The endomembrane system (endo = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles (Figure 1)

in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. ...
The endomembrane system does not include the membranes of either mitochondria or
chloroplasts.
Energy balance” is the relationship between “energy in” (food calories taken into the body through
food and drink) and “energy out” (calories being used in the body for our daily energy
requirements).
Four Common Parts of a Cell
Although cells are diverse, all cells have certain parts in common. The parts include a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. The plasma membrane (also called the cell
membrane) is a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell
THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF ANY PLANT OR ANIMAL CELL ARE:
PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE. Structure- a bilipid membraneous layer composed
of proteins and carbohydrates. ...
CYTOPLASM. ...
NUCLEUS. ...
1. " ...
RIBOSOMES. ...
GOLGI BODY / APPARATUS. ...
LYSOSOMES. ...
MITOCHONDRIA.

CELL ORGANELLES - NOTES

CELL THEORY

Cells are the basic unit of life.

The Cell Theory states that:

1) All organisms are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells.
2) All cells carry out life activities ( require energy, grow, have a limited size).
3) New cells arise only from other living cells by the process of cell division.

THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF ANY PLANT OR ANIMAL CELL ARE:

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE

Structure- a bilipid membraneous layer composed of proteins and carbohydrates. It is fluid like.

Function - the cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment, and is selectively
permeable (controls what gets in and out). It protects the cell and provides stability.

Proteins are found embedded within the plasma membrane, with some extending all the way
through in order to transport materials.

Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the outer lipid layer.

2. CYTOPLASM

Structure - The jelly-like substance composed of mainly water and found between the cell
membrane and nucleus. The cytoplasm makes up most of the "body" of a cell and is constantly
streaming.

Function - Organelles are found here and substances like salts may be dissolved in the cytoplasm.

3. NUCLEUS

Structure - The largest organelle in the cell. It is dark and round, and is surrounded by a double
membrane called the nuclear envelope/membrane. In spots the nuclear envelope fuses to form
pores which are selectively permeable. The nucleus contains genetic information (DNA) on
special strands called chromosomes.
Function - The nucleus is the "control center" of the cell, for cell metabolism and reproduction.

THE FOLLOWING ORGANELLES ARE FOUND IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS.

1. "ER" OR ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid. They carry
materials throughout the cell. The ER is the "transport system" of the cell.

There are two types of ER: rough ER and smooth ER.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is lined with ribosomes and is rough in appearance and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum contains no ribosomes and is smooth in appearance.

2. RIBOSOMES

Ribosomes are small particles which are found individually in the cytoplasm and also line the
membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes produce protein. They could be
thought of as "factories" in the cell.

3. GOLGI BODY / APPARATUS

Golgi bodies are stacks of flattened membranous stacks (they look like pancakes!). The Golgi
Body temporarily stores protein which can then leave the cell via vesiciles pinching off from the
Golgi.

4. LYSOSOMES

Lysosomes are small sac-like structures surrounded by a single membrane and containing strong
digestive enzymes which when released can break down worn out organelles or food. The
lysosome is also known as a suicide sac.

5. MITOCHONDRIA

The mitochondria are round "tube-like" organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane,
with the inner membrane being highly folded. the mitochondria are often referred to as the
"powerhouse" of the cell. the mitochondria releases food energy from food molecules to be used
by the cell. This process is called respiration. Some cells( muscle cells) require more energy than
other cells and so would have many more mitochondria.

6. VACUOLES

Vacuoles are fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. They can store materials such as
food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products.

ANIMAL CELLS ORGANELLES NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS:

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

Both cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles which extend from the surface of many animal cells.
the structure is identical in both, except that flagella are longer and whiplike and cilia are shorter.
There are usually only a few flagella on a cell, while cilia may cover the entire surface of a cell.
The function of cilia and flagella ionclude locomotion for one-celled organisms and to move
substances over cell surfaces in multi-celled organisms.

ORGANELLES AND OTHER FEATURES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS:

1. CELL WALL

The cell wall is a rigid organelle composed of cellulose and lying just outside the cell membrane.
The cell wall gives the plant cell it's box-like shape. it also protects the cell. The cell wall
contains pores which allow materials to pass to and from the cell membrane.

2. PLASTIDS

Plastids are double membrane bound organelles. It is in plastids that plants make and store food.
Plastids are found in the cytoplasm and there are two main types:

Leucoplasts - colorless organelles which store starch or other plant nutrients. ( example - starch
stored in a potato)

Chromoplasts - contain different colored pigments. The most important type of chromoplast is
the chloroplast, which contains the green pigment chlorophyll. This is important in the process of
photosynthesis.

3. CENTRAL VACUOLE

The central vacuole is a large fluid-filled vacuole found in plants.

BACK
Left: Energy flow diagram of a frog. The frog represents a node in an extended food web. The
energy ingested is utilized for metabolic processes and transformed into biomass. The energy flow
continues on its path if the frog is ingested by predators, parasites, or as a decaying carcass in soil.
This energy flow diagram illustrates how energy is lost as it fuels the metabolic process that
transform the energy and nutrients into biomass.
Right: An expanded three link energy food chain (1. plants, 2. herbivores, 3. carnivores)
illustrating the relationship between food flow diagrams and energy transformity. The transformity
of energy becomes degraded, dispersed, and diminished from higher quality to lesser quantity as
the energy within a food chain flows from one trophic species into another The study of the flow
of energy within an ecological system from the time the energy enters the living system until it is
ultimately degraded to heat and irretrievably lost from the system. It is also referred to as
production ecology, because ecologists use the word production to describe the process of energy
input and storage in ecosystems. Abbreviations: I=input, A=assimilation, R=respiration, NU=not
utilized, P=production, B=biomass.[1]
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food
chain, and is the focus of study in ecological energetics. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to
quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.

A general energy flow scenario follows:

Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like green plants. Primary
consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant through digestion, and transform it into
the form of energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of
the energy received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of
respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The loss of energy through body
heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals, which must eat much more frequently than those that
are cold-blooded. Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta) by
excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers, although omnivores also
consume primary producers. Energy that had been used by the primary consumers for growth and
storage is thus absorbed into the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with
primary consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable form (ATP)
during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system, since energy which the primary
consumers had used for respiration and regulation of body temperature cannot be utilized by the
secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume the secondary
consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with the lower levels of the food chain.
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic matter of the tertiary
consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the chain) and release nutrients into the soil.
They also break down plants, herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher
on the food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and carnivores.
Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the nitrogen and
carbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90% of the energy
is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect of respiration) and some being
lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore, primary consumers get about 10% of the
energy produced by autotrophs, while secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get
0.1%. This means the top consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food
chain's energy has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical
food chains to only four to six links.

Enzyme
LYSOSOMES A suicide bomb of the cell All the particle that may harm the cell the LYSOSOMES
is the one who take the particle to protect it.