16th Century

- Initial contact of Spain to Philippines

- underdevelopment, Andre Gunder Frank found the roots of Latin America's
economic. Frank saw all economic exchange within this world capitalist system as a
series of exploitative "centre-satellite" relationships running from Mandrid-
Santiago (Chile), to Santiago-hacienda, to hacienda-Indian village.
- Wallerstein offered a more refined model of the 16th century world system, he sees
northern Europe, England and Holland as the "core" of the world trade system
supported by "semi-peripheral" areas like Italy and "peripheral" regions like Latin
America.
- Philippine historical studies on this year, especially those by Legarda and Wickberg,
outlined the broad dimensions of the colony's socio-economic transformation during
the 19th century.
- -Manila became the remotest outpost of Spain's Latin American empire, marginally
linked to Europe through the trans-Pacific galleon trade.

17th century
-the early 17th century, Spain also used Manila as its naval bases in an abortive challenge to
Dutch dominion over the Moluccas, the spice islands of eastern Indonesia.
-Manila was well situated to serve Spain in its brief bid for an Asian trading empire in the first
half of the 17th century.
bet. 16th and 19th century -the "core" England, gradually extended it's trading sphere to the
"external" areas -- most importantly, Russia and Asia -- thereby covering almost the entire globe.
18th Century
- many of the critical regional transitions began
- Britain became an active agent in intra- Asian trade
- Textile industry reached a high level of development
- Late 18th century: Philippines entered the world economy
-with the quickening of Europe's world trade, colonial pressures on the Philippine
archipelago began to accelerate.
-from the late 18th century onwards, improved maritime technology and industrial growth
breached those barriers and brought Manila within Europe's reach.
-between 1780 and 1920, most of the archipelago experienced a socio-economic transformation
-- a process which constitutes the central theme of the essays in this volume.

18th-mid 20th
 •regional historians initiated separate studies that constitute a survey of social change
around the archipelago
1855
- Opening of provincial ports to direct foreign trade

1857
- Ilocano mestizos raised the city of Vigan as a sign of their economic skills
1860s
Sugar planters of Western Visayas become citizens of the world market but did not become
citizens of Philippine Republic until 1946.
1870s
, the archipelago's several region produced a range of commercial crops for intra-Asian and
international markets -- tobacco in the Cagayan Valley of northeastern Luzon, rice and sugar in
the Western Visayas, and Chinese foodstuffs in Sulu.

19th Century
- The transition to commercial agriculture in Panay and Ilocos regions
- Emergence of native entrepreneurs, capital and wage labor (weaving industry)
- Collapsing of weaving industry where Ilocanos and Ilongos migrate to Central Luzon and
Negros
- Philippines was “good deal, less tidy”.
- Labor control systems was evident in the Philippines
- Sulu sultanate operated a slave system
- Highland economies remained tangential to accelerated commercial activites
- Igorots of the Luzon Cordillera and the Bukidnon of Mindanao’s plateau were
forced to extensive low contacts which then later commercialized
- Iloilo City and the belt of sugar plantations along Western coast of Negros Islands made
up the core of the region’s export economy.
- Central Luzon’s rice trade developed for the Asian Market
- Bikol’s kemp cultivation for the American Market
- Western Visayan sugar industry for the World Market
- Started economic base for the growth of regional economy
- Emergence of Iloilo City, Cebu, and Sulu as commercially sovereign entrepots
maintaining independent ties to external trade networks
1946
 There is a natural and misleading tendency to conceptualize relationship in hierarchial
to the world market.
New logistic network led from countryside.
Consider external linkages as an integral component of local structure.
Carl Landé analyzed Philippine politics.
James Scott described the politics.
Applying the linkages model.
Comparison between social histories of individual regions
•Philippine independence (not sure, paconfirm nalang)
•insufficient institutional support from government
Mid-1950's
• end of postwar reconstruction
•scholarship resumed after 15 years
• foreign trade studies
Late 1950's and early 1960's
• 3 major scholarly studies suceeded in outlining the development of foreign trade l
inkages from 17th-19th century
•froreign trade research indicated importance of 18th & 19th century economic changes
•Showed the large documentation available in Manila archives

Mid 1960's
•Unproductive interaction between history and social science
•social science dominated the interdisciplinary dialogue
Late 1960's
•Development of the corpus of Philippine historical studies
1967
Their assessment previous two decades of scholarship has been uniformly negative.

Pre 1970's
•corpus of scholarship portrayed the Philippines as a society that was essentially "political"
in nature
1970's
 •sudden proliferation of social historical research
•most American historians focused on colonial politics
•Filipino historians focused on the 6 years of revolution
•regional social histories
•John Larkin's study of Pampanga prompted a wave of regional and local research
Post 1970's
• burst of regional historical studies