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Driving Question
What are the most important properties of buffer solutions and how do they work?
Background
Adding small amounts of acid or base to water dramatically changes the hydrogen ion
concentration, which changes the pH. If species are present in the water that can neutralize the
added acid or base, then the pH change will be much smaller. Solutions that resist pH change in
this fashion are called buffers.
A buffer is made by adding a weak acid and a conjugate base of the same weak acid to water. If
acid is then added to the buffer system, the conjugate base “consumes” the added acid. The
opposite is true for the addition of a base. In either case, the resulting hydrogen ion
concentration changes little.
Pre-Lab Activity
Setting the stage for the activity
Weak acids (HA) partially dissociate, as shown below:
HA + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + A–
The corresponding acidity constant is
[H3O+ ][A - ]
Ka =
[HA]
If the solution contains the salt of the acid (that is, the conjugate base of the acid, A –) the
equilibrium shifts to the left in accordance with the Le Chatelier Principle. This also means that
the autodissociation of the acid is suppressed, so that:
[HA] � cHA
[A - ] � cA -
[H3O+ ]cA -
Ka =
cHA
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
where cHA and cA– are the concentrations of the weak acid and the salt, respectively. Solving for
[H3O+] yields
cHA
[H3O+ ] = K a
cA -
cHA
log[H3O+ ] = log K a + log
cA -
cA -
- log[H3O+ ] = - log K a + log
cHA
cA -
pH = pK a + log
cHA
The final equation is known as the HendersonHasselbach equation.
It is worth mentioning that the pH of buffers does not depend on the actual concentration of the
acid or salt; it only depends on the ratio of the two.
How well buffers maintain their pH when acids and bases are added is measured by their buffer
capacity. Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base, in mol/L, that changes the pH by one
unit. Adding x mol/L of acid increases the amount of acid by x amount and removes the same
amount of salt. Notice that the larger the value of x is, the more acid or base it takes to change
the pH one unit, hence the larger the buffer capacity. The HendersonHasselbach equation can
be modified to incorporate the pH change of one unit:
cA - - x
pH - 1 = pK a + log
cHA + x
Solving for x, the buffer capacity, from this last equation yields:
cA - - cHA 10 pH - 1 - pKa
x =
1 + 10pH - 1 - pKa
A buffer can be made by adding, for example, some NaOH solution to the solution of a weak acid,
HA, producing the solution of the conjugate base, A –. You must ensure that the acid is in excess.
The necessary concentrations can be calculated using the ICE box. (Keep in mind that
concentrations change not only because of the reaction but also because the volume of the
solution changes by adding the NaOH solution.)
The ICE box (an acronym made from the first letter of the words Initial, Change, and End or, in
this case, Equilibrium) is a representation of the chemical reaction, where the progress of the
reaction is shown vertically (Initial/Change/Equilibrium) and horizontally, the components of the
reaction are listed. The table is completed based on the stoichiometric relationship among the
components:
2 PS-2897
Student Inquiry Worksheet
Table 1: ICE box for calculating concentrations of the weak acid and conjugate base
VHA
Initial cHA 0 0
VNaOH + VHA
VNaOH VNaOH
Change -cNaOH0 cNaOH0
VNaOH + VHA VNaOH + VHA
Therefore from the table the equilibrium concentrations of the conjugate base and the acid are:
cNaOH0 VNaOH
cA - =
VNaOH + VHA
c 0V - cNaOH0 VNaOH
cHA = HA HA
VNaOH + VHA
where
cA - = concentration of conjugate base (salt) in the buffer (M)
cNaOH0 = initial concentration of NaOH solution (M)
VNaOH = added volume of NaOH solution (mL)
cHA = concentration of HA in buffer (M)
cHA0 = initial concentration of HA (M)
VHA = volume of acid (mL)
In an experiment, acetic acid was analyzed. The formula for acetic acid is CH 3COOH; however,
we will be using an abbreviated version of the formula: “CH3CO” is called an “acetyl group” and
has the symbol of “Ac”. Therefore the formula for acetic acid used in this activity is “HOAc” and
the formula for the acetate ion will be “OAc–”.
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
A sample of 100 mL of 0.5 M HOAc solution was titrated with 2.000 M NaOH solution to make a
buffer with a pH of 5.5. To reach the desired pH, 21.20 mL of NaOH solution had to be added.
