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Solved English Essays (For S.S.T General & S.S.T

Science English Part)
 June 16, 2019  Naeem Javid  0 Comments  Compiled Essays for SST General Exam, Compiled Essays for SST Science Exam,

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List of Essays appeared in Past Papers of (S.S.T General & S.S.T Science Papers)
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1. Life is Struggle
2. Should We Abolish Examinations / Examinations Serve no Useful Purpose
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3. The Most Interesting Book I have Ever Read
4. Knowledge is Power YouTube 7K
5. A Stich in Time Saves Nine
6. The Fruits of Harbor are Sweeter than Gifts of Future
7. Votes should be Weighted not Counted
Latest on Tech Urdu
8. My Idea of a Happy Life
9. E ective Teacher’s Respond to the Needs of Students – Discuss
Uncategorized  
10. Travelling in itself is an Education / Educational Value of Travelling
11. I have Humanity, but I hate People
12. Information is Power #55 Solved English Essays
13. Teachers Lay Foundation of a Nation (For S.S.T General & S.S.T
14. Importance of Mother Tongue in Schooling  Science)
15. Unemployment in Pakistan / Unemployment Among the Educated Youth; Its Causes and Cure  June 16, 2019  Naeem Javid  0
16. Women Place in Our Society
17. Environmental Pollution List of Essays appeared in Past Papers of
18. Corruption in Our Country / E ects of Corruption in Society (S.S.T General & S.S.T Science Papers) Life
19. A Moonlight Walk is a Struggle Should We
20. Journalism as a Profession
21. Social Service in Modern Society
22. The Advantages of Modern Technology
23. Poverty Solved English Essays (For S.S.T General &
24. Election Campaign S.S.T Science English Part)
 25. Smoking is a Bad Habit  June 16, 2019  0
26. My Last Day at School / College
27. Annual Prize Distribution
28. A Picnic Party
29. Allama Iqbal as a Philosopher
30. The Teacher who Changed My Life
31. Do Right and Fear No Man S.S.T (Science) Past
Papers
32. Carrier as a Teacher
 June 12, 2019  1
33. Teacher as a Nation Builder
34. Parents Vs. Professional Teacher
35. Practical Life is the Most E cient of All Teachers
36. A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing S.S.T General Guide
37. People Do Not Lack Strength; They Lack Will (Complete Book)
38. The Modern Press is a Great Public Education  June 11, 2019  1
39. Life is Not worth Price We Pay for It.
40. The Poor Man Makes the Best Use of the Utopia
41. Disadvantages of Deforestation The Impacts of Tourism
42. The Desire of Peace is as Old as the Idea of War Development |
43. Advertisement – It’s Advantages and Disadvantages Complete Essay with
44. Pakistan’s Role in the Prevention of International Terrorism Outline
45. Computer in the Service of Humanity  June 4, 2019  1
46. Honesty Always Pays / Honesty is the Best Policy
47. Man Never Satis es with What he has
Here is How to Check
48. Cheating Habit Among Examinations
The Number Of
49. Modern Education has Failed in the Development Man’s Character
Registered Mobile
50. Terrorism and Pakistan
Phones On Your CNIC?
51. Political Interference in Educational Institutions
 June 3, 2019  0
52. Earth Quake Disasters in Pakistan
53. Economic Situation in Pakistan
54. Necessity is the Mother of Invention How to Look at Life-
55. Use of Internet in Young Generation Sized Animals in AR
56. The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAWW) Through Google
57. My Favorite Book Search?
58. A Football Match  June 3, 2019  1

59. Hazards of Science

60. Beauties of Nature Don’t Expose Babies to
61. Is Luxury an Evil Electronic Screens –
WHO Report

D
 June 2, 2019  0

ISCLAIMER: These Essays have been compiled especially keeping in mind the (S.S.T
Exams) and have been taken from many sources (Books, Internet, Notes, etc).
techurdu.net do not take credit for these Essays. The credit and courtesy go to the
original authors. We at techurdu.net have only collected and compiled these essays
(with necessary grammatical corrections and additions). Also, the beliefs, viewpoints and opinions
expressed in these essays are those of the authors and do not necessarily re ect the beliefs,
viewpoints and opinions of Tech Urdu and its sta ._ Naeem Javid Muhammad Hassani (Tech Urdu
CEO)

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55.1. Related

Life is a Struggle
Life is beautiful but not always easy, it has problems, too, and the challenge lies in facing them with courage,
letting the beauty of life act like a balm, which makes the pain bearable, during trying times, by providing
hope.

Happiness, sorrow, victory, defeat, day-night are the two sides of the coin. Similarly, life is full of moments of
joy, pleasure, success and comfort punctuated by misery, defeat, failures and problems. There is no human
being on Earth, strong, powerful, wise or rich, who has not experienced, struggle, su ering or failure.

No doubt, life is beautiful and every moment – a celebration of being alive, but one should be always ready to
face adversity and challenges. A person who has not encountered di culties in life can never achieve success.
Di culties test the courage, patience, perseverance and true character of a human being. Adversity and
hardships make a person strong and ready to face the challenges of life with equanimity. There is no doubt
that there can be no gain without pain. It is only when one toils and sweats it out that success is nourished
and sustained.

Thus, life is and should not be just a bed of roses; thorns are also a part of it and should be accepted by us
just as we accept the beautiful side of life.

The thorns remind one of how success and happiness can be evasive and thus not to feel disappointed and
disheartened rather remember that the pain of thorns is short-lived, and the beauty of life would soon
overcome the prick of thorns.

Those, who are under the impression that life is a bed of roses are disillusioned soon and become victims of
depression and frustration. One who faces di culties with courage and accepts success without letting it go
to its head is the one who experience real happiness, contentment and peace in life.

Those, who think, that good times last forever, easily succumb to pressure during di culties. They do not put
in required hard work and e orts because they break down easily.

You can take the example of a student, who burns the midnight oil, makes sacri ces and resists temptations
so that he can perform well. Similarly, a successful executive has to face the ups and downs of life, not
forgetting that life is a mix of success and failure, joy and sorrow.

If he loses hope during di cult times, he would not achieve success and would be replaced by others. Even
the strongest Kings and Emperors have had their cup of woes.

Life has not been a bed of roses for them. The adage ‘Uneasy lays the head that wears the crown’ has been
rightly used for people, who are successful and are enjoying power and authority.

To sum up, life is beautiful just like roses but it has challenges which are like thorns and have to be faced and
overcome by all. Those, who accept these, challenges and succeed, are the ones, who know how to live life in
its true sense. Thus, enjoy life but also be prepared to bear the pricks of pain.

Should We Abolish Examinations /

Examinations Serve no Useful Purpose
The exam is a word that most students fear o . A word that has a magic power to change a happy person into
a frustrated and nervous one. However, it is a big part of the school that all students have to go through.

There are advantages in exams, but there are people who think the opposite that exams have more
disadvantages to the students and should be abolished. Some people say that exams should not be
abolished, because they say that exams are the only way for teachers to see the student’s level, it builds a high
sense of responsibilities, and it gives him pressure that will be useful for him later in his life.

The students also compete with not only themselves but with other people. They do not want to see an
increase in their knowledge. They want to beat their classmates to be on top of the class. Another reason is
when the student knows that his hard work has paid o , he will feel a self-satisfaction inside of him and he will
be so proud of himself.

So, those people who say that exams should not be abolished think of exams as a self-test to see where the
students are, and how good they do.

I personally think that exams should be abolished. Because exams are stressful and they do not show real
results of the student’s hard work and mental ability. They favour people who are gifted or have a good
memory and good exam techniques and neglect the less able students who actually need the most help. Even
though, those who have good memories may not be very smart during the classes and may not understand
most of what they are memorizing.

In addition, teachers may grade student papers di erently. Sometimes the same teacher will give the student
a di erent mark to the same paper after a few months.

Another important reason I think is that students should not be judged on their performance on one day. For
example, if a student got sick before the exam and he could not study well and got a bad grade or failed with
the fact that he is an “A” student. Therefore, I do not think it is fair for him.

Finally, there are always going to be people who are with or against taking exams. It is a controversial issue in
all countries. However, I believe in regular testing throughout the year. I say doing projects during the year,
grades for participation after every lesson, and having weekly assessment is the best solution and the fairest
approach for this debate.
The Most Interesting Book I have Ever
Read
Our school library is having books which I like very much. One of my friends showed me a certain book in the
library and he said that is his favourite book. He also said that is was the second part of the most famous
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain.

I borrowed the book from the librarian on the advice of my friend. When I went home that day, I had an
immediate lunch, when to my room and started reading the book.

Home interesting was it! It was a wonderful book. The book was full of adventures. The main character was
Huckleberry Finn who was a poor English boy whose father was a third class drunkard. This father wanted to
get his son’s fortune which he gets previously in yet another adventure with Tom Sawyer, his friend. So Finn
runs away from the custody of his father and meets another boy. This boy was Jim who had been running
away from the master. He had been a slave boy.

The two friends go to the sea and get on to a ship. They become friendly with the seamen and go on shing.
They also go to the various island in the sea and engage themselves in many adventures. At last, they come
home. Finn nds that his father had died and hi was no more in danger. Jim also gets his freedom with Finn’s
help.

This interesting children’s novel had been written by well-known English Author Mark Twain who had
previously written the famous book, Tom Sawyer. Both of these books are popular even today. So many
millions of children throughout the English speaking world must have read these books. Much more than Tom
Sawyer, it was the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which was the most interesting book I have ever read.

Knowledge is Power
“A man without knowledge is like an idol” -Nidhi

So knowledge is life and it gives power to human being which makes him di erent from the other living
organism Knowledge according to Oxford dictionary is “Facts, information, and skills acquired through
experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject” “No thief, however skilful, can
rob one of knowledge, and that is why knowledge is the best and safest treasure to acquire.” L. Frank Baum.

The Lost Princess of Oz, so the greatest treasure of life is knowledge It is only by the knowledge we can
discern between right and wrong.

It is a powerful factor which helps man to attain success, power and position in life. There is no doubt that
physical strength and money are instruments of power. A man who is physically strong or whose purse is full
commands power over others but the power of knowledge is still greater.

Knowledge directs his actions and enables him to nd the di erence between right and wrong, good and bad.
It helps him overcome his weakness and faults and face dangers and di culties with courage and con dence.
It gives him mental, moral and spiritual advancement. Besides this, it is through knowledge that man has
gained mastery over nature.

Man is physically weaker than many animals. He cannot run fast as a panther. He cannot see as far as an
eagle can. His sense of smell is weaker than that of a dog. He cannot carry as heavy loads as some beasts of
burden do. He cannot ght tigers and lions with his bare hands. Yet he has managed to become the most
powerful creature on earth. His power comes from knowledge.

Those who have wide-range of knowledge and experience can capture power and in uence. The possession
of knowledge gives them a distinct advantage over the semi-educated people.

Half knowledge is regarded as ‘the curse of God’ and also it is worse than ignorance. He explored the land,
water and space by virtue of his knowledge.

Man has made progress in all elds starting from science, technology to arts etc. Knowledge gave the man a
feeling of strength and power. Knowledge develops human faculties. It leads to the excellence of the mind. It
enables one to give sound judgment.

Education and knowledge are desirable for democracy. We should try to spread the knowledge base in all
elds in the masses. In the Pakistani rural scene, the knowledge levels about family, school education,
problems of woman. child rearing and other social issues are very poor.

Illiteracy and social backwardness combine to put the rural masses at the receiving end. Lack of knowledge
leads to poverty and absence of methods of productivity and economic prosperity. This vicious cycle
continues. Restraint, tolerance, understanding and capacity to manage a airs come with knowledge. If
knowledge is imparted to our rural children, youth, women and men, they would emerge as the major social
power.

There is no end to the gaining of knowledge, It is only the foolish man who thinks he knows everything.
Modern knowledge is very intricate and wide is scope The soldier, the man of the sword, though he was the
master; but he was really in the hands of the priest, the man of the pen.

A Stitch in Time Saves Nine

There is no doubt that a stitch in time saves nine. It means that man must do something at a very early stage.
This proverb in its literal sense applies to holes in our clothes which may be easily mended at rst, but, if they
are left unmanned, grow bigger and bigger, until they cannot be repaired without a great deal of sewing.

What is true of torn clothes is true of boots, boxes, houses, ships, walls, bridges, in a word, of everything that
needs mending, I may quote a striking illustration of the truth of the proverb from my own observation.

A beautiful pier was built at great expense by Government many years ago on the stormy west coast of
Scotland, to defend the harbour of a shing village. The great stone of which it was composed were bound
together by clamps of iron, and it looked as if it could defy the utmost fury of the waves. Nevertheless, in one
of the violent storms that visit that iron-bound coast, as little damage was done to the most exposed part of
the structure.

When I rst saw the pier there was to be seen in it only a hole of moderate extent, that could have been
repaired without much labour. But somehow the breach was left untended, and naturally grew bigger year by
year until, on the occasion of my last visit to the town, half of the pier had sunk in ruin under the waves, and it
was evident that to repair it would cost as much as the building of a new pier.

The expediency of the stitch in time is exempli ed not only by the destruction of material fabrics, the rents in
which are neglected, but also in medicine, politics, and in intellectual and moral education. How often has a
doctor to tell his patient that, if he had been consulted earlier he might have a ected an easy cure, but that
now more drastic remedies must be employed?

A literary man, for instance, su ers from indigestion due to overwork and wasn’t of exercise. A short holiday
in the country might restore him to good health if only he took it in time. But he has important work to do and
is averse to taking any rest before he has nished it. So he goes on working until the symptoms become so
threatening that he nds himself compelled to consult a doctor. To his surprise, he nds that entire change of
diet and absolute idleness for a long period of time are now needed to cure a disease, the progress of which
might have been arrested with very little trouble at an earlier stage. It is the same with the body politic.

The best politicians see in good time evils which, if allowed to go on unchecked, will swell to alarming
dimensions. Thus the just discontent felt by the people of France on account of the privileges enjoyed by the
clergy and nobles might have been appeased by remedial legislation, but, as the cure was delayed, the feeling
of disa ection went on gathering force, until at last it could no longer be extinguished and produced the
horrors of the French Revolution. That no revolution has taken place in England for the last two hundred years
is due to the fact that English politicians have been willing to anticipate rebellion by timely reforms. The same
is true in our daily life. If anything is done at a very early stage, much energy can be saved for the same
purpose.

The Fruits of Harbor are Sweeter than

Gifts of Future
My journey started about 6 years back and is still developing to this day. Six years ago I weighed in at
approximately 270 pounds, or that is when I stopped getting on a scale! My outward image was on a larger
scale but in my opinion, not a 270-pound scale. I was an active teenager who participated in all sports. I loved
the sports atmosphere but hated to put in the hard work, so I paid in many other ways. My weight increased
and my performance went down.

After sports, my activity level steadily declined with many excuses in the tail. Jobs, school, and friends seemed
to take precedence over my health and weight. Then the big life-changing moment came for me, I got married.
Married life took a toll on me personally, you get comfortable as well as my schedule, which was no longer just
about me. About a year into my new life, I was nding myself unhappy at times and even dissatis ed with
myself.

I knew this feeling was in relation to my weight gains so I decided to try a new regime which included some
exercise and changed eating habits, or what some calla “diet.” Well like most people who set out to lose weight
with an improper mindset, I slacked o here and there and eventually dropped the entire workout, eat
healthy scenario! It wasn’t until I had my son that it all made sense to me.

Yes, I needed to be healthy for myself, but I also had someone else depending on me to be healthy. With this
new found motivation, I started walking. That was all I could physically do at the time, but you have to start
somewhere. I progressively added on to my normal walking routine, and even challenged myself to do the
unthinkable, run! I never thought of myself as a runner, partially because I never wanted to work that hard.
With small goals of either weight loss or the addition of laps ran, I progressively started to see a change.

This routine continued for about a year, in which I took o about 70-75 pounds. This was a great
accomplishment for me personally, but I wanted more for myself physically. With my plateau in full force, I
decided to add in weights to my routine. I even added a variety of aerobics classes to my workout to give it
diversity so that boredom did not set in. I found out through trial and error that things have to be changed up
every now and then or your body stays where it is at and the results you desire are no longer coming.

With this new found lifestyle, I managed to drop about 100-110 pounds and gain a more positive outlook on
life. With all of the changes that I made to my outer appearance, I made many to my inner self too. I feel that
losing the weight was a stepping stone, a very steep stepping stone, which allowed me to venture out into a
foreign location, the “healthy world” and discover a new life.

With the weight loss, I was able to do many more physical activities for myself and for my family. I once
considered myself an inner athlete, this being when I was sedentary. I knew in my heart that I could be active,
but did not want to try, due to the fear of failure. I set small but achievable goals along the years, as well as
some that were pretty large. Never thinking of myself as a runner, I completed 1 full marathon and 2 half
marathons along with becoming a certi ed aerobics instructor.

Looking back at who I was and who I am now, we are two di erent people who needed each other to create
the end product. I personally feel that I had to experience the weight gain to appreciate who I am now and to
help drive myself to stay this way. Everyone is di erent in this area. Some may never experience weight gains
of 100 pounds or more, but whatever the weight gain may be, that adds to one’s body can be damaging to
physical activity and appearance as well as your health.

My goal with telling my personal weight journey is to show other people that it can be done at any weight or
age if it is something you truly want. I also want to show that it doesn’t matter how long it takes or the many
tries you may encounter along the way, you have to persevere through the hardships to reach success, just as
everyone does with life. Take your own personal journey to discover and appreciate who you are and who you
want to be!

Votes should be Weighted not Counted

“Votes should be weighed, not counted”, so says the infamous legendary dramatist, Johann Friedrich

Von Schiller. And two centuries after his death, the words are fuelling the intellectual nourishment tanks of the
‘powerless’ and ‘humble’ around the globe, invoking them to strive for better political order and catalyzing
their ght towards a political system based on reason, moderation, intelligence and prudence. And at no other
point in the history of human civilization will these words hold truer than in the present scenario- the century
marked by wild res of political decadence, lack of political ethics, massive abuse of political power, rampant
corruption, widespread nepotism, political instability, leaving the common citizens i.e. the source of power
and sovereignty, at the receiving end of the cycle of oppression, suppression and exploitation.

The Greeks were the rst to introduce the concept of ‘voting, albeit in a rigid and primitive form, in their
‘democratic’ city-states of Athens and Sparta. But the English liberals walked away with the credit of
conceptualizing the modern voting system. They were the rst ones to realize the importance and signi cance
of achieving people’s consent, via voting, and granting the people the same for the legitimacy and vitality of
the political organism. Nourished by these intellectual developments, democracy becomes the most ‘fought’
after, talked, valued and cherished political system during the last four centuries of the First Millennium.

The great American President Abraham Lincoln aptly de ned democracy as ‘the government of the people, by
the people for the people’. This de nition spells out clearly the supreme power of the people within the
democratic set-up. The people are the source of all power within the democratic state. From the Magna Carta
of 1215 to the granting of Universal Adult Su rage by successive democracies (New Zealand having the
distinction of being the rst Country to grant Universal Adult Su rage in 1893), people’s power is everywhere
to be seen. Lessons are plenty where suppression of people’s power led to political systems crumbling and
disintegrating (Arab Spring movements being the recent examples where people’s power triumphed over
corrupt regimes).

Su rage grants the Pakistani people their due rights to have their say in the administration of the country
denied to them by two centuries of foreign occupation. A vote is their weapon to ght for their rights and
liberties.

For the rst time in its history, the Pakistani Citizens are armed with a tool to ght against governmental
abuses, injustice, ine ciency, corruption and the like. It is an instrument which holds the ‘political class’
accountable to the people. In brief, it acts as a shield in warfare protecting the people against the abuses of
governmental power.

Elections are the cornerstone of any democracy. Here people’s power put a fantastic show periodically
depending on the type of voting system. In the rst- past the post voting system followed in our country, the
candidates getting the maximum number of votes (simple majority) is declared a winner that is to say that the
number of votes polled matters.

Here the question of weighing the votes polled in the elections come into the debate. The question of
weighing the votes could be deliberated from two angles. Firstly, in the horizontal plane weighing one’s own
votes. And secondly, vertically, weighing the value of one’s votes in comparison to the other’s votes. Now how
do we weigh our own votes i.e. for whom to vote and why?

In developing countries like ours where the level of political education regarding the values and principles of
liberal democracy is at the embryonic stage, the question of weighing one’s vote from democratic spectacles
hardly come into the scheme of things. If present, these considerations get eclipsed by other elements.

