2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

A Review on Battery Management Systems of

Lithium Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles
V.Vaideeswaran S. Bhuvanesh M. Devasena
Assistant Professor UG Student UG Student
BIT, Sathyamangalam BIT, Sathyamangalam BIT, Sathyamangalam
Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India
vaideeswaran@bitsathy.ac.in bhuvanesh.ee16@bitsathy.ac.in devasena.ee16@bitsathy.ac.in

Abstract --- Electric Vehicle technology plays a vital role in

reducing greenhouse gas and carbon emissions. Rechargeable
batteries are used to deliver power to the auxiliary systems and
motor in the electric vehicle applications. Various types of
rechargeable batteries are available in the market nowadays,
for electric vehicle applications. Among all rechargeable
batteries, Lithium Ion Batteries are best suited for EV
applications because Li-Ion batteries have low self-discharge
rate, wide operating range, high energy density and long-life
cycle. To improve the quality of battery and safe operation,
battery management system is employed and it plays an
important role in application of Electric Vehicles. This paper
reviews the attributes of battery management system and its
technology with advantages and disadvantages for electric
vehicle application. This review includes the battery cell
monitoring, state estimation, charging and discharging control,
temperature control, fault analysis, data acquisition and
protection schemes to improve the performance of battery for
EV applications.
Keywords: Battery Management Systems, Electric Vehicle,
Lithium-Ion Batteries, State Estimation
I. INTRODUCTION
In transportation, the combustion of fossil fuels leads to
the emission of greenhouse gases and carbon. These
emissions are the major reasons for global warming. To
reduce the emission, a lot of research and development for
commercial products and transportation are increasing
nowadays [1], [2]. Electric Vehicles have attracted the
researchers, because electric vehicle needs electric power to
run the motors connected in EVs [3]. The Electric power
used is generated with the help of batteries. Also, an electric
vehicle technology provides bidirectional power flow during
running and braking of the electric vehicle [4]. A block
diagram [5] of electric vehicle’s battery system is shown in
the Fig. 1. In the block diagram, power converters are being
used to transfer the power from the battery to run the motor
and also power from the generator is used to charge the
battery. The mechanical power developed from the motor is
Fig.1. Block Diagram of Electric Vehicle
In general, electric vehicles can be classified into various
types. They are Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV),
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Photovoltaic Electric
Vehicle (PEV) and Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) [7], [8].
Rechargeable batteries are used in the electric vehicles to
produce electric power. Among the rechargeable batteries,
Lithium Ion battery is the most commonly employed battery
in EVs, because it has low memory effect, highest energy
density, and less self-discharge rate [9]. In EV applications,
voltage, current or power given to charge the battery might
be exceeded and so the battery cells enter the dangerous
thermal runaway state [10], [11].
This paper reviews the overview of Li-ion batteries and its
characteristics and also it compares with other batteries.
This study focuses on the features of battery management
system and its implementation in EVs. This review covers
the comparison of techniques in each feature of battery
management systems.
II. OVERVIEW OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
The Li-ion batteries which are rechargeable are the most
suited for EV applications due to its maximised value of
energy density and extended life cycle [11]. The formula to
calculate the volume of the battery is given by (1).
= (1)

transferred to the wheels with the help of transmission

system [5], [6].

978-1-5386-8190-9 /19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

Lithium-Ion battery is a rechargeable battery and it consists batteries have light weight and smaller size when compared
of electrodes (positive and negative) and the electrodes are with other batteries. The Performance comparison of Li-ion
separated by a separator. Electrolytes used in the Li-ion batteries with other batteries is shown in Table.1. As
batteries are LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiCIO4 etc., [12]. discussed in previous section, discharge capacity of Li-ion
batteries has linear nature compared with other batteries [18].
It provides a conducting medium for the electron flow.
During charging, the lithium ion from the cathode (positive TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE ANALOGY OF LI-ION BATTERIES WITH
OTHER BATTERIES
electrode) moves to the anode (negative electrode) through
electrolyte. Therefore, in external circuit electron flows in Lead- Ni- Zn- Li-
Ni-Cd
the same direction. During discharging, the reverse occurs Battery Type Acid MH Br Ion
[22]
[13]. Lithium-Ion batteries are lightweight when compared [19] [20] [21] [23]
with lead acid batteries. Hence Li-ion batteries are portable Energy Density 60- 45- 110-
30-50 35-54
batteries and it is used for EV applications [14], [15]. (Wh/Kg) 120 80 160

