Earthquake

Resistant Design
of Structures

Pankaj Agarwal
Manish Shrikhande
 I

PANI<AJ AGARWAL
Assistant Professor
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
and

MANISH SHRIKHANDE
Assistant Professor
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of iechnology Roorkee

PHI •I
New Delhi-11 0001
2011
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikhande

© 2006 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-2892-1

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Thirteenth Printing … … July, 2014

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj
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 Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................... xxi

Contributors ..................................................................................................................... xxv

Part I
EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

1. Engineering Seismology .................................................................... 3–44

1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Reid’s Elastic Rebound Theory ....................................................................................... 3
1.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics ................................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Lithospheric Plates ................................................................................................ 6
1.3.2 Plate Margins and Earthquake Occurrences ........................................................ 7
1.3.3 The Movement of Indian Plate ............................................................................ 9
1.4 Seismic Waves ................................................................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Body Waves ......................................................................................................... 10
1.4.2 Surface Waves ...................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Earthquake Size ............................................................................................................... 13
1.5.1 Intensity ............................................................................................................... 13
1.5.2 Isoseismal Map .................................................................................................... 18
1.5.3 Earthquake Magnitude ....................................................................................... 18
1.5.4 Energy Released in an Earthquake .................................................................... 23
1.5.5 Earthquake Frequency ........................................................................................ 23
1.6 Local Site Effects ............................................................................................................ 24
1.6.1 Basin/Soil Effects ................................................................................................ 24
1.6.2 Lateral Discontinuity Effects .............................................................................. 27
1.6.3 Effect of the Surface Topography ...................................................................... 28

vii
viii Contents

1.7 Internal Structure of the Earth ........................................................................................ 30

1.7.1 Crust ..................................................................................................................... 30
1.7.2 Upper Mantle ....................................................................................................... 31
1.7.3 Lower Mantle ...................................................................................................... 31
1.7.4 Core ...................................................................................................................... 32
1.8 Seismotectonics of India ................................................................................................. 32
1.9 Seismicity of India .......................................................................................................... 34
1.10 Classification of Earthquakes ......................................................................................... 35
1.11 Tsunami ........................................................................................................................... 36
1.11.1 Tsunami Velocity ............................................................................................... 37
1.11.2 Run-up and Inundation ..................................................................................... 37
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 38
Glossary of Earthquake/Seismology ....................................................................................... 38
References .............................................................................................................................. 41

2. Seismic Zoning Map of India ......................................................... 45–58

2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 45
2.2 Seismic Hazard Map ....................................................................................................... 45
2.3 Seismic Zone Map of 1962 ............................................................................................ 48
2.4 Seismic Zone Map of 1966 ............................................................................................ 50
2.4.1 Grade Enhancement ............................................................................................ 51
2.4.2 Review of Tectonic ............................................................................................. 51
2.5 Seismic Zone Map of 1970 ............................................................................................ 52
2.6 Seismic Zone Map of 2002 ............................................................................................ 56
2.7 Epilogue ........................................................................................................................... 56
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 58
References .............................................................................................................................. 58

3. Strong Motion Studies in India .................................................... 59–69

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 59
3.2 Understanding the Nature of Ground Motions ............................................................. 60
3.2.1 Source Effect ........................................................................................................ 60
3.2.2 Path Effect ............................................................................................................ 62
3.2.3 Site Effect ............................................................................................................ 63
3.3 Estimation of Ground Motion Parameters ..................................................................... 64
3.4 The Indian Perspective ................................................................................................... 65
3.5 Utilization of Strong Motion Data ................................................................................. 65
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 66
References .............................................................................................................................. 66