The sixty years of parliamentary democracy practices provide ample scope to study the question of electoral
behaviour in the country. Casteism, communalism, criminalization of politics, ma a power and money power
dictate the realm of Pakistani electoral system. As a result of it, the development of political democracy in the
country su ers a huge blow. Political democracy gets murdered and voting becomes an instrument to further
sel sh goals and interests.

The welfare of the community, state and the nation become secondary to sel sh-individualism. National
integration gets replaced by ‘parasitic’ regionalism, secularism by dirty communal politics, development of the
minority by minority vote bank politics, welfare state by corruption, community interests by sel sh-
individualism and nepotism and political democracy gets hammered by political corporatism. Our temples of
democracy- the legislatures, become an opportunity for individuals to further their ends.

As a result, people’s power gets cruci ed and democracy (voting) gets transformed into a sacri cial lamb.
Having said so, how we do weigh our votes as having more value than the other? What are the criteria for
weighing one’s vote? It is a standard limitation of democracy that despite the magnitude of someone’s opinion
or e ect on their lives, their vote is equal to any other. We could never agree whose vote should carry more
weight.

Disclaimer aside, it is still pretty absurd. “Weighed” by whom? Who gets to decide that your vote is better than
my vote? Once you’ve decided on that person, why waste your time on the vote in the rst place? Voting is
itself a highly dubious proposition. The majority of the people engaging in it don’t know what they’re talking
about. Even the ones whom experts would say have the correct opinion often hold it for incorrect reasons.

Plato was rightly sceptical of democracy, which he believed would lead to bread and circuses, and in my
opinion that’s the fate befalling the world right now. But as bad as it is, I don’t know a better system.
Democracy has thin merit, the fact that the votes of non- experts often cancel each other out, yielding a
victory for minorities who are correct. Truth has an advantage that falsehood doesn’t, even if most people
can’t tell the di erence.

Our state election is going to take place in the next few years. Unfortunately, we are disappointed by both
politicians and citizens. The rst is supposed to be smart, well-educated and capable of managing a country
(add willingness on top). The second is supposed to have a moral and social conscience (Education) in order to
choose the right candidates. The majority of the people prefer a reassuring lie over an inconvenient truth.
Rest assured, voting is still handy not only for the health of our political organism but more for the
empowerment and development of the state. Our voting instincts should be weighed on consideration of
community interests, inclusive development, and responsive, accountable and ethical governance.

Citizens must remember that they are voting not only for themselves but for the community as a whole. We
are voting to shape our society, polity, economy, and for the future of our children. We should ask ourselves
what kind of legacy do we want to leave behind? Intelligence and rationality should take its due place.

The change should come from the people not to the people. If we do not, then we needn’t really concern
ourselves with the su ering we willingly in ict on ourselves. A rational populace in the Arab Countries (the
Arab Spring) stormed their regime and toppled decades’ rule of their corrupt leaders a few years ago. Should
not we learn from them? Should not these historic movements for the empowerment of the people inspire
us? Should we choose to let things happen and let our future being lost one day? We have been taken for a
ride for far too long. It’s high time the people weigh their precious and powerful votes.

Your votes, my votes must be a revolutionary force in next elections. Break the shackles and tear down the
walls. The ‘political class’ must also remind themselves of the events of the past few years in the Gulf region
where youth bulge coupled with lack of civil liberties, underdevelopment, poverty, human rights abuses and
corrupt administration exploded and the rest is history. And Meghalaya with over 40% educated youth
population cannot a ord to turn a deaf ear to their (people) voices. Ignoring it would be suicidal or so should
it be. To repeat a verse of Tunisia’s National Anthem – ‘when the people want a better life, destiny has to bow
and – If one day, a people desires to live, then fate will answer their call’.

My Idea of a Happy Life

Happiness, I believe, totally depends upon what a person has. If a person has. If a person does not have
wealth, he would think that happiness lies in possessing wealth. Another would nd happiness in prayer and
meditation and still others in travelling or in gossiping. It is wrong to think that one can get happiness by
labouring for it. It comes as naturally and as refreshingly as the morning air.

I think one can get happiness by enjoying the work at hand. If a person keeps himself mentally busy and
remains contented, he can remain happy. Our high hopes and soaring ambitions often make up unhappy. If a
person thinks that every moment is to be enjoyed like every drop of dew left in a bud, he will de nitely be
happy.

This type of satisfaction excludes envy and jealousy. One should never think ill of the happiness, others, rather
one should never think of remaining complacent with what one should have. The habit of comparing and
contrasting and the desire to become what others are often left, sorrowful heart.

If a person can enjoy peace of mind, he gets the happiest life. If we are hankering after the worldly things and
desires we remain unhappy. We should do our duty without thinking about the result. Duty, which God wishes
us to perform, should be our aim. Such people will be neither overjoyed by success nor frustrated by defeat.

One can enjoy while watching the birds or kicking his heels upon the ground. One can be happy in catching
the butter ies or looking vacantly at the starry sky. In fact, one should nd every moment quite absorbing and
should always think that every moment is the most important one. He should take as much interest at that
moment as is possible.

Happiness is a state of mind and not a possession. It is a product of imagination and not of labour. It is to be
enjoyed through spirit and not through senses. It can be felt and not seen.

Similarly, life should not bed the ultimate aim of living. This is preparation for the next life. Such an attitude
makes us indi erent to the death of our near and dear ones.

Though this attitude needs great control over our emotions, yet this can a ord us happiness.

Happiness cannot be monopolised by saints. It cannot be the exclusive right of wealthy people. It is not meant
only for a child.

Happiness can be enjoyed by a common man. It is around us; we are to discover it. So a man should tune
himself up for it and he will get it.
E ective Teacher’s Respond to the Needs
of Students – Discuss
E ective teachers strive to motivate and engage all their students in learning rather than simply accepting that
some students cannot be engaged and are destined to do poorly.

They believe every student is capable of achieving success at school and they do all they can to nd ways of
making each student successful.  E ective teachers have high expectations of students in terms of both their
standard of learning and their behaviour, and they help their students meet those expectations. They also
have high expectations of themselves and their own learning.

E ective teachers personalise learning for their students. They understand that students develop at di erent
rates and that in every classroom there will be a range of student abilities and aptitudes. They accommodate
the di erent needs of students in their class rather than pitch their teaching to the middle, letting some
students be bored while others struggle or are unable to do the work. 

E ective teachers use techniques that have each student working on tasks that engage and challenge them to
achieve their personal best. They understand that students learn best when they are presented with new
material in a way that enables them to connect it to what they already understand and know how to do.
E ective teachers also understand that students learn best if their particular culture, background and abilities
are acknowledged by the teacher in the way they teach.

E ective teachers use techniques that best serve the learning needs of their students. There are many things
that students can learn themselves through discovery, with the teacher structuring the learning to suit. There
also are many things that require the teacher to teach in a more direct way. Students not only learn by being
exposed to learning opportunities but they also need to be explicitly taught those things it is important for all
students to know.

Some students will learn these things quickly and with only minimal direct teaching. Other students will need
concerted direct teaching and correction by the teacher before they master the learning required. E ective
teachers help students learn on their own as well as with and from others. They know that students learn best
if they are provided with opportunities to learn not only from the teacher but also from other students and
from sources outside the school that are now more readily accessible through various forms of technology.

E ective teachers teach in a way that encourages students to take greater responsibility for their own
learning. They make sure their students know what the goals of the learning program are; understand how
these goals will be assessed; know whether they are on track to achieve success, and are actively involved in
evaluating their own learning.

E ective teachers have a thorough knowledge of their subject content and skills. Through this, they inspire in
their students a love of learning. They also understand how students best learn concepts, content and skills.
E ective teachers use their knowledge of learning processes to determine which will be most e ective to help
the particular students in their classes learn successfully.

E ective teachers provide a safe and orderly environment, both physically and emotionally, so students can
achieve their potential. They know students learn best if they are in a classroom where they feel safe and confi
dent to attempt new tasks even if at rst they are unsure about how to tackle them

E ective teachers closely monitor each student’s achievements. This enables them to provide every one of
their students with regular feedback on their performance and gives them valuable information to assess the
impact of their teaching.

E ective teachers are in the habit of constantly re ecting on how well they are getting through to their
students and searching for better ways of teaching those who are not responding as well as extending those
who are achieving well.  E ective teachers understand the standards their students are expected to achieve
and use a range of assessment methods to determine the extent to which those standards are being met and
to plan the next steps.

E ective teachers develop productive relationships with their students – they get to know them and take a
particular interest in their overall development and progress. They treat their students with respect and
expect the same in return. E ective teachers work collaboratively to bene t student learning.
Travelling in itself is an Education
Travelling has been universally recognized to have great educational values. In Western advanced societies,
education is considered incomplete without travelling. It has been a delightful experience of mankind from
time immemorial. Going place to place and meeting various people have been enjoying for people.

Today, travelling has become all the more enjoying and comfortable. We have fast-moving trains, deluxe
buses, metro-railways, luxury steamers, ships, aeroplanes and many other means of travelling. It does not
take too much time in travelling a long distance.

We do not have to su er the severity of weather due to advanced means of transport communication.
Travelling is a powerful aid to education. It provides an experience of the world. By travelling we come in to
connect people of di erent caste, colour, creed and community to get familiarity with their tradition, culture,
customs, has costumes and their style of living. This helps in better understanding. It sharpens our intellect
and broadens us our outlook.

Travelling o ers us the rst-hand knowledge of things we shed o all our prejudices. It develops our
personality and communication skills. Mere bookish knowledge to the development of all-around personality.
It gives theoretical knowledge. We get only the sketchy picture of which is not complete. By travelling we see
people, places with our own eyes. The visual impression is this impression. It remains in our mind for a long
time.

Objects like history, geography and social sciences can better through travelling, it provides us with rst-hand
knowledge about these things. Geography appears to be a dull and uninteresting subject if it is taught in the
classroom. But when the Merits are taken to a trip to the Himalayan regions or Gangetic plans the learning
becomes interesting. Travelling turns this boring subject into a lively and absorbing one.

However, quali ed a person may be, if he not undertaken travelling, his understanding is limited and the
outlook remains narrow. He is less accommodating in his comparison to those who have widely travelled. Ivey
is liberal in its outlook. They have a maturity of judgment.

Travelling promotes international understand and relations. It creates goodwill. It brings people closer.
Increments our relations with various states and countries. The seeds of natural integration and international
happy in the present day, the world the understanding between various nations of the world are a great
necessity. There can be no peace without international understanding. So, it should be made an integral part
of our curricula.

Information is Power
The futurist, Alvin To er— best known for his book Future Shock — wrote a book in 1990 entitled “Powershift
— Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the edge of the 21st Century“. In that book, To er described three
types of power: Force (physical power), Wealth (economic power) and Knowledge (the power of information)
Or, as his chapter 2 title says: Muscle, Money and Mind!

Most of us learn about force very early. Whether it’s from parental punishment, bullying, or watching
Hollywood movies, we all come to understand that violence, or the threat of violence, is powerful. Criminals
use it. Gangs use it. Terrorists use it. Good guys use it when they have no other choice. Society strongly
discourages us from using it. The power of force predates civilization, and its unsanctioned use is considered
to be uncivilized.

The invention of money, as a exible means of facilitating trade, provided a new type of power — one that
could be even more powerful and exible than force, because it could be used to by force. And, unlike force, it
could be used both as a carrot and as a stick. With wealth, you can induce people to do things willingly, rather
than “force” them.

While force is rather individualized, wealth is something that can be accumulated. With enough money, you
can buy an army. Or just buy what you want. Or buy out whoever has what you want if they won’t let you have
it. Wealth usually trumps force, when it comes to power con icts.
To er observed that throughout most of history, the power of force reigned supreme. The industrial
revolution, though, was a transformative period in more ways than just technology. It also caused a shift from
the force as the primary type of power in society to wealth as the new and preferred means to exert power.
Use of force became regulated by law.

Following World War II, and with the rapid development of communications and computers, To er believes
another shift began — from wealth as the primary power to information as the new power of choice. Wealth
transformed from being predominantly land-based to becoming more generalized as “capital”, held by
individuals and companies. The new Information Age quickly reveal the versatility of knowledge.

Information, as power, has some unique qualities.

Unlike wealth, which was originally based on land ownership and is still based on ownership of
nite resources, the pool of potential knowledge in the world is virtually inexhaustible.
Information is valuable for trade when you have it and someone else wants it. But, if that
information becomes known to others — if you lose exclusive control of it — then it becomes
nearly worthless to you for trade. However, it still remains useful to you for other things.
Information, unlike goods, cost nothing to move around.
Information can be shared, and then used over and over again, without exhaustion. It is e ectively
an in nite resource.
Information may become valueless as a result of some new information that supersedes or
invalidates it. That doesn’t happen with money — except in cases of total economic collapse.

Those are just a few ways of information, as a source of power, is unique and di erent from the other types of
power. With the right information, you can overcome someone else’s wealth, or their ability to use force.

Information truly is power. And as To er predicted in 1990, it has become the predominant source of power
in society today.

Teachers Lay Foundation of a Nation

Teachers play a signi cant and crucial role in a nation’s progress and prosperity. They dispel the darkness of
ignorance and bring about enlightenment, erudition, and health revolution. Teachers build the base of any
nation; he is the one who trains, guides, and transforms an immature mind into maturity. They install bravery
and courage in their students and prepare them for the challenges that life would throw at them.

It is undoubtedly true that if there are sincere, dedicated, and determined teachers in any nation, then the
nation is very well set on its way to triumph and progress. By providing a capable, industrious, and self-reliant
youth, teachers can take a nation to great heights. And for these very reasons, teaching is considered a noble
and sacred profession. 

Unfortunately, teachers nowadays have forsaken to perform their noble job, and instead of delivering with
sincerity and dedication, they are pursuing to proliferate their earning through di erent resources. It is worth
mentioning that in our society we can still nd numerous teachers and scholars with a noble soul, who are
putting their best e orts with sel ess dedication to spreading the real essence and spirit of education, but
unfortunately, many improvident and imprudent one have hijacked the ideology and philosophy of education.
These teachers have nothing to do with actual education, and they are only interested in pushing their own
agenda. 

It is high time for the government to realise the gravity of this situation. The hiring criteria for teachers need
urgent reform. The government must evaluate the selection process and make the entire system transparent
and in line with international standards.

Teachers should also be provided with adequate incentives, so they put their e orts towards providing quality
education. Teachers should also realise they are employed in a noble profession, and all the government’s
e orts will go down the drain if the teachers themselves are not interested in investing dedication and
devotion in their work. 

Importance of Mother Tongue in

Schooling 
With increased migration and the growing popularity of international schools, the number of children learning
in a language other than their mother tongue is growing rapidly. Research indicates that having a strong
mother tongue foundation leads to a much better understanding of the curriculum as well as a more positive
attitude towards school, so it’s vital that children maintain their rst language when they begin schooling in a
di erent language. 

When children develop their mother tongue, they are simultaneously fostering a whole host of other essential
skills, such as critical thinking and literacy skills. It is these skills that they take with them into formal
education, and research tells us that any skills and concepts gained in the learner’s home language don’t have
to be re-taught when they transfer to a second language. For example, if a child has developed the ability to
guess the meaning of a word through its context, or to infer meaning by reading between the lines, these
skills are easily transferred when they begin studying in a second language. It is much harder, however, to
teach these abstract skills directly through a second language.

It’s also well known that a strong mother tongue foundation equips children with the skills they need to learn
additional languages, allowing them to transfer their understanding of the structure of language to several
new languages. The intuitive understanding of grammar that develops when children learn their rst language
can easily be passed on to other languages.

With multilingualism becoming an increasingly sought-after attribute within the workplace, this advantage
cannot be overstated; globalisation and increased co-operation between nations mean that, in many
organisations, it has become a requirement to have language skills in addition to being a specialist within a
particular eld. 

Language and mother tongue also play a huge role in the development of personal, social and cultural
identity. Children with a strong foundation in their rst language often display a deeper understanding of
themselves and their place within society, along with an increased sense of wellbeing and con dence.
Naturally, this ows down into every aspect of their lives, including their academic achievement. 

This is, of course, one of the reasons why bilingual education systems are growing in popularity around the
world and many international schools are focusing their resources on establishing strong mother tongue
programmes. Parent workshops outlining the importance of the mother tongue are becoming increasingly
popular, because many parents mistakenly believe that they should only speak to their children in the school’s
language of instruction, often contributing to children not gaining complete uency in either their rst or
second language.

In Cambodia, for example, our EAL (English as an Additional Language) specialists regularly invited parents
into school for evening workshops. They outlined research showing how children learn languages, discussed
the school’s teaching methodology for language learning, and, most importantly, explained the importance of
a strong mother tongue foundation and the vital role that parents play in developing and maintaining this. 

Carolyn Savage: ‘A strong mother tongue foundation equips children with the skills they need to learn
additional languages.’

When I taught in Bratislava, we encouraged children to bring in books written in their home language(s) and to
share these with the class. Sometimes, children chose to read small extracts out loud, allowing them to
demonstrate more developed reading skills, whilst simultaneously building pride in their own culture and
developing respect for all cultures within the school. This was just one small part of the jigsaw that made up
our in-depth mother tongue programme. 

As Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General said, “Mother languages in a multilingual approach are essential

components of quality education, which is itself the foundation for empowering women and men and their
societies.”  

Unemployment in Pakistan /
Unemployment Among the Educated
Youth; Its Causes and Cure
The chronic unemployment crisis is one of the gravest challenges Pakistan has been facing since long and
which, unfortunately, still continues to haunt us. In Pakistan, even a person who has the ability and willingness
to work is unable to get a proper job opportunity.

In the current situation, more than three million people are unemployed in Pakistan and the unemployment
ratio is more than 12:1. One out of every 10 people of the country’s population has been added to the pool of
the unemployed, as the unemployment rate further increased to 6.5%, showing signs of a crisis-plagued and
slowing economy.
Unemployment is one of the major issues Pakistan has been dealing with since its inception. In Pakistan,
unemployment is very high because the available resources are being wasted due to the negligence of
authorities and citizens. This has led to a substantial decrease in people’s incomes and a drop in their
standard of living.

This is the crisis that can be termed as the root cause of many other serious challenges we are coping with
today. Thousands of graduates, master’s degree holders, engineers, in short, people of almost every
profession being wasted due to unstable employment system in Pakistan.

Not only educated people but the labour class, too, is perpetually going through a rough phase. In 1999, about
2.4 million individuals belonging to the blue-collar working class were unemployed.

The causes of unemployment in Pakistan are endless and countless yet some of them are as follows:

Population size, growth rate, and its composition play an important role in the social and economic
development of a country. The higher growth rate of population is the major cause of unemployment in
Pakistan and a formidable hindrance to achieving the goal of economic development. Pakistan is among those
developing countries where the population growth rate is very high.

At present, it is the sixth most populous country in the world with a projected population of nearly 188 million.
According to the World Population Data Sheet 2013, Pakistan with a population of 363 million in 2050 is
expected to retain the same position (i.e. sixth position). The population growth rate in Pakistan is 1.95 per
cent which is higher than the average growth rate of South Asian countries. This uncontrolled growth of
population has left millions of Pakistanis deprived of ample opportunities to earn a respectable livelihood.

There are plenty of factors responsible for the fast-growing population including early marriages, illiteracy,
desire for sons, lack of awareness etc. As we all know that the education system of Pakistan is not up to the
mark; therefore, increasing population means bringing more uneducated persons into the eld of labour.
Government or any other company cannot provide jobs or workplaces to this huge number of uneducated
people.

Education is a social instrument through which a man can guide his destiny and shape his future. A knowledge
society can be build by making the education process more e ective which, in turn, provides foundations for
the socioeconomic development of the country. Hence, the role of education has become centric in order to
develop a knowledge economy since literate and skilled citizens play a pivotal role in the
development/prosperity of the country. But, unfortunately, the education system in Pakistan has been really
poor.

No government has taken extraordinary steps to better the education system. It is usually seen that many a
talented student left the study due to injustice and wretchedness of the system. Numerous technical
educational colleges and vocational training institutions are functioning but most of them are only selling the
degrees because the education that is being imparted to the students of these institutions has no market
value.

Unrest in Pakistan and the worsening law and order situation has compelled the business community to
either close their businesses or to shift their capital to other countries. It is because of rampant violence and
terrorism that no foreign investor is interested in investing his money in such a country where his life is not
secure; let alone his business and property.

This becomes another major cause of rising unemployment because it creates a lack of jobs in the country.
For instance, Karachi is the biggest industrial city and the commercial hub of Pakistan, but investors are
reluctant to invest there because of unrest and violence. Extortionists and killers go scot free. In such
circumstances why an investor would dare to risk his life as well as money? If we really want to reduce the
unemployment rate in Pakistan, then the very rst step should be to restore law and order in the country.

