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WILDER 233
the tangency condition, and considering characteristic roots and solutions
for which either
,t(1)2 + 7(2)2 < 0 or (X7) W (0)
Further conditions peculiar to this special case are also obtained.
1 Bolza, Math. Ann., 74, 403 (1913).
2 Bliss, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 19, 305 (1918).
3 In this connection see Lovitt, Linear Integral Equations, p. 207, for work of Hilbert.
Richardson, Math. Ann., 68, 279 (1910). Plancherel, Bull. Sci. Math., 47, 376
(1923). Bliss, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 32, 317 (1926).
4 Cope, University of Chicago Doctor's Thesis.
' Morse, "A Generalization of the Sturm Separation and Comparison Theorems,"
Math. Annal., 99 (1930), about to appear.
PFor brevity in this abstract the reader is asked to add such conditions of differentia-
bility as are necessary.
7 Bolza, Vorkesungen aber Variationsrechnung, p. 589.
' Morse, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 31, 379 (1929).
9 This is considered by Cope in his thesis in connection with the results of Bliss in
the paper "A Boundary Value Problem for a System of Ordinary Linear Differential
Equations of the First Order," Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 28, 561 (1926). But although
Cope has shown his boundary problem self-adjoint, the question of the definite self-
adjointness does not seem to be settled.
where r denotes that the point Pk+r is the first point of the sequence
Pk, Pk+l, Pk+2y ... , which lies in Ri. The set A' is a subset of N' and
hence a continuous curve. However, by a method similar to that used
in the last two paragraphs of the proof of Theorem 2 of C. P. C., it can be
shown that A' is not connected im kleinen at some point whose distance
from P is less than p but greater than q.
I have shown elsewhere'2 that if K is a closed and bounded set of points
lying in a component Q of an open subset of a continuous curve M (where
M may be assumed to lie in any locally compact metric space), then K
is a subset of a continuous curve N which itself lies in Q. The following
theorem is the analogous theorem for perfect continuous curves.
THZORZM 4. If K is a closed and compact set of points lying in a com-
ponent Q of a quasi-open subset of a perfect continuous curve M which is
imbedded in a locally compact metric space, then K is a subset of a continuous
curve N which itself lies in Q. The curve N is also a curve in the Menger
sense, and such that N - K is the sum of a denumerable infinity of mutually
exclusive open arcs only a finite number of which are of diameter greater
than any given positive number.
Proof.-In my paper, "On the Imbedding of Subsets of a Metric Space in
Jordan Continua" (not yet published), I have shown that in order that a
compact and closed subset H of a metric space R should be a subset of a
continuous curve J in R, it is necessary and sufficient that H should be
arcwise connected through R and arcwise connected im kleinen through
R, and that, moreover, if these conditions are satisfied, J may be so chosen
that the complement of H (relative to J) is a denumerable set of mutually
exclusive open arcs whose diameters converge to zero, and such that if
M is of positive dimension h, the dimension of J is likewise h. By virtue
of Theorem 3 of C. P. C., and Theorem 1 above, the conditions stated
in this result are satisfied for the set K and the metric space Q. That
the curve N stated in the theorem is a Menger curve follows from a result
VoL. 16, 1930 MA THEMA TICS: R. L. WILDER 239
of J. R. Kline,13 to the effect that every perfect continuous curve is of
dimension one in the Menger-Urysohn sense.
In my paper, "A Property Which Characterizes Continuous Curves," 14 I
have shown that those continua which are continuous curves are character-
ized by a property which I called normal connectivity. To. recall this pro-
perty: If M is a continuum and C1 and C2 are mutually exclusive closed sub-
sets of M, we define a set K(C1, C2) M as the sum of a connected subset H of
M which has limit points in both C1 and C2, but contains no point of
C1 + C2, and the set of all limit points of H in C1 + C2. Then M is nor-
mally connected if every connected subset which contains points of two
such mutually exclusively closed subsets, C1 and C2, also contains at least
one point of a set K(C1, C2)M. It may be of interest to note here how
this characterization of continuous curves may be modified so as to
characterize perfect continuous curves. Let us call a set of the type
of H above, a set H(C1, C2)M. Then we can state the following
theorem:
THEORZM 5. In order that a continuum M in a locally compact metric
space should be a perfect continuous curve it is necessary and sufficient if
C1 and C2 are any two mutually exclusive closed subsets of M, and N is a
connected subset of M containing points of both C1 and C2, that N contain a
set H(C1, C2)M.
Proof.-That the condition stated is necessary follows at once from
Theorem 2 of C. P. C. and the theorem stated in my paper, "A Theorem on
Connected Point Sets Which Are Connected im Kleinen." 10
The condition is sufficient. Let M be a continuum satisfying the condi-
tions of the theorem, and suppose U is a subcontinuum of M. Let C,
and C2 be mutually exclusive closed subsets of U, and N a connected
subset of U containing points of both C1 and C2. By hypothesis, N contains
a set H(C1, C2)M, which is, a fortiori, a set H(C1, C2) U. Consequently,
since this set H(C1, C2) U, together with its limit points in C1 + C2, is a
set K(C1, C2) U, the set U is normally connected, and therefore a con-
tinuous curve.
In conclusion, we may also note that as a result of Theorem 2 of C. P. C.
and Theorems 1 and 2 of my paper, "A Property Which Characterizes
Continuous Curves," perfect continuous curves are characterized by the
fact that their connected subsets are normally connected.
1 These PROCUSDINGS, 15, 1929 (614-621). This paper will be referred to herein-
after as C. P. C. A continuous curve is said to be perfect if every subcontinuum of it
is itself a continuous curve.
2 Kuratowski, C., Fund. Math., 1, 1920 (40-43).
3 A connected set M is said to have property S if for every e > 0 M is the sum of
a finite number of connected sets of diameter less than e. Cf. Moore, R. L., Fund.
Math., 3, 1922 (232-237).
4 Whyburm, G. T. these PROCzSDINGS, 9, 1927 (650-657).
240 MA THEMA TICS: M. H. A. NEWMAN PROC. N. A. S.
5 Cf. abstract, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 34, 1928 (551). Whyburn's paper, "Con-
cerning Points of Continuous Curves Defined by Certain im Kleinen Properties," which
contains this example in full, is to appear in an early issue of Math. Ann. My ability
to reproduce it here is due to Professor Whyburn's kindness in communicating it to me.
6 Hausdorff, Grundzuge der Mengenlehre, Leipzig, 1914, p. 213.
7 If K is a set of points, by K' we denote the set consisting of K together with its
limit points.
8 These PROCZECDIGS, 12, 1926 (761-767).
9 Compare the first part of this proof with that given by Whyburn for the case cited
above.
10 Wilder, R. L., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 32, 1926 (338-340). It is clear from its
proof that this theorem is true in any topological space.
21 Moore, R. L., Math. Zs., 15, 1922 (254-260).
12 Wilder, R. L., Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 34, 1928 (649-655). The theorem quoted
here was proved for euclidean spaces, but it is clear that it holds in any locally compact
metric space, and, indeed, may be proved directly by use of the imbedding theorem
employed in proving Theorem 4 below, and hence so that N is of the same dimension
(Menger-Urysohn) as H, etc.
13 Kline, J. R., abstract, BuU. Amer. Math. Soc., 34, 1928 (263).
14Wilder, R. L., these PROCXEDINGS, 11, 1925 (725-728). Although the proof is
given in the terminology of the plane, it is clear that the theorem referred to is true in
any localy compact metric space; in fact, the necessity proof holds in any topological
space.