitorum
L i g .p L a n t aLr e
ongum b e f o riet sd i v i s i o n l o n g utso w a r dtsh e[ o n g i t u d i naax Ii s
ofthefoot

pedisl-lV
Mm.lumbricaLes
Nn p[antares
mediaLis
il] andlateralis [ll-lv]IN.tibialis]
0: M.lumbrical.es pedisl: mediaI l : M e d i asti d eo ft h eP h a l a n x F :M e t a t a r s o o h a l a ni ogienat sl :
L fi tsh e2 - 5 .t o e ,
s i d eo ft h et e n d o on ft h eM f L e x o r p r o x i m a o f[exion
d i g i t o r u [m
o n g utso t h e2 t o e s o m e t i m ei tsr a d i a t ei n
s t ot h e
Mm.[umbricales pedisll-lV: dnrcAl annnar rrn<ic

f a c i n sg i d e so ft h et e n d o nosft h e
M f l e x odr i g i t o r u [mo n g utsot h e
3 . - 5t o e

plantares
Mm.interossei pedisl-lll
N pLantaris
lateralis
lN tibialisl
0 : P t a n t asru r f a coeft h eO s s a l : M e d i ast i d eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e F : M e t a t a r s o p h a [ a ni ogienat sI :
m e t a t a rlsl li - V , P h a L a npxr o x i m a Loi sf t h e 3 - 5 . t o e fl e x i o n ,
I in nlenlero lnnnrrm a d d u c t i ot onw a r dtsh e2 t o e
U ppert i m b I L o w erti mb I C ra n i anl e rve s

Mm.interossei dorsatespedisl-lV (doubte

headed
muscLesJ
N. plantaris
tateratis
lN tibialis)
0 r F a c i nsgi d e so ft h e0 s s a l: M.interosseus dorsatis l: F :M e t a t a r s o o h a t a n j sgi n
e tasI:
metatarsi l-V, m e d i asIi d eo ft h eb a s eo ft h e f[ e x i o n ,
L i g p L a n t aLr e
ongum P h a L ao n rxo x i m a o [ i fst h e2 t o e m e d i aaIb d u c t i oonft h e2 t o e a , sw e L l
Mm.interossei dorsates ll-lV: a sL a t e r a b L d u c t i oonft h e3 .a n d
[ a t e r asIi d eo ft h eb a s eo f 4.toe
t h eP h a L a p n rxo x i m a o t i fst h e Jointo s ft h et o e s :
2-4 toe, IextensionJ
I n s e rItn t oe x t e n s oa ro o n e u r o s e s

T h e Ma b d u c t o r d i m g iitni i mi is [ o c a t e d a l o n g t h e Lm a taerrgai ln o f t h e f o o t , E m i n e n t i a p t a n t a r i s [ a t e r a t i s . T h m
eMi n.ifm
Lbei rxeovri ds iagni tdi
t h eM ,o p p o n e ndsi g i tm
i i n i mai r es i t u a t ebde t o wi t sp t a n t aars p e c t
M.abductor digitiminimi
N. plantaris
lateralis
IN tibialis]
0: Proc[ateraLis of theTuber l : B a s eo ft h eP h a L a p
n rxo x i m a t i s F : M e t a t a r s o p h a t a ni ogiena
ot Ift h e
catcanet, o ft h e5 t o e 5 .t o e :
Aponeurop s iLsa n t a r i s , ab du c t i o n ,
Tuberositas
ossismetatarsi V fl e x i o n ,
opposition

M.ftexordigitiminimibrevis
N. plantaris
tateralis
IN tibialis]
0 : B a s eo ft h e0 s m e t a t a rVs ,i t i fst h e5 t o e
l : P h a l a noxr o x i m a o F : M e t a t a r s o p h a l a nj ogienatoIft h e
L i g .p [ a n t a r[ e
ongum, 5 toe:
t e n d o snh e a t oh ft h eM .f i b u t a r i s ab du c t i o n ,
[ongus f[ e x i o n ,
Iopposition)

M,opponens digitiminimi{inconstant musctel

N. plantaris
lateralis
IN tibialis]
0 : L i g p t a n t a r[ e
ongum, l : L a t e r amI a r g i o
n ft h e F : M e t a t a r s o p h a L ajnogi netoafIt h e