250-
During charging, charging capacity increases with increase Power Density 180
1000
- 150 1800
in voltage and the current becomes constant at the constant -20- -20- -20-
Temperature (oC) -20-60 -40-60
current mode of operation. When the voltage reaches its 60 60 60
saturation value the current starts decreasing exponentially. Operating Voltage
2 1.25 1.67 1.25 3.6
During discharging, discharging capacity maintains a (V)
constant voltage and constant current and after some time
Self-Discharge Low High Low Moderate Low
voltage level gets decreased slightly with small increase in
current to the load. It can power the load until the cut off
Energy Efficiency 70 75 80 80 80
value of voltage set by the manufacturer. The characteristics
of Li-ion batteries are shown in the Fig. 2.
IV. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LI-ION
The battery is a fundamental component of electric
vehicles that represents sustainable mobility. Lithium
chemistry is now remarked as the technology of choice for
the energy storage in electric vehicles. However, several
research points are still open. It includes the best choice of
the cell materials and the development of electronic
circuitries and algorithms for more effective battery
utilization.

The Electric Vehicles are having a positive impact in the

Fig. 2. Characteristics of discharging and charging
Li-ion batteries have good performance in wide range of
temperature conditions and also self-discharging capacity of
batteries is very low and large life span [16], [17].
III. PERFORMANCE COMPARISION WITH OTHER
BATTERIES
Based on the Performance of Li-ion battery and other
batteries, a performance comparison is shown in Table 1.
From the comparison, Li-ion batteries have high energy
density (110-160 Wh/Kg). For EV application high power
and energy density is desired for efficient vehicle so that Li-
ion batteries are most suited for the EV application.
Additionally, operating temperature range is high for Li-ion
batteries that are an added advantage for EV application. The
weight of batteries is major concern for EVs. Hence Li-ion
global economy and the environment. To improve the
performance of the battery and also for its safe operation EV
system need to be safely maintained [24]. It also performs
functions such as state monitoring, calculating and reporting
the data, controlling its environment or balancing it. The
attributes of BMS is shown in the Fig.3. BMS protects the
battery from damage, it extends the life of the battery and
also monitors that battery is ready to be used at any time.
The BMS communicates through communication channel.
To safeguard the proper operation of vehicle the BMS should
communicate with vehicle controller and also with motor
controller. There are two communication ports commonly
used, one is communication through data bus and the other
one is through controller area network (CAN) [25].

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

BMS. While the vehicle is at OFF state it measures the

actual output voltage of battery in the same case if the
vehicle is in ON state it measures the charging voltage of the
battery [28]. The change in voltage and current from the
battery supply, may lead the battery to collapse. Thus,
control of the basic electrical parameters of the battery is
indispensable for defending the battery from over/under
voltage strategies [29]. It also stores the voltage and current
values and uses it for future application.

C. Charge And Discharge Monitoring

The battery working is completely dependent on the
charging and discharging of the battery. For a proper or
efficient working of a battery, it has its own operating
voltage window. Optimally for Li ion batteries it is around
2.5 - 4.2 V [30]. The voltage range may vary in case of any
chemical compositional interruptions. Working beyond the
range can render a reduction of lifetime of the battery pack
Fig. 3. Overview of Battery Management System
or the module or make completely functionless one. The
cycle of charging and discharging may vary at certain
A. Battery Cell Control/Audit
physical conditions. When a battery boosts up the
Battery is the connection of series of cells. It is important
discharging time, it is said to have a good charging and
to have battery cell monitoring system in BMS. It is
discharging cycle [31]. The efficiency of the battery system
necessary to monitor individual cells in a battery to enhance
[32] is given in (2).
the life of the battery and efficiency. Apart from this it also
monitors the protection of the battery. The BMS cell
monitoring system measure analyses and monitors the = (2)