Could you believe that a country which possesses abounding natural resources and is a nuclear power lack
energy? Pakistan is the country that has been haunted by the acute energy crisis since long. There are many
sources of energy production in Pakistan but due to lack of proper planning and directed e orts, the country
plunges into darkness for the most part of a 24-hour day.

The government is unable to provide electricity to residential as well as industrial areas in Pakistan. When
electricity and gas are not available to run the factories, petrol is not amply available to run the transport, then
how on earth factories could generate employment opportunities? Therefore, owners of these factories and
industries are shifting their business to other Asian countries like Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. As of this
result, a huge number of labourers are falling prey to the monster of unemployment.

The age of retirement for government employees in Pakistan is quite high. Numerous highly-educated and
talented people enter the job market every year but they do not get opportunities to be on job. Government
servants who reach the superannuation age are then reappointed by the government. In this way, millions of
people are wondering but no one is ready to employ them. This further aggravates the problem of
unemployment in Pakistan.

Agriculture is going through the process of mechanization whereby machines are replacing humans which, in
turn, increases unemployment ratio. People rendered jobless in this way then turn to cities in search of a
source of earning a livelihood. This migration from villages to cities also increases unemployment and many
other social ills.

Following recommendations can help in reducing the problem:

1. The rst thing to reduce unemployment in Pakistan is to introduce revolutionary changes in the
country’s educations system. The prevalent system is producing only the people who are not
highly skilled as per the requirements of the job market.
2. An organized and well – thought – out syllabus should be introduced in technical training and
vocational institutions. More and more institutions should be established to produce skilled
technical workers for our industries.
3. The age of retirement should be reduced to a maximum of 55 years. In addition, the culture of ad
hoc appointments and extensions in tenure or in the contract should also be eliminated.
4. Solving the energy crisis must be the top priority of the government. It is the only panacea if we
want to attract foreign investment in the country. If foreign investors come to Pakistan, then job
opportunities to our youth will be easily available.
5. There should be peace across the country so foreigners may not hesitate from investing in
Pakistan.
6. The agriculture sector should be developed.
7. Jobs should be given purely on merit.
8. Robust policies must be introduced to control the growing population. Family planning centres can
be an e ective tool in this regard.
9. Economic Revival package must be announced by the government in order to make sure the
industrial sector is revived and more investment and production is carried out in Pakistan.

Women Place in Our Society

“Lucky is the woman, whose rst child is a daughter”. ( Prophet Muhammad (S.A. W))

Women never enjoyed the status and respect that they enjoy today. They are playing their due role in all walks
of life. Men have only gradually acknowledged their contribution to society. The concept of a male-dominant
society is on the decline now. Women have proved that they are inferior to none.

Women had no respectable place in society before Islam came to their rescue. They were ill-treated and had
no rights to education, economic independence and inheritance. They were considered the product of the
devil. The new-born girls were buried alive. They were also burn alive with their dead husbands. Islam gave
women respect and basic human rights.

“If a woman has to choose between catching a y ball and saving an infant’s life, she will choose to save the
infant’s life without even considering if there are men on base.” (Dave Barry) Women are playing their role
today in di erent capacities. They enjoy better status now as a daughter, sister, wife and mother. They have
social, nancial and matrimonial independence. They are no more con ned to the four walls of their houses.
They now fully participate in the social, political and economic development of the country.

The main responsibility of a woman is to preserve the human race. For this, she has to bear many hardships.
She gives birth to children, feeds them and helps them to grow up. It is quite true that great men have great
mothers. The progress of a nation depends upon the way mothers bring up their children. If the women are
educated the society is bound to progress and prosper.

Women are the largest untapped reservoir of talent in the World. (Hillary Clinton) Women have always played
an important role in the development of a nation. In the early days of Islam, women worked side by side with
men. The history of the Muslims is full of the names of women who were eminent scholars, poets and Su s.
They are also entitled to freedom of expression and to put forward their opinions on public, legislative and
religious matters. In the battle eld, they nursed the injured, kept up the supplies and in certain cases, even
fought bravely.

Some women may like to choose some profession as a career and earn for themselves. There are certain jobs
which women can do more easily and more e ciently than men. They can be very useful and successful
teachers, doctors and nurses. By nature, they are polite and sympathetic and can do well in teaching and
medical professions. Women are the real architects of society.

Being a Muslim, the main duty of a woman is to perform her duties as a good wife, good sister, good daughter
and good mother. She should look after the home and manage family matters using her ability. She must
understand her duties as a wife or mother. If she does not do so, society will be collapsed.

Islam and the constitution of Pakistan have conferred upon women an enviable place. Women should not
misunderstand and misuse the rights which are given to them. They should play their role wisely in the
progress and prosperity of the country being a good citizen as well. They should remain peaceful with
themselves and with the forces of nature around them.

Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems the world faces today. It is an issue that troubles us
economically, physically and every day of our lives. The contamination of the environment is also being linked
to some of the diseases that are around currently.

Yet, most people do not know about this problem. This shows that environmental pollution is becoming an
increasingly worse problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible, not only for the good of the
environment but also for the people that live in it.

Many factors are present for why environmental pollution has become such a large issue in the world.
However, if the people of the world were to address the issue it would de nitely help both the environment
and its people.

There are many activities that can be done by both the common citizen to the governments of the world,
which could severally improve the world’s environmental problem. On the other hand, if the current way the
world’s environmental problem is being handled continues, catastrophic consequences can follow for the
future population.

Over the years, environmental pollution has become more of a problem for a number of reasons. Due to the
great increase in the world’s population, which is at 6.1 billion, energy use, and the number of vehicles on
roads make air pollution a greater threat than ever.

Because of this, “air pollution kills eight thousand people a year due to respiratory-related problems. “Also,
40% of the world’s deaths are being attributed to environmental factors. With such a number of people dying
a year due to air pollution, one can see how much environmental pollution is a ecting us.

This dilemma is only made worse due to the current means of disposing of nuclear waste. “Until 1993, Russia
would resort to the dumping of its high and low-level radioactive waste by dumping it into the Arctic seas and
any other low-level waste into the Seas of Japan z(Nitze).

“Radiation from nuclear waste is known to cause a series of reactions in body tissue that results in damage to
the bodies cells z (Daley). This can cause diseases, such as cancer, injury, or death. The e ects on the human
body make the situation even worse for the people of the world. But, an even more common threat is the use
of incinerators and land lls, for the reducing and disposal of waste.

Using incinerators to reduce the volume of trash not only causes air pollution but also produces toxic ash that
must be disposed of in specially made land lls. Land lls themselves can pollute groundwater after heavy rain,
which would then be drunk by the surrounding population.

Corruption in Our Country

Corruption is one of most chronic issues all over the world especially in the third world countries like Pakistan
where it has routed down in government institutions enough that cannot be eliminated easily following the
stakes of powerful bureaucrats and corrupt politicians.

Corruption has spoiled Pakistan completely and is resulting in an increase in poverty, unemployment, hunger
and is tarnished the image of the country by bringing immense miseries to its people. Corruption has been
deep-rooted in all levels either private or government from top to bottom and anti-corruption institutions
have unfavourably failed to address this or even reduce the ongoing dishonesty and frauds. There are many
top politicians who have been reportedly involved in this misconduct that are concerned with their stakes only
without thinking about the public.

We can nd two vast concerns or issues in present Pakistan that are expanding like epidemics(corruption and
terrorism) which have reinforced their germs in every cell of our society.

There are numerous indirect corruption charges from social media and electronic media present but no ruling
authority is ready to investigate the corrupt persons for these illegal and dishonest concerns like illegal Sui-
Gas and electricity supply, illegal possession of the land and so on. Murder of merit and Justice, political
nepotism and selling of government jobs by ‘corrupt ruling politicians’, hundreds of thousands of skilled and
educated youth are deprived of deserving jobs.

It is the responsibility of every individual to work jointly with the government institutions to make Pakistan a
corruption-free country. Corruption will not prevail in society until deserving peoples are given their rights.
And this isn’t the Pakistan which our forebearers dreamt for.

A Moonlight Walk
Moon is an integral part of our universe. It is one of the beautiful heavenly bodies. It adds beauty and
splendour to the darkness of night. The light of the moon has a soothing e ect.

Walking in a moonlit night has its charm and beauty. It is a refreshing experience. It relieves you of all your
tension and gives pleasure. Strolling in a moonlit night particularly during the summer add to the delight and
pleasure.

Walking in a moonlit night not only delights our heart and relaxes our mood but also removes the boredom
and weariness caused by the hectic schedule of the whole day. The atmosphere during the moonlit night is
surcharged with calmness and quietness, particularly in the countryside which is away from the clamour and
noise of the city.

The plants and trees and whole atmosphere bathed in the cool light of the moon present an enchanting sight.
Walking in such an atmosphere really lls with joy. It elevates our spirit. It invigorates us for better thinking
and ideas. We are lled with renewed energy and strength to carry on our next day task. It is indeed a thrilling
and relieving experience.

The entire nature robbed in a silvery shining light is so enchanting that we don’t like to go inside the house. It
is so enjoying that we like to continue it for more and more time. Everything appears to be cheerful and
mouthful. The sweet fragrance emitting ower, the dancing of petals in the moonlit night is the soothing and
cool wind and the trees whispering really render an absorbing sight.

The sight in the remote countryside is all the more enjoying where there is an expanse of green elds, owers
and fruits laden trees clothed in shining of moonlight serve as stress-buster. Poets have composed verses on
the beauty of the moonlit night. It has a pet scene for the lover of arts including literature, artist, painter, etc.

Whether walking, singing, playing, dancing or doing anything in a moonlit night has its own distinct
experience. Indeed a moonlit night is a feast to our eyes.

Journalism as a Profession
The career of a journalist is very interesting and full of vast opportunities and scope. It is gaining much
importance and prestige in modern society.

With the manifold increase in the circulation of newspapers and magazines as well as the start of newspapers
and journals, there is a great scope for the young men and women who want to join this profession.

There are hundreds of openings each year for the new entrants. The increase in the circulation of newspapers
has created the need for the addition of more sta , both for the large and the smaller newspapers.

The proliferation of magazines and periodicals has also led to the proliferation of jobs in the eld of
journalism. There is no doubt that an ambitious man or woman possessing the necessary quali cations can
nd a suitable opening in the newspaper media.

The career of a journalist demands a wide range of qualities and skills. There is no doubt that this career is
highly rewarding, but a journalist has to work very hard for this. He has to know something about everything.

The person who wants to reach the top has to master the techniques of journalism and go through the mill.
He should also possess a air for writing, sound judgement, personal integrity, earning for facts and expert
knowledge of all branches of journalism.
The persons, who work for newspapers, come from many backgrounds and are of many temperaments.
Those in the editorial departments need a strong sense of curiosity about their fellow-beings and sympathy
for them.

The other quali cations include a good command of the language in which the paper is printed, an interest in
politics and the government, a desire to know why things happen, high respect for accuracy and an aptitude
for personal communication with other people in order to obtain news from them. A reporter must be both a
willing listener and an alert poser of questions.

Nowadays newspapers generally seek employees for all editorial and journalistic jobs, who have had at least
some college education.

Many editors insist upon a graduation degree as the minimum educational requirement for all reporters they
hire. The diploma in journalism is desirable but is not absolutely essential.

Nevertheless, an applicant who is well trained in liberal arts, with emphasis on the language of the newspaper
and political science, is welcome in most newspapers.

Some of those who join this career can also specialise in a particular branch of journalism like news reporting,
editorial work, photography, feature writing, sports reporting, writing for TV and Radio, criticism, magazine
writing etc.

Reporting and desk-work are two main divisions of newsroom work. Reporting includes gathering and writing
news and feature stories.

Desk-work includes the preparation for printing of the writing material and photographs submitted by the
reporters, photographers and the news agencies.

The persons who do the desk-work are called the editors. Some men and women nd their greatest
satisfaction in being reporters all their lives probing for information, being close to the event as they happen
and mingling with the people who make the news.

Few laymen have any concept of the inside workers of newspapers who really put the paper together. In fact,
even the desk experience is quite necessary for top jobs. Similarly, few desk men are successful unless they
have had a thorough grounding in reporting. Only in this way they can know the problems a reporter faces on
a story and can give him useful suggestions.

A beginner can start city hall beat reporter for the small daily, he may also start as the telegraph editor
handling the news wire and writing headlines. If he chooses the reporting path and sticks to reporting, then he
may graduate eventually to a metropolitan reporting sta .

If he selects the editing path, he may advance to a large paper copy desk. Or, in either capacity, he may
remain with the small daily and soon rise to the editorial management status.

Some persons prefer to become specialists and do their reporting in one speci c eld. The women’s page of a
modern daily o ers many opportunities for stimulating writing; the sports page has also been a great
attraction for young reporters. Business news is also a speciality of many papers. Some big papers also o er
opportunities to critical reviewers of lm, television, the drama and books.

There are also many opportunities to specialise in one of the broader general news areas; politics, science,
labour, religion, urban problems, social work, and public help.

Although news reporting is the most glamorous and best-publicised part of newspapers work, there are many
other opportunities available for young men and women on the editorial page, advertising and sales, copy-
writing, circulation, photograph, promotion, public relations etc. in a newspaper.

Many young men and women join certain small newspapers or magazines even to do the subordinate or
secretarial work.

After obtaining a foothold in the newspaper work they rise up to high posts due to their merits and
quali cations, because after working in the o ces of these newspapers and magazines they acquire a lot of
practical experience in the eld of journalism.

Some persons, while working in subordinate positions, increase their educational and professional
quali cations by attending part-time evening courses or through correspondence courses.

Although academic or professional education is not an essential requirement for a successful career in
journalism yet some academic quali cation is desirable as a minimum so that a person can write correctly and
uently.

Possession of a university degree may be quite advisable for those who want to achieve rapid progress in the
eld of journalism or who want to reach the top jobs. Some newspapers also demand a minimum
quali cation of Bachelor degree or its equivalent for the new entrants.
A young man or woman who possesses the minimum educational quali cation and the aptitude for
journalistic work should apply to some newspaper or magazine o ce. If a person has already done some
writing work, it will be considered as an additional quali cation.

There is no doubt that a brilliant person possessing a good educational quali cation and an aptitude for
writing work, will not nd much di culty in securing a position or job in some newspaper or magazine o ce.
Some newspapers may also o er the post of trainee or a junior reporter in the beginning for six months or
one year. If a person wants to join this profession, he may accept even this o er.

To start with the salary o ered may not be very high, but as a person gathers experience and pro ciency in
writing, he will be able to obtain rapid promotions and a good salary due to his ability and e ciency.

Social Service in Modern Society

In a world lled with injustices and incredibly complex, pressing challenges, we need people who are
committed to making a di erence in the lives of people within their communities more than ever before, and
that’s precisely where social workers come in.

Through their commitment to bringing about positive social change, helping individuals of all ages thrive in
their local environment and being an advocate for those who have lost their voice, social workers play a
prominent role in improving the lives of those who need it most.

Though they work with both children and adults in vulnerable or disadvantaged populations, the bene ts of a
social worker’s service are especially evident in children. Without the help of a passionate social worker,
countless children would have gone without the support and guidance they needed in order to lead the
healthy, ful lling life they deserve.

Social workers are critical members of society who work diligently to relieve su ering and better the lives of
any and all people in need. Behind every person or family going through a di cult challenge in life – whether
it’s poverty, addiction, abuse, unemployment, disability, mental illness, discrimination or anything else – is a
social worker waiting to help.

But just because they’re standing by and ready to help doesn’t mean they’re going to do all the legwork
themselves. Instead, social workers work closely with their clients to help them discover new and innovative
ways to resolve or cope with the challenges they face in life, thereby giving them the knowledge, skills and
empowerment they need in order to improve their circumstances and overall life.

In order to serve as a professional social worker, one must rst obtain a bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral
degree in social work or social service and undergo the required number of supervised eldwork hours. Social
workers have the ability to work with all types of people in virtually all realms of society, including Schools,
Mental Health Clinics, Hospitals, Private Practices, Prisons, Military, Corporations, Public Agencies, Private
Agencies, And Virtually Anywhere Else There Are People in Need

If you’re passionate about helping others, you’d like to play a role in forming a fairer and juster society and
you’re ready to be a voice for those who are vulnerable and/or disadvantaged, social work may be the perfect
career eld for you.

The Advantages of Modern Technology

Today, technology is very important because it is used for almost everything and like everything, technology
has advantages and disadvantages.

In the world today, people cannot live without technologies such as televisions, mobile phones, computers
and others.

These technologies have slowly taken an essential part in people’s day-to-day lives and being without them
would be unimaginable for some of us.

To understand technology, one must know what it provides in terms of advantages, but also disadvantages.
First, the evolution of technology is bene cial to humans for several reasons. At the medical level, technology
can help treat more sick people and consequently save many lives and combat very harmful viruses and
bacteria.

The invention of the computer was a very important point. Communication is thus enhanced, and companies
can communicate more easily with foreign countries. Research is also simpli ed.

For companies, progress in implementing strategic technology trends is helping them save time and
therefore, money. Exchanges are faster especially with the internet. Sales and purchases are now facilitated
and possible worldwide. This allows businesses to buy raw materials with discounts or at reduced prices.
Similarly, global tourism has grown.

Technology has also increased the productivity of almost every industry in the world. Thanks to technology,
we can even pay with bitcoins instead of using banks. The digital coin has been such a game-changing factor,
that many realised that this is the right time to open a bitcoin demo account.

When observed more closely, new things are discovered every day. Let’s take for instance when radio waves
were discovered, radio broadcasts followed suit almost immediately. The same applies to television and
electricity. If no one had discovered that electricity could be generated, then the entertainment industry
wouldn’t be at its current stage of development.

Technology improves daily lives; allowing to move physical storage units to virtual storage banks and more.
Scientists of the time are also able to send astronauts to the moon thanks to technology.

Poverty
Poverty is a lack of basic human needs like health, education, clean water, nutrition etc. It is a condition in
which one income is not su cient enough to ful l his basic needs. It is a curse and something like nobody
would want to own.

In Pakistan it is not a yesterday born issue, it is eating up Pakistan and now it has spread out its circle to a
larger radius now. Historically it began just with independence because of a lack of proper resources at that
time. In 1980 there was a slight decline in its level but the level again risen up after 1990 and till now it is rising
with uctuation of time.

Currently, about 35% of Pakistan population lives below the line of poverty. Mostly people of rural areas live
below the line of poverty and two-thirds of our population lives in rural areas. The scenario is also not
di erent in urban areas where 40% population of the urban area live below the line of poverty. Currently,
poverty is the cause behind many critical problems in Pakistan on one hand but it is also an outcome of many
other problems.

There are a lot of reasons behind poverty. Most people blame politics and politicians as one of the reasons for
prevailing poverty. Some call it lack of good leadership, some call it bad government policies and some call it
bad politics but they all are the same in one. Politicians are sometimes not sincere for the eradication of
poverty and some do not have a proper plan for its solution.

The policies adopted by the di erent government only cause a little uctuation in the level of poverty but the
condition of people remains the same every time. Bad governance also relates to corruption in poverty.
Corruption has totally engulfed every o ce of Pakistan is now not considered as a sin but as right. It has
gripped the country from highest level to lowest level so that leads to a weak economy and ultimately to
poverty. 

Bad law and order is another situation for which the government can be blamed as it is also caused by
poverty. Law and order situation is getting worse because the government doesn’t seem to be quali ed to
solve this issue. Law and order and protests are a ecting the business directly because businessmen do not
feel safe to carry out their business and the economy gets weak and poverty gets stronger.

The war against terror is provoking safety issues in Pakistan and poverty is proportional to safety issues
naturally. Lack of standard education causes poverty because education makes people aware of everything
which could be used e ciently with education. People here in Pakistan don’t have good business knowledge
and they don’t know which business could lead to greater income for them so lack of education is also the
leading cause of poverty in Pakistan. 

Fluctuated foreign investments also increasing poverty level in Pakistan, people invest a lot in Pakistani
markets and economy ows with it but when they get their investments out of Pakistan the economy su ers
and so do people of Pakistan in the form of poverty. Pakistan trend of increasing imports strategy is also
worth mentioning here because she imports a lot of products which costs a lot even those products which can
be produced with a little planning are imported from other countries on high prices. It certainly causes
in ation and poverty.
As the government is behind most of these problems privatization is a problem which causes poverty.
Government is not quali ed to tackle the administration of the major institutions of the country so the only
solution which comes to its mind is privatization. When these institutions are run by the private sector the
economy gets weaker day by days like PIA and railways seems to be privatized and they are partially
privatized.