t e n d osnh e a t oh ft h eM .f i b u l a r i s 0s metatarsi V 5 .t o e :
Longus ab d u c t i o n ,
fl e x i o n ,
(opposition)
 HeadlNecklTrunk

a N.otfactorius
lll
b N.opticus
illl
c N.ocutomotorius
lllll
d N.trochtearis
ilVI
e N.trigeminus
IVI
- N ophthatmicus[V/1]
- N maxitlaris
[V/2]
- N.mandibutaris
[V/3]
f N.abducens
[Vll
g N.faciatis
lVlll
h N.vestibutocochtearis
[Vllll
i N.gtossopharyngeus
[lXI
j N.vagus[Xl
k N.accessorius
[Xll
t N.hypogtossus
[Xlll

G S E G e n e r a L s o meaftfiec r e n ci e
n :n e r v a t ioofnt h es k e l e t amLu s c [ el sl l l ,l V ,V l ,X l l l
visceraI
GVE General efference:
innervation of theviscera
of themusctes andof theglandsllll, Vll,lX,Xl
andvesse[s,
SVE visceraI
Specific innervation
efference: of thefaciatmusctes,
themasticatorymuscles, thepharynx,
thelarynx, theoesophagus,
aswetIastheM.sternoc[eidomastoideus
andM trapeziuslV,Vll,lX,X,Xll
GVA General
visceraI
afference:
information
fromtheinternal andthebtood
organs llX,Xl
vessels
SVA icvisceraL
Specif afference:
senseof tastelVll,lX,Xl
GSA GeneraLsomatic pain,temperature,
afference: info.fromproprioceptive in theskinandthelocomotor
receptors lV,Vll,lX,Xl
system
S S A S p e c i fsi co m a t iacf f e r e n csee:n s e
o f s m e LvLi ,s i o nh,e a r i n q
se, nse
o f b a t a n cl le, l l , V l l l l
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P a s s a gt he r o u gthh eb a s eo fs k u t L C a n a Lni se r vhi y p o g t o s s i
S u p p L y ianrge a M o t o rI:n n e m
r u s c l eosft h et o n g u eM, s t y l o g L o s sMu sh,y o g l o s s u
Ms g, e n i o g t o s s u s
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Index
T h e n u m b e r sr e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b t e s

A Articulatio[-nesJ Caput D
- t a l o c a t c a n e o n a v i c u [ a3r i9s - l a t e r a t el M . g a s t r o c n e m i u s4l 9
A b d o m i n aw I a [ [ ,m u s c t e s 1 3 - t a l o c r u r a t i s3 9 - - ( M . t r i c e p sb r a c h i i l 3 0 D i a p h r a g ms . D i a p h r a g m a
Abductio - t a t o n a v i c u t a r i3s 9 - l o n g u mI M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i )2 9 D i a p h r a g m a8 , 2 1
- l A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ]3 9 - t a t o t a r s a L i3s 9 - - { M . b i c e p s f e m o r i s l4 6 - a p e r t u r e s2 1
- [ A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i J2 3 - tarsi transversa 39 - - [ M . t r i c e p sb r a c h i i ]3 0 - petvis 22
- r a d i a l i s[ A r t i c u l a t i om a n u s J2 3 - tarsometatarsales39 - m e d i a t e( M . g a s t r o c n e m i u s4l 9 - u r o g e n i t a t e2 2
- u t n a r i sl A r t i c u t a t i om a n u s ] 2 3 - t i b i o f i b u t a r i s3 9 - - [ M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i ] 3 0 - weakpoints 21
Acromioclavicuta j ori n t s A r t i c u [ a - - t r o c h o i d e a2 3 , 3 9 - o b t i q u u ml M a d d u c t o rh a t t u c i s l D i s c u si n t e r p u b i c u s3 9
tio acromioctavicu[aris A u d i t o r yo r g a n 5 7 52 D o r s u mo f t h e f o o t