parameters of battery such as temperature dynamics of each
battery cell, current and voltage. Each battery cell has its The Fig.4. shows the graph between capacity reduction at
own temperature and current sensor. The signals from the different temperatures and discharge rates [33].
sensors are communicated with local module controller and
then, the signals are transmitted to the central module
controller. These transmitted signals are used for
monitoring as well as protection [26]. The data calculated
from monitoring of the battery cell is used to find the state
of charge (SOC). It also monitors the presence of
unbalanced voltage that occurs during the cycles of
charging and discharging. The automated performance is
provided by the battery system monitoring process. If the
monitored value exceeds the reference value it indicates the
user by giving alarm or indicating the need of protection
circuit. A good battery cell monitoring system monitors the
parameters of battery such as the charging rate (SOC),
discharging performance (SOF), and remaining capacity
(SOH). Thus, battery cell monitoring increases the battery
performance, reduces the fault and maintain the battery
protection [27]. Fig. 4. Capacity reduction at different charging and discharging
rates
B. Input / Output Current And Voltage Survey
D. Estimation of State
The battery management system (BMS) of EVs needs a
The battery estimation states includes the state of charge
constant supply of current and voltage .This benchmark
(SOC) , the state of health (SOH) and state of function
makes the Battery Management System of electric vehicles
(SOF). Each of the states are explained further .
arduous for portable electronics. The monitoring process is
done by a simple voltage divider network and controller of

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

a) State of Charge (SOC) Current,

The state of charge (SOC) means the ratio of the charge Voltage,
Weighted Coulomb
remaining in the battery to the total charge at fully charged fusion efficiency, Insensitive of the
Instability when
weight factor is not
condition [34]. Almost it is expressed as percentage. Algorithm self- initial values
suitable
Estimation of SOC paves a way to find the mileage of EV’s [42] discharge
rate, initial
and control index of BMS. The SOC of a battery is estimated SOC value.
using (3), Accurate,
Kalman Rest time,
SOC = SOCo - ∫ ƞ I dt (3) dynamic. Requires computation
Filter initial
Insensitive of the data
[43],[44] SOC value
noise
The SOC is estimated by algorithms such as the open circuit Coulomb
Sliding
voltage method, sliding mode observer method, battery model
efficiency,
Insensitive Nonlinear. Not easy to
Self-
model-based SOC method, discharge test method, neural observer
discharge
of the noise. implement
[37]
network model method, fuzzy logic method, Ampere hour rate
Integral method, resistance method, weighted fusion
algorithm, Kalman filter (conventional, extended, unscented,
b) State of Health (SOH)
adaptive cubature method) and so on. [35], [36]. The main
State of Health of electric vehicles compares the state of
use of State of charge (SOC) estimation is to find out the
battery at the present to the ideal state of the battery that
remaining driving distance in electric vehicles and also helps
completely depends on the impedance of the internal cell.
in indicating the time for the combustion of the engine. The Battery SOH is defined as the difference between the usable
estimation of SOC can be done under both steady state and capacity of the battery and the end of life capacity of the
dynamic state. The comparison of different methods of SOC
battery [45]. In order to evaluate the aging level of lithium-
estimation is given in the Table 2.
ion batteries, SOH is being used. The State of Health (SOH)
TABLE.2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF STATE OF of a battery is given in (4),
CHARGE ESTIMATION

Major = (4)
Method Input Limitations % ∗ –
Advantage
Discharge
Remaining Accurate,
test
charge easy to
Takes large time, Here, SoC1 & SoC2 are the state of charge values at each
method energy loss occurs.
[37]
capacity. implement beginning and end of the drive. On a general case, the battery
tends to become dried or dead when it reaches 80% of its
Current, complete value [46], [47]. The SOH indicates the battery
Ampere-
Self- Easy to Not fading life. There are different methods to find the battery
hour
discharge implement, suitable for batteries
integral fading level. The different methods are listed in the Table 3
rate, accurate under very
Method
[37]
coulomb Dynamic conditions. with their characteristic analysis.
efficiency,

TABLE.3. COMPARISON OF FADING METHODS EMPLOYED FOR

Open It is adaptable at the SOH ESTIMATION
circuit Needs accurate conditions when the
Rest time,
voltage Measurement of SOC is maximum or
Voltage.
Method the current. minimum
[38]
Without Data
Adaptation

