BUFFERS BUFFER SoLUTION

Bufer sution are those which resist change in their pH when

a&mall amount of acid or ba3e added in it.

Types of Buffer soluions/Bufers

Bufler solotòns are of tasically tuo types
" Acidic Buffer
" Basic Buffer

Acidic Buffers :
I is a ombinaion of weak acid and its salt with strong bose
(HsC00H + CHsC00Nq

Basic Bufers :
I is aombinotion of weak base and s salt with sronq aid
NH40H + NH4CI
 Buffer Copacity
The amount of acid base required to produce a unit chanqe in
pH of a bufer soluion is known as bufler Copacity.
TIt S aso krown as :
Buffer Index
Buffer Value
Buffer EMiiency
Buffer oefficient

B= 4Aor AB
ApH

where, B= Buffer Capacty

AA/ AB= Amount of ocid or b0se gdded
ApH change tn pH

Applicakon of Buffers
Enzymes actuity depends on pH,
ph 820 he pH dunng enzume aay
must stay constant
Most of he bialoqical proess 0CUÍS within a relatuely gmall pH
(onge and for thot bodiy haue its own bufler syateHm which maintaing
aonstant pH
" Buffer souion also used to calibrake pH meter
Buffers are ofen sed in fod industrs to maintain the appropriate
acidilty bosicity of food.
BUFFER ACTION
t bosically desonbes the mechanism of acion of buferg meang
how buffers actually works to resist change in their pH we add
Bmall amount of acd or base.

Mechanism of acion of acidic bfers i

Let's consider a bufer system of CHs (00H and CHs (00Na .
Now theSe (HsC00H and CHsC00 Na witl dissociate like this '

CHs(0ONa CHs C00- t Nat

CH3 C00H CH3C00- + Ht

IF we 0dd on Agd CHCL)

II we add HCl nto the obove buffer soluton then first HCI wil
dissociate into Ht and CI- and these H* ions wll react uith CHsc00
ions and form CHsc0OH uhich is dlready present in. the solution,ie
any oBher edtra compourd tomed and that's houw the pH of the
buffersolution femains unchanged.
HCI H 4 C|

Ht 4 CHs00 CHsC00H
 If We add a Base (NaoH)
Now qqain if we add a base NaoH n the aboue acidic bufer
SdluHon hen NaoH breaks into Nat t oH- and these OH- (eacks
uith Ht ions and form waler which doesn't affect the pH of
tweter soloton.
NaoH Nat + OH

H20

Mechanism of achion of bosic buflers

Lel's Consider a bufler system of NH40H ond NH4CI
Now :
NH40H NH4t t OH
NH4C

If We Qdd an acd CHCI)

HCI H*+ CI

H* t OH - H20

If We add a base CNaOH)

NaoH Na + OH

OH- + NH NHyoH
 BUFFER EQUATION/HENDERSON - HASSELBALCH AauATION
Buffer euohon also knoun s Manderson - Hasselbalch equation
USed to (alculate the pH of a buffer Bolution.

For Acidic Buffer

As we know that acidc buffer Contoins eak acid and its sol
Let's (onsider a uweak acid CHsC00H",Now
(Hsc00H CH3(00- t Ht

Now F we assume H3000 - a8 A, then we con wite above equotòn

like
HA Ht + A

Now Here HA ’ Acid

and A- ’ salt

Why A- epresented as sal

As we knouw an acidic buer contairs a weak acid and salt of it
wth sBtong bose, If we take erample of CHscoOH CHs oNa
then CHs(0OH CHsC00-tHt
CHs(00Nq CHzc00-t Nat

NOw Here in the above eguohion as we knouw CHsCOOH IS a weak acid

and it will only partolly dissocioted and frther Its depressien dissociaon
is depressed / slouw douw bu the addiion of salt (Hs(00Nq , hene
the maximum number of CHsCo0- in the aboue solution Coming tom
CHsCOONa and thot's why we ep fesent CHaC00- as
ag ' Concentrotion of salt
And Since we assume CHsc00- = A, Hence A- ’ sat
NOw
HA Ht + A

AHer applying lawof mass acion

( Dissociahon (onstan) Ka = [H*1CAJ
[HAJ
Ka CHAJ CH]
CA
Of,we (an wite ike
[Ht] := ka [HAJ
[AJ

Now 0s we alreads see, HA ’ Acid

A- ’ salt
we Can wite above equation like
[HJ = ka CAcid]
[salt3
loq on both sides
toking
loq CH] = - loq( ka [Acid]
[Sal+J
- loq CH*1: -loq ka - loq CAcid]
[salt]
Nou -loq CH] = pH and similarls twe Can write -loq ka =pka

pH = pka - log CAcid ]