Adductio A u t o c h t h o n o um s u s c [ e so f t h e n e c k - - l M a d d u c t o rp o l l i c i s l 3 6 - m u s c [ e s5 1
- l A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e l3 9 20 - p r o f u n d u ml M f l e x o rp o l l i c i sb r e - - - medial 52
- l A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ) 2 3 - deep 20 visl 24,36 D u r am a t e r 5 7
A m p h i a r t h r o s i s3 9 Axis - r a d i a t e{ M f t e x o rd i g i t o r u ms u -
A n s ac e r v i c a t i s7 , 9 - 1 0 - [ o n g i t u d i n a t i{sA r t i c u l a t i ocoxae} p e r l l c l a u s lJ I
Antebrachium 39 - - [ M . f t e x o rp o t t i c i st o n g u s )3 2 E
- m u s c t e sd , o r s a t ,d e e p 3 5 - - (Articutatig oenusl 39 - r e c t u ml M . q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i s l
--- superficial34 - - { A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i l 2 3 4/+ E t b o wj o i n t s . A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t
- - l a t e r a t ,r a d i a t 3 3 - o b [ i q u al A r t i c u l a t i ot a l o t a r s a [ i s ) - r e f t e x u mI M . q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i s l E q u i l i b r i u mo r g a n 5 7
- - v e n t r a l ,d e e p 3 2 39 44 Extensio
---superficial31 - r o t a t i o n i s{ A r t i c u t a t i co u b i t i l 2 3 - s t e r n a t e[ M . s t e r n o c t e i d o m a s - - l A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e l 3 9
Anteversio - s a g i t t a L ilsA r t i c u l a t i oc o x a e l 3 9 t o i d e u s l8 - l A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ) 2 3
- l A r t i c u [ a t i oc o x a e ]3 9 - - l A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i l 2 3 - superficia[e l M . f t e x o rp o [ [ i c i s - l A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s l 3 9
- l A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ) 2 3 - - l d o r s o p a l m a r i sl A ] rticulatio D r e v r s J2 4 ,J o - l A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ) 2 3
A n u l u st e n d i n e u sc o m m u n i s 5 7 manusl 23 - s u p e r i u s[ M p t e r y g o i d e utsa t e r - - ( A r t i c u l a t i om a n u s l 2 3
Apex partis petrosae 57 - t r a n s v e r s a t i [sA r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l atisl4 - ( A r t i c u t a t i toa l o c r u r a [ i s l3 9
A r m s L i m b ,u p p e r 39 - t r a n s v e r s u m[ M . a d d u c t o rh a [ [ u -
A r t e r i ac a r o t i si n t e r n a 5 7 - - [Articutatio cubiti]23 c i s l 4 0 ,5 2
A r t i c u t a t i o tn-e s J - - l A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s l 3 9 - - l M . a d d u c t o rp o t t i c i s l3 6 F
- a c r o m i o c l a v i c u t a r i2s3 - - l A r t i c u [ a t i oh u m e r i l 2 3 - u t n a r e( M e x t e n s o rc a r p iu t n a r i s l
- c a t c a n e o c u b o i d e3a9 - - l A r t i c u l a t i ot a l o c r u r a [ i s J3 9 34 F a c i a lm u s c l e s 1 , 5 7