Other things related to poverty are our bad morality, sense of responsibility and social bonding. Pakistan
moral culture is getting worse day by day, people in Pakistan are not sincere for the eradication of poverty.
People here don’t feel bad about being corrupt, they don’t feel bad when public property is destroyed or when
someone is a threat to the country’s economy. Social bonding is weak in Pakistan they really don’t care for
others problems and issues, all they care about is their own selves they are not honest. They don’t help the
poor and they don’t pay taxes so people themselves are also responsible for rising poverty level.

Poverty is obviously not a good thing it’s a sin. It is the root cause of many problems like diseases, frustration,
hatred, bad law and order, illiteracy and many more. A poor country like Pakistan has not enough resources to
provide proper health standards to its people, peripheries are more worth mentioning about health and
education issue.

First of all the fund allotted by the government is not enough to reach the standard of good health and lack of
education is also the reason people know less about health issues. Education standard is very poor in Pakistan
due to poverty, people can’t a ord here to have a good education only the elite class here has access to a
good education. As education is the solution for many problems of country poverty is the hindrance that
comes in its way. This blend of health and education issues further give birth to many problems at the rate of
a tenth of power as we use in mathematics.

Besides causing social problems in Pakistan poverty is also a ects the country as a whole politically and
diplomatically. Pakistan has lost its respect on an international level due to the poor economy, bad law and
order situation and for the tag of terrorism. Every year Pakistan has to get millions of loans from the IMF and
United States on reckless conditions not in the favour of the country. People of Pakistan are not seen with
respectable eyes internationally. Pakistan has stepped into a war against terrorism because of poverty as one
of its main reason. She lends money from the US in return for cooperation in a war which is not exactly its
own war.

Shortly it can be concluded that poverty has totally engulfed Pakistan in its mouth where the escape is di cult
but not impossible. There are still many ways to get Pakistan out of this disaster. Leadership has got central
importance here, with proper planning and good government policies the problem can be solved. All they
need to do is to appoint competent and wall quali ed economists to help them tackle this issue and obviously,
their sincerity for its solution cannot be ignored as well.

A country economy is the backbone of its country with its solution when it is solved many problems will
automatically. Alone leadership is not enough for its solution. People of Pakstan have too got responsibility
with an equal share. People need to cooperate fully with the government and should be sincere with their
own country and put all their energies for the eradication of poverty.

Election Campaign
During election campaigns, political parties compete to inform voters about their leaders, the issues, and
where they stand on these issues. The democratic theory supposes that participatory democracies are better
served by an informed electorate than an uninformed one.

This has resulted in party campaigns being focused on making sure that their respective supporters and
prospective supporters are well inclined with their main concerns, this is done through manifestoes and other
such documents that outline the key issues a particular party focuses on.

This development in campaigning has led to a renewed interest in analysing successful campaigns.

Smoking is a Bad Habit

There are lots of negative e ects of smoking. Smoking has been proven to be very dangerous for health. As
one cigarette contains more than 4000 chemical substances, therefore, it causes many dangerous diseases
such as heart attacks, asthma, bronchitis or lung cancer.

According to a recent report in Britain close to 3,500 people are killed each year in road accidents and 120,000
are killed by smoking. Furthermore, smoking costs governments millions of dollars because of the large
number of people who need treatment in hospitals for smoking-related problems.

Moreover, passive smoking is also a major concern today. Recent research shows that non- smokers can
su er from health problems if they spend long periods of time among people who do smoke. In the UK
children whose parents are smoke are three times as likely to start smoking themselves.

This world would be a better place without cigarettes. However, the decision of whether to smoke or not to
smoke is for each individual to make. People should not smoke in a room or a place where there are non-
smokers.

Smoking has become very common and fashionable, especially among young boys. This habit usually begins
at school when boys try to experiment with every new thing that they can lay their hands on. Despite the
warnings given by doctors about the ill-e ects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to
it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and pu ng away.

Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make them appear liberated and
broadminded. In the beginning, a teenager may take a few pu s from his friend’s cigarette; then comes a time
when it becomes an indispensable part of his life. Several pu s lead to the formation of a habit. Soon smoking
begins to a ect the health of the smoker. He becomes a chain-smoker. This smoke is toxic and the nicotine in
the cigarette is known to cause cancer.

It is ironic that despite the fact that every smoker is aware of the ill e ects of smoking, he does not give it up.
Tobacco companies are doing very well all over the world. Every packet of cigars or cigarettes has a warning
inscribed in it: cigarette smoking is injurious to health.” Yet the smoker never reads this warning and even if he
reads it he never pays heed to it. The government raises the price of tobacco every year. This is usually done
to discourage people from smoking.

My Last Day at School / College

The rst and last day at school is of unique signi cance for students. My last day at school is still fresh in my
memory. There are many memorable things associated with my school life. Whenever I recall my last day at
school, I become very emotional.

It was a ne day on February 26, 2017. I took my breakfast and wore a special dress and out t. Then I left for
school where calls IX had arranged a farewell party for class X. The hosts warmly welcomed the guests at the
school gates. All of the boys were dressed up in glowing clothes. Everyone was in a gay mood.

The school was o due to the function. So, there were only teachers and the students in the second section.
We were made seated in the school hall which was beautifully decorated. We had had a friendly chat before
the event had started with the recitation of Holy Quran.

The comparer welcomed all the participants. The program was consisted o of a variety of shows. Some
students sang very good songs. A group of students played a comedy-drama which was a marvellous one.
Parody of some famous people was a hit item. Some of our juniors also read farewell poetry. We had a poetry
competition with our juniors. In the end, our honourable headmaster made a speech. He advised all the
students to work hard. He prayed for our success and bright future. A group photo was also taken. 

Then we were served with a hot lunch which consisted of many items. I still remember the festivity of that
occasion. It showed the love of our juniors for us. After that, we all strolled around and had group sel es.

I felt strange when I was standing at the school gate looking at the school building with tears in my eyes. I
could not help crying silently. I had to leave the place I loved and was proud of.  I left for home with a heavy
heart.

Annual Prize Distribution

Prize distribution is one of the most important functions of a school. It is a memorable event in the history of
the institution. It is held and marks the end of the academic year. 

The prize distribution in our school was held in the rst week of March. It was held in the school hall. The
Director of Education was invited to preside over the function. The rooms were whitewashed and cleaned. The
school compound was colourful with ower pots and banners. Maps, pictures and paintings were hung on the
walls. Chairs were arranged for the visitors. The stage was beautifully decorated. 

Prizes were arranged neatly on a separate table. The prize winners sat near the stage. 

The Chief Guest arrived exactly at four. He was warmly received by the principal and other members of the
sta at the gate. The school had played the national song. The scouts gave him a guard of honour. He was
accompanied to the auditorium by the principal and members of the school committee. 

The function started with a song. It was followed by a short drama. The principal read the annual report about
the progress, examination results and extra-curricular activities of the school. The chief guest gave away the
prizes. I also won a prize for standing rst in my class. After that, the chief guest delivered a short speech. He
praised the school for it all-round progress and brought home to the student’s duties and responsibilities. 

The principal thanked the chief guest and the function came to an end amidst cheers.

A Picnic Party
I shall always remember a picnic party that I describe here. I went to a canal (or river) in March last year with
three friends of mine. All of us were on our bicycles, happy like birds and act like soldiers. We started early in
the morning on a Sunday. We took food and fruit and cards with us. Two of us had mouth organs. As we
reached the canal at about 8, we smiled at each other in joy. We were in a mood to enjoy ourselves to our ll
(as much as possible).

First of all, we decided to sit down under a tree to tell jokes. All of us had a pretty big storehouse of jokes that
we emptied. We laughed so much that we forget all our troubles and problems.

Then one of my friends suggested that we have a cycle race of ve kilometres along the road, beside the
canal. After some thought, we jumped on our bicycles and started the race stood second. When we returned
to our starting point, we were quite tired. So we lay down in the sun and rested for half an hour. We had fruit
and felt quite fresh.

Afterwards, we played cards for some time. It was a real pleasure to sit in the open air and play and talk. The
water of the canal was giving sweet musical sound, and it pleased us beyond description.

Just sometime later, one of us said that it was no use sitting down. He said it would be better for them to climb
some trees there. I did not like the idea, as I am not a good climber. But he said that he would himself climb a
tree. He started climbing one with many branches. He reached its. top quite easily. He sat on the treetop and
began laughing at us saying that we might also try to come up. Soon he started coming down. But, as he
reached the middle of the tree, he found it di cult to move. Soon his foot.slipped and he fell down on the
grass. As the ground was soft, he was not injured. He was very serious now, and he forgot all his earlier hits at
us (remarks that he had passed on us).

We sat down on a grassy patch under tall trees and beside thick bushes. Having been tired by the exertion, we
took a long rest. I even lay down and slept for a while. My other we companions also enjoyed some sleep.
When we woke up, we were feeling fresh and active. We washed in the owing water of the canal and then ate
fruit. Then we started playing hide and seek around thick and tall trees. In the afternoon, we had some food
and took further rest. In the evening, we returned home on bicycles, tired but satis ed at heart.

GIRLS SHOULD WRITE ESSAY LIKE THIS

It was a bright sunny day in March last year that our 2nd-year students decided to go on a picnic. We
discussed the picnic programme with our English teacher at the college sunken rose garden. The garden, itself
looked like a picnic spot. But the girls wanted to go to a place outside the city. I suggested Kamran’s Baradari
in the Ravi. It was a romantic idea, and all the class accepted it with loud cheers. Miss Robina, the teacher,
loudly suggested the Jallo Park, but she was at once shouted down. She accepted my idea of Kamran’s
Baradari, and we all were set to start the next day, Friday, on the college bus.

We started for the Ravi on Friday after attending our classes and saying the Friday prayer. In the afternoon,
the overcast sky (covered with clouds) and the cool wind indicated (suggested) the coming of rain. We talked
about it to Miss Robina and Miss Shabina from the college Physics department. They were in an extra-jolly
mood, and they laughed and said that we could run into the Baradari with our games, and food if the rain
came.

All this really happened afterwards. When our boats reached the Baradari, it started drizzling (raining lightly).
Soon the rain stopped altogether. We sat on a green grassy ground shadowed by the most beautiful trees on
earth. We took out our dishes and put the sandwiches and burgers on them. As we were eating, the teachers
asked a few girls to sing favourite lm songs. The girls sang as well as they could. We then asked Miss Robina
to sing her best-loved songs, as everyone knew that she was a perfect singer. She started singing, and we
started. dancing together with Miss Shabina. We photographed each other and the scenes around.

Many of us put our un nished meals in the dishes on the ground. We started playing ludo and cards in groups
and some sat in corners at ease discussing their future plans. And then there was lightning and thunder and a
downpour (sudden heavy rain). We picked up our dishes and ran into the Baradari. I saw Miss Shabina
slipping on the ground hurting herself.

The girls ran to her help and picked her up and carried her indoors. Some half an hour later, the sky cleared
and the sun could be seen sinking in the west. Our teachers asked us to collect our articles and prepare to
return, We did so, and they led, us to the boats into which we jumped in wild passion and joy. We were wet
and tired but were feeling greatly uplifted (in very high spirits) and excited.

Allama Iqbal as a Philosopher

Allama Iqbal, great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was born at Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877. He
descended from a family of Kashmiri Brahmins, who had embraced Islam about 300 years earlier.

Iqbal received his early education in the traditional maktab. Later he joined the Sialkot Mission School, from
where he passed his matriculation examination. In 1897, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degree from
Government College, Lahore.

Two years later, he secured his Master’s Degree and was appointed in the Oriental College, Lahore, as a
lecturer of history, philosophy and English. He later proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having obtained
a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at Munich and nally quali ed as a barrister.

He returned to India in 1908. Besides teaching and practicing law, Iqbal continued to write poetry. He resigned
from government service in 1911 and took up the task of propagating individual thinking among the Muslims
through his poetry.

By 1928, his reputation as a great Muslim philosopher was solidly established and he was invited to deliver
lectures at Hyderabad, Aligarh and Madras. These series of lectures were later published as a book “The
Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam”.

In 1930, Iqbal was invited to preside over the open session of the Muslim League at Allahabad. In his historic
Allahabad Address, Iqbal visualized an independent and sovereign state for the Muslims of North-Western
India. In 1932, Iqbal came to England as a Muslim delegate to the Third Round Table Conference.

In later years, when the Quaid had left India and was residing in England, Allama Iqbal wrote to him conveying
to him his personal views on political problems and state of a airs of the Indian Muslims and also persuading
him to come back. These letters are dated from June 1936 to November 1937. This series of correspondence
is now a part of important historical documents concerning Pakistan’s struggle for freedom.

On April 21, 1938, the great Muslim poet-philosopher and champion of the Muslim cause, passed away. He
lies buried next to the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.

The Teacher who Changed My Life

Teacher Life is an unexpected experience, so full of surprises that nobody knows what will happen the very
next moment, especially when you meet a person who has the ability to change your life in a complete way.

Most of us have met a teacher during our lifetime in school that made a di erence and touched our lives in
some way to make it better and to open our eyes for success. I remember when the rst day of high school
started. I was very nervous and stressed, scared to the point that I didn’t want to be at the school. I had six
classes that I had to attend that day. At the end of the afternoon, I walked in my last class and it was Social
Studies. I usually don’t like this subject but the teacher started to change the way I thought about social
studies.
Now Her name was Mrs Saeeda Javid she impressed me the way she was con dent, and she told us about her
story from high school to college and the success that she gained over the years of studying also the fears that
she had. The bell rang, and the class is over. I stayed after class to talk to her about how I feel and how
stressed I was about school.

She was very nice and she welcomed me. She said, “I’m here for you anytime “. I introduced myself to her, and
I told her how lonely I felt being in school and that I had no one to talk to which make me feel really awkward,
plus that wasn’t everything I was afraid of. I was worried about my classes too because they seemed a little
hard. We talked for about an hour. She was a very good listener. She gave me a lot of advice that I needed at
that time, and she told me to come to her whenever I feel like I need someone to talk to. I came back home
really happy and con dent.

Everything I felt earlier had disappeared. My homework was perfectly done, and I was excited to start my next
day of high school and meet Mrs Saeeda Javid again. Years of high school was about to be over. Mrs Saeeda
Javid walked me to senior year even though I had one class with her.

Through those three years, she taught me a lot of stu . She made from me a man for life, she opened my
eyes for a bright future and made me feel so special, but that wasn’t everything. When senior year started, I
was in need of help and I went to her. I wasn’t sure if I’m going right after I graduate from high school I will go
right after to college and I really wanted to know if I did the right thing or not. She gave me the best words
that actually convinced me to decide what I should do after graduation. She said “through the years that I
knew you, I have always seen you as a successful guy that has a good head on his shoulders, I want you to go
to college and prove to yourself and to me and everybody that you will never fail or take a step back”

Mrs Saeeda Javid has changed my whole life, because of everything she did for me and that I actually listened
to her advice. She played the part where I choose to attend college and look forward to being successful as I
made a promise with her. Mrs Saeeda Javid wasn’t Just a teacher for me, but she was like a mother who really
cares about her son, and she wanted to see me in a good place all the time where I can nd the happiness
and Joy in my life. That’s how I see her in my eyes.

Maybe that could be Just a little about how I feel about her because she is an indescribable person to me. I will
never forget the experience that I had with her and what she taught me through high school years.
Sometimes people appear in our lives suddenly, and they ip it upside down. They change us for better ones,
and that’s what Mrs Saeeda Javid did for my life. I couldn’t be more thankful than any day in my life for having
her. She shaped my life in Just a way that should be shaped.

Do Right and Fear No Man

My moral philosophy is very simple.  From any situation, I can come to a decision of what is the right thing to
do morally, based on the idea of the “Golden Rule”, which is “Treat others as you would want to be treated”.  I
feel like people as a whole aim to do good for one another, so doing the right thing can be very easy if we
keep a positive mindset.

There will always be negativity in life, but if we free our minds from the negativity, hatred, and worry then we
can easily put ourselves in a position to decide if we would like to be treated a speci c way in any
situation. Like anything else, through life experience, I have been able to gain knowledge of certain situations,
so in certain situations, doing the right thing can be easy because I know that I have previously not liked the
outcome of situations. 

In a position to decide if we would like to be treated a speci c way in any situation.  Like anything else,
through life experience, I have been able to gain knowledge of certain situations, so in certain situations,
doing the right thing can be easy because I know that I have previously not liked the outcome of situations. 

In my opinion, the right thing to do morally is to treat everyone with respect.  Generosity is also very
important to me because if people as a whole give more and expect less in return, we will all eventually
bene t from this.  From my own experience, simple things we do in everyday living to help another person
can really set the tone for their entire day, good or bad.  So by being generous to others, I feel like it can
bene t their entire day.

The guiding light of my moral philosophy is the experiences I’ve had while growing up.  I’ve seen what both the
good and bad can do to people and because of this, I have a relatively good idea of how I would want to be
treated in any situation.  If a person experiences too much negativity while growing up, I feel like this blocks
their mind holding a respectful style of living.  Luckily, while I have endured many negative situations growing
up, I have been lucky enough to also surround myself with such positive vibes and a loving family.  Many
people that struggle to treat people respectfully have lacked that positive energy, in my opinion.

When I try to decide whether something is the right thing to do, I use benchmarks that have come up in my
own experience to measure a situation, whether it is my own or someone else’s.  Everyone in life has gone
through their own personal struggles so no one knows what it is like to live another person’s shoes.  I try to
keep this in mind when I’m dealing with other peoples struggles, whether they are my friends, family, or a
complete stranger.  I have a better idea of what the people close to me go through, however, you can never
understand someone else’s life entirely.  Because of this, I try to keep a level of respect and kindness for
others in situations because I don’t know what they have gone through. 

When I see a complete stranger in a bad situation, I usually ask myself whether I would want to see my own
brother, sister, or parent going through what they are going through.  This is something that helps me decide
what I should do in a certain situation.  Once again, the knowledge that I have gained while growing up is
something I hold myself to in everyday situations because it’s the morals that have been handed down to me
from my parents that ultimately shape how I live day to day.

Carrier as a Teacher
There are many professions which man has adopted according to his knowledge and ability. A person can
adopt any profession or business. It depends upon his aptitudes and mental capability. All profession are
equally important for human development. But the teaching is the profession which has lead people on the
high way of progress and prosperity. No development had been possible if there had been no teacher. All the
sciences all the arts and crafts and all the civilizations and cultures are due to the teaching. In fact, teaching is
the noble profession let me call the teaching as a prophetic profession because invariably all prophets are
teachers. They taught and preached the message of God. 

The importance and nobility of this profession is evident from a tradition of Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him)
in which he says “I have been sent to you as a teacher” in another Hadith Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him)
says “He who is neither teacher nor student is not a Muslim” these sayings of Holy Prophet (Peace be upon
Him) show the importance of teaching and learning and prove that a Muslim must be an associated with the
process of teaching. Thus teaching is a great profession.

Teaching as a profession requires a great courage and moral strength, because it is not sound so far as
nancial side is concerned. But as regards the side of honour and dignity teaching is considered a noble and
respected profession. In the east people always had awe and respect for this profession.

Teaching is a noble profession because it deals with the words of God, written on human hearts or in nature
or in the Holy Books. All the secrets of nature have been revealed by the teacher to humanity. All the
messages of God have been communicated by him to mankind. So the teacher is the source of knowledge
and guidance for the human being.

Teaching aims at enlightening and contentment of mind in men. Teaching broadens and illuminates the dark
corners of the human heart and mind. Teaching tries to show humanity the road of progress and prosperity.
Teaching does the work of character building. It re nes the personality of man and rise in him the thirst for
knowledge. Teaching tells the man what is true beauty and goodness. Through the guidance of the teacher,
man drinks from the sources of truth beauty and goodness and tries to incorporate them in life.

It is the profession of teaching which had enabled man to be a scientist, doctor, philosopher, agriculturist,
politician or lawyer. With the help of a teacher, a person leads a successful life. Teaching not only trains a
person for material bene t but it also arranges moral, spiritual and religious training for man. Let me say that
teaching is the profession which shows man the road which leads him to God.

Teacher as a Nation Builder

Teachers can be rightly called a nation builder because it is through their perseverance, love and navigation
towards the right path that great men have built our nation. It is our dear teachers who build our character
and personality, which leads us towards our nal career destination.