The concentration of the conjugate base (salt) and acid can be calculated by using the ICE box:
(2.000 M)(21.20mL)
(2.000 M)(21.20 mL) =
Change - = -0.350 M (21.20mL +100.00mL)
(21.20 mL + 100.00 mL)
= 0.350 M
(2.000 M)(21.20mL)
=
Equilibrium 0.412 M - 0.350 M = 6.2 �10 -2
M (21.20mL +100.00 mL)
= 0.350 M
Therefore from the table the equilibrium concentrations of the conjugate base and the acid are:
The buffer capacity of the prepared buffer is predicted to be
To test the buffer capacity of the buffer, 6.00 M HCl solution was added by drops until the pH of
the buffer reached 4.5. This required 4.00 mL of the HCl solution. The concentration of HCl in
the final solution is
This is close to the predicted value of 0.20 M.
1. Would adding NaOH solution to acetic acid solution increase or decrease the pH of
the solution?
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4 PS-2897
Student Inquiry Worksheet
2. When calculating the added acid concentration (cHCl) why didn’t we convert the
volume to liters to be consistent with M?
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Safety
Add these important safety precautions to your normal laboratory procedures:
Wash off any HCl solution that comes in contact with your skin with large amounts of water.
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
Sequencing Challenge
The steps below are part of the Procedure for this lab activity. They are not in the right order. Determine
the proper order and write numbers in the circles that put the steps in the correct sequence.
Set up the data Complete the Put an accurately Test the buffer Prepare the
collection system process for each measured capacity: Add 6.0 buffer: Add the
and pH sensor. HOAc solution. quantity of the M HCl drop wise NaOH solution
Set up the Calculate and first HOAc until the pH drop wise into the
titration compare the solution into a changes one unit. acetic acid
apparatus. Fill the buffer capacity of beaker. Place it Record the solution until the
buret with the the 0.1 M, 0.3, M onto the magnetic volume of HCl pH of the buffer
conjugate base and 0.5 M HOAc stirrer. solution. reaches 5.0.
(NaOH). solutions.
Procedure
After you complete a step (or answer a question), place a check mark in the box () next to that step.
Note: When you see the symbol "�" with a superscripted number following a step, refer to the numbered Tech
Tips listed in the Tech Tips appendix that corresponds to your PASCO data collection system. There you will find
detailed technical instructions for performing that step. Your teacher will provide you with a copy of the
instructions for these operations.
Set Up
1. Start a new experiment on the data collection system. �(1.2)
2. Connect a pH sensor to the data collection system. �(2.1)
3. Use pH 4 and pH 10 buffer solutions to calibrate the pH
sensor. �(3.6)
4. Monitor live data without recording (you will not need to collect
data). �(6.1)
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Student Inquiry Worksheet
Collect Data
5. Which solution do you expect to take the greatest amount of NaOH solution to set the pH
to 5?
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6. Set up a buret over a waste beaker (100mL beaker).
7. Rinse the buret with several milliliters of the 2.000 M NaOH solution:
a. Ensure that the stopcock is closed and rinse the inside of the buret with several
milliliters of the standardized NaOH solution.
b. Open the stopcock on the buret and drain the rinse NaOH into the waste container.
c. Repeat this process two more times.
8. Why is it necessary to rinse the buret with the NaOH solution?
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9. Make sure the stopcock on the buret is in the “off” position and then use a funnel to fill
the buret with about 50 mL of the 2.000 M NaOH solution (titrant).
10. Drain a small amount of the titrant through the drop counter into the waste beaker
(100mL beaker) to remove any air in the tip of the buret.
11. Why is it important to remove air from the tip of the buret?
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12. Add additional 2.000 M NaOH to the buret so the solution is above the zero mark. Allow
some of the NaOH solution to drip into the waste container until the bottom of the
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
meniscus is lined up with or just below the zero mark and record the initial reading in
Table 3.
Prepare the buffer and test the buffer capacity with each of the following solutions:
250 mL of 0.1 M HOAc
250 mL of 0.3 M HOAc
250 mL of 0.5 M HOAc
13. To prepare the buffer:
a. Transfer 250 mL of the acetic acid solution into a 400mL beaker and set it on the
magnetic stirrer (remove the waste beaker).
b. Place a stirring bar into the solution and set the stirring to a gentle rate.
c. Slowly add the NaOH solution by drops (1 to 2 per second) until the pH reaches 5.0.
d. Record the final reading of the NaOH solution in Table 3.
e. Calculate the volume of NaOH added (final reading minus initial reading) and record
this value in Table 3 and Table 4.