- c a r p o m e t a c a r p a t i s l - e2 s l3 - - l r a d i o u t n a r i sl lA r t i c u t a t i o - - [ M . f l e x o r c a r p iu t n a r i s l 3 1 F a t xc e r e b r i 5 7
- - p o t t i c i s2 3 manusl 23 - - ( M . p r o n a t o r t e r e s l3 1 FemoraL m u s c t e sv, e n t r a l 4 4
- c o x a e3 9 Carpometacarpa j oI i n t ( s ) F i [ ao l f a c t o r i a5 7
- cubiti 23 - o f t h e s e c o n dt o f i f t h f i n g e rs . A r - F i s s u r ao r b i t a t i ss u p e r i o r 5 7
- - axes 23 B t i c u l a t i o l - n e sc]a r - Ftexio
- - p t a n e so f m o v e m e n t s2 3 p o m e t a c a r pLai s { - e s ) - [Articutatio c o x a e ]3 9
- cuneocuboide3 a9 Brachium - o f t h e t h u m b s . A r t i c u l a t i oc a r - - [ A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i l 2 3
- c u n e o n a v i c u L a r3i s9 - musctesd, orsa[30 p o m e t a c a r p a I ipso [ [ i c i s - l A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ) 3 9
- e t l i p s o i d e a2 3 - - ventral 29 C a v u mt r i g e m i n a t e5 7 - l A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i l 2 3
- f i b r o s a3 9 B u t b u so l f a c t o r i u s5 7 Ce[[utae - l A r t i c u t a t i om a n u s l 2 3
- g e n u s3 9 Bursa - e t h m o i d a l e sa n t e r i o r e s5 7 - [Articutatio t a l o c r u r a t i s ]3 9
- humeri 23 - b i c i p i t o r a d i a t i2s 9 - - posteriores 57 Foramen
- - axes 23 - subtendinea m u s c u [ il a t i s s i m i - m a s t o i d e a e5 7 - jugutare57
- - p t a n e so f m o v e m e n t s2 3 dorsi 18 C e r e b e [ [ o p o n t i naen g t e 5 7 - magnum 57
- h u m e r o r a d i a t i s2 3 C h i a s m ao p t i c u m 5 7 - ovale 57
- h u m e r o u l n a r i s2 3 c H 0 P A R T ' S j o i 3n 9t - rotundum57
- i n t e r c u n e i f o r m e3 s9 c C h o r d at y m p a n i 5 7 - stylomastoideum57
- venaecavae 21
- i n t e r m e t a t a r s a t e3s 9 Cisterna
- i n t e r p h a l a n g e am e anus 23 CanaLis - ambiens57 Fossa
- - pedis 39 - n e r v if a c i a l i s5 7 - b a s a t i s5 7 - c r a n i im e d i a 5 7
- m a n u s ,a x e s 2 3 - - h y p o g t o s s5i 7 - i n t e r p e d u n c u [ a r i5s 7 - - p o s t e r i o r5 7
- - p l a n e so f m o v e m e n t s2 3 - opticus57 - p o n t o c e r e b e l l a r i5s7 F u n d u sm e a t u sa c u s t i c i n t e r n i 5 7
- m e d i o c a r p a l i s2 3 c A N N o N - B o HpMo i n t 5 7 CIEftOf LARREY 21
- m e m b r i i n f e r i o r i s3 9 Caput C t i v u s5 7
---tiberi39 - b r e v e{ M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i }2 9 C o L L i c u l ui nsf e r i o r 5 7 G
- - s u p e r i o r i s2 3 - - [ M b i c e p sf e m o r i s l 4 0 ,4 6 Concha
---tiberi23 - c t a v i c u [ a r (eM . s t e r n o c t e i d o m a s - - n a s a l i sm e d i a 5 7 GangIion
- m e t a c a r p o p h a l a n g e a2e3 t o i d e u s J8 - - superior57 - c i t r a r e5 7
- m e t a t a r s o p h a [ a n g e a3e9 - h u m e r a l e[ M e x t e n s o r c a r p i Cornea57 - o p t i c u mr e t i n a e 5 7
- planae23 u t n a r i s l3 4 C o r p u sg e n i c u L a t u m l a t e r a [ e5 7 - oticum 57