Society turns to teachers to build itself and set its future generations up for success so as to lead society in a
positive way. In light of the recently commemorated Teachers’ Day on October 5, I would like to highlight the
signi cance of teachers in our own country, which could use a lot of guidance in the way of betterment.

A teacher also imparts lessons in ethics and morals and serves as an important role model for children,
therefore they must be appreciated and respected while teachers should also realise their importance and
responsibilities’.
Teachers inspire their students to aspire for greater things, and as school is a socialization agent teachers play
an important role in nation building. Teachers ought to be highly respected members of society as they shape
the character of their students. While everyone can be trained it is not all people who gain knowledge and are
willing to learn.

To facilitate knowledge acquisition the input of the teachers is required, and they are well placed to motivate
the learners to work hard work, gain knowledge and be successful. Regardless of whether learners are slow or
fast, teachers instil in them the importance of working hard in what they are good at and being people of high
integrity.

Teachers contribute towards the creation of a prosperous nation when they help to build the future of young
learners. It may be necessary to reform teaching to improve teaching to meet tomorrow’s challenges.
Teaching is like a calling and it is not everyone who has the patience to mould the character of students like
the teachers do.

Con dent young people build nations, and teachers make conscious decisions to inspire the next generation
of leaders. It is not an easy decision for the teachers to continue being in the profession when there are
budget cuts in the education sector and attempts to limit their independence. When schools fail, teachers are
singled out even when detractor signore the factors outside of the teachers control that a ect success in
education.

Knowledge is the basis for national development as decisions are made to improve the well being of the
people. People are skilled to the extent that they gain knowledge and can apply skills. The teachers a ect skills
acquisition and appreciating the role that teachers play fosters knowledge acquisition and moral
development.

A teacher acts as a guide, but they also need to be highly committed to prepare the learners and impart useful
skills on them. Teachers are entrusted with the responsibility of teaching, supporting learning and moral
development. The absence of teachers stunts education and a ects the development of leadership skills
among the youth

Teachers are role models and act as second parents to the young learners, and young students look up to
their teachers for encouragement and inspiration. The role of teachers in civic education and encouraging
civic engagement cannot be ignored as civic participation is associated with willingness to get things done.

Despite the bene ts of having competent and motivated teachers, their e orts are not well appreciated. This
should not be the case and teachers ought to be well trained and respected to have a bigger impact on
students and young adults. Citizens build a nation, but there cannot be active citizens in society if they are not
properly moulded from an early age, as parents and teachers or educators ful l this role.

A good education system builds good teachers and learners, while each nation requires innovative leaders
and relevant education. Now more than ever before knowledge societies make a di erence in building a
nation teachers are not merely transmitters of knowledge, but also supporters of innovative thinking and
competence to meet todays and future challenges. Young learners eventually encounter challenging moments
as they grow older, and school is one of the places where they learn to navigate unknown territories.

Teachers prepare the students to tackle the challenges that they encounter, and as they are exposed to
di erent things they get wiser and are ready to lead from the front. All advanced nations have invested heavily
in education as the leaders understand the importance of education in national development and improving
competitiveness in the economic front.

Teachers are sometimes considered the second parents of a student. A teacher leads a child to gain
knowledge and explore his or her natural or innate interests and abilities. An ideal teacher is a great motivator
who encourages a student to generate a zealous hope to approach and achieve a student’s career goals and
aspirations. A teacher also imparts lessons in ethics and morals and serves as an important role model for
children. With these teacher qualities kept in mind, new teachers should also be trained to work with these
aspects in mind.

Finally, teachers must be appreciated and respected as they perhaps play the most important part in
imparting civic education to students and young adults and must be provided better facilities and incentives
to continue doing so for the development of our nation.

With these teacher qualities kept in mind, new teachers should also be trained to work with these aspects in
mind. Finally, teachers must be appreciated and respected as they perhaps play the most important part in
imparting civic education to students and young adults and must be provided better facilities and incentives
to continue doing so for the development of our nation.

Parents Vs. Professional Teacher

First, let us de ne the term teaching as a process of transmitting useful knowledge from one person to
another. The statement claims that parents are the best in teaching, implying a comparison between
professionally trained teachers and students’ parents, who are not professional teachers themselves.

To discuss Parents Vs. Professional Teacher, it is necessary to enumerate the factors the teaching process
depends on:
1) Whether a teacher possesses the knowledge to be transmitted, and to what extent.
2) Whether a teacher is able to e ectively transmit knowledge to students, or, in other words, how strong are
the pedagogical skills of a teacher?
3) Whether a teacher practises the personal approach or works with students as with a mass.
4) How much time a teacher spends on a single student.

The rst factor should be considered in the context of a particular kind of knowledge, while the other three
may be considered out of this context. Let us analyze the last three factors rst.

In most cases, trained teachers are more pro cient in pedagogy because they have got the appropriate
training. So, regarding this factor, professional teachers are better than parents.

The factor of using the personal approach could be related to the presence of pedagogical skills, but it makes
sense to distinguish it as a separate factor, and further analysis reveals why. In most cases one’s parents will
teach their child exactly that is necessary for him or her, while not every teacher works with one’s students
personally. So, here parents are more promising if none of the other factors is taken into account.

Concerning the time one can spend working with a student, it strongly depends on the teacher’s load, e.g., the
number of students in the class, and on the opposite side, it depends on how much time parents can spend at
home. The teacher’s load depends on a particular school, syllabus, and so forth. The time a parent can spend
at home depends on the kind of job one has. It is hard to say who is the best in general if take into account
only this factor.

To analyze the impact of the rst factor, let us classify the types of knowledge.
a) A fundamental knowledge, which includes knowledge of how to walk, to speak, to brush one’s teeth, and so
forth.
b) School-Level knowledge.
c) A special college- or university-level knowledge.

Every adult person possesses fundamental knowledge, so here neither professional teachers nor parents
have an advantage. But not every parent may still have a good knowledge of everything that is being taught at
school, though some parents have. And it’s much less probable, that parents possess the knowledge being
taught at the college or university their child is studying at. So, the more speci c the knowledge, the more
advantageous professional teachers are.

In each particular case, it is necessary to consider at least all the factors listed above to answer the question of
who is the best in teaching – professional teachers or student’s parents. A universal answer to this question
doesn’t exist.

A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing

We live in the age of super ciality every one wants to show that he is learned yet even he is shallow. The
methods of showing that one is learned are interesting. One of them is to ignore all that others know. Another
is to ignore the commonplace and concentrates on something odd and out of the way.

If somebody begins to discuss Jan Eyre our Wuthering heights say that you prefer the tenant o wild fell Hall. In
this way, you will easily acquire a reputation for profound learning is the pitfall in to which the journalist in
particular always falls. He must write airily of odd and remote in order to cancel his ignorance of the near and
the classical. He has no leisure. His profession makes him acquainted with a mass of miscellaneous and
haphazard knowledge which he compelled to reproduce in his articles with an air of knowing everything. The
journalist is tempted to be readable and so he always tries to be original and unusual.

Is the Pierian suited for everyone? Can every one drink deep of it? The philosopher or the moral of science
may do so with safety but of others, the Pierian spring makes my prigs.
Aldous Huxley is an essay in “Along the Road” gives an amusing account of an exhibition of arts and crafts
which he saw at Munich. In that exhibition every applied art was represented furniture jewellery, ceramics and
textile “The Germans” says Aldous Huxley know more about artistic styles of the past than any other people in
the world and their art today is about as hopeless deary as any national art called well be. Its badness is in
mathematical terms as a function of learned ness. This could be seen from such exhibitions as these. A
Mexican pot decorated with Moorish arabesques, a black Forest peasant table standing on Egyptian legs,
learning may be good for poets, politicians, philosophers had a business, men for the artist it is bad.

Good art demands inverse concentration and excessive knowledge tend that make the type of concentration
that art demands di cult.

For the super cial knowledge of our own times, other things are responsible also. Men nowadays have
become so mercenary that they are not willing to undertake any serious work that does not pay. Intellect is
valued only as a key to material prosperity. “He wastes his money on books. What good are they to him? He is
a carpenter, not a schoolmaster. Men do not realize that the brain is not a tool or exploiting our fellow men
but. To follow knowledge like a sinking star beyond the most bound of human thought. The French have a
beautiful phrase “la joie de vivire” parallel to we can invent other “la joie de savoir” the joy of knowledge is all
unknown to money makers.

There are certain theories and dogmas which have diverted man and women from the pursuit of knowledge
and make them content with their ignorance and stupidity. Religious teachers have made most of the
dogmas. They have taught that man has a body and soul, but they have forgotten that man has, the mind
also. Saint Basil is reported to have remarked very frankly “it is a matter of no interest to as whether the earth
is a sphere or a cylinder or a disc.

With this exaltation of stupidity and ignorance, it is no wonder that we su er from all shortcomings of little
knowledge. Take such a glaring social evil of our country as early marriage. People marry early because so-
called religions books have recommended this practice. They have to quote chapter and verse to support this
idea. I call this one of the instances of little knowledge let them go behind the book into the mind of the
author who made it. If they drank deeper of the Pierian spring they would be compelled to throw away early
marriage.

Knowledge is long and life is short and even the best of us must be content to have only a little of it. If we
could live for hundreds of years instead of a few deeds we could not have enough time to acquire all the
knowledge that there is. All the ills of humanity arise from ignorance. With knowledge, we can at least
overcome ignorance.

A quotation from A-Houseman in which he praises the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is worth
pondering over. “Other desires perish in their grati cation but the desire of knowledge never the eve is not
satis ed with seeing nor the ear lled with hearing, other desires become the occasion of pain through death
of the material to gratify them but not the desire of knowing the some of the things to be known is
inexhaustible and however long we read we shall never come to the end of story books. So long as the mind
of man is what is it will continue to excite in advancing on the unknown throughout the in nite eld of the
universe, and the tree of knowledge will remain forever, as it was, in the beginning, a tree to be desired to
make me wise”.

The above-stated facts show that we should not be satis ed with what we have learnt. Because our
knowledge is limited and knowledge itself is vast.

People Do Not Lack Strength; They Lack

Will
The quote above was by Victor Hugo.

You look at the chocolate cake in the shop; one voice in your head says go on, buy it; the other voice in your
head says no, there are far too many calories in that cake, buy something else. Which voice will you take
notice of? Will you buy that cake or will you buy a healthy alternative? Many people nd it di cult to stick to a
diet, exercise regularly, cut down their alcohol intake or stop ashing that credit card. It really all comes down
to willpower. How much willpower do you have? Can you say no?

There have been studies done to prove that your willpower is a limited resource and each of us only has so
much of it. I remain to be convinced. Yes, these researchers came up with theories, but they were probably
paid for their work and had to come up with something interesting. I may be totally wrong and I haven’t read
the results in detail so if I am I apologise.

I still think there is a huge link between willpower and reward. If you stop smoking and save up the money you
would have spent and a partner says they will match what you save, that’s a massive incentive for you to stop
smoking. You could buy yourself a new wardrobe; you could go on a fabulous holiday; so there’s more chance
of you succeeding. If you go on a diet, you will do better if a friend diets with you and you both join a slimming
club. That holds for exercising too; go to the gym with a buddy and you will support each other and there will
be less chance of you giving up. You will help encourage each other and celebrate when you drop that dress
size and you can go shopping for that new out t.

Motivation can be the key to success. When you begin a new challenge, you are all red up and enthusiastic so
the results are very positive. As time passes, you get disillusioned, progress is slow, that’s when you might give
up. You need to set new goals, new targets and reward yourself each time you reach them. Perhaps you can
go to the theatre, have a meal or something else that would keep you motivated and on track.

There is always the danger that you may replace one bad habit with another. People who give up smoking
invariably put on weight. It’s not that smoking keeps them thin, it’s just that they reach for food when they
would have been reaching for a cigarette.

Sleep is important. If you are tired you become irritable and again more likely to give up. Try to make sure you
get a good quality sleep at night. You may have to change your routine or try the warm baths etc. If you are
alert and refreshed you will be able to stay focussed and not give up.

Some people nd it easy to exercise their willpower, but many more struggle. The more successful you are the
easier it will be. So yes you can do it. Give yourself a treat and encourage your family and friends to help you
too. Good luck. Don’t be like Oscar Wilde who said: “The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.” Be
like Benjamin Franklin, “Energy and persistence conquer all things.”

Life is not worth the Price We Pay for it

What toll does it take, over time, if you get too little sleep; skip breakfast or settle for something unhealthy;
struggle with a relentlessly challenging commute; attend meeting after meeting with no breaks in between;
pump yourself up through the day with multiple cups of co ee or sugary snacks; deal with hundreds of emails
that accumulate in your inbox; remain at your desk for lunch if you eat lunch at all; push through fatigue in the
afternoon; head home at night feeling exhausted, but continue to check email through the evening; work on
the weekends; and limit your vacations to no more than a week or two, if you vacation at all?

Consider the story of the boiling frog. It may or may not be true, but the point it makes certainly is. Toss a frog
into a pot of boiling water and it instinctively jumps out, self-protectively. Next, place the frog into a pot of cool
water. Not surprisingly, it swims around, happily. Now heat the water up very gradually and what does the
frog do? It acclimates to untenable circumstances — and slowly cooks. The frog doesn’t notice what’s
happening to him until it’s too late.

We’re experiencing the same phenomenon. Facing ever more demand, complexity and uncertainty, our initial
response is to push ourselves harder and more relentlessly, without taking account of the costs we’re
incurring.

Physiologically, we move into hyperarousal — ooding our bodies with stress hormones such as adrenalin
and cortisol. It’s an automatic response to the experience of threat, and it provides an instant source of
energy.

“Allostatic load” is a term coined by the neuroscientist Bruce McEwen that refers to the physiological
consequences — most especially on the brain — of chronic exposure to relentless demand. When ght-or-
ight hormones circulate in our body for too long, keeping our arousal high, they become toxic — not just
physically, but also emotionally and mentally.

The most immediate problem with the ght-or- ight state is that our pre-frontal cortex begins to shut down.
We become reactive rather than re ective. We lose precisely what we need most in these complex times: the
capacity to think analytically and imaginatively; to embrace nuance and paradox rather than choosing up sides
and to take a long-term perspective rather than making the most expedient choice.

It’s not good for us, and it’s not good for companies.

The antidote, well understood by trauma researchers, is to give people practical and speci c ways to lower
their physiological arousal — to get out of ght or ight. If you’re hyperaroused — and vast numbers of us are,
much of the time — you must learn rst how to regularly relax your body. Only then is it possible to calm your
emotions, quiet your mind and make wiser choices?

In the trauma community, it’s called self-soothing. In the workplace, it’s about using simple strategies to bu er
relentless demand by taking more conscious and regular care of our most basic needs.

Our most fundamental physical needs, beyond food, are to move and to rest. Sleep is the foundation of
physical energy. All but a tiny percentage of us require at least 7-8 hours a night to feel fully rested and even
small amounts of sleep deprivation take a signi cant cognitive toll.
We also operate best when we take renewal breaks at least every 90 minutes during the day. Breathing deeply
for as little as a minute, for example, can completely clear the body of cortisol.

Movement is a second, more active way to change channels and to build physical capacity. The best way to
move is to regularly challenge our current comfort zone — to push our heart rate into the aerobic and
anaerobic zones at least four times a week, for at least 20 minutes at a time, and to train with weights at least
twice a week.

Even if you don’t do that, it’s immensely valuable to get up and move at least several times during the day —
and even better, to get outside. Above all, our goal should be to increase our oscillation over the course of the
day — moving between relaxation at one end, and more active forms of energy expenditure at the other.

At the emotional level, our core need is to feel safe, secure and valued. The most reliable way to ensure that
happens is to move exibly between valuing, appreciating and taking care of others — which builds trust and
appreciation — and taking care of ourselves. One without the other is insu cient. We need to regularly refuel
ourselves with positive emotions just as much as we need to renew ourselves physically. The more attentive
we are to meeting these core needs, the less likely we are to feel overwhelmed and exhausted, and the more
sustainably high-performing we’re capable of becoming.

Disadvantages of Deforestation
Deforestation occurs when forest land is cleared, usually to harvest the timber or clear space for agricultural
operations. More than 25 per cent of the land on Earth is covered by forests, but millions of hectares of this
ecosystem are destroyed every year, according to the University of Michigan.

Over half of the world’s forests are found in just seven countries: Brazil, Canada, China, the Democratic
Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Russia, and the United States. Therefore, while the disadvantages of
deforestation are global, the decision to clear forest land belongs to only a handful of governments.

The disadvantages to deforestation are an increased amount of carbon dioxide emissions and soil erosion as
well as the destruction of forest habitat and the loss of biological diversity of both plants and animals.

During photosynthesis, trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, convert it into
sugar molecules, and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
Forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and help mitigate the greenhouse e ect.

When trees are cut down, the carbon dioxide they previously absorbed and stored is released back into the
atmosphere. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 per cent of the carbon dioxide
released into the atmosphere is due to deforestation and the decay of trees and other biomass.

The roots of plants anchor soil to the ground. When deforestation occurs, topsoil erosion increases because
there are no roots to hold the soil in place, and no vegetation to break the force of falling rain.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, half of the world’s topsoil has eroded away within the past 150 years.
Erosion washes soil into nearby waterways, where the increased sedimentation and pollution damages
marine habitats and a ects local populations that sh or drink from the water source.

Additionally, the erosion of topsoil decreases soil fertility and hurts the very agricultural e orts that are often
the impetus for deforestation. In the Amazon rainforest, pasture and cropland dominate the clearcut sections
of forest. Sedimentary runo from deforested areas contaminates rivers, a ecting everyone who uses that
water.

Deforestation fractures forest habitat. Animals use trees for food, shelter, and nesting sites. Without trees,
animals must nd other places to survive or they will perish. Animal populations su er dramatic losses when
their natural habitat is altered.

In tropical rainforests, where species diversity is highest, habitat fragmentation and loss can have signi cant
e ects on animal populations. For example, deforestation threatens the habitats of the howler monkey in the
Amazon rainforest and the northern spotted owl in the Paci c Northwest region of the United States.

Forests provide homes for numerous animal species, but they are also home to countless plant species.
Scientists at the University of Michigan estimate that only one per cent of the plant species in tropical
rainforests have been screened for potential medicinal use.

Of the small percentage of plants that have been studied, several have proven to have medicinal bene ts. For
example, medicine made from a species of wild periwinkle growing in Madagascar’s forests is now being used
to treat patients with leukaemia and other forms of cancer.

Deforestation threatens future scienti c discoveries of species that could be useful to mankind.

Advertisement – It’s Advantages &

Disadvantages
‘Necessity is the mother of invention’ is an oft-quoted saying. But nowadays the reverse of it is truer. In
modern business, ‘invention’ is the mother of necessity.

In this age of machinery, new things are produced every day. The market is created for these things through
advertisement Businessmen advertise their goods in various ways and thus spread a knowledge of their
goods among the customers.

It is through an advertisement that people begin to feel a need for even those goods of which they had never
heard before. Advertisement creates demand. it is the backbone of commerce and Industry. No business can
stay in the business world without advertisement. A successful businessman is one who snatches away money
from even the most miserly and reluctant customer. Thus, the business world rotates on the pivot of
advertisement.

As the world is progressing, so the means of advertisement are also increasing. We all know that big poster is
pasted on the walls, and handbills are distributed to advance the sale of goods. Walls are painted and big
signboards are displayed on crossings and prominent places to serve this purpose. In the cinema hall, rst of
all, we see the advertisement slides.

A major part of the daily newspapers is full of advertisement. ‘Situations Vacant’, ‘Tender Notice’, ‘Educational’,
‘Lost and Found’, ‘Matrimonial’, cinema advertisements, and advertisements of so many other commodities
are regular features of all newspapers. Radio and Television also are being used as a means of commercial
advertisement.

A good advertisement must have certain qualities. First, it should be based on human psychology. A thing
meant for ladies, should be advertised in such a way that they are attracted towards it. If men are to be
customers, then it should appeal to their tastes. Goods for di erent income groups should be advertised,
taking into consideration their purchasing power. A motor car is a thing for the rich. Its advertisement must be
touching the mentality of the rich. Usha Sewing Machine should be advertised in such a way that the family
man, with ordinary income, may feel the economic advantages of the investment of his money on it.

Secondly, advertisements should be attractive. This is very essential. People look towards an advertisement
only if it is eye-catching. Good, interesting pictures are very e ective form this point of view. We all know
about ‘Sanforised cloth’. The advertisements to show that the quality of the cloth displays a man wearing a
suit of non-sanforized cloth. He appears funny and uncomfortable as his suit has gone out of t by washing.
Another man is shown wearing a suit of ‘Sanforised cloth’. How smart and active he appears. We immediately
learn that ‘Sanforised cloth’ is best because it does not shrink. So a good advertisement must be interesting,
attractive and eye-catching. But proper sanctity must be maintained and unnecessary exposure must be
avoided. It must also be frequently repeated, otherwise people forget all about the goods advertised.