Real Time
Operation

Battery
Precision

Operate
Method

model-
based Independent of Not suitable for
Current,
SOC SOC value batteries under steady
Voltage.
estimation state
Electrochemical
Method
techniques models Excellent Excellent Better Better
[39]
[48]
Cumulative
Equivalent circuit-
charge, Very Poor Better Good Good
Neural based models [48]
initial SOC Suitable for all
network Needs training data.
value, Batteries. Semi - empirical
model [40]
Current, based models [49]
Voltage, Very Poor Excellent Better Poor
Fuzzy Current,
Good efficiency Not accurate.
logic [41] voltage Analytical models
Very Poor Good Poor Poor
[49]
Statistical models Very
Better Good Good
[50] poor

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

c) State of Function (SOF) E. Battery Protection

State of Function (SOF) explains how the battery works The purpose of battery remains the same in concern with
efficiently to meet the demands of the end user. The SOF is all systems that is Charge storage. In electric vehicle also,
determined by the State of Charge, State of Health, operating the function is accomplished using the battery cells
temperature and the charge/discharge history [51]. More connected in series. When batteries come into picture,
preliminarily, for a battery that is being used in the energy charging is being done externally and discharging occurs on
storage system, the State of Function is defined as the ratio running of motors and drives [56]. Due to a constant change
of the remaining energy in the battery to the maximum in the physical characteristics of the battery system, on the
energy that could be stored in the battery. For a used battery lieu of adjustment of voltage and charge in the charging and
used in a vehicle system it requires a specific power supply discharging mechanism that is taking place in the batteries.
less than the real supply, the SOF will meets the power This imbalance happens due to temperature, cell ageing
demands of the battery [52]. The State of Function (SOF) is problems and manufacturing. Imbalanced voltage and charge
calculated using (5). profiles may reduce the overall performance and durability
of energy storage systems [57]. The main concern in battery
=
–
(5) domain is avoiding the thermal runaway state - a positive
feedback loop whereby chemical reactions triggered in the
Here, P is the possible power that a battery could supply, cell exacerbate heat release, potentially resulting in a fire.
Pdemands is the power demand by the user, Pmax is the Therefore, the charge equalization controller for the series
maximum possible supplied battery power. connected battery pack is essential to protect the battery cells
and to maintain the storage capacity and the operation rating.
For battery that is being employed in an EV, the battery need Due to the maximum energy density of the batteries of EVs,
to meet the power demands of the motors, so estimating of there is enormous amount of heat explosion. For this reason,
SOF, should be considered. However, this system becomes as mitigation most batteries employ common organic
tedious as of SOC, when it comes to estimating for a solvents as their battery electrolytes.
complete battery module, so to find the SOF of the battery
module, the model of battery module must be built in the F. Cell Balancing And Equalisation
form of a complete cell model [53], [54]. Battery is the combination of single cells connected in
series. Cell balancing is a method of producing battery
The Qualitative dependence of State Of Function for a solutions which improves the battery run time as well as the
discharging load against SOC and SOH at given temperature battery life. Since several cells are used in battery cell
is shown in Fig. 5 [55]. During operation, the adaptive imbalance problem may arise, no two cells are identical there
control technology is adopted for identifying the estimation may be slight modification or difference in the self-discharge
the states of batteries (SOC, SOH, SOF) and inform the rate, State of Charge, capacity and temperature
controller of the vehicle system to ensure safety and reliable characteristics etc. The cell imbalance has large effects on
operation of vehicles. the BMS. Cell balancing circuit is usually divided into two
categories:

1) Active
2) Passive.

The typical classification of cell balancing techniques is

shown in Fig. 6. The passive cell balancing method is also
known as “resistor bleeding balancing”, it uses switches for
cell balancing [58]. In active cell balancing method charge is
transferred between the cells in battery pack using an
inductor or capacitor.

The commonly used algorithms are voltage-based balancing

algorithm and state of charge-based balancing algorithm. In
voltage-based balancing algorithm, the imbalance cell is
identified. The cell in which the difference between one cell
voltage and the mean value of cell voltages is larger than the
Fig. 5. Qualitative dependence of SOF for a discharging load
threshold voltage is called as imbalance cell [59], [60].The
abnormal cell is corrected and then used or replaced by a