-^ti^-^-^^I^ tc
zr - - ( M . f t e x o r c a r p i u l n a r i3s 1] c o R T lo , r g a no f 5 7 - pterygopatatinum 57
Po('r
- r a d i o u l n a r i sd i s t a t i s2 3 - - [ M f l e x o rp o l t i c i s[ o n g u s l C r a n i a In e r v e s 5 5 ,5 7 - s u b m a n d i b u t a r e5 7
- - p r o x i m a t i s2 3 32 - f i b r e q u a t i t i e s5 6 - t r i g e m i n a t e5 7
- s a c r o i t i a c a3 9 - - [ M p r o n a t o r t e r e s l3 1 Crus G i n g i v a5 7
- seltaris 23 - h u m e r o u l n a r el M . f t e x o rd i g i t o - - d e x t r u ml P a r s[ u m b a t i s D , i- G i n g t y m u s2 3 ,3 9
- s p h e r o i d e a2 3 , 3 9 r u m s u p e r f i c i a l i s3l 1 a p h r a g m a2 )1 Gtanduta(-ae)
- s t e r n o c l a v i c u L a r2i s3 - i n f e r i u s[ M . p t e r y g o i d e ulsa t e r - - s i n i s t r u mI P a r sL u m b a t i sD, i - - l a c r i m a t i s5 7
- s u b t a [ a r i s3 9 atisl 4 a p h r a g m a l2 1 - t i n g u a t e s5 7
Glandulal-aeJ Medu[[a Musculusl-il Musculus[-iJ
- n a s a t e s5 7 - o b l o n g a t a5 7 - c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e ut as t e r a t i s6 - i s c h i o c a v e r n o s u2s2
- p a t a t i n a e5 7 - s p r n a t i sc e r v i c a l i s5 7 - - p o s t e r i o r6 - i s c h i o c o c c y g e u2s2
- p a r o t i d e a5 7 M e m b r a n at y m p a n i 5 7 - rrirnthvrnidorrc A - l a t i s s i m u sd o r s i 1 8 ,2 4
- s u b t i n g u a t i5s7 M e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g ej oaiIn t so f t h e - d e t t o i d e u s2 5 ,2 7 - l e v a t o r { - e sa)n g u l io r i s 1
- s u b m a n d i b u t a r i s5 7 f i n g e r ss A r t i c u [ a t i o ( - n e s l - d e p r e s s o r a n g u [oi r i s 1 --ani22
G S A[ g e n e r a st o m a t i ca f f e r e n c e ]5 5 m e t a c ar p o p h a t a n g e a e - - L a b iiin f e r i o r i s1 - - costarum breves 20
G S E[ g e n e r a sl o m a t i ce f f e r e n c e ]5 6 M i d d t eo f t h e s o l eo f t h e f o o t ,m u s - - - s e p t in a s i 1 ---tongi20
G V A[ g e n e r a vLi s c e r a aI f f e r e n c e )5 6 ctes 53 - - s u p e r c i [ i i1 - - t a b i is u p e r i o r i s1
G V El g e n e r a vl i s c e r a e
l f f e r e n c e ]5 6 Musc[es - d i g a s t r i c u s9 , 5 7 a t a e q u en a s i 1
- o f m a s t i c a t i o n4 - e p i c r a n i u s1 - - p a t p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s5 7
- o f t h e a b d o m i n aw I a t [ ,d o r s a [ 1 5 - e x t e n s o rc a r p ir a d i a L i b
s r e v i s2 5 , - - s c a p u t a e1 7
H - - lateral 15 33 - - v e l i p a t a t i n i3 , 5 7
- - ventral 14 t o n g u s2 4 - 2 5 , 3 3 - l o n g i s s i m u sc a p i t i s 2 0
Hiatus - of the arm, dorsal 30 - - - u t n a r i s2 5 , 3 4 - - cervicis 20
- aorticus21 - - ventral 29 - - d i g i t im i n i m i 2 5 , 3 / r - - t h o r a c i s2 0
- nacnnh:norrc ?1 - o f t h e b a c k ,a u t o c h t h o n o u s2 0 - - d i g i t o r u m2 5 , 3 4 - [ o n g i t u d i n a t i sn f e r i o r 2
H i n g ej o i n t s 2 3 - - lateral 20 ---brevis41,51 - - superior2