People do not like to waste their time on things which do not concern them. So to be successful, the
advertisement must be brief. Long descriptive stories or certi cates of praise about certain thing do not make
a good advertisement. This is an important point in advertising and a good advertiser must keep it in mind.

Advertisements are not concerned with the good or bad quality of goods. Even the most injurious goods are
advertised these days. Advertisements for undesirable drugs and medicines and indecent literature, so
common. They simply cheat the public. So we should be careful while purchasing an advertised article. We
should use our own mind, instead of blindly following the advice of the advertisement.

In our country, the art of advertising is in its infancy. in progressive countries, like America, big business
concerns have specialists and experts for this purpose. They spend huge amounts of money on
advertisement. But it is not so in our country. Some businessmen consider their products to be very superior.
They think advertisement unnecessary. This is undesirable. To get success in business every big or small
business-concern must make e ective use of the art of advertising goods. To run a business without its aid is
not possible in the modern age.

Computer in the Service of Humanity

Computers are now a fact of life. Computers have created a very e ective information system to help
streamline the management of an organization. This makes it a much-needed tool for every business,
banking, government, entertainment, daily life, industry, education, and administration. It can be said of all
large organizations, whether the department government or private, use a computer for a variety of their daily
business and it is the fastest growing industries in the world today.

Each organization usually has one or more large computer systems and a number of microcomputers. The
system is a great computer for data processing tasks, while many small microcomputers to use like word
processing. Computers have become part of our lives is essential. In general, the use of computers can be
divided into several groups.

The rst extensive data processing in order to avoid abuse of the workload while increasing the e ectiveness
of trade and industry. Both as a prediction for decision-makers on the planning, development, and growth
based on past data. In addition, it also as a means of control and non-power electric system based on our
needs, such as closing the air conditioner if the temperature is lower and save energy, connecting the parts
and so on. It is also a link to link data around the world in a short time.

For the elds of use mentioned above, the programs needed to be developed, tested and implemented on a
computer. The various programs should be written and linked to form a system for speci c tasks. In general,
the system means that the software and hardware. As the system -the system used to process the data or
information, call our information systems.

It is known that the rapid growth of computer usage time. In all areas have been using computers to launch a
business.

The use of computers among maximum practised in the eld of business. In fact, small businesses also use
the computer as there are now very cheap microcomputers. Business organizations now have a number of
facts and a lot of numbers to be processed. So many businesses have started using the computer, for
example, to calculate the salary, to identify the goods sold and are still in stock, to issue and send or receive
business statements, letters, invoices and more.

The use of computers and o ce equipment to assist other managers, clerks, and the management of o ce
automation mentioned. One of them is a word processing type of electronic method that enables us to
produce and edit letters, reports, documents, and other than work in a few seconds to type manually.

Many of the o ce to produce standard letters, such as payment of the balance, invitations and more. In
addition, local business organizations to use computers to create, save, and send envoys to a particular place.
The advantages of using computers in this area, clearly it is very important in a business organization.

Processing data involving savings accounts, xed deposits, loans, investments, pro tability analysis, and so on
are among the organizations operating a budget. The measures used are standard and recurrent. And with
that, the nancial institution is the rst user is aware of the importance of computers to save time. Use of
nancial institutions including electronic fund transfer activities, for example, a bank has a terminal in each
branch in the country and also in supermarkets, petrol stations, schools, factories, homes, hotels, and so on.

The company will move employees’ salary into the account by entering employee identi cation numbers then
pay the money transferred into the account supermarkets, hotels, or gas station when making a purchase.
Money transfer facility is referred to the electronic transfer of money is very e ective to use is a safe and quick
method for nancial transactions.

With the facility, known as ETC is also individual can issue, transfer, and include cash or checks to the current
balance at any time. Clearly, the main purpose of the use of computers in nancial institutions can assist in
arranging the a airs of clients and provide services better and more e cient, reduce fraud in nancial
transactions also eliminate cash transactions involving the community with the goal to create a cashless
society.

The industry is a lot of bene t from the use of computers and the development of a human machine that
‘robot’. Industrial production, for example, requires a lot of computers to process data collected from
employees, customers, sales, product information, production schedules, and so on. Yes said the computer
used to control the production process.

Especially the production of information processing inventory control to keep the latest information about the
remaining inventory of raw materials and nished goods used to determine the value of inventory and stock
status. This computer can alert the sta involved if he should order the raw materials and when to deliver the
goods completed to the customer.

Similarly, to store information about the structure of an item, but the material requirement planning
processes also use computers to facilitate the work. Appear in the computer industry is very broad and also
a ect the development of industry in a country.
Now in this era of science and technology become more advanced, the computer may take over the role of
books in the store and disseminate knowledge to the public. In other words, the computer will change the way
we learn and the way we store knowledge. Hal-related matters such as student registration, class scheduling,
processing of examination results, students ‘and teachers’ personal storage can be implemented by a
computer with a fast and e ective in helping the administration. Now exams results were processed by
computer. The IPT also the duties of o ce automation, processing, scienti c research results and also use the
computer. In fact, cataloguing books in libraries also apply to computer use.

Last but not least is used for teaching and learning process is not only at institutions of higher learning in the
schools, both for teaching and studying computer-assisted education on computer is very emphasized that in
the eld of education for helping in the administrative process, research is what is important is the ease and
help students and teachers in the teaching and learning.

Hospitals and clinics use computers to store patient records, scheduling doctors, nurses and other personnel,
inventory and purchase of medicines, medical research and medical diagnosis. Applications of computer-
based equipment or use of information technology have help doctors to diagnose diseases. It is clear that the
use of computers in the medical eld to provide solutions to complex problems.

Among the new computer technology that provides assistance to those who are disabled. Microprocessor-
based voice systems assist people with disabilities speaking with a terminal that directs the computer to
perform a verbal task. Similarly, the development of computers has helped the blind to see, the deaf to
communicate, whether with the help of speech synthesizer or using the keyboard. This can help them become
more active and can do what they could not do before. Besides works of traditional data processing, such as
issuing bills of patients, medical statistics and scheduling of sta and others have also streamlined and
processed by computer.

Hospital Information System that is used can be stored in a centralized patient database. In fact, the use of
information technology the computer is programmed to culture and analyze bacteria, viruses, and other
infectious agents to automatically detect and identify a disease thus enabling the hospitals and laboratories to
begin treatment. For example, the Computer Help Demography machine (Computer Aided Demography, CAT)
used for the purpose. Similarly, computers are used for a patient to oversee psychological variables such as
blood pressure, body temperature, ECG (Electro-Cardiograph) and sounded a warning if something unusual
happens.

For this purpose the computer to read di erent variables and make comparison with standard values. If there
is something extraordinary happens the computer will draw the attention of doctors and nurses to issue a
warning. Clearly, it was found that the computer has a wide range of accommodation in the medical eld.

Computers have been used in the legislative process in recent years. The use of the most important is the
preparation of documents using a word processor. The use of computer accounting legislation also includes
processing to produce weekly and monthly reports, keep records of payments consulting, the diary for the
latest attorney information consumers about the various court procedures and also to keep records of users.

As this area is very complicated, it is the need to retrieve the required information either on the journal of law,
an important case, scale, and statistics or important decisions for the purpose of making the decision to retain
legal data bank. Thus the use of one computer will help lawyers and trainee lawyers and law students nd
relevant data without wasting time and get better service.

Government sector is one of the largest users of computer usage practices in implementing administrative
matters. All the necessary data can be obtained in a short time such as information about people, services,
economic planning, and land development projects and for planning and decision making. Through long-term
weather forecasting computer can now be done. With tie loss of life can be because of better information and
faster.

“The success of Neil Am strong on July 23, 1969 landing on the moon is also made possible with the help of
computers used to design spacecraft, space for clothes astronauts, and ight schedules”. This shows the very
important use of computers in the eld of space transportation. Service tax and income tax collection were
simpli ed by using the computer. Keeping records of taxpayers who do it manually, and bring many problems
have been addressed with the use of computer and services can make the task more e ciently and quickly.

Similarly, in the military, use of computer store inventory held until the war simulation on the screen.
Computers are also used to follow the movement of the enemy in the border areas. Tra c ow can be
managed e ectively by detecting the direction of tra c using the many tools of detection. In this way, if there
are more vehicles from one direction, the computer will let the green light goes on for a suitable period of
time.

“In the eld of transport, Cosmos- 11 introduced by Mass by providing facilities for passengers to know the
status including those booking hotel reservations, from anywhere in the world”. Similarly, business owners
and vehicle registration can be performed with the use of computers. Many of all administrative a airs are
managed by using the computer. This not only saves time but can do all things more practical.
Now the computer can be programmed to play music. Places of entertainment with music controlled by
computer are cheaper and can be used at any time. Computers are also used to arrange the order of dance
and music. Each game requires movement. Movement can best be obtained by a detailed analysis of a
physical system.

Computers also can be programmed to depict images of high quality. Drawing using the computer speeds up
the process of creating. The work of art can be done and made a review in a short time compared with
traditional Kedah. Cartoon lms produced by computers have grown so widely.

Microcomputer use also home to control the safety and control of air conditioning and lighting. The use of
computers in the home allows housewife to get the latest information about fashion and can make orders to
use supermarket with and video. In addition to budget planning and inventory at home. This is all to do with a
microcomputer that is connected to the national data bank. Children can use computers to learn about school
subjects or educational games. But it is clear that computers have become machines of information in our
society.

The rapid development of science and technology has changed the pattern of life now. Everything, processing,
gathering information, or any aspects of the various areas that were previously done manually, which gives a
lot of risks has to be made more e ective, faster, and more practical with the application or use of information
technology or computer. Covering the use in various elds including business, nancial institutions, industry,
education, administration and other elds have the desire to realize develop each country.

The fact is, computers have become the heart and backbone of society today. Whatever the eld, computing
has a lot of people taken over the task. It will not only help in the calculations, store information, detect a
decision also to increase e ciency and productivity. But they said it is now clear that the use of computers has
been widely practised and used. In line with globalization and the borderless world, a computer is a machine
in the information society is also the main artery of all machinery administration in any eld.

Honesty Always Pays / Honesty is the Best

Policy
A poor widow was living nearby a river in a tumble-down hut.  For, she had no wood to burn for warmth and
no food to eat.  Anxo is the name of the boy that she is totally dependent on for food and wood.   She would
ask the little boy to go fetch wood for warmth and food to eat.  The boy is small but hardworking and honest. 
He runs, jumps barefoot, crosses a river in search of wood.  Rarely luck favoured him that he returns home
with food that lls both his mother’s and his stomach. 

One day during one of his trips in search of food, he comes across a crooked stone.  Assuming the stone is
dying because of the cold, he removes his jacket and covers the stone.  Soon, he rushes home and explains
his mother about the stone.  Anoxo’s mother gets angry and scolds him saying that he is being foolish thinking
a stone will die of cold.  Soon, she commands him to bring his jacket back.

Little Anxo rushes back to the woods to collect his jacket.  To his surprise, he nds the stone has grown bigger
in size and a closer look at the stone reveals a box of silver coins under it.  Little Anxo, believes the money is
stolen money and hence he throws the box full of silver coins into the river.  All coins reach the bottom of the
river except for one which stays a oat.  The boy believing the coin is honest, collects it and reaches home. He
explains his mother the entire story.  The mother gets frustrated and kicks him out shouting at him.  She
commands him to fetch his own food and shelter going forward.  Little Anxo, feeling sad reaches a merchant
named Benehero and starts working for him.  He would collect wood and cook for the rich merchant.  

One day the merchant sets o on a trip and asks the small boy what he wants from the foreign land.  The boy
gives him the silver coin and requests the merchant to buy anything that is worth the silver coin. The
merchant after nishing his business sets foot on his ship to return home.  Suddenly, he remembers that he
needed to buy something for the boy.  He comes across an old woman who was dumping a cat into the sea. 
The merchant purchases the cat from the old woman for the silver coin and sails o . 

Because of stormy weather, he had to lay down the anchor in some unknown foreign land.  People at the land
had di culty eating food because of rats.  The merchant then fetches the cat and releases on the foreign
land.  Rats run for their lives and the foreign land becomes rat-free.  The locals beg the merchant for the
services of a cat. The merchant agrees to provide the cat’s service for six hundred silver coins and makes the
land rat-free.  He reaches home and hands away from the money and cat to the boy beside getting him
married to his daughter as Little Anxo is now richer than the merchant himself.

Man Never Satis es with What he has

Success always motivates a person. That’s why humans are always in a race to get more and more. Whereas,
some people want to enjoy and satisfy with what they have. Personally, I think human never get satis ed and
always hungry to get more and di erent. This essay will look at some of for and against of satisfaction of
person’s need.

There are many factors in uencing my views. Firstly, a successful person’s expectation of him gets increased.
He wants to explore himself more and more. Due to jealously factor also a person wants more fame and
status than others. For instance, a number of sportspersons besides sport get indulge in an advertisement for
acting. As they want to expand themselves into the acting eld also.

Moreover, due to the wide range of competition everyone is in a race to prove themselves better and perfect.
Besides, as an ideal mind is the devil’s home. So people do not want to let them free. So they try di erent
experiments in their life. Also, due to advancement in technology they want to learn more and di erent.

Every coin has two sides. Likewise, some people have opposite views. In their opinion, people get satis ed at
some certain age of life. They want to enjoy their success and achievement with their near and dear ones. To
get stability in life they stop catching more things. Another point is, also due to so many tension and pressure
they want to take rest in life.

In a nutshell, I would like to say that di erent people think di erently. In this particular case also, on a whole,
we cannot support or go against either of two sides completely but still, I think person never get satis ed in
his life. They always greed more and more.

Cheating Habit among Examinations

One of the most common features of examinations is the involvement of students in cheating. When students
fail to prepare themselves well before an examination, they resort to cheating.

It is true that whenever rules are made, there are people who break them. An examination is a test where no
one is allowed to consult the other and each question has to be answered by the child himself. Knowing the
fact that this can’t be done, students cheat.

Cheating seems to delight the students but he ignores the fact that he is simply cheating his own conscience.
He may go ahead and cheat but at some point in time, it de nitely haunts him.

Cheating in exams is the curse our society is confronted with today. Students normally don’t work hard and
don’t complete their studies. They join college just for enjoyment. When the time comes, they try to get a
degree by cheating. In cheating, students, teachers, parents all are involved.

The habit of Cheating in exams can direct students in an unhealthy direction. It often results in students losing
interest in the classes which they choose to cheat in. A numerous number of students who cheat tend not to
pay attention in class since they plan on cheating.

Some students do not listen to lectures, read, or put forth any e ort to do class work at all. That negative
manner usually results in the student not learning anything. Students who cheat on tests are only hurting
themselves. They would most likely need the information from the class to be successful in classes that will
follow. Many college students pay for their education, and by cheating, they are carelessly throwing away their
money. 

Students while away their time throughout the year and then become desperate when the examination
approaches. Cheating is a short-cut to success.

However, in cheating the teachers, the students may pass the examination but he will never learn what was
actually taught and he will always remain behind his class in every way.

It is interesting to see how students cheat. They plan the method for cheating. They write notes on slips of
paper or scribble something on their palms or thighs. They stick notes into their socks and under their shirts.

Some even write down full answers on pieces of paper. Some carry their answers to the toilet and leave the
slips of paper there. In the course of the examination, they go to the toilet and consult the sheets to locate the
correct answers.

At Universities also cheating is a common practice. It is often accompanied by violence. Students carry pistols
or knives with them and cheat openly. They scare the invigilator away by terrorizing him with the gun.
There is mass copying at times and such cases are dealt with, very severely. Police protection is sometimes
provided to the invigilators.

Cheating greatly mars the sanctity of the examination. The exam is really a good means of evaluating one’s
knowledge of all that is taught and it is, in fact, a good thing for students.

This is something students realize later in their lives. But while they are still students, they continue to adopt
such unfair means of passing the examination and bring a great deal of harm to their school and most of all to
themselves.

Even in some cases, teachers accept bribes and while conducting exams they allow the candidates to cheat.
Parents give a lot of money to their children for bribing teachers. In fact, these students are snatching the
right of industrious and intelligent students.

Teachers who should work to end this habit are involved in this habit. Parents should try to instil hard work
and honesty in the characters of the students. Nothing is impossible if we work hard. You can achieve what we
want. You can get marks by cheating but your conscious will never forgive you.

As Muslims, our religion does not allow us to steal and cheating which is no less than robbery and theft.
E orts and hard work develop talents and laziness destroy them. Always achieve your degree through hard
work. It does not matter if you fail at your attempt. You should try again. That is the key to success.

Terrorism and Pakistan (This Essay Covers

Terrorism in Pakistan from Di erent
Aspects)
Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought-out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after
e ects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social
determinants of the terrorist act.

Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. This special paper
helps to explain the psychosocial perspective of terrorism in Pakistan that leads to violent radicalisation. It
identifies the terrorist acts in the background of Pakistan’s history, current geopolitical and social scenario.
The findings may also act as a guide on addressing this core issue.

Most nations are unable to reach a consensus on a legally binding definition of ‘terrorism.’ The term seems
emotionally charged and, as such, governments have been devising their own definitions. So far the United
Nations has been unable to devise an internationally agreed-upon definition of terrorism.

Terrorism is suggested to be ‘the use of intimidation or fear for the advancement of political objectives’. Since
the ‘9/11’ incident, Muslim countries, in particular, feel emotionally threatened with the word terrorism and
perceive it as synonymous with the acts of terror carried out by so-called Muslim extremist groups. This is
further complemented in the media by the unjust linking of such horrendous terror attacks to Islamic Jihad.

Terrorism has brought an enormous burden on South Asian countries through the adverse impacts on their
social, economic, political and physical infrastructure. Pakistan has su ered particularly excessively from the
social, economic and human costs due to terrorism.

Surprisingly, Pakistan is portrayed as being on the front line in the international war against terrorism and at
the same time has been wrongly labelled as a sponsor of international terrorism. Terrorism in Pakistan is a
multidimensional phenomenon and, among many precipitating factors, the psychosocial factors play an
important role. This paper attempts to address what we believe are significant psychosocial determinants to
terrorism in Pakistan.

Pakistan is a Muslim-majority nation in southeast Asia with India to its east, Iran and Afghanistan to its west,
China and the landlocked Asian countries to its north and the Arabian Sea to its south. Pakistan gained
independence from British colonial rule in 1947 and is the only Muslim country with nuclear weapons – a
nuclear device was detonated in 1998 – and is thus part of the informally named ‘nuclear club.’ Pakistan is a
federation of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Balochistan), a capital territory
(Islamabad) and a group of federally administered tribal areas in the north-west, along with the disputed area
of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Pakistan is the world’s sixth most populous country with an average population density of 229 people per km2
(World Bank indicators. Since independence in 1947, Pakistan has been challenged not only by the trauma
inflicted by its colonial occupiers but also by the mass murder of people migrating to the ‘new’ country.
Hundreds of thousands of people were killed, looted, raped or burnt alive. At the same time, the stability of
this fledgling country was significantly hampered by the lack of resources. Just a few years later, due to
political instability and separatist movements and terrorism, the east wing of the country was separated from
Pakistan; this paved the way to the creation of a new country, Bangladesh, in 1971.

The Soviet-Afghan war, which began in 1979, provided a breeding ground for terrorism in the region. A
fundamental change was witnessed that altered the very character of the existing Pakistani society.
Withdrawal of the Soviets revealed a Pakistani society that had been forced into one of violence and
weaponisation, plaguing Pakistan with so-called ‘Kalashnikov culture’ and ‘Talibanisation’.

Pakistan’s social landscape has for the most part been plagued with illiteracy, disease, insecurity and injustice.
Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has been intricately linked with the many facets of the ‘war on terrorism.’
Some argue that Pakistan is a breeding ground for terrorist outfits, but it is certain that all of this havoc has
resulted in the significant loss of innocent lives as well as the loss of economic revenue. These fragile
conditions provide a fertile ground for terrorism to grow.

The act of carrying out terrorist activity does not come from a single moment of inspiration but rather from a
complex process of cognitive accommodation and assimilation over accumulating steps. It is wrongly
reduction is to label the terrorists as mad or psychopaths.

