GENERAL STRUCTURE OF TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes in

which links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between
the terminals. The transmission links connect the nodes together. The
nodes use circuit switching, message switching or packet switching to
pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to reach the correct
destination terminal. Each terminal in the network usually has a
unique address so messages or connections can be routed to the
correct recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called
the address space. Examples of telecommunications networks are:[2]

• computer networks
• the Internet
• the telephone network
• the global Telex network
• the aeronautical ACARS network

Network structure
In general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists
of three parts or planes :

• The data plane (also user plane, bearer plane, or forwarding plane)
carries the network's users' traffic, the actual payload.
• The control plane carries control information (also known
as signaling).
• The management plane carries the operations and administration
traffic required for network management. The management plane
is sometimes considered a part of the control plane.
Data plane
In routing, the forwarding plane, sometimes called the data
plane or user plane, defines the part of the router architecture that
decides what to do with packets arriving on an inbound interface.
Most commonly, it refers to a table in which the router looks up the
destination address of the incoming packet and retrieves the
information necessary to determine the path from the receiving
element, through the internal forwarding fabric of the router, and to
the proper outgoing interface(s).

Control plane
In network routing, the control plane is the part of
the router architecture that is concerned with drawing the network
topology, or the information in a routing table that defines what to do
with incoming packets. Control plane functions, such as participating
in routing protocols, run in the architectural control element.[1] In
most cases, the routing table contains a list of destination addresses
and the outgoing interface(s) associated with them. Control plane
logic also can define certain packets to be discarded, as well as
preferential treatment of certain packets for which a high quality of
service is defined by such mechanisms as differentiated services.

Management plane
In computer networking, the management plane of a networking
device is the element of a system that configures, monitors, and
provides management, monitoring and configuration services to, all
layers of the network stack and other parts of the system. It should be
distinguished from the control plane, which is primarily concerned
with routing table and forwarding information base computation.
In system diagrams, the management plane is typically shown in three
dimensions as overlapping the network stack
Common Control Subsystem
In telecommunications, common control is a principle of
switching telephone calls in an automatic telephone exchange that
employs shared control equipment which is attached to the circuit
of a call only for the duration of establishing or otherwise
controlling the call. Thus, such control equipment need only be
provided in as few units to satisfy overall exchange traffic, rather
than being duplicated for every subscriber line.
In order to avoid the complication and to make it easier for a
subscriber to place a call, two main ideas were implemented by the
Common Control Sub system. The ideas are listed below −
• The routing of the call should be done by the exchange, but not
by the numbers dialed.
• A Unique Identification Number should be allotted to the
subscriber. The UIN contains the number of the exchange of
the subscriber and the number indicating the line of the
subscriber.
A Unique Identification Number should be allotted to the subscriber.
The UIN contains the number of the exchange of the subscriber and
the number indicating the line of the subscriber.
Centralized Switching:
A better way to provide the required interconnections is to use a
Centralized Switched Telephone Network, which will have one line
connected to each remote site. Interconnections will be made between
remote sites by the central system on a demand basis. If each remote
site can handle only one interconnection at a time, this system will
provide the same capabilities as the previous system but will require
only eight dedicated lines.
Data systems which depend on Centralized Switched Telephone
Network facilities are referred to as centralized networks. Telephone
networks in small towns are typically centralized networks. Each
customer has a line to the central office, where automated switching
equipment interconnects one user with another as required. Central
offices are interconnected by means of trunk lines, and in this fashion
each centralized network now becomes part of a larger network which
can make interconnection between individual users from different
centralized networks. Figure shows this type of network