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

new one. This method is simple to operate when the external

voltage of the cell is affected by its internal state and
environment. In state of charge-based algorithm, it controls
the range of the SOC smaller than the threshold SOC [61].
Thus, cell balancing and equalization of cells protects the
battery from faults, explosion and malfunctioning. So, it is
important to adopt cell balancing in battery management
system. The features of battery charge equalization
techniques and their advantages and disadvantages are
discussed in the Table. 4. It can be interpreted that, the use of
coupled inductor in charge equalisation has good efficiency
with high equalisation speed. Though efficiency of boost and Fig. 6. Classification of cell balancing techniques

buck-boost converter charge equalisation technique is good,

G. Power Management Control
their control strategies are complex and also it has switching
In upcoming EVs, lowering of power consumption and
losses.
minimizing the losses is the challenging criterion. Without
TABLE.4 FEATURES OF DIFFERENT BATTERY CHARGE
controlling the power to run the entire system loads, the
EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES performance is heavily destructed [65]. As far as concerned
with electrical and electronic system of EVs, they become
less efficient because of the unstable power supply and
Equalisation

unusual operation. So the effects of unstable power supply

Technique

Efficiency

Demerits

and unusual operation for an efficient EV system could be

Charge

Merits

done by the technique of Power Management Control. The

power management control technique improves the system
stability, reliability, durability, power losses and minimizes
Bidirectional,
Needs high the losses and operation costs [66]. Practically monomers are
current
Coupled
high
switching,
coupled in either chains or parallel to meet up with the power
High equalization
Inductor [62]
speed
usage of management requirements [67], [68]. At present automated
capacitive
power management control is being adopted in EV systems
filters
[69].

Bidirectional, Requires
very high Intelligent
Boost
High equalization Control
Converter [62]
speed, excellent strategy
efficiency

Simple
execution,
negligible Costly, Huge
Buck-Boost
High loss, low switches
Converter [62]
stresses, needed
excellent
efficiency

Fig. 7. A typical battery-based power-management subsystem

Bidirectional,
Bidirectional Execution
low loss, low
Fly back Medium complexity H. Heat Management And Temperature Control
stresses,
Converter [63]
medium Heat management is the important factor in battery
management system. The heat production will lead to
performance degradation, reduction in life cycle and also
Negligible affects the cell balancing capacity. The reasons for heat
Wide voltage
power loss,
Complete Range for production are associated with operation of the Lithium Ion
Medium low stress,
Shunting [64] converters
equalization batteries. The heat generated in battery is due to reaction,
speed
resistance, reversible heat and heat due to external contact
terminal. The heat must be dissipated at a fast rate or the
temperature of the battery will be increased. The heat due to