Terrorists’ motivation may involve a deep, underlying quest for personal meaning and significance. Several
analyses of such motives have appeared in recent years. There are di erences in these analyses regarding the
type and variety of motivational factors identified as critical to terrorism. Some authors identified a singular
motivation as crucial; others listed a ‘cocktail’ of motives.

The socioeconomic adversity combined with political challenges were bound to have a detrimental impact on
the psyche of the average Pakistani. A terrorist adopts a dichotomous way of identifying their victims, the
black-and-white thought that ‘I am good’ and ‘you are evil,’ with no intermediary shades of grey. This thinking
leaves no doubt in their minds and they find it easier to kill their opponents with little or no sense of remorse
or guilt.

The unmanned army drone strikes killed and maimed thousands of innocent civilians in poor and difficult to
access regions of Pakistan. This infuriated people, leading them to take up arms against the perceived
aggressors. This triggering of the relatives of the deceased to engage in such activity is the culture of revenge
in Pakistan, which unfortunately can last for generations.

Self-sacrifice and martyrdom have been explicitly used in almost all religions and is aggressively exploited by
terrorist outfits who groom suicide bombers using the ideology of Islamist martyrdom. Some have argued
that suicide bombers may actually be clinically suicidal and attempting to escape personal impasse.

In grooming young impressionable adolescents, extremist organisations brainwash these adolescents into
believing that the ultimate self-sacrifice by suicide bombing will elevate their stature in the eyes of God and
send them straight to heaven. This is associated with massive financial compensations to the deceased family.

Terrorist organisations in Pakistan, through this process of brainwashing, have been able to convert young
impressionable Muslim adolescents into a ‘suicide bomber in six weeks’. In the current scenario of the existing
war on terror, this complex process of recruiting young adolescents as suicide bombers seems irreversible.

In the West, Madrassas (Islamic religious schools) have gained a reputation of being a sinister influence on
young impressionable Muslims. These institutions are not completely regulated and can vary from a single
room to large institutions o ering schooling and boarding to hundreds of students at a time. A survey of just
over 50000 households in Pakistan found that children in

Urdu-medium government schools and madrassas were from poorer households than those in English-
medium private schools. The primary reason for parents to send their children to madrassas as opposed to
mainstream schools was that these institutions provided a good Islamic education. The second most common
reason was that the madrassa provided education that is low in cost along with the provision of food and
clothing.

Another survey indicated that in Pakistan only a minority of the religious schools promoted an extremist view
of Islam (Bano, 2007). Interrogation of 79 terrorists involved in anti-Western attacks found that very few had
attended a madrassa. This suggests that terrorist groups may selectively recruit better-qualified people for
technically demanding tasks (Bergen & Pandey, 2006). However, the religious seminaries have been implicated
as playing the role of recruitment centres for the suicide bombers (Nizami et al, 2014).

In an e ort to break this incorrect perception the Darul Uloom Deoband, the largest Islamic seminary in the
world hosted an anti-terrorism conference in 2008. This was attended by 6000 Imams declaring that ‘Islam is a
religion of mercy for all humanity. Islam sternly condemns all kinds of oppression, violence and terrorism. It
has regarded oppression, mischief, rioting and murder among sins and crimes’.

However, it is yet to be ascertained how many religious schools in Pakistan adopted this school of thought.
With the revolution in the world of information technology, experts agree that the internet played an
important role in the radicalisation and self-recruitment process into terrorist groups. Messages and videos
on jihadi websites target the ‘soft spots’ of potential recruits and inflame their imagination.

With both mental disorder and terrorism in Pakistan being highly prevalent, it would be a fair assumption that
the two may have a causal relationship. Walter Laqueur wrote that ‘all terrorists believe in conspiracies by the
powerful, hostile forces and su er from some form of delusion and persecution mania…The element of…
madness plays an important role in terrorism’.

However, apart from certain pathological cases, a causal connection between an individual’s mental disorder
and engagement in terrorist activity could not be established. However, there can be a connection between an
individual engaging in terrorist activity and developing a mental disorder as mental disorders worsen in stress,
anxiety and depression.

The adverse impacts of terrorism lead the masses to anomie and create a tendency towards suicide and
mental illnesses. Poor health, depressive symptoms, risky behaviours in young adults, personality variables,
social inequalities, criminality, social networks and international foreign policy have all been proposed to be
influential drivers for grievances that lead to radicalisation and terrorism.

It may well be that individuals with mild depression would be a better target for gradual psychological
moulding. Female suicide bombers who are predominantly motivated by revenge as opposed to their male
counterparts may have some degree of clinical depression. Personality traits are useless as predictors for
understanding why people become terrorists. However, personality traits and environmental conditions are
the contributing factors for terrorism. There are protective and modifiable risk factors early on the path
towards radicalisation. The benefits of early intervention have far-reaching implications for preventing
significant depressive symptoms, promoting wellbeing and perhaps social capital.

By understanding, appreciating and addressing the psychosocial factors contributing to terrorism in Pakistan,
one may find long-lasting solutions to the fall out on Pakistan’s war against terror. This war has led to a loss of
innocent human lives, compounded by the deep psychological scars for survivors which will undoubtedly
persist for generations to come.

An ongoing, concerted e ort to gain peace and security in the region is essential and is the only way to
counteract the revenge attacks and further brainwashing of young impressionable youths. These
psychological determinants, however, are markedly di erent than terrorist activities in Western countries,
where it seems that a di erent set of psychological rules apply.

(Earthquake) Disasters in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing natural disasters since its inception. The di erent kinds of disasters like; oods, earthquakes
and droughts. The ood in 1972, was the most destructive and catastrophic that made homeless more than
ve millions people.

Then in 2010, the severity of this natural calamity was more than in the past. One-fourth part of Pakistan was
a ected by this ood and more than ten million people remained homeless. The south part of the country,
which is agriculture based and has poor people, faced its worst history.

In 2005, earthquake in northern areas hit the vast population, almost a million people died and ve million
lost their homes, properties and business. These disasters e ects every tier of life as economic, social,
nancial and agricultural. Pakistan’s economy that was already in the worst conditions, has become poorer
than the past.

The growth of Pakistan’s economy in 2006-2007 was almost 6% annually, but now it is only 3%. The ood of
2010 has severally smashed the agriculture sector which is the backbone of Pakistan. More than 60%
population of the country depends upon the agriculture sector. The exports like textile goods, wheat and
fruits etc of the country is also directly attached to this sector. So that industrial sector to has been gone one
step back instead of ahead.

There is less aid from the international community because of the world’s nancial crisis, so it makes harder
for Pakistan to meet its future developmental targets. Now Pakistan has to cut its developmental budget and
has to reconstruct the destructive areas.
Therefore, the need of the hour is that the government should take steps to control these calamities. It should
build dams and embankments to save populated areas and early warning system and shifting of people to a
save place.

Economic Situation in Pakistan

Many discussions regarding the deteriorating situation of the Pakistani economy have surfaced since the
devaluation of Pakistani rupee against the US dollar in the domestic market. Subsequently, oil prices
increased signi cantly by 9.5pc, which caused an uproar within the nation. While some politicians and
journalists have started to criticise the last government for this situation and they have, in turn, defended
themselves by putting the entire blame on the prior ones, many people are concerned about how Pakistan
will run in the future and what steps should be taken to improve this economic blight.

Currently, Pakistan’s economy is going through a rough patch. Some economic parameters are declining while
others remain somewhat stagnant. The resultant situation is worrisome as slow economic growth and
increasing scal imbalance is preventing the government to cater to the needs of the growing population.

The Pakistani rupee has been devaluing since December 2017 and has lost almost reached 157 Vs. Dollar by
now. While, in December, the value of rupee per US dollar was almost 105 but it observed a steep rise
reaching 119.84 in June 2018. This was a great shock to the macroeconomic situation as it gave rise to many
more problems our economy is currently facing.

According to data combined by Bloomberg, the Pakistani rupee was Asia’s worst-performing currency this
year. Some analysts expect the currency to drop further. Standard Chartered PLC predicts that the rupee will
fall to 125 per dollar by the end of the year and International Monetary Fund may request authorities to
weaken it even further.

Currency devaluation has further speculated that the country might need support from the IMF as reported
by the organisation itself according to which Pakistan’s external debt is expected to climb up to 103 billion
dollars by June 2019. Pakistan’s public debt would remain higher than the limit prescribed in the revised Fiscal
Responsibility and Debt Limitation Act. CPEC related out ows have elevated current account de cit and risen
external debt servicing and this may lead to higher external nancing needs in the future. 

The country requires paying $12 billion in the rst half of 2018 as per its liabilities. Gross scal nancing needs
will likely exceed 30pc of GDP from 2018-19 onwards, in part re ecting increased debt service obligations. All
this has led to growing challenges to arrange foreign loans. The IMF also said that “While the level of external
debt has remained moderate, continued mobilisation of external nancing at favourable rates could become
more challenging in the period ahead against the background of rising international interest rates and
increasing nancing needs”.

Moreover, our foreign exchange reserves are eroding. Foreign exchange reserves held by the State Bank of
Pakistan were shrinking by 3pc on a weekly basis, according to data released by the central bank in the month
of May. The decrease in reserves was attributed to external debt servicing and other o cial
payments. Reserves have dropped by about a fth in the past year to reach $13.5 billion. Zubair Ghulam
Hussain, chief executive o cer at Insight Securities Pvt in Karachi, has said “It was becoming increasingly
di cult to manage the local currency at the current level with dropping forex reserves’’. The nation’s current-
account de cit had become sizable and foreign debt repayment obligations are also rising. CPEC investments
could accelerate the build-up of related external payment obligations, deteriorating Pakistan’s capacity to
repay at a faster pace. Furthermore, faster depletion of foreign exchange reserves will have adverse e ects on
economic growth. A further decline in reserves is predicted even after $2.5 billion of borrowing.

The World Bank states that Pakistan’s in ation is expected to rise in the scal year 2018-2019 and will remain
high till the scal year 2020. The outcome of the devaluation of Pakistan rupee against US dollar in the
domestic market incidentally coincided with a rise in the crude oil prices in the global market resulting in an
upward trend in oil prices from January 2018. The trend will cause an increase in the manufacturing and
transportation cost resulting in a price hike of all the commodities produced locally.

Apart from this, the country’s economy is facing a sizable increase in current account de cit and scal de cit.
The IMF states “In the absence of strong consolidation measures, the scal de cit is expected to remain close
to 6pc of GDP in the medium term, resulting in elevated debt levels”.Current account de cit is expected to
remain under stress as the trade de cit is predicted to stay at an elevated level during the scal year 2018-
19. The in ux of foreign shipments, however, remains on the higher side due to heavy imports of machinery
and other construction material for multi-billion dollar projects under CPEC. 

On the other hand, the balance of payments issue may pose very serious risks to the economy during the next
scal year, mostly because of ballooning de cits and erosion in foreign exchange reserves down the line.
Keeping in view the liquidity position, the government may be left with no choice but to cut its non-
development and administrative expenditures to reduce the scal de cit. The State Bank predicts that
external and scal accounts will remain under pressure because of an increase in import demand and public
spending by provincial governments to complete development projects before the upcoming general
elections. Pakistan is also facing low levels of foreign direct investment which increased just by 5pc to $2.41
billion in the scal year ended on 30 June 2017 as compared to $2.30 billion in the previous year.

However, there is no major change in extreme issues like electricity and gas shortage, unemployment and
poverty. The supply of power to industrial and residential consumers is expected to improve considerably
with new power plants likely to become operational in 2018 and beyond. Moreover, developments like import
of lique ed natural gas (LNG) to improve the shortage of gas for the industrial sector and the addition of a
second LNG terminal at Port Qasim would go a long way in boosting the economy. Furthermore, recent
economic developments have helped the country’s GDP growth by 0.8 percentage points over the previous
year, touching 5.4pc in the scal year 2017.

Presently, the caretaker government admits that it is facing daunting economic challenges. The problem which
arises here is that the role of the caretaker government is largely ceremonial and they are constitutionally
given limited decision-making power on major policy issues. Their primary responsibility is to hold elections
on time and to ensure the day-to-day a airs of government continue apace during the interim between
successive governments.

Thus the issue of primary importance to be addressed by the new government is to take Pakistan out of this
vicious circle. The challenge is to see whether Imran Khan sticks to his vows of not taking any further loan
from the IMF or the new ruling party would have no choice but to resort to procuring more heaps of dollars to
run the country’s economy.`

Necessity is the Mother of Invention

“Necessity is the mother of invention”, is the English proverb written by the unknown author in 1591. It is used
by various people in their books with di erent wording and di erent language but having the same meaning
that necessity compels people to invent new things.

Since the beginning, people are creating and inventing some creations and inventions for ful lling the basic
requirements of them. When people were afraid of darkness they created a re when they felt hungry started
to cook food on re, when they felt hot or cold started to make a house for shelter, the idea of agriculture led
them to build plough and hoe, etc. To reach somewhere faster from one place to another by the way of land,
people brought the idea of using wheels and by the way of water, they invented boat. These were the primary
inventions for ful lling the basic needs of people.

Later on, the technological inventions were created which have changed the condition of the entire world
completely. The invention of the electric bulb was one of the major creations by a human being which led
many more creations in future like gravitational force, the idea of steam behind the making of railway engine
and creation of the telephone was some of the biggest achievements by people. Achievement in the
technology of photography was the continuous e orts of various people and later this technology became the
source for new inventions like television and cinematography.

The idea of going somewhere by air was the matter of laugh at that time but the famous scientists “The Wright
Brothers” made it possible by making glider for ying in the sky. Thus in order to ful l the needs or
expectations, people have invented something new and exciting always and made our life full of convenience
and smoothness.

Though each and every invention was created and invented for the betterment of human life and this proved
almost in all cases either in the case of face to face conversation between people, who are sitting at a far
distance or to reach somewhere in less time covering the distance of thousands of miles. Thus overall there is
a positive e ect of inventions on our lives but some inventions led people to become lazy and more expected
due to an increased number of appliances and machined that helps us in doing our daily routine works.

In spite of above all, many social issues have been raised due to new inventions and technologies. Each
technology contains some bad e ects too, if not used in a proper way like:

1. Pollution: Biggest loss of nature in terms of pollution, due to the increased number of factories,
industries, fuel operated vehicles, steamed engines, etc.
2. The increased population at a developed place: people get attracted by those places where new
technologies and techniques are operated like in Metro cities.
3. Child Labour: Advanced technology and an increased number of working places require more man
force and that led people to start their professional career as labour at a very low age.
4. Chemical attack: Invention of hazardous chemicals led the invention of an atomic bomb like
nuclear and hydrogen bomb which can destroy the major part of the world in a few seconds.
5. Increased crime, o ence and violence: Invention of gun, pistol, ri es and other weapons become
the reason for increased crime and violence in the whole world.
6. Inventions of drugs, alcohol has a ected millions of people especially the youth who sometimes
forced to do the dangerous crime.
Invention happens to ful l the need of people in some manner to make them comfortable and to provide
them with a kind of security in life. Without necessity, inventions are not possible. Use of inventions should be
in the right manner so that it can be bene cial for all and does not a ect people negatively.

Use of Internet in Young Generation

There is a saying among the baby boomer generation, that if you want to learn how to use computers and the
internet, go ask your grandchildren to teach you.

An estimated 100% of all young people use computers with more than 90% regularly using the internet. Much
of this internet use is tied to homework and websites needed to do research. However, the internet is also the
way most kids connect after school using social networks such as MySpace or Facebook. The kids
communicate through chat rooms and emails, while also posting comments on their friends’ walls. Internet
usage is so pervasive that many experts, scientists and psychologist have begun to study what e ect it has on
the lives of young people in general.

With so much social action taking place from behind a computer screen, adults and teachers are concerned
about the loss of social skills among young people. In other words, the ability to communicate up close and
personal with friends and family is becoming extinct. Young people simply don’t know how to hold a
conversation.

Take away a kid’s cell phone or computer and they tend to withdraw, don’t know what to do with their hands,
become sullen. Hours in front of a computer on the internet also lends to the obesity problem plaguing
America and the rest of the world. And a lack of exercise isn’t the only physical problem. Eyesight wanes after
long hours in front of a computer screen. Bad posture and body pain can develop from long hours spent
sitting, not the least of which is bad circulation in the legs.

Many young people who spend a great of time in front of the computer are beginning to show symptoms of
disease and illness not usually seen until someone reaches middle age or senior citizenship.

There are also many upsides to time spent in front of a computer. Young people today are able to log on and
talk to their counterparts growing up in other parts of the world. The internet literally opens up the
possibilities of world culture them enabling them to understand and to appreciate diversity. Painfully shy
people unable to hold a face to face conversations can go online and talk for hours with someone elsewhere
in the world, who may be in a similar situation at home.

The internet enables young people to nd answers to questions that they may not feel comfortable discussing
with their parents and friends and teachers. An example of this might be sex education, which is only given
cursory attention in most American schools.

Painfully shy people unable to hold a face to face conversations can go online and talk for hours with
someone elsewhere in the world, who may be in a similar situation at home. The internet enables young
people to nd answers to questions that they may not feel comfortable discussing with their parents and
friends and teachers. An example of this might be sex education, which is only given cursory attention in most
American schools.

Some studies have even shown that young people who regularly use the computer have better reading skills,
spatial skills and visual skills. The one drawback to being on the computer that it is done in isolation, away
from the watchful eyes of parents. Some of the information accessed may not be good for young people. The
younger mind may not be able to process the information correctly. Parents should keep a watchful eye
without seeming to smother their growing child’s independence.

Like all things in life, the internet is a two-edged sword, one edge good, the other edge bad. Parents should
use internet access as a teaching tool, helping their youngsters to understand the duplicity involved in life in
general including the internet and the world wide web.

The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad

(SAWW)
Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the last prophet of Allah. He was born at Makkah in 571 A.D. His
father Abdullah had died before he was born. He was brought up by his mother Amena. Then he was brought
up by his loving grandfather. Abdul Muttalib a chief of the Quraish. But when he died after eight years his
uncle Abu Talib undertook to look after him. He looked after him more lovingly than his own children. He left
no stone unturned to give him all the facilities.

He was named Muhammad (PBUH) and someone asked Hazrat Abdul Mutalib the cause of naming the child
Muhammad he replied that one day the whole world will praise his grandson. His hope came true.

A few days after his birth the child was put under the care of a nurse. Hazrat Haleema Saadia. She took him to
her desert home and looked after him for four years. The child brought luck and happiness to the family of his
nurse. She herself was very happy to bring him up.

Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) grew into a ne boy. He was very kind and gentle. He was loved by
the people. His boyhood, as well as his youth, was very pure and pious. People called him Sadiq (truthful) and
Amin (honest). From very early life became the symbol of truth and honesty. He was a great example for
others.

In his early youth, he earned his good name and fame HazratKhadeeja named Tahira a rich widow of Makkah
heard about his great virtues. She asked him to run his business. She was greatly impressed by his ne
qualities. She married him when he was 25. She proved to be the most faithful and sincere wife. She stood by
him through thick and thin she was 40 at the time of marriage.

When the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was 40 the angel Gabriel brought him the rst message of God.
He declared that he was a prophet of God. He began to preach Islam. In those days the people of Arabia
worshipped idols. They thought that those gures of stone and wood are gods. Many Arabs killed their
daughters as soon as they were born. They were always ghting among themselves. They used to drink and
gamble. In short, they were in darkness evil had surrounded them. Bloodshed was very common. There was
no love at all.

Islam is the religion of peace. The rst thing it teaches that is safety and peace. So the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) told the people that idols were not gods. He asked the people to worship the one True
God. Their creator. He asked them to give up their bad ways. He asked them not to tell lies not to drink not to
gamble and not to bury their daughters alive. He told them the simple ways to lead a better life in this world
and the world hereafter.

When the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) started preaching during his period many battles were fought
against the in dels. Soon Islam overcame the whole of Arabia.

The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) passed away when he was 63. His sacred tomb is in Madina. He showed
the right way to the people of the whole world. He made his followers honest pious kind and truthful. He is
the last prophet of Allah.

We can succeed in this world and the world hereafter by following his teachings. His teachings are not only for
one Muslim but also for the whole universe.

My Favorite Book
A favourite is the one which is like the most. Di erent people have di erent choices. Some likes story books
like Detective Novels and other like science and ction, poetry or prose.

I like reading all sorts of books but my choice for my favourite book is a di erent one. My favourite book is the
HOLY QURAN. It is a heavenly book. The Holy Quran revealed to HOLY PROPHET S.A.W.Basically, it is in the
Arabic language but it has been translated at most in every language of the world.