Hipmusctes - - m e d i a t2 0 ---longus41,47 - l o n g u s c a p i t i1 s2
- dorsal 43 - o f t h e f o r e a r m ,d o r s a l ,d e e p 3 5 - - h a t l u c i s b r e v i4s1 , 5 1 - - cotti12-13
- ventral 42 ---superficiat34 ---tongus41,47 - l u m b r i c a l e s[ M a n u s )3 7
H u m e r o r a d i aj oI ints.Articutatio - - l a t e r a t ,r a d i a t 3 3 - - i n d i c i s2 5 , 3 5 - - lPesl 53
hum e r o r a di al i s - - v e n t r a t ,d e e p 3 2 - - p o t t i c i sb r e v i s 2 5 , 3 5 - masseter 4
H u m e r o u [ n ajro i n t s A r t i c u t a t i o ---superficiat3l - - - l o n g u s2 5 , 3 5 - mentalis 1
h um e r o uI n ar i s - o f t h e h i p ,d o r s a [ 4 3 - f i b u l a r i sl p e r o n e u sbl r e v i s - m u t t i f i d i2 0
H y p o t h e n aer m i n e n c e m
, u s c t e s3 8 - - ventral 42 40-41,48 - mytohyoideu9 s , 57
- o f t h e t e g ,d o r s a l ,d e e p 5 0 - - l o n g u s4 1 , 4 8 - n a s a [ i s1
---superficial49 - - tertius 1+7 - o b t i q u u sc a p i t i si n f e r i o r 2 0
I - - [ a t e r a t( f i b u t a r l4 8 - f t e x o rc a r p ir a d i a t i s2 5 , 3 1 ---superior20
- - ventral 47 - - - u l n a r i s2 5 , 3 1 - - externusabdomin1 i s5 , 4 0
l n t e r p h a l a n g e aj oI i n t s o f t h e f i n g e r s - o f t h e n e c k ,a u t o c h t h o n o u s2 0 - - d i g i t im i n i m i b r e v i sl M a n u s l 3 8 - - inferior57
s A r t i c u t a t i o { - n e si nl t e r p h a - - - deep 20 - (Pesl 54 - - i n t e r n u s a b d o m i n i1s5 , 4 0
l a n g e a em a n u s - - tateral8 I M a n u s l2 4 - 2 5 - - superior57
l s t h m u sf a u c i u m 5 7 - o f t h e s h o u t d e rd, o r s a [ 2 8 - - d i g i t o r u mb r e v i s4 1 , 5 3 - o b t u r a t o r i u se x t e r n u s4 1 ,4 5
- - lateral 27 - - - t o n g u s4 1 , 5 0 - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 4 3
- - ventral 26 - - - profundus25,32 - o c c i p i t o f r o n t a t i1s
J - o f t h e t h i g h ,a d d u c t o r s4 5 - - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s5 , 3 1 - o m o h y o i d e u s1 0
- - dorsal 46 - - h a t t u c i sb r e v i s4 1 , 5 2 - o p p o n e nds i g i t im i n i m iI M a n u s )
J o in t ( s l - - i s c h i o c r u r a [1 + 6 - - - l o n g u s4 1 , 5 0 38
- o f C H o P A R3T9 - - mediat45 - - p o l l i c i sb r e v i s 2 5 , 3 6 [,es, c4
- o f L I S F R A Naom , p u t a t i o n[ i n e 3 9 - - ventral 44 - - - l o n g u s2 5 , 3 2 - - p o t t i c i s2 5 ,3 6
- u p p e rt i m b l f r e e l 2 3 - o f t h e t o n g u e ,e x t e r n a U i n t e r n a2l - f t e x o ra c c e s s o r i u s . q u a d r a t u s - o r b i c u t a r i so c u [ i 1
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e l v i c i3 9 - o f t h e t r u n k - a r m1 8 p L an t a e --oris1
- o f t h e t r u n k - s h o u l d e gr i r d t e 17 - g a s t r o c n e m i u4s1 , 4 9 - p a t a t o g l o s s u s2 , 5 7
Muscutus[-i] - g e m e l l u si n f e r i o r 4 3 - p a t a t o p h a r y n g e u5s, 5 7
L - a b d u c t odr i g i t im i n i m i 2 4 - 2 5 , 3 8 , - - superior43 - palmaris brevis 38