4. Strong Motion Characteristics ...................................................... 70–87

4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 70
 Chapter Contents ix

4.2 Terminology of Strong Motion Seismology ................................................................. 73

4.2.1 Amplitude Parameters ......................................................................................... 73
4.2.2 Duration of Strong Motion ................................................................................. 74
4.2.3 Fourier Spectrum ................................................................................................. 74
4.2.4 Power Spectrum ................................................................................................... 75
4.2.5 Response Spectrum ............................................................................................. 76
4.2.6 Seismic Demand Diagrams ................................................................................. 79
4.2.7 Spatial Variation of Earthquake Ground Motion ............................................. 80
4.2.8 Damage Potential of Earthquakes ...................................................................... 81
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 86
References .............................................................................................................................. 86

5. Evaluation of Seismic Design Parameters .............................. 88–107

5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 88
5.2 Types of Earthquakes ...................................................................................................... 88
5.2.1 Intensity ............................................................................................................... 89
5.2.2 Magnitude ............................................................................................................ 89
5.3 Fault Rupture Parameters ................................................................................................ 90
5.4 Earthquake Ground Motion Characteristics .................................................................. 91
5.4.1 Amplitude Properties .......................................................................................... 91
5.4.2 Duration ............................................................................................................... 93
5.4.3 Effect of Distance ................................................................................................ 93
5.4.4 Ground Motion Level ......................................................................................... 96
5.4.5 Geographical, Geophysics and Geotechnical Data ........................................... 96
5.5 Deterministic Approach .................................................................................................. 97
5.6 Probabilistic Approach ................................................................................................... 98
5.6.1 Example ............................................................................................................. 100
5.7 Response Spectra ........................................................................................................... 101
5.8 Design Spectrum ............................................................................................................ 101
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 105
References ............................................................................................................................ 106

Part II
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

6. Initiation into Structural Dynamics ........................................ 111–114

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 111
6.2 Mathematical Modelling .............................................................................................. 112
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 114
References ............................................................................................................................ 114
 x Contents

7. Dynamics of Single Degree of Freedom Systems ................ 115–128

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 115
7.2 Free Vibration of Viscous-Damped SDOF Systems .................................................... 116
7.2.1 Underdamped Case (z < 1) ............................................................................... 118
7.2.2 Critically-damped Case (z = 1) ......................................................................... 118
7.2.3 Overdamped Case (z > 1) .................................................................................. 118
7.3 Forced Vibrations of SDOF Systems ............................................................................ 120
7.3.1 Response of SDOF Systems to Harmonic Excitations .................................... 120
7.3.2 Excitation by Base Motion .............................................................................. 122
7.3.3 Response of SDOF Systems to a Finite Duration Excitation ......................... 122
7.3.4 Response of SDOF Systems to a Short Duration Impulse .............................. 124
7.3.5 Response of SDOF Systems to General Dynamic Excitation ......................... 125
7.4 Vibration Isolation ........................................................................................................ 126
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 128
References ............................................................................................................................ 128

8. Theory of Seismic Pickups ......................................................... 129–136

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 129
8.2 The Physics of Operation .............................................................................................. 129
8.3 Which Parameter to Measure? ...................................................................................... 131
8.4 Seismometers ................................................................................................................. 132
8.4.1 Displacement Pickups ....................................................................................... 132
8.4.2 Velocity Pickups ............................................................................................... 132
8.5 Accelerometers ............................................................................................................... 133
8.5.1 Servo-accelerometers ......................................................................................... 135
8.5.2 Calibration of Accelerometers .......................................................................... 136
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 136
References ............................................................................................................................ 136

9. Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response ........................ 137–143

9.1 Numerical Solution Based on Interpolation of Excitation ........................................ 137
9.2 Numerical Solution Based on Approximation of Derivatives ................................... 139
9.3 Stability and Accuracy Considerations ....................................................................... 141
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 143
References ............................................................................................................................ 143

10. Response Spectra ........................................................................... 144–156

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 144
10.2 Fourier Spectra ............................................................................................................... 144
 Earthquake Resistant Design Of
Structures

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Author : AGARWAL,
Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120328921 PANKAJ, SHRIKHANDE,
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