I get satisfaction after reciting it. Every morning I recite the Holy Quran. I like to recite it with its Urdu
translation to understand its subject. There is a lot of information on it. Every Muslim has a rm belief in it. It
tells us about the life of two worlds.

“The Holy Quran is a complete code of life. One can nd a solution to every problem. According to the
teaching of it. It not only deals with worldly a air but also with the a airs of the world hereafter”.

It gives us complete guidance. There are clear instructions about our life in the Holy Quran. Every aspect of
our life has been completely discussed in detail in it, that is why we can not go against its teachings.

The Holy Quran is the book which is mostly read in the world. Usually, a book is read once or twice but the
Holy Quran is read over and over again.t is the only book which, the largest number of people has learnt by
heart. They recite it during their prayers and especially during the month of Ramzan. It is the only book which
is recited even without knowing its meanings.

“It is the God who taught the use of pen to its creatures and taught them which they knew not.”(Holy Quran)
It is the book which tells us about the reward we can get if we do the good deals and which punishment would
be awarded in case of bad deeds. We can get physical as well as spiritual aspirations. In short, the Holy Quran
is not only for an individual or for a nation but it is also for a whole universe. It is for everyone. It can bring
revolution in man’s life.

“Books are not lifeless things they are powerful agents of good or evil”.

A Football Match
Football is one of the most popular games in the world. It is also one of the oldest games. It is a game of
strength and stamina. In terms of popularity, it is as popular as cricket. Comparatively, it is more popular in
Europe and Latin America.

Last Sunday, I got an opportunity to witness a football match which was played between Modern School and
Central School. The match was played at the playgrounds of Government Boys’ Higher Secondary School.

The entire ground was well decorated and a large number of chairs were arranged for the guests and
spectators. Both the teams were well-prepared and con dent of their win. The ground was full packed.

The match was to start at 1 p.m. Both the teams entered the ground on scheduled time. After the toss, the
referee blew the whistle and the match began. It was expected to be a well-contested and lively match. Both
the teams were expecting to score well. During the rst few minutes, it was the Modern School who
dominated the match. They struck hard to the defences of their rival but failed to score any goal. However,
they performed brilliantly and the spectators enjoyed the game.

The captain was very tactful and con dent. He was hoping to turn the match in his favour. It was his
con dence that instilled new hope and energy in the team. His team was again in high spirit. As a result, it
overturned the match and gained control over it which was lost during the mid-hour.

In the meantime, the team scored a goal. The goal was appreciated with thunderous applause. The team was
cheered by their supporters. Meanwhile, the right half of the Central School team was badly injured due to
which the captain had to play the double role throughout the entire game. Within a few seconds, the rst half
was declared to be over by the referee.

The players took some rest and refreshments. They drew out strategies to beat their rival. There was a loud
noise in the playground. The supporters, rushed to the ground to cheer up the teams.

The match again started with the whistle of the referee. The team of Central School was equipped with
strategies to defeat the Modern School. But the players of School were all the more alert particularly their
goalkeeper was very tactful. The Modern School made pressure on its rival during the rst few minutes, by
hitting one after another at the goal of the Central School but the goalkeeper of the rival team was
extraordinarily sharp and quick in kicking the goal back. The game became very exciting and thrilling during
the last minute.

At one time, the game appeared to be ended in a draw. It caused a morale-boosting to the losing team. There
were loud cheers from their supporters. Each of the team was trying its best to win the match. The game was
about to over but surprisingly the Central School scored a goal over Modern School. This was a surprising win
which caused a great sensation in the ground. There were deafening cheers from its supporters, but the
ghting spirit of the opposite team was also being praised by all.

Overall the match was enjoyed greatly by the spectators.

Hazards of Science (This Essay Covers

Both Hazards and Bene ts of Science)
The last two centuries have seen monumental changes in our lives, brought forth by advancements in science
and technology. These advancements have their hazards and bene ts in society. It is these negative and
positive impacts that this paper will be looking at. Right from the days that men discovered how to make re,
discoveries have come streaming our way at an amazing rate. Telephones, cars, rockets and computers have
all been brought by science. Undeniably these inventions have made our lives better and tolerable.
The bene ts reaped through the inventions in medicine cannot be underscored or underestimated. It has
helped us to cope with our bodies and health in uncountable ways. The bene ts of medicine now can enable
us to live a full life with the best health possible. Many epidemics in the early days caused immeasurable
human su erings and losses of untold magnitude, and so too could smallpox and polio have done had it not
been for science, leading to a discovery of e ective vaccinations. Medicine is saving lives and giving patients a
second chance to live. Heart surgery and a transplant had always been unimaginable and a patient with a
heart ailment was considered to be living his/her last days. This however changed in the 20th century when
the rst heart transplant was conducted by Bernard. Medicine continues to help us ght deadly diseases while
giving us an opportunity to take control of our lives. It is just but a matter of time that pandemics such as AIDS
and diabetes will have a cure.

These are just but a few examples of how medicine, occasioned by advents in science and technology, is
bene ting our lives. Technology continues to ease communication in a phenomenal way. Looking at how far
we have come amazes me even more- from the days of drums and smoke to a completely di erent era of
digital technology where almost everything is done at the touch of a button. Now it is taking only a few
seconds to communicate to somebody you are separated with by seas and vast lands. The hallmark of these
inventions in the communication sector is the computer.

It has revolutionalized our lives in ways that could not have been imagined before. Storage and retrieval of
data have improved a lot, analysis of data and events is only now a matter of seconds. Telegraphs and
telefaxes came but now they have been undertaken by the internet and mobile phones. The Internet has also
revolutionized research and information access which has become cheaper and fast. Business transactions
are now completed at the touch of a key through e-commerce saving a great amount of time.

The entertainment industry has not been left behind, with greater inventions seeking to improve the comfort
and luxury of a modern person. Looking also at the citizen security and protection also highlights the bene ts
of science and technology. It is now possible to predict earthquakes, foul weather and other natural calamities
that may befall humanity. This ensures that people raise their level of preparedness. In the energy eld,
experts are looking into new sources of renewable energy.

With the day to day dangers and risks of ozone layer depletion, a fossil fuel which is the lead cause of
environmental depletion could soon be replaced by more clearer and e cient hydrogen, which will be a
permanent non-polluting source of energy. It is clear for all to see how the inventions in science and
technology continue to bene ts society in a great way. However, it is a two-edged razor that also leads to
adverse e ects in ways that can lead to a miserable end to humanity.

Our world today is trying to grapple with how to cope with the hazards caused by the ever-expanding
inventions in science and technology. Developments in the science and technology sector in the last centuries
have seen an increase of global warming occasioned by the continued depletion of the ozone later-a thin layer
protecting the earth from the harmful radiations of the sun. This is greatly caused by; continued use of fossil
fuel, air transportation and green house technology in farming just to mention a few. This has led to a change
in climatic patterns, making it unpredictably hazardous to humanity.

The increased cases of earthquakes, droughts, oods and deserti cation have been attributed to global
warming. Another example of the hazards brought forth by science and technology is the improvements of
inventions in the art of warfare. The 20th century evidenced major inventions in weaponry used in the rst
and second world wars. The invention of the ground and ballistic air missiles and most importantly the
nuclear and biological warheads transformed warfare to another level. For the rst time, human beings were
faced with the reality that they could ght themselves to extinction.

This was demonstrated when the United States of America responded to the Pearl Harbor attack by the
Japanese. They reiterated by using nuclear bombing the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki expunging
thousands of lives and wounding many more. This is a living example of how science and technology can lead
to a hazardous end of humans. All in all, many people are on agreement that the few isolated hazards that
can result from science and technology cannot water down the bene ts arising from the same. A simple cost-
bene t analysis indicates that humanity stands to gain more as inventions in science and technology continue
to be realized.

Beauties of Nature
Nature is the natural environment which surrounds us, cares us and nourishes us every moment. It provides
us with a protective layer around us to prevent from the damages. We are not able to survive on the earth
without nature like air, land, water, re and sky.

Nature includes everything around us like plants, animals, river, forests, rain, lake, birds, sea, thunder, sun,
moon, weather, atmosphere, mountain, desserts, hills, ice, etc. Every form of nature is very powerful which
has the ability to nourish as well as destroy us.
Now a day, everyone has less time to enjoy nature. In the increasing crowd, we forgot to enjoy nature and
improve health. We started using technological instruments for our health tness. However, it is very true that
nature has the power to nourish us and t us forever.

Most of the writers have described the real beauty and advantage of nature in their writings. Nature has the
ability to make our mind tension free and cure our diseases. Because of technological advancement in the life
of human being, our nature is declining gradually which needs a high level of awareness to keep it in balance
and to conserve natural assets.

God has created everything very beautifully seeing which our eyes can never be tired. But we forgot that we
too have some responsibility towards our nature to the relationship between nature and human beings. How
beautiful scenery it looks in morning with sunrise, songs of birds, sounds of lakes, rivers, air and happy
gatherings of friends in the evening in the garden after a long day of crush. But we forgot to enjoy the beauty
of nature in just ful lling our duties towards our families.

Sometimes during our holidays, we spend our whole day by watching TV, reading the newspaper, playing
indoor games or on the computer but we forgot that outside the door we can do something interesting in the
lap of nature and natural environment. Unnecessarily we left on all the lights of home, we use electricity
without need which ultimately increases the heat in the environment called global warming.

Our other activities like cutting trees and forests increase the amount of CO2 gas in the environment causing
greenhouse e ect and global warming. If we want to be happy and healthy always we should try our best to
save our planet and its beautiful nature by stopping our foolish and sel sh activities. In order to keep the
ecosystem in balance, we should not cut trees, forests, practice energy and water conservation and many
more. Ultimately we are the real user of nature so we should really take care of it.

Is Luxury an Evil
Two diametrically opposite opinions prevail on this question. According to some, all expenditure on luxury is
wicked; while, according to others, everyone who buys expensive luxuries thereby encourages trade, and
deserves to be extolled as a benefactor of the working classes.

Both of these two opposite views may be supported by plausible arguments. When a rich man spends a
thousand pounds on a picture, it is not unnatural for his poor neighbour to say: “The money spent on this
picture might have supplied me with good food and warm clothes for the rest of my life.”

Or, taking a more comprehensive instance, it may be said that the money spent in the world by the rich on
jewellery alone, would probably be enough to purchase large and substantial houses for the poor of all
nations, who are now homeless or are crowded in the unhealthy slums of great cities.

Is it not then cruelly sel sh for the rich to spend on their luxuries what would be enough to supply the poor
with the necessaries of life? Re ections such as these have led many benevolent men to give away in charity
all their surplus wealth, only retaining for themselves what is absolutely necessary for their subsistence.

Such men deserve all honour for their conduct and for the noble example of self-sacri ce that they set before
the world. But the world would hardly be bene tted if everybody followed their example. If all luxury vanished
from the world, mankind would be reduced to the life of savages.

They would be deprived of the pleasures of music, poetry, painting, and the greater part of the earth would be
converted into mines, ploughed land, and manufacturing cities full of factories, and with no space left for
parks, or ower-gardens, or recreation grounds.

In a world, nothing would be allowed on the face of the earth that merely gave pleasure, and everything would
be estimated by the lowest utilitarian standard. It requires little thought to see that such a state of things
would make life intolerable, and degrade men below the even of the brutes.

Let us next consider how much truth there is in the opposite view Does a multi-bene t the labouring classes
more by spending two or three thousand pounds in wages to the labourers who paint the walls and ceilings of
his princely mansion, than if we’re to save the money?

The super cial observer sees that the money spent on the decoration of the rooms goes straight into the
pockets of a large number of labouring men; whereas the money saved is put into a bank and seems to do no
good to anybody but the owner, who presently receives interest from the banker.

A moment’s re ection, however, shows that money saved and invested bene ts the labouring class as much
as money spent on personal luxuries. Money invested in a railway pays the wages of the workers engaged in
the construction of the railway, and money put into a bank is probably lent by the banker to a merchant or
manufacturer.

Who without such assistance would not have enough ready money to pay all the labourers he wishes to
employ. Thus the miser who saves money bene ts the labouring population just as much as the spend-thrift
who surrounds himself with every kind of luxury.

Political economists go a step further and show that sums of money spent on expensive luxury do not bene t
the labouring classes so much as money saved and invested in a company that employs productive labour,
and so adds permanently to the wealth of a country.

But this is rather too di cult a question to discuss here. It is enough to have shown on the one hand that all
luxury is not an evil, and, on the other hand, that the extravagant man, who squanders his money on
expensive luxuries, has no right to regard himself as a benefactor of the poor.

We must, therefore, come to the conclusion that in luxury, as in most other matters, there is a golden mean to
be observed. It is quite right that the poor should seek a higher standard of comfort, and try to secure a
moderate amount of luxury for themselves and their families.

On the other hand, those rich men who satisfy their excessive love of luxury at the expense of their health and
their prosperity, deserve to be severely condemned for their imprudence.

But luxury is often something worse than imprudence. A rich man may by continual indulgence in expensive
pleasures come to lose all sympathy with his fellow-men, and excite the bitter hatred of the poor by his
ostentatious extravagance.

In this way, he not only becomes a narrow-minded egotist himself, but also, as far as in him lies, embitters the
relations between man and man, and helps to make envy, hatred and malice predominate in the world over
kindly feelings, sympathy and benevolence. Thus in the great battle of life, he ranges himself on the side of
evil against good.

Global Warming
What is global warming? Global warming is the average temperature of Earth has increased since 1950 until
now the temperature continuing increasing. Global warming can also refer to climate change that causes an
increase in the average temperature. However global warming is caused by natural events and human that
are believed to contribute to the increase in average temperatures.

Global warming is a serious issue and is not a single issue but a number of environmental issues. Global
warming is a rise in the surface temperature of the earth that has changed various life forms on the earth. The
issues that cause global warming are divided into two categories include “natural” and “human in uences” of
global warming.

The climate has continuously changed for centuries. The global warming happens because of the natural
rotation of the sun that changes the intensity of sunlight and moving closer to the earth.

Another cause of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide and sulphur
dioxide it traps the solar heats rays and prevents it from escaping from the surface of the earth. This has
caused the temperature of the earth to increase.

Volcanic eruptions are another issue that causes global warming. For instance, a single volcanic eruption will
release the amount of carbon dioxide and ash to the atmosphere. Once carbon dioxide increase, the
temperature of earth increase and greenhouse trap the solar radiations in the earth.

Finally, methane is another issue that causes global warming. Methane is also a greenhouse gas. Methane is
more e ective in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide by 20 times. Usually methane gas can
release from many areas. For instance, it can be from cattle, land ll, natural gas, petroleum systems, coal
mining, mobile explosion, or industrial waste process.

Human in uence has been a very serious issue now because human does not take care of the earth. A human
that cause global warming is more than natural causes of global warming. The earth has been changing for
many years until now it is still changing because of modern lifestyle of human. Human activities include
industrial production, burning fossil fuel, mining, cattle rearing or deforestation.

The rst issue is the industrial revolution. Industrial have been using fossil fuels for power machines.
Everything that we use is involved in fossil fuel. For example, when we buy a mobile phone, the process of
making mobile phone have involved machines and machines uses fossil fuels, during the process carbon
dioxide is releasing to the atmosphere. Besides industrial, transportation such as cars is also releasing carbon
dioxide from the exhaust.

Another issue is mining. During the process of mining, the methane will trap below the earth. Besides, rearing
cattle will also cause methane because cattle released the form of manure. However, cattle are important
because it makes the latter equally responsible for the occurrence of global warming

Next is the most common issue that is deforestation. Deforestation is a human in uence because humans
have been cutting down trees to produce papers, wood, build houses or more. If human continuing
deforestation, carbon dioxide will concentrate in the atmosphere because trees can absorb carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere. Besides, human also releases carbon dioxide when breathing. Therefore the amounts
of millions of people breath have release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If human continue deforestation,
human breathing that release carbon dioxide will stay at the atmosphere.

The greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for many years since hundreds of years ago. However, the
e ect that global warming will cause on earth is extremely serious. There are many e ects that will happen in
the future if global warming continues. That includes polar ice caps melting, economic consequences, warmer
waters and more hurricanes, the spread of diseases and earthquake

The rst e ect is the polar ice caps melting. As the temperature increase, the ice at the North Pole will melt.
Once the ice melt the rst e ect will be raise on sea levels because the melting glaciers become oceans.
According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center “if the ice melted today the seas would rise about 230
feet”. It a ects many low lying areas such as the Netherlands. In future, the Netherlands will be cover by water
once the North Pole is melted. However, it is not going to happen so fast but the sea level will continue to rise.

Another e ect is the species loss of habitat. Species that include polar bears and tropical frogs will be extinct
due to climate change. Besides, various birds will migrate to other places because animals are not like
humans. They cannot adapt to the habitat that changes their living or temperature.

Next e ect is more hurricanes will occur and economic consequences still a ect as well. Hurricane causes
damage to houses and the government need to spend billions of dollars in damage and people need places to
stay or have been killed. Once a disaster happens many people have died and diseases happen. Diseases are
more serious because it can spread to other people very fast and more people will get the disease and the
disease maybe come more serious because of di erent weather.

Now there are solutions that we can stop global warming. However, human and governments need to move
forward to implement global warming solutions. To reduce global warming we can do to reduce the
contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, the solutions that we can reduce global
warming are reducing gasoline, electricity and our activities that cause global warming.

To reduce gasoline mean we have a choice to choose a hybrid car that reduces using gasoline. Besides, the
petrol price is increasing. If a person everyday drives to work they need to pump petrol after 3 days and
causes carbon dioxide. Another way to reduce gasoline is to take public transport or carpool to work. It can
help reduce carbon dioxide and save cost.

Another way to reduce global warming is to recycle. Recycle can reduce garbage by reusing plastic bags,
bottles, papers or glass. For instance, when we buy foods, we can use our own containers instead of plastic
bags. Another example is after nish drinking the water from the bottle; we can reuse it or use our own bottle.
If all this is being reused, a human can reduce deforestation and help save the environment. Besides, turn o
electricity if unused. It can save thousands of carbon dioxide and buy a product that has energy saving
because it saves cost and saves the environment.

Finally, humans should stop open burning such as burning dry leaves or burning garbage. It will release
carbon dioxide and toxic if burning garbage with plastic. Besides, the government should reduce
deforestation because earth temperatures are increasing. Trees will help to improve the temperature on
earth.

Overall of this assignment, I have understood that our earth is “sick”. We humans need to “heal” the earth.
Global Warming has caused many problems for human but we human who make global warming happens.
Many people have died because of disease or disaster. It also a ects the economics of the country. However,
we need to reduce global warming by using less gasoline, recycle and human should help to reduce global
warming instead of making the earth temperature increased. Our generation should start taking care of the
earth because in the next generation they will su er if we do not do reduce global warming.

Importance of Forests
Forests are of great importance to any country and mankind as a whole. They contribute signi cantly to the
environment, economic and social well being of the country. The role of more pronounced in a developing
country like India, Forests are very important in the viewpoint of ecological balance, agriculture, environment
 habitat for a large number of plant and animal species and as natural prevention of soil erosion. Forest
provides a large number of forest goods like timber, rewood, fruits etc. the list is endless. Forests are home
to a large number of tribes. Forests attract tourists. In addition, they play an important role in the carbon cycle
and add to the aesthetic beauty of the region.

Forests are vital to the maintenance of a stable environment that is conducive to sustained agricultural
production. The forests protect and enrich the soil mantle by checking soil erosion. Nutrient losses the forest
brings the mineral nutrients from deep to the topsoil.

The forests are very important for the sustenance of wildlife and they play an important role in the food chain.
It plays an important role in the water cycle also. They check the ow of running water and cause to percolate
through the soil and increasing underground water level.

Forest-related activities are often a primary source of income for the landless rural families’ collection of
timber, rewood and other forest products.

The importance of forests has been realized all over the world now. Large deforestation for timber, for
agriculture or dwelling, houses the concern in the mind scale of every vigilant person. In recent times a large
number of environment-friendly non-govt organizations have come up in order to protect the forest and
environment.

Owing to the numerous bene ts and the products of the forests it can be easily stated that forests are one of
the invaluable gifts of nature to man. They are an indispensable part of our earth’s ecological system and if
the cover of the forest of the earth is not kept intact, the very existence of life on the earth will be at stake.

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Naeem Javid
Naeem Javid Muhammad Hassani is working as Deputy Conservator of Forests in Balochistan
Forest & Wildlife Department. He is the founder of Tech Urdu Tree (forestrypedia.com,
majesticpakistan.pk & their YouTube Channels). He is an Environmentalist, Blogger, YouTuber,
Developer & Vlogger.

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