54 - - longus31
L a m i n ac r i b r o s a 5 7 - - hatluci4 s1,52 - g e n i o h y o i d e u9s - p e c t i n e u s4 1 , 4 5
LARREY's cleft 21 - - p o t t i c i sb r e v i s 2 5 , 3 6 - g l u t e u sm a x i m u s4 1 , 4 3 - pectoratismajor 26
L a r y n g e am I u s c t e s6 , 5 7 - - - t o n g u s2 5 , 3 5 - - m e d i u s4 1 , 4 3 - - minor 25
L e g s L i m b ,l o w e r - a d d u c t o rb r e v i s 4 1 ,4 5 - - m i n i m u s4 1 , 4 3 - p i r i f o r m i s4 1 , 4 3
Ligamentum(-aJ - - h a t t u c i s4 1 , 5 2 - g r a c i t i s4 1 ,4 5 - p t a n t a r i s4 9
- p u b i c u mi n f e r i u s 3 9 - - t o n g u s4 1 , 4 5 - h y o g l o s s u s2 , 5 7 - p o p t i t e u s4 1 , 5 0
- - s u p e r i u s3 9 - - m a g n u s4 1 , 4 5 - i t i a c u s4 2 - procerus 1
- s a c r o i l i a c a n t e r i o r a3 9 - - p o L t i c i 2s 5 , 3 6 - i t i o c o c c y g e u2s 2 - p r o n a t o rq u a d r a t u s3 2
- - i n t e r o s s e a3 9 - a n c o n e u s3 0 - i t i o c o s t a t icse r v i c i s2 0 - - teres25,31
- - p o s t e r i o r a3 9 - a r t i c u L a r igs e n u s 4 4 - - l u m b o r u m2 0 - p s o a sm a j o r 4 2
- s a c r o s p i n a L3e9 - a r y t e n o i d e uos b t i q u u s6 - - thoracis20 - - minor 42
- s a c r o t u b e r a t e3 9 - - I r a n s v e r s u so - i t i o p s o a s4 0 - 4 1 - p t e r y g o i d e ulsa t e r a l i s4
Limb - a u r i c u t a r iasn t e r i o r1 ,5 7 - i n f r a s p i n a t u s2 4 - 2 5 ,2 8 - - m e d i a t i s4
- L o w e rm , u s c l e sw i t h d i a g n o s t i c - - p o s t e r i o r1 , 5 7 - i n t e r c o s t a t eesx t e r n i 1 3 - p u b o c o c c y g e u2s2
i m p o r t a n c e4 1 - - s u p e r i o r1 , 5 7 - - i n t e r n i1 3 - p u b o i t i o c o c c y g e u2s2
- - s e g m e n t a itn n e r v a t i o n2 2 - b i c e p sb r a c h i i 2 5 ,2 9 - i n t e r o s s edi o r s a t e s{ M a n u s J - p u b o v a g i n a l i2 s2
- u p p e r ,f r e e , j o i n t s 2 3 - - f e m o r i s4 1 , 4 6 25-26,37 - p y r a m i d a t i s1 4
- - j o i n t s2 3 - b r a c h i a t i s2 5 , 2 9 - - d o r s a l e s[ P e s ] 5 3 - q u a d r a t u sf e m o r i s 4 3
L i m b ,u p p e r ,m u s c L e si ,n n e r v a t i o n , - b r a c h i o r a d i a [ i2s 4 - 2 5 ,3 3 - - p a l m a r e s3 7 - - l u m b o r u m1 6
s e g m e n t a L2 5 - b u c c i n a t o r1 - - p l a n t a r e s5 3 - - p t a n t a e5 3
L I S F R A Nscj o i n t ,a m p u t a t i o n[ i n e - b u t b o s p o n g i o s u2s2 - i n t e r s p i n a t ecse r v i c i s2 0 - q u a d r i c e p sf e m o r i s 4 1 , 1 + 4
39 - chondroglossu2 s - - l u m b o r u m2 0 - r e c t u sa b d o m i n i s1 4 , 4 0
- ci[iaris57 - - thoracis20 - - ..nitic :ntarinr
'l
?
- c o n s t r i c t o rp h a r y n g i si n f e r i o r 5 - i n t e r t r a n s v e r s a rai in t e r i o r e s ---lateralis20
M ---medius5 c e r v i c i s2 0 - - - p o s t e r i o rm a j o r 2 0
---superior5 - - l a t e r a l e sl u m b o r u m 2 0 minor 20
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