Or we Can urite

pH = pka + loq [Sat]

CAcid]
 BUFFERED IsøTONIC SoLUTIONS

ToNICITY
TIhe word tonicity is simply defined as oncentraion of a soluBion
0s compared to another solution
Now, In pharmacy the phamaceuhal buffer &olution that are
meant for applicakon inside the body must haue the same Osmoic
pressute or the same Concentration os hat of the body floids / blood
Tonicity / Concentraion of blood= 0-97. w/v of NaCI

Types of soluBions (As fer Tonicity)

There are basically three types of solutions i
O Isotonic
@ Hypotonic
9 Hypertonic

Isotonic Solution
Abuffe solukon whose concertaHion / Osmotic pressure is equal to the
0-97. wv of Nact, is knoun Buffer IsoBomic solution

Hypotonic Soluion
Abuffer solufion whose conçentrahionOsmotc pressure (s less than
0-97. wlv of Nacl, is known as 'Hypotonic solukion

Hypertonic Soluhon
A bufer soluion whose conçentrHion esmotic pressure is qreater th an
0.97. wv of Nacl, is known as 'Hypertonic soluion'
Measurment / Determinahion of Tonicity
(yoscopic / (oligaBve Method
Haemolyic Menod

(yoscopic / Coligative Method

This method is based on the coliqahive properties of the soluton
Such as frezin point, boiling poYnt, vapour pressore and temperature
diferene.
In his method we bosically Compore he colli ahive properties of
our test solukion Cwhose tonicity have to be determined) with
Stondard isotonic solution (0-97. W/v of Naci)

0-97. W/v of Nac

|TEST STANDAR0

|Compore
" Freezing foint
Boiling foint
Vapour Pressure
Temperakure diference

Afler Comparison, If
Test = Standard Isotonic
Test < Standard Hypotonic
Test 7 Standard Hypertonic
 Haemolytic Method
In this method twe deetmine he tonicity of he solution on the
basis of appeatanee of red bloocl ell suspended in the solukon

We know that according to csmosis soluent parhicles move trom

area of low ConcentraiÓn to area of high Concentation.
nthis method firt we dissolve the red blod cell in the given test
solution , then ollowinq 33(ondihion
conditon can be 0Cuted.

Condition -I (el Shinkaqe)

IF the conertrakon of solution is
qredBer than Concenttahion of bloodl
cell the solvent moue from blood to
solution and this couSe cell shninkage
and the solution will be Hypertonic

Conditon -I (No Change)

II the oncentrahion of soluhion is
equal to the concentoaHon of blaod
(ell, then there will be no net
movement of soluent and due to this
there will be no change in the size of
blood cell or it will remain Constant
and the sotoion will be 'IsoBonic "
Condikon -IL (ell Suelling
T the Concentrahon of soluion is
less than the Concentration of blood
cell, then solvent poatcles move from
Soluion to blood cell and this (ause
(ell swelling and the soluion will
be 'HypoBonic
 Methods of Adiusting Tonicity
I basically includes two classes
Class -I'(For Hypotonic)
(lass- IL CFor Hypertonic)

(lass -I
(ryeseepic | Freezing This method is basically Used to adiust the
tonicity of hypotoni soluhon. In this we basicaly add sodium
chloride to make the soluion Isotonic.
II includes :
OCryoscopic / Freezing point depression method
OSodiom chl¡ride eivalent method.

Cyoscopic/ Freezing point depression methocl

w = 0-52- q
b
where,
W= amount adjusting substance
q= feezing point of . salution of un- adjusted soluion
b= fezing point of 1z solution of adjusting substance

Sodium Chlonide euivalent method :

E = (tX Liso
M
 where,
E Sodivm chloide equivolent
Li'so = Liso value CConstant)
M = molecular wegnt of druq solution

Class - IL
This method is bozicalty used to adiost the tonicity of hypertonic
Solutions, In this method we basically add the water to make
he solukion TsoBonic .
This includes :
0 White -Vincent meBhod
Sprowls - Method

White- Vincent Method

V= W Ex 111-1
where,
V= volume of isotonic solution prepated by mixinq dlug with wter
weignt of drug in qrom
E Sodium chlonde equialent.

Sprowls Method
This is bosically he sinplrficaton of white- vincent method. In this
we set the value of w : 0.3

V= 0.3E X 111-1 or V= 33.33 E