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

reaction is generated as a result of that electrons migrate To analyse and build a database for system modelling data
from one electrode to another. The heat due to reaction is of storage is the critical part for the software in BMS.
outside or inside. The total reversible heat generation is
associated with the cathode and anode entropy changes. The K. Data Acquisition
external terminal contact resistance heat is produced due to In lithium – ion battery the electrical occurrence such as
the contact resistances between the cell terminals and the voltage, current and physical occurrences such as
superficial interconnection. It is important to manage the surrounding temperature, pressure is measured and this
heat in order to increase the staging, life cycle and also process of measuring is called data acquisition. A data
increase the charging capacity of the battery. Thus, the heat acquisition system is also called as data logger. DAQ is
can be managed by using cooling system in battery. The composed of both hardware and computer with
methods employed in the heat management are active programmable software. DAQ can perform the test
cooling system, liquid cooling, cooling by air, direct cooling correction, waveform display, data storage analysis, etc.
by using liquid, cooling by indirect contact method [70]. The Software plays an important part in DAQ system because it
batteries function best at room temperature somewhere can perform dual operation- collect and process the data and
between 25 C - 40 C. operating a battery at certain also display the test results [72]. DAQ has a vital role in all
elevated temperature will improve the performance of the measurement, management and control systems. The main
battery but prolonged exposure will shorten the battery life. components of DAQ device are sensors, signal conditioning
The performance of the batteries decreases with the decrease circuitry, analog to digital converter. The values are
in temperature (40 C - 0 C). The battery can eventually measured by using sensor. Moreover, data acquisition is used
rise to a temperature more than 1, 000 F. But at that to read battery parameters. The stored data in DAQ are
temperature when it reacts with oxygen present in the processed by some functional algorithms. Thus, DAQ helps
atmosphere, the flammable electrolyte can ignite or even can in monitoring the battery condition and also helps in
explode. So, heat management system should be necessarily maintaining the battery. It saves the battery form
adopted in EV. Along with discharge behaviours, SOC malfunctioning error like over charging, short circuit, etc.
balancing battery heat management also plays a momentous
role in effectiveness, operation and security [71]. L. Fault Identification And Assessment
To maintain LI-ION battery operation without any losses
I. Communication And Networking and to safeguard the action of battery, fault condition
Communication with each secondary system and monitoring of the battery is extremely important. The faults
connecting with different network systems of the vehicle is that occur in lithium-ion battery are thermal runaway,
essential for optimal performance of an Electric Vehicle. It overcharge, undercharge, and overcurrent. This may
also accomplishes the online monitoring, programme sometime lead to explosion of battery. These fault conditions
downloading and modification of BMS. On top of that can cause disruptive changes to the battery operation and
identification of most optimal charging of EV in addition affects the life of the battery if it is not identified and
prediction of drive range is completed by the GPS and CAN corrected properly [73]. There are many number of methods
through online SOC and estimation of battery storage SOH used to diagnosis the faults that occur in the battery. Fault
system. diagnosis of batteries has started recently due to several
issues that occurred like: firing of Panasonic, Dell and Sony
J. Data Storage batteries due to fault. Faults in Li-ion batteries arise majorly
Data storage is used in battery management system where due to ageing and abuse operation of batteries. Li-ion battery
the data from electronic vehicle are stored and processed. is complex in nature so that identification of faults is difficult
The values of EV for instance cell voltages, battery current, due to its electrochemical property. In addition to this,
battery temperature is measured using sensors are stored. hysteresis and inconsistency among cells make it even more
Along with this some important parameters such as state of difficult to identify the faults. Therefore, to identify the faults
charge discharge values of every LI-ION battery, energy in Li-ion battery it is important to understand about the
efficiency, cell balancing is also stored. The stored data are ageing mechanism and also about some diagnosis
processed by the BMS for maintenance of heat, to prevent technology. Because of spoilage of Solid Electrolyte
overcharging, fault diagnosis and also controls other parts of Interphase, the Li-ion battery gets aged. It may also occur
EV through the battery management system controller. The due to improper temperature, overcharge/over discharge,
battery management system controller is connected with the high voltage, etc. [74]. When fault occurs in the system, the
main controller which controls the BMS actions. The overall system function changes from normal state to different
use of data storage in battery management system is to abnormal state. Diagnosis system gives the fault information
improve safety, performance and function of EV. about the abnormal function of the system. Main process of
fault diagnosis is fault feather extraction, fault detachment,

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
and estimation along with fault estimation and resolution.
The fault diagnosis of battery is still under research and
development. The research is mainly based on parameter,
state estimation. The diagnosis methods of battery are online
diagnosis, intelligent defect diagnosis, and fuzzy diagnosis.
The intelligent defect diagnosis is knowledge based
interference engine, interpreter and the man machine
interface. The fuzzy diagnosis is based on fuzzy logic and
relationship between data changes of battery characteristic,
the battery fault. However, the diagnosis method is still in
research position. The BMS should diagnose and assist the
fault to protect the battery from damage. Diagnosis of fault is
also important to enhance the battery life, to increase the
working ability of the battery and also for better operation
and storage. Hence adaptation of this method is important to
nullify the effect caused by the faults [75].
V.FUTURE SCOPE
One thing seems for sure, progress marches on and other
batteries are coming. The future of EVs isn’t beholden to the [11]
lithium-ion battery. As several countries have a plan to ban
automobiles fuelled by fossil fuels by 2040, automakers have
been lining up to get their hands on the lithium-ion batteries [12]
required to power their electric vehicle models.[76] It has
been so integral to the EV revolution that many have firmly
tied the battery with the growth in the newly green sector.
VI. CONCLUSION
Manufacture of Li ion batteries has seen a drastic increase
due to its prominent necessity in electric vehicles. This
review gives a complete sketch of overview of Li-ion
battery. In future Li-ion battery would define the complete
transportation. The major contribution of batteries is to
power the portable electronics and electrical utilities. The
price of li-ion batteries is anticipating. This review gives a
detailed explanation on ways of monitoring a battery,
controlling techniques of input voltage and current,
techniques for charging and discharging, protective measures
for a battery, techniques of cell balancing and equalizing the
battery process, management of power, temperature and
heat. It also gives a thorough interpretation and fault
diagnosis and its assessment methods. The attributes of
battery management system are getting upgraded to modern
technological development.
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