Initial reading of NaOH on the buret (mL)
Final reading of NaOH on the buret (mL)
Volume of NaOH added (mL)
14. To measure buffer capacity, use the pipet to add the 6 M HCl solution, by drops, until the
pH reaches 4.0. Record the volume added in Table 4.
15. Which solution do you expect to need the greatest volume of the HCl solution to set the
pH to 4; that is, which solution do you think will have the highest buffer capacity?
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16. To prepare for the next HOAc solution:
a. Refill the buret with 2.000 M NaOH so the solution is above the zero mark. Allow
some of the NaOH solution to drip into the beaker until the bottom of the meniscus is
lined up with or just below the zero mark and record the initial reading in Table 3.
b. Rinse the pH probe tip with deionized water.
c. Remove the beaker and dispose of its contents according to the teacher’s instructions.
8 PS-2897
Student Inquiry Worksheet
17. Repeat this process to prepare the buffer and test the buffer capacity for the next HOAc
solution.
18. Clean up according to your teacher's instructions.
Data Analysis
1. Obtain the exact concentration of the NaOH solution from your teacher and record it in
Table 2.
2. Calculate the concentration of the conjugate base after adding the necessary amount of
NaOH solution. Record the results for all three HOAc solutions in Table 4.
3. Calculate the concentration of the acid after adding the necessary amount of NaOH
solution. Record the results for all three HOAc solutions in Table 4.
4. Calculate the predicted buffer capacity of the solutions. Record the results for all three
HOAc solutions in Table 4.
5. Calculate the actual buffer capacity, which is the final concentration of HCl in the
solution, for all 3 HOAc solutions. Record the results for all three solutions in Table 4.
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
Table 4: Buffer capacity measurements and calculation results
Concentration of standardized
NaOH solution (M)
Concentration of standardized
HCl solution (M)
Volume of acetic acid solution
(mL)
Volume of 2.0 M NaOH added
to reach pH 5.00 (mL)
Volume of 6.0 M HCl solution
added to reach pH 4.0 (mL)
Concentration of conjugate
base (M)
Concentration of remaining
acid (M)
Predicted buffer capacity (M)
Actual buffer capacity (M)
Analysis Questions
1. Does the pH of the buffer depend on the concentration of the conjugate base (salt)
and the acid concentration? Explain your answer
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2. How does the buffer capacity change as the weak acid concentration increases?
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Student Inquiry Worksheet
3. In the example, the volume of the buffer solution was 121.20 mL. By adding 4.0 mL
of 6 M HCl solution the pH changed one unit. How much will the pH change if the
same amount of 6 M HCl is added to 121.20 mL of water?
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4. Consider the buffer capacity of the solution that was made with the 0.5 M HOAc.
How would the pH change if the same amount of acid was added to pure water
instead?
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Synthesis Questions
Use available resources to help you answer the following questions.
1. If you had to design a buffer from phosphoric acid (H3PO4), what conjugate bases
could you use?
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2. One of the many buffer systems in the human body is one that maintains the pH of
blood. How do you think the pH of blood would be affected if too much CO 2 is inhaled
(in an environment where the air is stale)?
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Lab 19: Properties of Buffer Solutions
1. The pH of a buffer:
A. Depends on the concentration of the acid, the concentration of the conjugate base
(salt), and the pKa of the acid.
B. Depends on the ratio between the concentration of the acid, the concentration of the
conjugate base (salt), and the pKa of the acid.
C. Depends on the concentration of the acid, and the concentration of the conjugate base
(salt) only.
D. Depends only on the pKa of the acid.
2. Buffer capacity for acids is:
A. The amount of acid, in M, that increases the pH of a buffer to a measurable extent.
B. The amount of acid, in M, that decreases the pH of a buffer to a measurable extent.
C. The amount of acid, in M, that increases the pH of a buffer by one pH unit.
D. The amount of acid, in M, that decreases the pH of a buffer by one pH unit.
3. A buffer can be made by mixing:
A. A weak acid and a strong acid.
B. A weak acid and a strong base, allowing the weak acid to be in excess.
C. A weak base and a salt of the weak base.
D. Water and a salt (conjugate base).
4. The pH of a buffer will:
A. Not change at all when adding any amount of an acid or base.
B. Not change substantially if the amount of acid or base added is less than the buffer
capacity.
C. Slightly increase as acid is added and slightly decrease as base is added.
D. Change 0.1 pH units if the amount of acid added is equal to the buffer capacity.
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